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href="/wiki/File:Weeks_Edwin_Craftsman_Selling_Cases_By_A_Teak_Wood_Building_Ahmedabad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Weeks_Edwin_Craftsman_Selling_Cases_By_A_Teak_Wood_Building_Ahmedabad.jpg/220px-Weeks_Edwin_Craftsman_Selling_Cases_By_A_Teak_Wood_Building_Ahmedabad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Weeks_Edwin_Craftsman_Selling_Cases_By_A_Teak_Wood_Building_Ahmedabad.jpg/330px-Weeks_Edwin_Craftsman_Selling_Cases_By_A_Teak_Wood_Building_Ahmedabad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Weeks_Edwin_Craftsman_Selling_Cases_By_A_Teak_Wood_Building_Ahmedabad.jpg/440px-Weeks_Edwin_Craftsman_Selling_Cases_By_A_Teak_Wood_Building_Ahmedabad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Craftsman Selling Cases by a Teak Wood Building Ahmedabad, by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Lord_Weeks" title="Edwin Lord Weeks">Edwin Lord Weeks</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Historically, a <b>master craftsman</b> or <b>master <a href="/wiki/Tradesman" class="mw-redirect" title="Tradesman">tradesman</a></b> (sometimes called only <b>master</b> or <b>grandmaster</b>) was a member of a <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guild</a>. The title survives as the highest professional qualification in craft industries. </p><p>In the European <a href="/wiki/Guild#organization" title="Guild">guild system</a>, only masters and journeymen were allowed to be members of the guild. An aspiring master would have to pass through the career chain from <b><a href="/wiki/Apprentice" class="mw-redirect" title="Apprentice">apprentice</a></b> to <b><a href="/wiki/Journeyman" title="Journeyman">journeyman</a></b> before he could be elected to become a master craftsman. He would then have to produce a sum of money and a <a href="/wiki/Masterpiece" title="Masterpiece">masterpiece</a> before he could actually join the guild. If the masterpiece was not accepted by the masters, he was not allowed to join the guild and possibly remained a journeyman for the rest of his life. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_craftsman&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Craftsman or <a href="/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">Artisan</a> was who made things or provided services. Mastercraftsman was the superior, and expert craftsman called <i><a href="/wiki/Ustad" title="Ustad">ustad</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship" title="Apprenticeship">apprentice</a> was called <i>shagird</i> in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Grand_vizier" title="Grand vizier">grand vizier</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> discussed their social status and importance in <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Karkhanas" title="Mughal Karkhanas">karkhanas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Today's_master_craftsman_in_different_countries"><span id="Today.27s_master_craftsman_in_different_countries"></span>Today's master craftsman in different countries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_craftsman&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Today's master craftsman in different countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_craftsman&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meistertitel_-_Uhrmacherhandwerk_-_Handwerkskammer_Dresden_-_am_16.7.1958_-_Bild_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Meistertitel_-_Uhrmacherhandwerk_-_Handwerkskammer_Dresden_-_am_16.7.1958_-_Bild_003.jpg/220px-Meistertitel_-_Uhrmacherhandwerk_-_Handwerkskammer_Dresden_-_am_16.7.1958_-_Bild_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Meistertitel_-_Uhrmacherhandwerk_-_Handwerkskammer_Dresden_-_am_16.7.1958_-_Bild_003.jpg/330px-Meistertitel_-_Uhrmacherhandwerk_-_Handwerkskammer_Dresden_-_am_16.7.1958_-_Bild_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Meistertitel_-_Uhrmacherhandwerk_-_Handwerkskammer_Dresden_-_am_16.7.1958_-_Bild_003.jpg/440px-Meistertitel_-_Uhrmacherhandwerk_-_Handwerkskammer_Dresden_-_am_16.7.1958_-_Bild_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5600" data-file-height="3150" /></a><figcaption>Master craftsman certificate – Handwerkskammer Dresden – July 7, 1958</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-G0925-0036-001,_Chemiefaserwerk_Guben,_Meister_der_Zentralwerkstatt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-G0925-0036-001%2C_Chemiefaserwerk_Guben%2C_Meister_der_Zentralwerkstatt.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-G0925-0036-001%2C_Chemiefaserwerk_Guben%2C_Meister_der_Zentralwerkstatt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-G0925-0036-001%2C_Chemiefaserwerk_Guben%2C_Meister_der_Zentralwerkstatt.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-G0925-0036-001%2C_Chemiefaserwerk_Guben%2C_Meister_der_Zentralwerkstatt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-G0925-0036-001%2C_Chemiefaserwerk_Guben%2C_Meister_der_Zentralwerkstatt.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-G0925-0036-001%2C_Chemiefaserwerk_Guben%2C_Meister_der_Zentralwerkstatt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="603" /></a><figcaption>A master discusses a vacuum compressor with his apprentice boy and several other craftsmen.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, the master craftsman (<i><b>Meister</b></i>) is the highest professional qualification in crafts and is a state-approved grade. The certification is called <i><b>Meisterbrief</b></i>. The qualification includes theoretical and practical training in the craft as well as <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">business</a> and legal training. Additionally, it implies the qualification to train apprentices. These qualifications prepare the <i>Meister</i> for running their own business or alternatively for higher positions at a company. The status of master craftsmen is regulated in the German <i>Gesetz zur Ordnung des Handwerks</i> (<a href="/wiki/Trade_and_crafts_code_of_Germany" title="Trade and crafts code of Germany">Crafts and Trades Regulation Code</a>). </p><p>Guilds have been abolished in Germany, but the ranks of apprentice (<i>Lehrling</i>), journeyman (<i>Geselle</i>) and master craftsman have been retained even through modern times. For safety-relevant crafts, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Electrician" title="Electrician">electricians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chimney_sweep" title="Chimney sweep">chimney sweeps</a>, any business in the trade has to be run by a master craftsman or has to employ at least one <i>Meister</i>. </p><p>Journeymen and master craftsmen are by law automatically members of their regional chamber of crafts (<i>Handwerkskammer</i>), which is a self-governing public body. The chamber organizes vocational training and oversees the examination of the journeymen and masters. </p><p>To become a master craftsman, it is usually required to have completed vocational training in the craft in which the examination is to be taken, culminating in a final examination called <i>Gesellenprüfung</i> (journeyman's examination). If these requirements are fulfilled, the candidate can take courses for the <i>Meisterprüfung</i> (master craftsman's examination). The duration of the courses takes 1 to 4 years depending on the craft and on the Course. The examination includes theoretical, practical and oral parts and takes 5 to 7 days (depending on the craft). In some crafts, the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Masterpiece" title="Masterpiece">masterpiece</a> is also part of the examination. </p><p>The German <i>Meister</i> qualifies the holder to study for a bachelor's degree at <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">university</a>, whether the <i>Meister</i> holds a regular <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Germany#University_entrance_qualification" title="Education in Germany">university entrance qualification</a> or not.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the German <a href="/wiki/National_Qualifications_Framework" class="mw-redirect" title="National Qualifications Framework">Qualifications Framework</a>, the <i>Meisterbrief</i> is at the same level as a bachelor's degree, even though it is not an academic degree and thus not directly comparable.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_craftsman&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This tradition originates in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a>. The earliest guilds were "frith" or "peace" guilds – groups bonded together for mutual protection following the breakdown of the kins, which were groups related by blood ties. </p><p>Merchant guilds – associations of international trades – were powerful in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, but lost their ascendancy with the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Craft_guilds" class="mw-redirect" title="Craft guilds">craft guilds</a> – associations of master craftsmen, journeymen, apprentices and the various trades connected with a particular craft. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/College_of_Arms" title="College of Arms">College of Arms</a> in London awarded a coat of arms of <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Guild_of_Master_Craftsmen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Guild of Master Craftsmen (page does not exist)">The Guild of Master Craftsmen</a> in 1992, after four years of assessment. Designed by heraldic expert <a href="/wiki/Peter_Greenhill" title="Peter Greenhill">Peter Greenhill</a> to reflect the many categories of guild membership, it features: three escutcheons (shields) to represent <a href="/wiki/Artists" class="mw-redirect" title="Artists">artists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Painters" class="mw-redirect" title="Painters">painters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Painter-Stainers" title="Worshipful Company of Painter-Stainers">stainers</a>; a pair of compasses opened in chevron for <a href="/wiki/Building" title="Building">building</a>, <a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">carpentry</a>; a <a href="/wiki/Dovetail" class="mw-redirect" title="Dovetail">dovetail</a> (separating the top third of the shield from the rest) to represent <a href="/wiki/Cabinetmaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinetmaking">cabinetmaking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">woodworking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Joiner">joinery</a>; and a <a href="/wiki/Gavel" title="Gavel">gavel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chisel" title="Chisel">chisel</a> for <a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">masons</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stoneworkers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stoneworkers (page does not exist)">stoneworkers</a>. The southern keep of <a href="/wiki/Lewes" title="Lewes">Lewes</a> Castle, which overlooks the guild's headquarters, is featured above the helmet as the crest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_craftsman&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While for the most part guilds as such do not exist, many trades continue the apprentice-journeyman-master model: <a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">carpenters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrician" title="Electrician">electricians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pipefitter" title="Pipefitter">pipefitters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plumber" title="Plumber">plumbers</a> are notable examples.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_craftsman&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship" title="Apprenticeship">Apprenticeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocational training">Vocational training</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_craftsman&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_craftsman&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The tradition survives in <a href="/wiki/Academia" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia">academia</a>, with elementary, middle and high school completing general education; with post secondary degrees awarded in the Associates, Bachelor and Master levels; and <a href="/wiki/PhD_student" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD student">PhD students</a> as apprentices, <a href="/wiki/Post-doc" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-doc">post-docs</a> and associate professors as journeymen and full <a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">professors</a> as masters.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States Bartenders Guild grants bartenders the title of Master Mixologist through a series of tests.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_craftsman&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">''In the Mughal administrative capitals and royal karkhana, however, artisans enjoyed royal patronage. In the sixteenth ... It included karkhanadar (supervisor), ustad (artisan-master) and shagird (disciple or subordinate artisan). The state ... According to Abul Fazl, court-writer of the Mughal emperor Akbar,....'' <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0xOJDwAAQBAJ">Artisans, Sufis, Shrines: Colonial Architecture in ... – Page 18 books.google.co.in › books</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0xOJDwAAQBAJ">Hussain Ahmad Khan · 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">''The actual work was carried on by the artisans who have been referred to as apprentices and beginners under the direction and control of the Master artisan or Ustad . ... Because it was the Master Artisan who infused life and vigour in the Karkhana by his imagination , art and skill .'' <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j78tAAAAMAAJ">Industrial Structure of India During Medieval Period – Page 43</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j78tAAAAMAAJ">N. S. Gupta · 1970</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChandra2005" class="citation book cs1">Chandra, Satish (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC"><i>Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part – II</i></a>. Har-Anand Publications. p. 370. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-241-1066-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-241-1066-9"><bdi>978-81-241-1066-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+India%3A+From+Sultanat+to+the+Mughals+Part+%E2%80%93+II&rft.pages=370&rft.pub=Har-Anand+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-241-1066-9&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Satish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Rm9MC4DDrcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+craftsman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ankom.his.de/material/dokumente/Liste_der_Fortbildungen_die_zu_einem_allgemeinen_Hochschulzugang_berechtigen_sollen.pdf">Hochschulzugang für beruflich qualifizierte Bewerber ohne schulische Hochschulzugangsberechtigung</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719040946/http://ankom.his.de/material/dokumente/Liste_der_Fortbildungen_die_zu_einem_allgemeinen_Hochschulzugang_berechtigen_sollen.pdf">Archived</a> 19 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. ANKOM. 3 March 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150930075622/http://www.bmbf.de/de/12189.php">"Der Deutsche Qualifikationsrahmen für Lebenslanges Lernen"</a>. <i>bmbf.de</i> (in German). German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. 16 May 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmbf.de/de/12189.php">the original</a> on 30 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bmbf.de&rft.atitle=Der+Deutsche+Qualifikationsrahmen+f%C3%BCr+Lebenslanges+Lernen&rft.date=2013-05-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmbf.de%2Fde%2F12189.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+craftsman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manchester.edu/kant/Universities/UnivIntro.htm">Kant in the Classroom</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=9898&page=30">Graduate Education in Chemistry</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Master_craftsman_certificate" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Master craftsman certificate">Master craftsman certificate</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.handwerkskammer.de">Website of German craft chambers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guildmc.com/">The Guild of Master Craftsmen</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.woodworkersinstitute.com/">The Woodworkers Institute</a></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Qualifikationsrahmen" class="extiw" title="de:Deutscher Qualifikationsrahmen">Deutscher Qualifikationsrahmen</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmbf.de/de/12189.php">Meister equivalent bachelor, German Government</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150930075622/http://www.bmbf.de/de/12189.php">Archived</a> 30 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output 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