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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Civil rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sewer_construction_and_bond_swap_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sewer_construction_and_bond_swap_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Sewer construction and bond swap controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sewer_construction_and_bond_swap_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2011_bankruptcy_filing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2011_bankruptcy_filing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>2011 bankruptcy filing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2011_bankruptcy_filing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adjacent_counties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjacent_counties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Adjacent counties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjacent_counties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2020_census" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020_census"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>2020 census</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020_census-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010_census" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010_census"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>2010 census</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010_census-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000_census" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000_census"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>2000 census</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000_census-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Government and infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government and infrastructure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Taxation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Taxation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prisons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prisons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Prisons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prisons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>History of education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transportation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_highways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_highways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Major highways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_highways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railroads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railroads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Railroads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railroads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_travel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_travel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Air travel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_travel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Communities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Communities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Communities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Towns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Census-designated_places" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Census-designated_places"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Census-designated places</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Census-designated_places-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unincorporated_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unincorporated_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Unincorporated communities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unincorporated_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Former towns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jefferson County, Alabama</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_(%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7)" title="مقاطعة جيفرسون (ألاباما) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مقاطعة جيفرسون (ألاباما)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cefferson_qrafl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1_(Alabama)" title="Cefferson qraflığı (Alabama) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cefferson qraflığı (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_K%C5%ABn_(Alabama)" title="Jefferson Kūn (Alabama) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jefferson Kūn (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BD_(%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B3,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Джеферсън (окръг, Алабама) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джеферсън (окръг, Алабама)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Alabama" title="Jefferson County, Alabama – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Jefferson County, Alabama" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comtat_de_Jefferson_(Alabama)" title="Comtat de Jefferson (Alabama) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Comtat de Jefferson (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_County_(kondado_sa_Tinipong_Bansa,_Alabama)" title="Jefferson County (kondado sa Tinipong Bansa, Alabama) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Jefferson County (kondado sa Tinipong Bansa, Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Alabama" title="Jefferson County, Alabama – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Jefferson County, Alabama" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_County_(Alabama)" title="Jefferson County (Alabama) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jefferson County (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_County_(Alabama)" title="Jefferson County (Alabama) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jefferson County (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffersoni_maakond_(Alabama)" title="Jeffersoni maakond (Alabama) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jeffersoni maakond (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%AD%CF%86%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BD_(%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B1)" title="Κομητεία Τζέφερσον (Αλαμπάμα) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κομητεία Τζέφερσον (Αλαμπάμα)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condado_de_Jefferson_(Alabama)" title="Condado de Jefferson (Alabama) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Condado de Jefferson (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantono_Jefferson_(Alabamo)" title="Kantono Jefferson (Alabamo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kantono Jefferson (Alabamo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_konderria_(Alabama)" title="Jefferson konderria (Alabama) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jefferson konderria (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D8%8C_%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="شهرستان جفرسون، آلاباما – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شهرستان جفرسون، آلاباما" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comt%C3%A9_de_Jefferson_(Alabama)" title="Comté de Jefferson (Alabama) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Comté de Jefferson (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contae_Jefferson,_Alabama" title="Contae Jefferson, Alabama – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Contae Jefferson, Alabama" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%9A_%D8%B4%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7)" title="جفرسون ٚ شأرستان (آلاباما) – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="جفرسون ٚ شأرستان (آلاباما)" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%ED%8D%BC%EC%8A%A8%EA%B5%B0_(%EC%95%A8%EB%9D%BC%EB%B0%B0%EB%A7%88%EC%A3%BC)" title="제퍼슨군 (앨라배마주) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제퍼슨군 (앨라배마주)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A5%D6%86%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%B7%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%B6_(%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1)" title="Ջեֆերսոն շրջան (Ալաբամա) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջեֆերսոն շրջան (Ալաբամա)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF,_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE" title="জেফারশন কাউন্টি, আলাবামা – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="জেফারশন কাউন্টি, আলাবামা" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Jefferson,_Alabama" title="County Jefferson, Alabama – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="County Jefferson, Alabama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contea_di_Jefferson_(Alabama)" title="Contea di Jefferson (Alabama) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Contea di Jefferson (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_megye_(Alabama)" title="Jefferson megye (Alabama) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jefferson megye (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="जेफरसन काउंटी, अलाबामा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जेफरसन काउंटी, अलाबामा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%89_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7)" title="چيفيرسون كاونتى (الاباما) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="چيفيرسون كاونتى (الاباما)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7)" title="جفرسون شهرستان (آلاباما) – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جفرسون شهرستان (آلاباما)" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_G%C3%B4ng_(Alabama)" title="Jefferson Gông (Alabama) – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Jefferson Gông (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_County_(Alabama)" title="Jefferson County (Alabama) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jefferson County (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3%E9%83%A1_(%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%90%E3%83%9E%E5%B7%9E)" title="ジェファーソン郡 (アラバマ州) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジェファーソン郡 (アラバマ州)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BE,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Джефферсон (гуо, Алабама) – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Джефферсон (гуо, Алабама)" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_County_(Alabama)" title="Jefferson County (Alabama) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Jefferson County (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_County_(Alabama)" title="Jefferson County (Alabama) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jefferson County (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_County_(Alabama)" title="Jefferson County (Alabama) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Jefferson County (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrabstwo_Jefferson_(Alabama)" title="Hrabstwo Jefferson (Alabama) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hrabstwo Jefferson (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condado_de_Jefferson_(Alabama)" title="Condado de Jefferson (Alabama) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Condado de Jefferson (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comitatul_Jefferson,_Alabama" title="Comitatul Jefferson, Alabama – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Comitatul Jefferson, Alabama" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Джефферсон (округ, Алабама) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Джефферсон (округ, Алабама)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_County_(Alabama)" title="Jefferson County (Alabama) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Jefferson County (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Alabama" title="Jefferson County, Alabama – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jefferson County, Alabama" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3_%D0%8F%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Округ Џеферсон (Алабама) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Округ Џеферсон (Алабама)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Alabama" title="Jefferson County, Alabama – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jefferson County, Alabama" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffersonin_piirikunta_(Alabama)" title="Jeffersonin piirikunta (Alabama) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jeffersonin piirikunta (Alabama)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Alabama" title="Jefferson County, Alabama – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jefferson County, Alabama" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Джефферсон (округ, Алабама) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Джефферсон (округ, Алабама)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Alabama" title="Jefferson County, Alabama – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Jefferson County, Alabama" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Джефферсон (округ, Алабама) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джефферсон (округ, Алабама)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A4%D9%86%D9%B9%DB%8C%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="جیفرسن کاؤنٹی، الاباما – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جیفرسن کاؤنٹی، الاباما" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%ADn_Jefferson,_Alabama" title="Quận Jefferson, Alabama – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quận Jefferson, Alabama" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condado_han_Jefferson,_Alabama" title="Condado han Jefferson, Alabama – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Condado han Jefferson, Alabama" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%82%91%E4%BD%9B%E9%81%9C%E7%B8%A3_(%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E5%B7%B4%E9%A6%AC%E5%B7%9E)" title="傑佛遜縣 (阿拉巴馬州) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="傑佛遜縣 (阿拉巴馬州)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q112271#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jefferson_County,_Alabama&params=33.52_N_86.81_W_type:city(674721)"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°31′N</span> <span class="longitude">86°49′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.52°N 86.81°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.52; -86.81</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">County in Alabama, United States</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Jefferson,_Alabama" title="Jefferson, Alabama">Jefferson, Alabama</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">County in Alabama</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Jefferson County</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">County</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jefferson_County_Courthouse_Birmingham_Nov_2011_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jefferson County Courthouse in Birmingham"><img alt="Jefferson County Courthouse in Birmingham" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Jefferson_County_Courthouse_Birmingham_Nov_2011_02.jpg/300px-Jefferson_County_Courthouse_Birmingham_Nov_2011_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Jefferson_County_Courthouse_Birmingham_Nov_2011_02.jpg/450px-Jefferson_County_Courthouse_Birmingham_Nov_2011_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Jefferson_County_Courthouse_Birmingham_Nov_2011_02.jpg/600px-Jefferson_County_Courthouse_Birmingham_Nov_2011_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Jefferson County Courthouse in Birmingham</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Jefferson_County,_Alabama.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Jefferson County"><img alt="Official seal of Jefferson County" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Seal_of_Jefferson_County%2C_Alabama.png/100px-Seal_of_Jefferson_County%2C_Alabama.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Seal_of_Jefferson_County%2C_Alabama.png/150px-Seal_of_Jefferson_County%2C_Alabama.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Seal_of_Jefferson_County%2C_Alabama.png/200px-Seal_of_Jefferson_County%2C_Alabama.png 2x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="316" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Seal</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Alabama_highlighting_Jefferson_County.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location within the U.S. state of Alabama"><img alt="Map of Alabama highlighting Jefferson County" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Map_of_Alabama_highlighting_Jefferson_County.svg/150px-Map_of_Alabama_highlighting_Jefferson_County.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Map_of_Alabama_highlighting_Jefferson_County.svg/225px-Map_of_Alabama_highlighting_Jefferson_County.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Map_of_Alabama_highlighting_Jefferson_County.svg/300px-Map_of_Alabama_highlighting_Jefferson_County.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="1018" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location within the U.S. state of <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alabama_in_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alabama's location within the U.S."><img alt="Map of the United States highlighting Alabama" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Alabama_in_United_States.svg/300px-Alabama_in_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Alabama_in_United_States.svg/450px-Alabama_in_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Alabama_in_United_States.svg/600px-Alabama_in_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Alabama's location within the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jefferson_County,_Alabama&params=33.52_N_86.81_W_type:city(674721)"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°31′N</span> <span class="longitude">86°49′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.52°N 86.81°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.52; -86.81</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span>United States</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">State</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/35px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/45px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">December 13, 1819<sup id="cite_ref-aces_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aces-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Named for</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">Seat</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data">Birmingham</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,124 sq mi (2,910 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">1,111 sq mi (2,880 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">13 sq mi (30 km<sup>2</sup>)  1.1%</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a>)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">674,721</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Estimate <div class="ib-settlement-fn">(2023)</div></div></th><td class="infobox-data">662,895 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">600/sq mi (230/km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%926" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−6">UTC−6</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Time_Zone" title="Central Time Zone">Central</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%925" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−5">UTC−5</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Time_Zone" title="Central Time Zone">CDT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Congressional districts</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alabama%27s_6th_congressional_district" title="Alabama's 6th congressional district">6th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alabama%27s_7th_congressional_district" title="Alabama's 7th congressional district">7th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jeffconline.jccal.org/">jeffconline<wbr />.jccal<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"> <ul><li>County Number <b>01</b> on Alabama License Plates</li> <li>One of three counties shuffled to the top 3 numbers because of population size.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Jefferson County</b> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Alabama" title="List of counties in Alabama">most populous county</a> in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, located in the central portion of the state. As of the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 census</a>, its population was 674,721.<sup id="cite_ref-QF_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QF-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its <a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">county seat</a> is <a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-aces_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aces-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its rapid growth as an industrial city in the 20th century, based on heavy manufacturing in steel and iron, established its dominance. Jefferson County is the central county of the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_metropolitan_area,_Alabama" title="Birmingham metropolitan area, Alabama">Birmingham-Hoover, AL Metropolitan Statistical Area</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jefferson_County,_Alabama&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Birmingham,_Alabama" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Birmingham, Alabama">National Register of Historic Places listings in Birmingham, Alabama</a>; <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Jefferson_County,_Alabama" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Jefferson County, Alabama">National Register of Historic Places listings in Jefferson County, Alabama</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Properties_on_the_Alabama_Register_of_Landmarks_and_Heritage_by_county_(Jefferson%E2%80%93Macon)" title="Properties on the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage by county (Jefferson–Macon)">Properties on the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage by county (Jefferson–Macon)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TANNEHILL_VALLEY_COVERED_BRIDGE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/TANNEHILL_VALLEY_COVERED_BRIDGE.jpg/290px-TANNEHILL_VALLEY_COVERED_BRIDGE.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/TANNEHILL_VALLEY_COVERED_BRIDGE.jpg/435px-TANNEHILL_VALLEY_COVERED_BRIDGE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/TANNEHILL_VALLEY_COVERED_BRIDGE.jpg/580px-TANNEHILL_VALLEY_COVERED_BRIDGE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5270" data-file-height="3426" /></a><figcaption>Tannehill Valley Covered Bridge near McCalla.</figcaption></figure> <p>Jefferson County was established on December 13, 1819, by the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Legislature" title="Alabama Legislature">Alabama Legislature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-aces_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aces-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was named in honor of former <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-aces_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aces-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The county is located in the north-central portion of the state, on the southernmost edge of the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a>. It is in the center of the (former) <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> belt of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>. </p><p>Most of the original settlers were migrants of English ancestry from the Carolinas.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jefferson County has a land area of about 1,119 square miles (2,900 km<sup>2</sup>). Early county seats were established first at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carrollsville,_Alabama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carrollsville, Alabama (page does not exist)">Carrollsville</a> (1819 – 21), then Elyton (1821 – 73). </p><p>Founded around 1871, Birmingham was named for the industrial English city of the same name in <a href="/wiki/Warwickshire" title="Warwickshire">Warwickshire</a>. That city had long been a center of iron and steel production in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>. Birmingham was formed by the merger of three towns, including Elyton. It has continued to grow by <a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">annexing</a> neighboring <a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">towns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Village" title="Village">villages</a>, including North Birmingham. </p><p>As Birmingham industrialized, its growth accelerated, particularly after 1890. It attracted numerous rural migrants, both black and white, for its new jobs. It also attracted European immigrants. Despite the city's rapid growth, for decades it was underrepresented in the legislature. Legislators from rural counties kept control of the legislature and, to avoid losing power, for decades refused to reapportion the seats or redistrict congressional districts. Birmingham could not get its urban needs addressed by the legislature. </p><p>Nearby <a href="/wiki/Bessemer,_Alabama" title="Bessemer, Alabama">Bessemer, Alabama</a>, located 16 miles by car to the southwest, also grew based on industrialization. It also attracted many workers. By the early decades of the 20th century, it had a majority-black population, but whites dominated politically and economically. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_rights">Civil rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jefferson_County,_Alabama&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Civil rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Racial tensions increased in the cities and state in the late 19th century as whites worked to maintain <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a>. The white-dominated legislature passed a new constitution in 1901 that <a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era">disenfranchised</a> most blacks and many poor whites, excluding them totally from the political system. While they were nominally still eligible in the mid-20th century for jury duty, they were overwhelmingly excluded by white administrators from juries into the 1950s. Economic competition among the new workers in the city also raised tensions. It was a rough environment of mill and mine workers in Birmingham and Bessemer, and the Ku Klux Klan was active in the 20th century, often with many police being members into the 1950s and 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-bass_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bass-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a study of lynchings in the South from 1877 to 1950, Jefferson County is documented as having the highest number of <a href="/wiki/Lynchings" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynchings">lynchings</a> of any county in Alabama. White mobs committed 29 lynchings in the county, most around the turn of the century at a time of widespread political suppression of blacks in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-supp_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-supp-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable incidents include 1889's <a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_George_Meadows" title="Lynching of George Meadows">lynching of George Meadows</a>. </p><p>Even after 1950, racial violence of whites against blacks continued. In the 1950s <a href="/wiki/KKK" class="mw-redirect" title="KKK">KKK</a> chapters bombed black-owned houses in Birmingham to discourage residents moving into new middle-class areas. In that period, the city was referred to as "Bombingham."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1963 African Americans led a movement in the city seeking civil rights, including integration of public facilities. The <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">Birmingham campaign</a> was known for the violence the city police used against non-violent protesters. In the late summer, city and business officials finally agreed in 1963 to integrate public facilities and hire more African Americans. This followed the civil rights campaign, which was based at the <a href="/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church" title="16th Street Baptist Church">16th Street Baptist Church</a>, and an economic boycott of white stores that refused to hire blacks. Whites struck again: on a Sunday in September 1963, KKK members <a href="/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church_bombing" title="16th Street Baptist Church bombing">bombed the 16th Street Baptist Church</a>, killing four young black girls and injuring many persons. The African-American community quickly rebuilt the damaged church. They entered politics in the city, county and state after the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a> was passed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sewer_construction_and_bond_swap_controversy">Sewer construction and bond swap controversy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jefferson_County,_Alabama&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sewer construction and bond swap controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1990s, the county authorized and financed a massive overhaul of the county-owned sewer system, beginning in 1996. Sewerage and water rates had increased more than 300% in the 15 years before 2011, causing severe problems for the poor in Birmingham and the county. </p><p>Costs for the project increased due to problems in the financial area. In addition, county officials, encouraged by bribes by financial services companies, made a series of risky bond-swap agreements. Two extremely controversial undertakings by county officials in the 2000s resulted in the county having debt of $4 billion. The county eventually declared bankruptcy in 2011. It was the largest municipal bankruptcy in United States history at that time. Both the sewer project and its financing were scrutinized by federal prosecutors. By 2011, "six of Jefferson County's former commissioners had been found guilty of corruption for accepting the bribes, along with 15 other officials."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Scandal_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Scandal-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The controversial interest rate swaps, initiated in 2002 and 2003 by former Commission President <a href="/wiki/Larry_Langford" title="Larry Langford">Larry Langford</a> (removed in 2011 as the mayor of Birmingham after his conviction at trial<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), were intended to lower interest payments. But they had the opposite effect, increasing the county's indebtedness to the point that it had to declare bankruptcy. The bond swaps were the focus of an investigation by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Securities and Exchange Commission">United States Securities and Exchange Commission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late February 2008 <a href="/wiki/Standard_%26_Poor%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard & Poor's">Standard & Poor's</a> lowered the rating of Jefferson County bonds to "junk" status. The likelihood of the county filing for <a href="/wiki/Chapter_9,_Title_11,_United_States_Code" title="Chapter 9, Title 11, United States Code">Chapter 9</a> bankruptcy protection was debated in the press.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early March 2008, <a href="/wiki/Moody%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Moody's">Moody's</a> followed suit and indicated that it would also review the county's ability to meet other bond obligations.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 7, 2008, Jefferson County failed to post $184 million collateral as required under its sewer bond agreements, thereby moving into technical default.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2011, Lesley Curwen of the <a href="/wiki/BBC_World_Service" title="BBC World Service">BBC World Service</a> interviewed David Carrington, the newly appointed president of the County Commission, about the risk of defaulting on bonds issued to finance "what could be the most expensive sewage system in history."<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Scandal_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Scandal-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carrington said there was "no doubt that people from Wall Street offered bribes" and "have to take a huge responsibility for what happened."<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Scandal_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Scandal-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wall Street investment banks, including <a href="/wiki/J.P._Morgan_%26_Co." title="J.P. Morgan & Co.">JP Morgan</a> and others, arranged complex financial deals using <a href="/wiki/Swap_(finance)" title="Swap (finance)">swaps</a>. The fees and penalty charges increased the cost so the county in 2011 had $3.2 billion outstanding. Carrington said one of the problems was that elected officials had welcomed scheduling with very low early payments so long as peak payments occurred after they left office. </p><p>In 2011 the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission">SEC</a> awarded the county $75 million in compensation in relation to a judgment of "unlawful payments" against JP Morgan; in addition the company was penalized by having to forfeit $647 million of future fees.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2011_bankruptcy_filing">2011 bankruptcy filing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jefferson_County,_Alabama&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 2011 bankruptcy filing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jefferson County filed for bankruptcy on November 9, 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This action was valued at $4.2 billion, with debts of $3.14 billion relating to sewer work; it was then the most costly municipal bankruptcy ever in the United States. In 2013, it was surpassed by the <a href="/wiki/Detroit_bankruptcy" title="Detroit bankruptcy">Detroit bankruptcy</a> in Michigan.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Scandal_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Scandal-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The County requested <a href="/wiki/Chapter_9,_Title_11,_United_States_Code" title="Chapter 9, Title 11, United States Code">Chapter 9</a> relief under federal statute 11 U.S.C. §921. The case was filed in the Northern District of Alabama Bankruptcy Court as case number 11-05736. </p><p>As of May 2012<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jefferson_County,_Alabama&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Jefferson County had slashed expenses and reduced employment of county government workers by more than 700.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters20120512_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters20120512-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The county emerged from bankruptcy in December 2013, following the approval of a bankruptcy plan by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_bankruptcy_court" title="United States bankruptcy court">United States bankruptcy court</a> for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_Alabama" title="United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama">Northern District of Alabama</a>, writing off more than $1.4 billion of the debt.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jefferson_County,_Alabama&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>, the county has a total area of 1,124 square miles (2,910 km<sup>2</sup>), of which 1,111 square miles (2,880 km<sup>2</sup>) is land and 13 square miles (34 km<sup>2</sup>) (1.1%) is water.<sup id="cite_ref-GR1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GR1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the fifth-largest county in Alabama by land area. </p><p>The county is located within the <a href="/wiki/Ridge-and-Valley_Appalachians" title="Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians">Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians</a>, with the highest point in the county being found at <a href="/wiki/Shades_Mountain" title="Shades Mountain">Shades Mountain</a>, at an elevation of 1,150 ft. Another significant mountain located within the county is <a href="/wiki/Red_Mountain_(Birmingham)" title="Red Mountain (Birmingham)">Red Mountain</a>, which runs to the south of <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Birmingham,_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="Downtown Birmingham, Alabama">downtown Birmingham</a> and separates the city from the suburb of <a href="/wiki/Homewood,_Alabama" title="Homewood, Alabama">Homewood</a>. Many other mountains and valleys make up the majority of the county's diverse geography.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The county is home to the <a href="/wiki/Watercress_Darter_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Watercress Darter National Wildlife Refuge">Watercress Darter National Wildlife Refuge</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adjacent_counties">Adjacent counties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jefferson_County,_Alabama&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Adjacent counties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuscaloosa_County,_Alabama" title="Tuscaloosa County, Alabama">Tuscaloosa County</a> (west)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibb_County,_Alabama" title="Bibb County, Alabama">Bibb County</a> (southwest)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_County,_Alabama" title="Shelby County, Alabama">Shelby County</a> (south)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker_County,_Alabama" title="Walker County, Alabama">Walker County</a> (northwest)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blount_County,_Alabama" title="Blount County, Alabama">Blount County</a> (northeast)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Clair_County,_Alabama" title="St. Clair County, Alabama">St. Clair County</a> (northeast)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jefferson_County,_Alabama&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224496135">.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop{border-spacing:1px;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:0.3em;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop caption{background-color:lavender;color:black;padding-right:0.2em;padding-left:0.2em;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-bottom:none}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop th[scope=col]{border-bottom:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(2){text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td.us-census-pop-estimate{padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(3){padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(4){padding-left:0.5em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-footnote{border-top:1px solid black;font-size:85%;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-none{float:none;margin:0 1em 1em 0}}</style> <table class="us-census-pop us-census-pop-right"> <caption>Historical population</caption> <tbody><tr><th scope="col">Census</th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></th><th scope="col"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="sr-only">Note</span></th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Percent change">%±</abbr></th></tr> <tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1830_United_States_census" title="1830 United States census">1830</a></th><td>6,855</td><td></td><td>—</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_census" title="1840 United States census">1840</a></th><td>7,131</td><td></td><td>4.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1850_United_States_census" title="1850 United States census">1850</a></th><td>8,989</td><td></td><td>26.1%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_census" title="1860 United States census">1860</a></th><td>11,746</td><td></td><td>30.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_census" title="1870 United States census">1870</a></th><td>12,345</td><td></td><td>5.1%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_census" title="1880 United States census">1880</a></th><td>23,272</td><td></td><td>88.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_census" title="1890 United States census">1890</a></th><td>88,501</td><td></td><td>280.3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_census" title="1900 United States census">1900</a></th><td>140,420</td><td></td><td>58.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_census" title="1910 United States census">1910</a></th><td>226,476</td><td></td><td>61.3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_census" title="1920 United States census">1920</a></th><td>310,054</td><td></td><td>36.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_census" title="1930 United States census">1930</a></th><td>431,493</td><td></td><td>39.2%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_census" title="1940 United States census">1940</a></th><td>459,930</td><td></td><td>6.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">1950</a></th><td>558,928</td><td></td><td>21.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_census" title="1960 United States census">1960</a></th><td>634,864</td><td></td><td>13.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_census" title="1970 United States census">1970</a></th><td>644,991</td><td></td><td>1.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_census" title="1980 United States census">1980</a></th><td>671,371</td><td></td><td>4.1%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">1990</a></th><td>651,525</td><td></td><td>−3.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000</a></th><td>662,047</td><td></td><td>1.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010</a></th><td>658,466</td><td></td><td>−0.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a></th><td>674,721</td><td></td><td>2.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">2023 (est.)</th><td class="us-census-pop-estimate">662,895</td><td><sup id="cite_ref-USCensusEst2023_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USCensusEst2023-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td>−1.8%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="us-census-pop-footnote" style="text-align: center">U.S. Decennial Census<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />1790–1960<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1900–1990<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />1990–2000<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2010–2020<sup id="cite_ref-QF_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QF-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020_census">2020 census</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jefferson_County,_Alabama&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 2020 census"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption><b>Jefferson County, Alabama – Racial and ethnic composition</b><br /><small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><i>Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.</i></span></small> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Race / Ethnicity <small>(<i>NH = Non-Hispanic</i>)</small> </th> <th>Pop 2000<sup id="cite_ref-2000CensusP004_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2000CensusP004-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Pop 2010<sup id="cite_ref-2010CensusP2_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010CensusP2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Pop 2020<sup id="cite_ref-2020CensusP2_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020CensusP2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>% 2000 </th> <th>% 2010 </th> <th style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">% 2020 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic or Latino whites">White</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>379,707 </td> <td>340,213 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">324,252 </td> <td>57.35% </td> <td>51.67% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">48.06% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_African_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans">Black or African American</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>259,623 </td> <td>275,511 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">280,112 </td> <td>39.22% </td> <td>41.84% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">41.52% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaska Native">Alaska Native</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>1,314 </td> <td>1,431 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">1,207 </td> <td>0.20% </td> <td>0.22% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">0.18% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>5,909 </td> <td>9,085 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">13,043 </td> <td>0.89% </td> <td>1.38% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">1.93% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Pacific Islander</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>125 </td> <td>154 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">311 </td> <td>0.02% </td> <td>0.02% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">0.05% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States census">Other race</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>367 </td> <td>531 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">1,966 </td> <td>0.06% </td> <td>0.08% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">0.29% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Mixed race or Multiracial</a> (NH) </td> <td>4,718 </td> <td>6,053 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">18,974 </td> <td>0.71% </td> <td>0.92% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">2.81% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latino</a> (any race) </td> <td>10,284 </td> <td>25,488 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">34,856 </td> <td>1.55% </td> <td>3.87% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">5.17% </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Total</b> </td> <td><b>662,047</b> </td> <td><b>658,466</b> </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;"><b>674,721</b> </td> <td><b>100.00%</b> </td> <td><b>100.00%</b> </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;"><b>100.00%</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As of the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 census</a>, there were 674,721 people, 274,699 households, and 170,971 families residing in the county.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">population density</a> was 607.0 inhabitants per square mile (234.4/km<sup>2</sup>) There were 307,927 housing units. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010_census">2010 census</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jefferson_County,_Alabama&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2010 census"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jefferson County population had decreased slightly by 2010. </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010 census</a>, residents of metropolitan Jefferson County identified as the following: </p> <ul><li>53.0% <a href="/wiki/White_American" class="mw-redirect" title="White American">White</a></li> <li>42.0% <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">Black</a></li> <li>0.3% <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></li> <li>1.4% <a href="/wiki/Asian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian American">Asian</a></li> <li>0.0% <a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiian" class="mw-redirect" title="Native Hawaiian">Native Hawaiian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islander American">Pacific Islander</a></li> <li>1.1% <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Two or more races</a></li> <li>3.9% <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latino</a> (of any race)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000_census">2000 census</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jefferson_County,_Alabama&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 2000 census"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of the <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000 census</a>, there were 662,047 people, 263,265 households, and 175,861 families residing in the county. The population density was 595 people per square mile (230 people/km<sup>2</sup>). There were 288,162 housing units at an average density of 259 units per square mile (100 units/km<sup>2</sup>). The racial makeup of the county was 58.10% <a href="/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (United States Census)">White</a>, 39.36% <a href="/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (United States Census)">Black</a> or <a href="/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (United States Census)">African American</a>, 0.21% <a href="/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (United States Census)">Native American</a>, 0.90% <a href="/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (United States Census)">Asian</a>, 0.03% <a href="/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (United States Census)">Pacific Islander</a>, 0.59% from <a href="/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (United States Census)">other races</a>, and 0.80% from two or more races. About 1.55% of the population were <a href="/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (United States Census)">Hispanic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (United States Census)">Latino</a> of any race. </p><p>The largest self-reported European ancestries in Jefferson County, Alabama are <a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English</a> 9.7%(64,016), "<a href="/wiki/American_ancestry" title="American ancestry">American</a>" 9.6%(63,015), <a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish</a> 8.6%(56,695), <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German</a> 7.2%(47,690). Many Americans whose ancestors came from Britain or Ireland identify simply as American, because their immigrant ancestors arrived so long ago, in some cases in the 17th and 18th centuries. Demographers estimate that roughly 20–23% of people in Alabama are of predominantly <a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English</a> and related <a href="/wiki/British_Americans" title="British Americans">British Isles</a> ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers believe that more of the European-American population has <a href="/wiki/Scots-Irish_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Irish Americans">Scots-Irish</a> ancestry than residents identify with today. In addition, many African Americans have <a href="/wiki/Mixed-race" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-race">racially-mixed</a> ancestry, often with some ancestors from the British Isles. Having been classified in the South as black under racial segregation, some of these families are beginning to use <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> tests to learn about and acknowledge European ancestors. Some identify as <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">multiracial</a> as a result. </p><p>There were 263,265 households, out of which 30.80% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.10% were <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">married couples</a> living together, 17.20% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.20% were non-families. Nearly 28.70% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45, and the average family size was 3.04. </p><p>In the county, 24.80% of the population was under the age of 18, 9.60% from 18 to 24, 29.70% from 25 to 44, 22.30% from 45 to 64, and 13.60% was 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.50 males. </p><p>In 2007 Jefferson County had the highest rate of syphilis cases per 100,000 in the US, according to data from the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The median income for a household in the county was $36,868, and the median income for a family was $45,951. Males had a median income of $35,954 versus $26,631 for females. The <a href="/wiki/Per_capita_income" title="Per capita income">per capita income</a> for the county was $20,892. About 11.60% of families and 14.80% of the population were below the <a href="/wiki/Poverty_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty line">poverty line</a>, including 20.20% of those under age 18 and 12.70% of those age 65 or over. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_infrastructure">Government and infrastructure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jefferson_County,_Alabama&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Government and infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jefferson County is one of the eight counties in Alabama with a limited-form of <a href="/wiki/Home_rule" title="Home rule">home rule</a> government. A 1973 Commission had recommended that all counties be granted home rule under the state constitution, but the state legislature has refused to give up its control over local affairs. </p><p>In the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the county was underrepresented politically for decades into the 1960s because the rural-dominated state legislature refused to redistrict as population increased in urban counties. Changes to county representation in the state legislature did not take place until the state was required to incorporate the principle of <a href="/wiki/One_man,_one_vote" title="One man, one vote">one man, one vote</a> from the US Supreme Court decision of <i><a href="/wiki/Baker_v._Carr" title="Baker v. Carr">Baker v. Carr</a></i> (1964). It ruled that bicameral legislatures had to have both houses based on population districts, rather than geographic ones. The complexity of Birmingham and Jefferson County urban conditions required more local management, as it was a major industrial center. The county gained some home rule functions by 1944. It allows the county to set up a <a href="/wiki/Zoning_in_the_United_States" title="Zoning in the United States">zoning system</a> for land use, maintain the <a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">sanitary sewer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sewerage" title="Sewerage">sewerage</a> systems and <a href="/wiki/Highway" title="Highway">highways</a>, provide for <a href="/wiki/Garbage_disposal" class="mw-redirect" title="Garbage disposal">garbage and trash disposal</a>, and to enforce <a href="/wiki/Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxation">taxation</a> (except for property taxes). </p><p>Today the county has a type of council-manager form of government. It is governed by a five-member commission that combines the legislative and executive duties for the county. The Commissioners are elected from <a href="/wiki/Single-member_district" title="Single-member district">single-member districts</a>. Each county commissioner represents one of the five districts in the county, apportioned roughly equally by population. By votes in the commission, the commissioners are given executive responsibilities for the various county departments, which fall under the categories of "Roads and Transportation", "Community Development", "Environmental Services", "Health and Human Services", "Technology and Land Development", and "Finance and General Services". The County Commission elects a President from among its members, who serves as the chairperson of all County Commission meetings, and who has additional executive duties. </p><p>The Commission hires a county manager, who oversees and directs daily operations of county departments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxation">Taxation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jefferson_County,_Alabama&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Taxation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sales tax on many items within the county can be as high as 12%. The County Commission approved an educational sales tax by a 3–2 vote in October 2004. This was implemented In January 2005, as a 1% sales tax to support funding for construction of needed education facilities. This additional 1% has resulted in some county municipalities, such as <a href="/wiki/Fairfield,_Alabama" title="Fairfield, Alabama">Fairfield</a>, to have sales tax rates as high as 10%, while other municipalities and incorporated communities had an increase in their total sales tax rate from 8% to 9%. The state of Alabama sales tax was 4% at the time and Jefferson County's was 2% in total. Some municipal sales taxes reach 4%.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On March 16, 2011, the Alabama Supreme Court ruled that Jefferson County's 2009 occupational tax law was passed unconstitutionally. This decision dealt a devastating financial blow to a county considering bankruptcy.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law">Law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jefferson_County,_Alabama&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jefferson County is served by the Jefferson County <a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States" title="Sheriffs in the United States">Sheriff's Department</a>. The County Sheriff is chosen by the eligible voters in an <a href="/wiki/At-large" title="At-large">at large</a> election. The Sheriff's Department fields about 175 <a href="/wiki/Deputy_sheriff" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy sheriff">deputy sheriffs</a> who patrol the unincorporated areas of the county, and also all municipalities that do not have their own <a href="/wiki/Police_department" class="mw-redirect" title="Police department">police departments</a>. The Sheriff's Department has two county <a href="/wiki/Jail" class="mw-redirect" title="Jail">jails</a>, one in Birmingham and one in Bessemer, which are used to detain suspects awaiting trial (who cannot afford to post <a href="/wiki/Bail" title="Bail">bail</a>), and convicted criminals serving sentences less than one year in length. </p><p>Two judicial courthouses are located in Jefferson County, a situation dating to when the state legislature was preparing to split off a portion of Jefferson County to create a new county, centered around <a href="/wiki/Bessemer,_Alabama" title="Bessemer, Alabama">Bessemer</a>. The city is located about 16 miles to the southwest by car. The split did not take place because the area of the proposed county would have been smaller than the minimum of 500 square miles set forth in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Alabama" title="Constitution of Alabama">state constitution</a>. The additional county courthouse and some parallel functions remain in service. The main courthouse is in Birmingham and the second one is located in Bessemer. Certain elected county officials maintain offices in the Bessemer annex, such as the Assistant Tax Collector, the Assistant Tax Assessor, and the Assistant District Attorney. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prisons">Prisons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jefferson_County,_Alabama&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Prisons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The local jails have a long history of abuse of prisoners. One former jailer, who started work for the Jefferson County Convict Department in 1919, described beatings, the administration of laxatives, and confinement in a tiny two-by-three-foot cell, as well as beatings with rubber hoses. He said, "You can work a man pretty good with a piece of pipe and never mark him."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Well into the 1950s, prisoners were regularly beaten and tortured by police to extract coerced "confessions" to crimes.<sup id="cite_ref-bass_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bass-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In mid-2015, the Department of Justice announced an investigation of the conditions imposed on juveniles in the county jail. It said that young people with mental illnesses were locked in solitary confinement for months at a time. Others were housed with adult prisoners who raped them.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Department_of_Corrections" title="Alabama Department of Corrections">Alabama Department of Corrections</a> operates the <a href="/wiki/William_E._Donaldson_Correctional_Facility" title="William E. Donaldson Correctional Facility">William E. Donaldson Correctional Facility</a>, a prison for men, in <a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">unincorporated</a> Jefferson County near Bessemer. The prison includes one of the two <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Alabama" title="Capital punishment in Alabama">Alabama death rows</a> for men.<sup id="cite_ref-DonaldProf_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DonaldProf-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jefferson_County,_Alabama&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2010 statistics, the largest religious group in Jefferson County was the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">SBC</a> Baptists with 185,650 members in 272 congregations, followed by 69,878 <a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">non-denominational</a> adherents with 170 congregations, 67,313 <a href="/wiki/National_Baptist_Convention,_USA,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc.">NBC</a> Baptists with 117 congregations, 55,083 Catholics in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Birmingham_in_Alabama" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Birmingham in Alabama">Roman Catholic Diocese of Birmingham in Alabama</a> with 32 parishes, 43,422 <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">UMC</a> Methodists with 86 congregations, 15,899 <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Cleveland,_Tennessee)" title="Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)">CoG–Cleveland, Tennessee</a> Pentecostals with 45 congregations, 14,025 <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">TEC</a> Episcopalians with 17 congregations, 11,267 <a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ" title="Churches of Christ">CoC</a> Christians with 69 congregations, 11,171 <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_in_Christ" title="Church of God in Christ">CoGiC</a> Pentecostals with 16 congregations, and 9,472 <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Church">AME</a> Methodists with 42 congregations. Altogether, 83.9% of the population was claimed as members by religious congregations, although members of historically African-American denominations were underrepresented due to incomplete information.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, Jefferson County had 714 religious organizations, the 15th most out of all US counties.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jefferson_County,_Alabama&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>School districts in the county include:<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bessemer_City_School_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bessemer City School District (page does not exist)">Bessemer City School District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_City_School_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham City School District">Birmingham City School District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairfield_City_School_District" title="Fairfield City School District">Fairfield City School District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homewood_City_School_District" title="Homewood City School District">Homewood City School District</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hoover_City_School_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hoover City School District (page does not exist)">Hoover City School District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeds_City_School_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Leeds City School District">Leeds City School District</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jefferson_County_School_District_(Alabama)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jefferson County School District (Alabama) (page does not exist)">Jefferson County School District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midfield_City_School_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Midfield City School District">Midfield City School District</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_Brook_City_School_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mountain Brook City School District (page does not exist)">Mountain Brook City School District</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarrant_City_School_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarrant City School District (page does not exist)">Tarrant City School District</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trussville_City_School_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trussville City School District (page does not exist)">Trussville City School District</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vestavia_Hills_City_School_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vestavia Hills City School District (page does not exist)">Vestavia Hills City School District</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_education">History of education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jefferson_County,_Alabama&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: History of education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a reaction to the US Supreme Court's ruling in <i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v_Board_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown v Board of Education">Brown v Board of Education</a></i> in 1954, that segregated public schools were unconstitutional, both state and <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County_Board_of_Education_(Alabama)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jefferson County Board of Education (Alabama)">local</a> officials took steps to preserve <i>de facto</i> educational segregation. As late as 1965, schools in the county were still totally segregated. In 1969, public schools in the county became fully integrated.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Except for cities such as Birmingham, that have established their own local school districts, all parts of Jefferson County are served by the <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County_Board_of_Education_(Alabama)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jefferson County Board of Education (Alabama)">Jefferson County Board of Education</a>. Parts within Birmingham are served by <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_City_Schools" title="Birmingham City Schools">Birmingham City Schools</a>. </p><p>Beginning in 1959, more wealthy towns, with predominately white populations, began to form their own school systems. Critics allege this served to stymie integration and financially starve schools that served mostly black populations.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cities in the county that have established their own school systems are <a href="/wiki/Gardendale,_Alabama" title="Gardendale, Alabama">Gardendale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bessemer,_Alabama" title="Bessemer, Alabama">Bessemer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fairfield,_Alabama" title="Fairfield, Alabama">Fairfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midfield,_Alabama" title="Midfield, Alabama">Midfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trussville,_Alabama" title="Trussville, Alabama">Trussville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homewood,_Alabama" title="Homewood, Alabama">Homewood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leeds,_Alabama" title="Leeds, Alabama">Leeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoover,_Alabama" title="Hoover, Alabama">Hoover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vestavia_Hills,_Alabama" title="Vestavia Hills, Alabama">Vestavia Hills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarrant,_Alabama" title="Tarrant, Alabama">Tarrant</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Brook,_Alabama" title="Mountain Brook, Alabama">Mountain Brook</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Frankenberg2009_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frankenberg2009-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pattern of residential and economic segregation has occurred in many parts of the country, including economic segregation of poorer whites. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jefferson_County,_Alabama&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama" title="2008 United States presidential election in Alabama">2008</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> carried Jefferson County with 166,121 votes (52.2 percent), although the state voted for Republican candidate Senator <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> by a double-digit majority. Obama carried the industrial, urbanized county by a larger majority in <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama" title="2012 United States presidential election in Alabama">2012</a>, winning with 52.5 percent. Democratic candidate <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> also carried the county in <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama" title="2016 United States presidential election in Alabama">2016</a>, with a majority of 51.5 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama" title="2020 United States presidential election in Alabama">2020</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> received 55.7% of the vote in Jefferson County, the best performance by a Democrat since <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a> in <a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama" title="1944 United States presidential election in Alabama">1944</a>. </p><p>Before Obama's victory, Jefferson County had last supported the official Democratic candidate for president in <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama" title="1952 United States presidential election in Alabama">1952</a>, and only once since 1944. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible floatright" style="font-size: 95%;"> <caption>United States presidential election results for Jefferson County, Alabama </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Year </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third party(ies)</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>No. </th> <th scope="col">%</th> <th scope="col">No. </th> <th scope="col">%</th> <th scope="col">No. </th> <th scope="col">% </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama" title="2024 United States presidential election in Alabama">2024</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">131,123 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">43.90% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">162,112 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>54.27%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">5,469 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1.83% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama" title="2020 United States presidential election in Alabama">2020</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">138,843 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">42.61% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">181,688 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>55.76%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">5,317 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1.63% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama" title="2016 United States presidential election in Alabama">2016</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">134,768 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">44.30% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">156,873 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>51.57%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">12,550 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">4.13% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama" title="2012 United States presidential election in Alabama">2012</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">141,683 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">46.53% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">159,876 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>52.50%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">2,964 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.97% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama" title="2008 United States presidential election in Alabama">2008</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">149,921 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">47.07% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">166,121 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>52.15%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">2,482 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.78% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama" title="2004 United States presidential election in Alabama">2004</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">158,680 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>54.16%</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">132,286 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">45.15% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">2,001 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.68% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama" title="2000 United States presidential election in Alabama">2000</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">138,491 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>50.59%</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">129,889 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">47.45% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">5,383 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1.97% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama" title="1996 United States presidential election in Alabama">1996</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">130,980 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>50.20%</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">120,208 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">46.07% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">9,718 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">3.72% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama" title="1992 United States presidential election in Alabama">1992</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">149,832 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>50.13%</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">125,889 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">42.12% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">23,163 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">7.75% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama" title="1988 United States presidential election in Alabama">1988</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">148,879 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>57.74%</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">107,766 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">41.80% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1,188 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.46% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama" title="1984 United States presidential election in Alabama">1984</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">158,362 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>59.41%</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">107,506 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">40.33% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">679 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.25% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama" title="1980 United States presidential election in Alabama">1980</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">132,612 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>51.10%</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">113,069 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">43.57% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">13,831 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">5.33% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama" title="1976 United States presidential election in Alabama">1976</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">113,590 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>52.32%</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">99,531 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">45.85% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">3,969 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1.83% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama" title="1972 United States presidential election in Alabama">1972</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">135,095 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>68.05%</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">57,288 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">28.86% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">6,145 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">3.10% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#D99FE8"><b><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama" title="1968 United States presidential election in Alabama">1968</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">39,752 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">19.39% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">55,845 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">27.24% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">109,436 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;"><b>53.37%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama" title="1964 United States presidential election in Alabama">1964</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">100,756 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>72.57%</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">0 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">0.00% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">38,082 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">27.43% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama" title="1960 United States presidential election in Alabama">1960</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">60,004 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>56.66%</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">44,369 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">41.90% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1,525 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1.44% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama" title="1956 United States presidential election in Alabama">1956</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">43,695 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>49.93%</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">38,604 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">44.11% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">5,214 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">5.96% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama" title="1952 United States presidential election in Alabama">1952</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">32,254 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">45.58% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">38,111 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>53.85%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">401 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.57% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FF7F00"><b><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama" title="1948 United States presidential election in Alabama">1948</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">7,261 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">19.18% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">0 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">0.00% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">30,600 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;"><b>80.82%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama" title="1944 United States presidential election in Alabama">1944</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">7,409 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">19.15% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">31,101 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>80.40%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">174 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.45% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama" title="1940 United States presidential election in Alabama">1940</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">6,714 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">15.26% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">37,110 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>84.34%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">177 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.40% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama" title="1936 United States presidential election in Alabama">1936</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">3,813 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">9.49% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">35,982 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>89.51%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">403 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1.00% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama" title="1932 United States presidential election in Alabama">1932</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">4,572 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">12.51% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">31,156 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>85.27%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">811 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">2.22% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama" title="1928 United States presidential election in Alabama">1928</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">18,060 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>51.74%</b> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">16,735 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">47.94% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">112 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.32% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama" title="1924 United States presidential election in Alabama">1924</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">5,678 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">23.88% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">15,133 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>63.64%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">2,969 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">12.49% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama" title="1920 United States presidential election in Alabama">1920</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">7,124 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">21.63% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">24,982 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>75.84%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">833 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">2.53% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama" title="1916 United States presidential election in Alabama">1916</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">2,052 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">15.64% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">10,677 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>81.38%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">391 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">2.98% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama" title="1912 United States presidential election in Alabama">1912</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">693 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">5.67% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">8,887 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>72.69%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">2,646 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">21.64% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama" title="1908 United States presidential election in Alabama">1908</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">2,182 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">20.38% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">7,803 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>72.88%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">722 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">6.74% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama" title="1904 United States presidential election in Alabama">1904</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">1,090 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">13.59% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">6,424 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>80.08%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">508 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">6.33% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama" title="1900 United States presidential election in Alabama">1900</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">2,842 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">36.81% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">4,580 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>59.32%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">299 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">3.87% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama" title="1896 United States presidential election in Alabama">1896</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">3,394 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">26.04% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">8,819 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>67.67%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">819 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">6.28% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama" title="1892 United States presidential election in Alabama">1892</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">296 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">1.93% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">10,055 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>65.70%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">4,953 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">32.36% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b><a href="/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama" title="1888 United States presidential election in Alabama">1888</a></b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">3,001 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">34.84% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">5,508 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>63.95%</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">104 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1.21% </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jefferson_County,_Alabama&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_highways">Major highways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jefferson_County,_Alabama&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Major highways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:I-20_(AL).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/I-20_%28AL%29.svg/20px-I-20_%28AL%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/I-20_%28AL%29.svg/30px-I-20_%28AL%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/I-20_%28AL%29.svg/40px-I-20_%28AL%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_20_(Alabama)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 20 (Alabama)">Interstate 20</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:I-22_(AL).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/I-22_%28AL%29.svg/20px-I-22_%28AL%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/I-22_%28AL%29.svg/30px-I-22_%28AL%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/I-22_%28AL%29.svg/40px-I-22_%28AL%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_22_(Alabama)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 22 (Alabama)">Interstate 22</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:I-59_(AL).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/I-59_%28AL%29.svg/20px-I-59_%28AL%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/I-59_%28AL%29.svg/30px-I-59_%28AL%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/I-59_%28AL%29.svg/40px-I-59_%28AL%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_59_(Alabama)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 59 (Alabama)">Interstate 59</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:I-65_(AL).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/I-65_%28AL%29.svg/20px-I-65_%28AL%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/I-65_%28AL%29.svg/30px-I-65_%28AL%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/I-65_%28AL%29.svg/40px-I-65_%28AL%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_65_(Alabama)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 65 (Alabama)">Interstate 65</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:I-222_(Future).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/I-222_%28Future%29.svg/25px-I-222_%28Future%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/I-222_%28Future%29.svg/38px-I-222_%28Future%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/I-222_%28Future%29.svg/50px-I-222_%28Future%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_222_(Alabama)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 222 (Alabama)">Future Interstate 222</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:I-422_(Future).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/I-422_%28Future%29.svg/25px-I-422_%28Future%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/I-422_%28Future%29.svg/38px-I-422_%28Future%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/I-422_%28Future%29.svg/50px-I-422_%28Future%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_422_(Alabama)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 422 (Alabama)">Future Interstate 422</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:I-459_(AL).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/I-459_%28AL%29.svg/25px-I-459_%28AL%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/I-459_%28AL%29.svg/38px-I-459_%28AL%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/I-459_%28AL%29.svg/50px-I-459_%28AL%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_459_(Alabama)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 459 (Alabama)">Interstate 459</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_11.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/US_11.svg/20px-US_11.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/US_11.svg/30px-US_11.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/US_11.svg/40px-US_11.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_11_in_Alabama" title="U.S. Route 11 in Alabama">U.S. Route 11</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_31.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/US_31.svg/20px-US_31.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/US_31.svg/30px-US_31.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/US_31.svg/40px-US_31.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_31_(Alabama)" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 31 (Alabama)">U.S. Route 31</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_78.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/US_78.svg/20px-US_78.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/US_78.svg/30px-US_78.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/US_78.svg/40px-US_78.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_78_(Alabama)" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 78 (Alabama)">U.S. Route 78</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_280.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/US_280.svg/25px-US_280.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/US_280.svg/38px-US_280.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/US_280.svg/50px-US_280.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_280_(Alabama)" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 280 (Alabama)">U.S. Route 280</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_411.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/US_411.svg/25px-US_411.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/US_411.svg/38px-US_411.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/US_411.svg/50px-US_411.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_411_(Alabama)" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 411 (Alabama)">U.S. Route 411</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alabama_5.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Alabama_5.svg/20px-Alabama_5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Alabama_5.svg/30px-Alabama_5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Alabama_5.svg/40px-Alabama_5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/State_Route_5_(Alabama)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Route 5 (Alabama)">State Route 5</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alabama_25.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Alabama_25.svg/20px-Alabama_25.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Alabama_25.svg/30px-Alabama_25.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Alabama_25.svg/40px-Alabama_25.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Alabama_State_Route_25" title="Alabama State Route 25">State Route 25</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alabama_75.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Alabama_75.svg/20px-Alabama_75.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Alabama_75.svg/30px-Alabama_75.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Alabama_75.svg/40px-Alabama_75.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/State_Route_75_(Alabama)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Route 75 (Alabama)">State Route 75</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alabama_79.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Alabama_79.svg/20px-Alabama_79.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Alabama_79.svg/30px-Alabama_79.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Alabama_79.svg/40px-Alabama_79.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/State_Route_79_(Alabama)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Route 79 (Alabama)">State Route 79</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alabama_119.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Alabama_119.svg/25px-Alabama_119.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Alabama_119.svg/38px-Alabama_119.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Alabama_119.svg/50px-Alabama_119.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Alabama_State_Route_119" title="Alabama State Route 119">State Route 119</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alabama_149.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Alabama_149.svg/25px-Alabama_149.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Alabama_149.svg/38px-Alabama_149.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Alabama_149.svg/50px-Alabama_149.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/State_Route_149_(Alabama)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Route 149 (Alabama)">State Route 149</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alabama_150.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Alabama_150.svg/25px-Alabama_150.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Alabama_150.svg/38px-Alabama_150.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Alabama_150.svg/50px-Alabama_150.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/State_Route_150_(Alabama)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Route 150 (Alabama)">State Route 150</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alabama_151.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Alabama_151.svg/25px-Alabama_151.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Alabama_151.svg/38px-Alabama_151.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Alabama_151.svg/50px-Alabama_151.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Alabama_State_Route_151" title="Alabama State Route 151">State Route 151</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alabama_269.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Alabama_269.svg/25px-Alabama_269.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Alabama_269.svg/38px-Alabama_269.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Alabama_269.svg/50px-Alabama_269.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/State_Route_269_(Alabama)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Route 269 (Alabama)">State Route 269</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alabama_378.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Alabama_378.svg/25px-Alabama_378.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Alabama_378.svg/38px-Alabama_378.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Alabama_378.svg/50px-Alabama_378.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/State_Route_378_(Alabama)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Route 378 (Alabama)">State Route 378</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railroads">Railroads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jefferson_County,_Alabama&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Railroads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a> passenger service is provided by the <a href="/wiki/Crescent_(train)" title="Crescent (train)">Crescent</a>, which stops in Birmingham. Freight service is provided by <a href="/wiki/BNSF_Railway" title="BNSF Railway">BNSF Railway</a>, <a href="/wiki/CSX_Transportation" title="CSX Transportation">CSX Transportation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Southern_Railway" title="Norfolk Southern Railway">Norfolk Southern Railway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alabama_%26_Tennessee_River_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Alabama & Tennessee River Railway">Alabama & Tennessee River Railway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Terminal_Railway" title="Birmingham Terminal Railway">Birmingham Terminal Railway</a> (formerly Birmingham Southern Railroad). There is also one <a href="/wiki/Switching_and_terminal_railroad" title="Switching and terminal railroad">switching and terminal railroad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Warrior_Railway" title="Alabama Warrior Railway">Alabama Warrior Railway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_travel">Air travel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jefferson_County,_Alabama&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Air travel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Birmingham is the location of the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham-Shuttlesworth_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport">Birmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport</a>, which provides service, either direct or connecting, to most of the rest of the United States. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communities">Communities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jefferson_County,_Alabama&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cities">Cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jefferson_County,_Alabama&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamsville,_Alabama" title="Adamsville, Alabama">Adamsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessemer,_Alabama" title="Bessemer, Alabama">Bessemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham</a> (county seat; partly in <a href="/wiki/Shelby_County,_Alabama" title="Shelby County, Alabama">Shelby County</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton,_Alabama" title="Brighton, Alabama">Brighton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_Point,_Alabama" title="Center Point, Alabama">Center Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay,_Alabama" title="Clay, Alabama">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairfield,_Alabama" title="Fairfield, Alabama">Fairfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fultondale,_Alabama" title="Fultondale, Alabama">Fultondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardendale,_Alabama" title="Gardendale, Alabama">Gardendale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graysville,_Alabama" title="Graysville, Alabama">Graysville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena,_Alabama" title="Helena, Alabama">Helena</a> (mostly in <a href="/wiki/Shelby_County,_Alabama" title="Shelby County, Alabama">Shelby County</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homewood,_Alabama" title="Homewood, Alabama">Homewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover,_Alabama" title="Hoover, Alabama">Hoover</a> (partly in <a href="/wiki/Shelby_County,_Alabama" title="Shelby County, Alabama">Shelby County</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hueytown,_Alabama" title="Hueytown, Alabama">Hueytown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irondale,_Alabama" title="Irondale, Alabama">Irondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberly,_Alabama" title="Kimberly, Alabama">Kimberly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeds,_Alabama" title="Leeds, Alabama">Leeds</a> (partly in <a href="/wiki/Shelby_County,_Alabama" title="Shelby County, Alabama">Shelby County</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Clair_County,_Alabama" title="St. Clair County, Alabama">St. Clair County</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipscomb,_Alabama" title="Lipscomb, Alabama">Lipscomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Brook,_Alabama" title="Mountain Brook, Alabama">Mountain Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinson,_Alabama" title="Pinson, Alabama">Pinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasant_Grove,_Alabama" title="Pleasant Grove, Alabama">Pleasant Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumiton,_Alabama" title="Sumiton, Alabama">Sumiton</a> (partly in <a href="/wiki/Walker_County,_Alabama" title="Walker County, Alabama">Walker County</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarrant,_Alabama" title="Tarrant, Alabama">Tarrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trussville,_Alabama" title="Trussville, Alabama">Trussville</a> (partly in <a href="/wiki/St._Clair_County,_Alabama" title="St. Clair County, Alabama">St. Clair County</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestavia_Hills,_Alabama" title="Vestavia Hills, Alabama">Vestavia Hills</a> (partly in <a href="/wiki/Shelby_County,_Alabama" title="Shelby County, Alabama">Shelby County</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrior,_Alabama" title="Warrior, Alabama">Warrior</a> (partly in <a href="/wiki/Blount_County,_Alabama" title="Blount County, Alabama">Blount County</a>)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Towns">Towns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jefferson_County,_Alabama&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Towns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argo,_Alabama" title="Argo, Alabama">Argo</a> (partly in <a href="/wiki/St._Clair_County,_Alabama" title="St. Clair County, Alabama">St. Clair County</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brookside,_Alabama" title="Brookside, Alabama">Brookside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff,_Alabama" title="Cardiff, Alabama">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Line,_Alabama" title="County Line, Alabama">County Line</a> (partly in <a href="/wiki/Blount_County,_Alabama" title="Blount County, Alabama">Blount County</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_View,_Alabama" title="Lake View, Alabama">Lake View</a> (partly in <a href="/wiki/Tuscaloosa_County,_Alabama" title="Tuscaloosa County, Alabama">Tuscaloosa County</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maytown,_Alabama" title="Maytown, Alabama">Maytown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midfield,_Alabama" title="Midfield, Alabama">Midfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris,_Alabama" title="Morris, Alabama">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulga,_Alabama" title="Mulga, Alabama">Mulga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Johns,_Alabama" title="North Johns, Alabama">North Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvan_Springs,_Alabama" title="Sylvan Springs, Alabama">Sylvan Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafford,_Alabama" title="Trafford, Alabama">Trafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jefferson,_Alabama" title="West Jefferson, Alabama">West Jefferson</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Census-designated_places">Census-designated places</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jefferson_County,_Alabama&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Census-designated places"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalkville,_Alabama" title="Chalkville, Alabama">Chalkville</a> (former; annexed by city of Clay)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concord,_Alabama" title="Concord, Alabama">Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgewater,_Alabama" title="Edgewater, Alabama">Edgewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestdale,_Alabama" title="Forestdale, Alabama">Forestdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grayson_Valley,_Alabama" title="Grayson Valley, Alabama">Grayson Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCalla,_Alabama" title="McCalla, Alabama">McCalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonald_Chapel,_Alabama" title="McDonald Chapel, Alabama">McDonald Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor,_Alabama" title="Minor, Alabama">Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olive,_Jefferson_County,_Alabama" title="Mount Olive, Jefferson County, Alabama">Mount Olive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Creek,_Alabama" title="Rock Creek, Alabama">Rock Creek</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unincorporated_communities">Unincorporated communities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jefferson_County,_Alabama&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Unincorporated communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adger,_Alabama" title="Adger, Alabama">Adger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton,_Alabama" title="Alton, Alabama">Alton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayview,_Alabama" title="Bayview, Alabama">Bayview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagley,_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagley, Alabama">Bagley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradford,_Alabama" title="Bradford, Alabama">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalburg,_Alabama" title="Coalburg, Alabama">Coalburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corner,_Alabama" title="Corner, Alabama">Corner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crumley_Chapel,_Alabama" title="Crumley Chapel, Alabama">Crumley Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docena,_Alabama" title="Docena, Alabama">Docena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolomite,_Alabama" title="Dolomite, Alabama">Dolomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_Top,_Jefferson_County,_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat Top, Jefferson County, Alabama">Flat Top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell,_Jefferson_County,_Alabama" title="Hopewell, Jefferson County, Alabama">Hopewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimbrell,_Alabama" title="Kimbrell, Alabama">Kimbrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Castle,_Alabama" title="New Castle, Alabama">New Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmerdale,_Alabama" title="Palmerdale, Alabama">Palmerdale</a> (Neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Pinson,_Alabama" title="Pinson, Alabama">Pinson, Alabama</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robbins_Crossroads,_Alabama" title="Robbins Crossroads, Alabama">Robbins Crossroads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayre,_Alabama" title="Sayre, Alabama">Sayre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon,_Alabama" title="Shannon, Alabama">Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watson,_Alabama" title="Watson, Alabama">Watson</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_towns">Former towns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jefferson_County,_Alabama&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Former towns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acipcoville,_Alabama" title="Acipcoville, Alabama">Acipcoville</a>, (former community, now a neighborhood in Birmingham)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elyton,_Alabama" title="Elyton, Alabama">Elyton</a> (former Jefferson County Seat, now a neighborhood in Birmingham)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensley_(Birmingham)" title="Ensley (Birmingham)">Ensley</a> (former town, now a neighborhood in Birmingham)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Birmingham" title="North Birmingham">North Birmingham</a>, (former city, now a neighborhood in Birmingham)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westfield,_Alabama" title="Westfield, Alabama">Westfield</a>, (former company town, now an unincorporated community)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodlawn_(Birmingham)" title="Woodlawn (Birmingham)">Woodlawn</a>, (former city, now a neighborhood in Birmingham)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jefferson_County,_Alabama&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County_Library_Cooperative" title="Jefferson County Library Cooperative">Jefferson County Library Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Jefferson_County,_Alabama" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Jefferson County, Alabama">National Register of Historic Places listings in Jefferson County, Alabama</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jefferson_County,_Alabama&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Specific</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-aces-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aces_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aces_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aces_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aces_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aces.edu/counties/Jefferson/">"Jefferson County Extension Office"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Cooperative_Extension_System" title="Alabama Cooperative Extension System">Alabama Cooperative Extension System</a> (ACES). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000416124528/http://www.aces.edu/counties/Jefferson/">Archived</a> from the original on April 16, 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 27,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jefferson+County+Extension+Office&rft.pub=Alabama+Cooperative+Extension+System+%28ACES%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fcounties%2FJefferson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJefferson+County%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al.com/news/huntsville/2017/06/if_madison_county_is_3rd_large.html">"Why Madison County is No. 47 on license plates"</a>. June 14, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Madison+County+is+No.+47+on+license+plates&rft.date=2017-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al.com%2Fnews%2Fhuntsville%2F2017%2F06%2Fif_madison_county_is_3rd_large.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJefferson+County%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-QF-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-QF_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-QF_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/jeffersoncountyalabama/PST045223">"State & County QuickFacts"</a>. United States Census Bureau<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+%26+County+QuickFacts&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fquickfacts%2Ffact%2Ftable%2Fjeffersoncountyalabama%2FPST045223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJefferson+County%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1370">"Jefferson County"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128151320/http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1370">Archived</a> from the original on November 28, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jefferson+County&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyclopediaofalabama.org%2Farticle%2Fh-1370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJefferson+County%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bass-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bass_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bass_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Jonathan Bass, <i>He Calls Me By Lightning: The Life of Caliph Washington and the Forgotten Saga of Jim Crow, Southern Justice, and the Death Penalty</i>, Liveright Publishing, 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-supp-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-supp_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eji.org/files/Lynching_in_America_Supplement_by_County_2nd_Edition.pdf">"Supplement: Lynchings by County/ Alabama: Jefferson County, 2nd edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160410175503/http://www.eji.org/files/Lynching_in_America_Supplement_by_County_2nd_Edition.pdf">Archived</a> April 10, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, from <i>Lynching in America: Confronting the Legacy of Racial Terror</i>, 2015, Equal Justice Institute, Montgomery, Alabama</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAM2018" class="citation web cs1">AM, 2018 at 06:00 (July 24, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al.com/expo/news/erry-2018/07/f39190a3553390/bombingham.html">"Bombingham: Decades of racist bombings captured in chilling photos"</a>. <i>AL.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230716061225/https://www.al.com/news/erry-2018/07/f39190a3553390/bombingham.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 16, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 25,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AL.com&rft.atitle=Bombingham%3A+Decades+of+racist+bombings+captured+in+chilling+photos&rft.date=2018-07-24&rft.aulast=AM&rft.aufirst=2018+at+06%3A00&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al.com%2Fexpo%2Fnews%2Ferry-2018%2F07%2Ff39190a3553390%2Fbombingham.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJefferson+County%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/16th-Street-Baptist-Church-bombing">"16th Street Baptist Church bombing | terrorist attack, Birmingham, Alabama, United States [1963]"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180921104622/https://www.britannica.com/event/16th-Street-Baptist-Church-bombing">Archived</a> from the original on September 21, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 25,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=16th+Street+Baptist+Church+bombing+%7C+terrorist+attack%2C+Birmingham%2C+Alabama%2C+United+States+%5B1963%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2F16th-Street-Baptist-Church-bombing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJefferson+County%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.al.com/spotnews/2010/07/hold_former_jefferson_county_c.html">"Former Jefferson County Commissioner Gary White sentenced to 10 years in prison"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110824012848/http://blog.al.com/spotnews/2010/07/hold_former_jefferson_county_c.html">Archived</a> August 24, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Al.com. Retrieved on August 12, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_Scandal-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Scandal_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Scandal_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Scandal_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Scandal_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Wheeler2011" class="citation web cs1">Brian Wheeler (December 14, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-16037798">"The scandal of the Alabama poor cut off from water"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111214234830/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-16037798">Archived</a> from the original on December 14, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+scandal+of+the+Alabama+poor+cut+off+from+water&rft.date=2011-12-14&rft.au=Brian+Wheeler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-16037798&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJefferson+County%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.al.com/news/larry-langford/index.ssf/index_3.html">Larry Langford Impact – Page 3 – - Larry Langford trial| Latest Larry Langford News</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091022114123/http://www.al.com/news/larry-langford/index.ssf/index_3.html">Archived</a> October 22, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. al.com. Retrieved on March 2, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2007" class="citation news cs1">Wright, Barnett (December 18, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.al.com/spotnews/2007/12/sec_wants_to_force_larry_langf.html">"SEC wants to force Larry Langford, Bill Blount to testify in Jefferson County bond swap deals"</a>. <i>Birmingham News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171214071433/http://blog.al.com/spotnews/2007/12/sec_wants_to_force_larry_langf.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 14, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 13,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Birmingham+News&rft.atitle=SEC+wants+to+force+Larry+Langford%2C+Bill+Blount+to+testify+in+Jefferson+County+bond+swap+deals&rft.date=2007-12-18&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Barnett&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.al.com%2Fspotnews%2F2007%2F12%2Fsec_wants_to_force_larry_langf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJefferson+County%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHubbard2008" class="citation news cs1">Hubbard, Russell (March 2, 2008). "Jefferson County finance options likely to be expensive". <i>Birmingham News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Birmingham+News&rft.atitle=Jefferson+County+finance+options+likely+to+be+expensive&rft.date=2008-03-02&rft.aulast=Hubbard&rft.aufirst=Russell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJefferson+County%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHubbard,_Russell2008" class="citation news cs1">Hubbard, Russell (March 4, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.al.com/spotnews/2008/03/update_jefferson_county_financ.html">"Update: Jefferson County finances take another hit"</a>. <i>Birmingham News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121117013914/http://blog.al.com/spotnews/2008/03/update_jefferson_county_financ.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Birmingham+News&rft.atitle=Update%3A+Jefferson+County+finances+take+another+hit&rft.date=2008-03-04&rft.au=Hubbard%2C+Russell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.al.com%2Fspotnews%2F2008%2F03%2Fupdate_jefferson_county_financ.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJefferson+County%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wright, Barnett (March 8, 2008) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.al.com/news/birminghamnews/index.ssf?/base/news/12049677384610.xml&coll=2">Jefferson County, Alabama sewer debt swap agreement deadline passes"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080309173330/http://www.al.com/news/birminghamnews/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fnews%2F12049677384610.xml&coll=2">Archived</a> March 9, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Birmingham News</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110303090116/http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/console/p00dy3z5/Business_Daily_Alabamas_sewer_debts">"Business Daily: Alabama's sewer debt"</a>. BBC World Service. February 28, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/console/p00dy3z5/Business_Daily_Alabamas_sewer_debts">the original</a> on March 3, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 2,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Business+Daily%3A+Alabama%27s+sewer+debt&rft.pub=BBC+World+Service&rft.date=2011-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fiplayer%2Fconsole%2Fp00dy3z5%2FBusiness_Daily_Alabamas_sewer_debts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJefferson+County%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pacermonitor.com/view/YJQAF6Y/Jefferson_County__alnbke-11-05736__0001.0.pdf">"Jefferson County, Alabama Chapter 9 Voluntary Petition"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>PacerMonitor</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160810234504/https://www.pacermonitor.com/view/YJQAF6Y/Jefferson_County__alnbke-11-05736__0001.0.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on August 10, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PacerMonitor&rft.atitle=Jefferson+County%2C+Alabama+Chapter+9+Voluntary+Petition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pacermonitor.com%2Fview%2FYJQAF6Y%2FJefferson_County__alnbke-11-05736__0001.0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJefferson+County%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reuters20120512-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reuters20120512_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/02/bankrupt-jefferson-county-alabama-lays-off_n_1472652.html">"Bankrupt Jefferson County, Alabama Lays Off 75 More Government Workers"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. May 2, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120506000457/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/02/bankrupt-jefferson-county-alabama-lays-off_n_1472652.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Bankrupt+Jefferson+County%2C+Alabama+Lays+Off+75+More+Government+Workers&rft.date=2012-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2012%2F05%2F02%2Fbankrupt-jefferson-county-alabama-lays-off_n_1472652.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJefferson+County%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110924060918/http://www.al.com/jeffco/">Jefferson County bankruptcy</a>, articles from the <i>Huntsville Times</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Associated Press, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tuscaloosanews.com/article/20131204/NEWS/131209934">"Jefferson County emerges from bankruptcy"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160508152410/http://www.tuscaloosanews.com/article/20131204/NEWS/131209934">Archived</a> May 8, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, December 4, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shelly Sigo, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bondbuyer.com/issues/123_1/bankruptcy-over-but-jefferson-county-ala-will-remain-in-the-news-1058616-1.html">"Bankruptcy Over, But Jefferson County, Ala., Will Remain in the News"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160908232201/http://www.bondbuyer.com/issues/123_1/bankruptcy-over-but-jefferson-county-ala-will-remain-in-the-news-1058616-1.html">Archived</a> September 8, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Bond Buyer</i>, December 31, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GR1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GR1_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/counties_list_01.txt">"2010 Census Gazetteer Files"</a>. United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318070355/https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/counties_list_01.txt">Archived</a> from the original on March 18, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2010+Census+Gazetteer+Files&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.date=2012-08-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Fgeo%2Fdocs%2Fmaps-data%2Fdata%2Fgazetteer%2Fcounties_list_01.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJefferson+County%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1370">"Jefferson County"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200329181433/http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1370">Archived</a> from the original on March 29, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jefferson+County&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofalabama.org%2Farticle%2Fh-1370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJefferson+County%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USCensusEst2023-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USCensusEst2023_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-counties-total.html">"Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annual+Estimates+of+the+Resident+Population+for+Counties%3A+April+1%2C+2020+to+July+1%2C+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fdata%2Ftables%2Ftime-series%2Fdemo%2Fpopest%2F2020s-counties-total.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJefferson+County%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html">"U.S. Decennial Census"</a>. United States Census Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220717060613/https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 17, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Decennial+Census&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprograms-surveys%2Fdecennial-census.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJefferson+County%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu/">"Historical Census Browser"</a>. University of Virginia Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120811110448/http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu/">Archived</a> from the original on August 11, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+Census+Browser&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmapserver.lib.virginia.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJefferson+County%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForstall1995" class="citation web cs1">Forstall, Richard L., ed. (March 24, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/al190090.txt">"Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990"</a>. United States Census Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924115741/http://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/al190090.txt">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+of+Counties+by+Decennial+Census%3A+1900+to+1990&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.date=1995-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopulation%2Fcencounts%2Fal190090.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJefferson+County%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf">"Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States Census Bureau. April 2, 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141218203824/http://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on December 18, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+2000+PHC-T-4.+Ranking+Tables+for+Counties%3A+1990+and+2000&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.date=2001-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopulation%2Fwww%2Fcen2000%2Fbriefs%2Fphc-t4%2Ftables%2Ftab02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJefferson+County%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2000CensusP004-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2000CensusP004_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/table?q=p004&g=0500000US01073&tid=DECENNIALSF12000.P004">"P004 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Jefferson County, Alabama"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=P004+Hispanic+or+Latino%2C+and+Not+Hispanic+or+Latino+by+Race+%E2%80%93+2000%3A+DEC+Summary+File+1+%E2%80%93+Jefferson+County%2C+Alabama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Ftable%3Fq%3Dp004%26g%3D0500000US01073%26tid%3DDECENNIALSF12000.P004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJefferson+County%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2010CensusP2-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2010CensusP2_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/table?q=p2&g=0500000US01073&tid=DECENNIALPL2010.P2">"P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Jefferson County, Alabama"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=P2+Hispanic+or+Latino%2C+and+Not+Hispanic+or+Latino+by+Race+%E2%80%93+2010%3A+DEC+Redistricting+Data+%28PL+94-171%29+%E2%80%93+Jefferson+County%2C+Alabama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Ftable%3Fq%3Dp2%26g%3D0500000US01073%26tid%3DDECENNIALPL2010.P2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJefferson+County%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2020CensusP2-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2020CensusP2_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=p2&g=0500000US01073&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2">"P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Jefferson County, Alabama"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=P2+Hispanic+or+Latino%2C+and+Not+Hispanic+or+Latino+by+Race+%E2%80%93+2020%3A+DEC+Redistricting+Data+%28PL+94-171%29+%E2%80%93+Jefferson+County%2C+Alabama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Fcedsci%2Ftable%3Fq%3Dp2%26g%3D0500000US01073%26tid%3DDECENNIALPL2020.P2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJefferson+County%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/table?q=Jefferson%20County,%20Alabama%20p16&y=2020">"US Census Bureau, Table P16: Household Type"</a>. United States Census Bureau<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Census+Bureau%2C+Table+P16%3A+Household+Type&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Ftable%3Fq%3DJefferson%2520County%2C%2520Alabama%2520p16%26y%3D2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJefferson+County%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPulera2004" class="citation book cs1">Pulera, Dominic J. (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sharingdreamwhit00pule"><i>Sharing the Dream: White Males in a Multicultural America</i></a></span>. A&C Black. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sharingdreamwhit00pule/page/57">57</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826416438" title="Special:BookSources/9780826416438"><bdi>9780826416438</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sharing+the+Dream%3A+White+Males+in+a+Multicultural+America&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780826416438&rft.aulast=Pulera&rft.aufirst=Dominic+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsharingdreamwhit00pule&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJefferson+County%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarley1991" class="citation journal cs1">Farley, Reynolds (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2061465">"The New Census Question about Ancestry: What Did It Tell Us?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Demography_(journal)" title="Demography (journal)">Demography</a></i>. <b>28</b> (3): 411–429 [pp. 414, 421]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2061465">10.2307/2061465</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2061465">2061465</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1936376">1936376</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41503995">41503995</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Demography&rft.atitle=The+New+Census+Question+about+Ancestry%3A+What+Did+It+Tell+Us%3F&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=411-429+pp.+414%2C+421&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1936376&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A41503995%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2061465%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2061465&rft.aulast=Farley&rft.aufirst=Reynolds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F2061465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJefferson+County%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiebersonSanti1985" class="citation journal cs1">Lieberson, Stanley; Santi, Lawrence (1985). 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(1986). "Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites". <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_the_American_Academy_of_Political_and_Social_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science">Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</a></i>. <b>487</b> (79): 82–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0002716286487001004">10.1177/0002716286487001004</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1046054">1046054</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:60711423">60711423</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Groups+in+Flux%3A+The+Changing+Ethnic+Responses+of+American+Whites&rft.volume=487&rft.issue=79&rft.pages=82-86&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A60711423%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1046054%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0002716286487001004&rft.aulast=Lieberson&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft.au=Waters%2C+Mary+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJefferson+County%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bizjournals.com/birmingham/stories/2007/11/12/daily25.html">"Jefferson County tops country for number of syphilis cases"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071117195244/http://www.bizjournals.com/birmingham/stories/2007/11/12/daily25.html">Archived</a> November 17, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Birmingham Business Journal</i>, November 15, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.al.com/spotnews/2011/03/alabama_supreme_court_rules_je.html">"Alabama Supreme Court rules Jefferson County's 2009 occupational tax illegal | al.com"</a>. Blog.al.com. March 17, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110823225615/http://blog.al.com/spotnews/2011/03/alabama_supreme_court_rules_je.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 23, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alabama+Supreme+Court+rules+Jefferson+County%27s+2009+occupational+tax+illegal+%26%23124%3B+al.com&rft.pub=Blog.al.com&rft.date=2011-03-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.al.com%2Fspotnews%2F2011%2F03%2Falabama_supreme_court_rules_je.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJefferson+County%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dewaynepope.typepad.com/red_mountain_law/2007/08/is-jefferson-co.htmlRed">Mountain Law's Birmingham Business Law Blog: Is Jefferson County's Continued Collection of Its Occupational Tax Valid?</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> from dewaynepope.typepad.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlynt2001" class="citation book cs1">Flynt, Wayne (2001). <i>Poor But Proud: Alabama's Poor Whites</i>. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8173-1150-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8173-1150-5"><bdi>0-8173-1150-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poor+But+Proud%3A+Alabama%27s+Poor+Whites&rft.place=Tuscaloosa&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8173-1150-5&rft.aulast=Flynt&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJefferson+County%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/department-justice-announces-investigation-jefferson-county-jail-birmingham-alabama">"Department of Justice Announces Investigation of the Jefferson County Jail in Birmingham, Alabama"</a>. Department of Justice. June 3, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170807151906/https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/department-justice-announces-investigation-jefferson-county-jail-birmingham-alabama">Archived</a> from the original on August 7, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Department+of+Justice+Announces+Investigation+of+the+Jefferson+County+Jail+in+Birmingham%2C+Alabama&rft.pub=Department+of+Justice&rft.date=2015-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Fopa%2Fpr%2Fdepartment-justice-announces-investigation-jefferson-county-jail-birmingham-alabama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJefferson+County%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DonaldProf-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DonaldProf_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doc.state.al.us/facility.asp?id=4">Donaldson Correctional Facility</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100318162908/http://www.doc.state.al.us/facility.asp?id=4">Archived</a> March 18, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Department_of_Corrections" title="Alabama Department of Corrections">Alabama Department of Corrections</a>. Retrieved on October 8, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200918083608/http://thearda.com/rcms2010/rcms2010a.asp?U=01073&T=county&S=adh&Y=2010">"County Membership Report Jefferson County (Alabama)"</a>. <i>The <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Religion_Data_Archives" title="Association of Religion Data Archives">Association of Religion Data Archives</a></i>. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/rcms2010A.asp?U=01073&T=county&Y=2010&S=adh">the original</a> on September 18, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Association+of+Religion+Data+Archives&rft.atitle=County+Membership+Report+Jefferson+County+%28Alabama%29&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thearda.com%2Frcms2010%2Frcms2010A.asp%3FU%3D01073%26T%3Dcounty%26Y%3D2010%26S%3Dadh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJefferson+County%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191231001016/https://aese.psu.edu/nercrd/community/social-capital-resources/social-capital-variables-for-2014/social-capital-variables-spreadsheet-for-2014">"Social Capital Variables Spreadsheet for 2014"</a>. <i>PennState College of Agricultural Sciences, Northeast Regional Center for Rural Development</i>. December 8, 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aese.psu.edu/nercrd/community/social-capital-resources/social-capital-variables-for-2014/social-capital-variables-spreadsheet-for-2014">the original</a> on December 31, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PennState+College+of+Agricultural+Sciences%2C+Northeast+Regional+Center+for+Rural+Development&rft.atitle=Social+Capital+Variables+Spreadsheet+for+2014&rft.date=2017-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faese.psu.edu%2Fnercrd%2Fcommunity%2Fsocial-capital-resources%2Fsocial-capital-variables-for-2014%2Fsocial-capital-variables-spreadsheet-for-2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJefferson+County%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st01_al/schooldistrict_maps/c01073_jefferson/DC20SD_C01073.pdf">"2020 census - school district reference map: Jefferson County, AL"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220801002905/https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st01_al/schooldistrict_maps/c01073_jefferson/DC20SD_C01073.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on August 1, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2020+census+-+school+district+reference+map%3A+Jefferson+County%2C+AL&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Fgeo%2Fmaps%2FDC2020%2FPL20%2Fst01_al%2Fschooldistrict_maps%2Fc01073_jefferson%2FDC20SD_C01073.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJefferson+County%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st01_al/schooldistrict_maps/c01073_jefferson/DC20SD_C01073_SD2MS.txt">Text list</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220801002904/https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st01_al/schooldistrict_maps/c01073_jefferson/DC20SD_C01073_SD2MS.txt">Archived</a> August 1, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanna-Jones2017" class="citation news cs1">Hanna-Jones, Nikole (September 6, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/06/magazine/the-resegregation-of-jefferson-county.html">"The Resegregation of Jefferson County"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911015349/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/06/magazine/the-resegregation-of-jefferson-county.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 11, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Resegregation+of+Jefferson+County&rft.date=2017-09-06&rft.aulast=Hanna-Jones&rft.aufirst=Nikole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F09%2F06%2Fmagazine%2Fthe-resegregation-of-jefferson-county.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJefferson+County%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanna-Jones2017" class="citation news cs1">Hanna-Jones, Nikole (September 6, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/06/magazine/the-resegregation-of-jefferson-county.html">"The Resegrgation of Jefferson County"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911015349/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/06/magazine/the-resegregation-of-jefferson-county.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 11, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Resegrgation+of+Jefferson+County&rft.date=2017-09-06&rft.aulast=Hanna-Jones&rft.aufirst=Nikole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F09%2F06%2Fmagazine%2Fthe-resegregation-of-jefferson-county.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJefferson+County%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frankenberg2009-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frankenberg2009_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankenberg2009" class="citation journal cs1">Frankenberg, Erica (2009). "Splintering School Districts: Understanding the Link between Segregation and Fragmentation". <i>Law & Social Inquiry</i>. <b>34</b> (4): 869–909. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1747-4469.2009.01166.x">10.1111/j.1747-4469.2009.01166.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40539385">40539385</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143552447">143552447</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Law+%26+Social+Inquiry&rft.atitle=Splintering+School+Districts%3A+Understanding+the+Link+between+Segregation+and+Fragmentation&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=869-909&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143552447%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40539385%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1747-4469.2009.01166.x&rft.aulast=Frankenberg&rft.aufirst=Erica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJefferson+County%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/">Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100722050416/http://www.uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/">Archived</a> July 22, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved on March 2, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150303140746/http://www.dot.state.al.us/moweb/Rail/2014%20RailDirectory_Final.pdf">"2013 Alabama Rail Directory"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Department_of_Transportation" title="Alabama Department of Transportation">Alabama Department of Transportation</a></i>. June 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dot.state.al.us/moweb/Rail/2014%20RailDirectory_Final.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 3, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alabama+Department+of+Transportation&rft.atitle=2013+Alabama+Rail+Directory&rft.date=2014-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dot.state.al.us%2Fmoweb%2FRail%2F2014%2520RailDirectory_Final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJefferson+County%2C+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>General</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100402225157/http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/story/32906678/looting_main_street/print">"Looting Main Street: How the nation's biggest banks are ripping off American cities with the same predatory deals that brought down Greece"</a>, <i>Rolling Stone</i> March 31, 2010</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://frtillman.net/LootingMS.htm">The Sewer of Gold and other famous crooks</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723132218/http://frtillman.net/LootingMS.htm">Archived</a> July 23, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from frtillman.net</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jefferson_County,_Alabama&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090725055532/http://jeffconline.jccal.org/">Official website</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jcdh.org/">Jefferson County Department of Health</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jefcoed.com/">Jefferson County Department of Education</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jclc.org/">Jefferson County Library System</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130114000734/http://www.jeffcosheriff.org/">Jefferson County Sheriff's Department</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jeffersonhistorical.org/">Jefferson County Historical Commission</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070707025403/http://www.sharehistory.com/westjefferson/">West Jefferson County Historical Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jeffcohistory.com/">Jefferson County Historical Association</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_Jefferson_County,_Alabama" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Jefferson County, Alabama</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td>Walker County</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Walker_County,_Alabama" title="Walker County, Alabama">Walker County</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blount_County,_Alabama" title="Blount County, Alabama">Blount County</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/St._Clair_County,_Alabama" title="St. Clair County, Alabama">St. Clair County</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Tuscaloosa_County,_Alabama" title="Tuscaloosa County, Alabama">Tuscaloosa County</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">Jefferson County, Alabama</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%">St. Clair County</td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td>Tuscaloosa County and (a very short boundary with) <a href="/wiki/Bibb_County,_Alabama" title="Bibb County, Alabama">Bibb County</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shelby_County,_Alabama" title="Shelby County, Alabama">Shelby County</a></td> <td>Shelby County</td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Jefferson_County,_Alabama,_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jefferson_County,_Alabama" title="Template:Jefferson County, Alabama"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jefferson_County,_Alabama" title="Template talk:Jefferson County, Alabama"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jefferson_County,_Alabama" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jefferson County, Alabama"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Jefferson_County,_Alabama,_United_States" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities and communities of <a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="region">Jefferson County, Alabama</span></a>, <span class="country-name">United States</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat"><span>County seat</span></a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama"><span>Birmingham</span></a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamsville,_Alabama" title="Adamsville, Alabama">Adamsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessemer,_Alabama" title="Bessemer, Alabama">Bessemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton,_Alabama" title="Brighton, Alabama">Brighton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_Point,_Alabama" title="Center Point, Alabama">Center Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay,_Alabama" title="Clay, Alabama">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairfield,_Alabama" title="Fairfield, Alabama">Fairfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fultondale,_Alabama" title="Fultondale, Alabama">Fultondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardendale,_Alabama" title="Gardendale, Alabama">Gardendale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graysville,_Alabama" title="Graysville, Alabama">Graysville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena,_Alabama" title="Helena, Alabama">Helena</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homewood,_Alabama" title="Homewood, Alabama">Homewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover,_Alabama" title="Hoover, Alabama">Hoover</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hueytown,_Alabama" title="Hueytown, Alabama">Hueytown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irondale,_Alabama" title="Irondale, Alabama">Irondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberly,_Alabama" title="Kimberly, Alabama">Kimberly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeds,_Alabama" title="Leeds, Alabama">Leeds</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipscomb,_Alabama" title="Lipscomb, Alabama">Lipscomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midfield,_Alabama" title="Midfield, Alabama">Midfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Brook,_Alabama" title="Mountain Brook, Alabama">Mountain Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinson,_Alabama" title="Pinson, Alabama">Pinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasant_Grove,_Alabama" title="Pleasant Grove, Alabama">Pleasant Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumiton,_Alabama" title="Sumiton, Alabama">Sumiton</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarrant,_Alabama" title="Tarrant, Alabama">Tarrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trussville,_Alabama" title="Trussville, Alabama">Trussville</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestavia_Hills,_Alabama" title="Vestavia Hills, Alabama">Vestavia Hills</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrior,_Alabama" title="Warrior, Alabama">Warrior</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Map of Alabama highlighting Jefferson County"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Map_of_Alabama_highlighting_Jefferson_County.svg/63px-Map_of_Alabama_highlighting_Jefferson_County.svg.png" decoding="async" width="63" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Map_of_Alabama_highlighting_Jefferson_County.svg/95px-Map_of_Alabama_highlighting_Jefferson_County.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Map_of_Alabama_highlighting_Jefferson_County.svg/126px-Map_of_Alabama_highlighting_Jefferson_County.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="1018" /></span><figcaption>Map of Alabama highlighting Jefferson County</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">Towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argo,_Alabama" title="Argo, Alabama">Argo</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brookside,_Alabama" title="Brookside, Alabama">Brookside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff,_Alabama" title="Cardiff, Alabama">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Line,_Alabama" title="County Line, Alabama">County Line</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_View,_Alabama" title="Lake View, Alabama">Lake View</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maytown,_Alabama" title="Maytown, Alabama">Maytown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris,_Alabama" title="Morris, Alabama">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulga,_Alabama" title="Mulga, Alabama">Mulga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Johns,_Alabama" title="North Johns, Alabama">North Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvan_Springs,_Alabama" title="Sylvan Springs, Alabama">Sylvan Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafford,_Alabama" title="Trafford, Alabama">Trafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jefferson,_Alabama" title="West Jefferson, Alabama">West Jefferson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDPs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concord,_Alabama" title="Concord, Alabama">Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgewater,_Alabama" title="Edgewater, Alabama">Edgewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestdale,_Alabama" title="Forestdale, Alabama">Forestdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grayson_Valley,_Alabama" title="Grayson Valley, Alabama">Grayson Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonald_Chapel,_Alabama" title="McDonald Chapel, Alabama">McDonald Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCalla,_Alabama" title="McCalla, Alabama">McCalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor,_Alabama" title="Minor, Alabama">Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olive,_Jefferson_County,_Alabama" title="Mount Olive, Jefferson County, Alabama">Mount Olive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Creek,_Alabama" title="Rock Creek, Alabama">Rock Creek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">Other<br />communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acton,_Jefferson_County,_Alabama" title="Acton, Jefferson County, Alabama">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adger,_Alabama" title="Adger, Alabama">Adger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton,_Alabama" title="Alton, Alabama">Alton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayview,_Alabama" title="Bayview, Alabama">Bayview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradford,_Alabama" title="Bradford, Alabama">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalburg,_Alabama" title="Coalburg, Alabama">Coalburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corner,_Alabama" title="Corner, Alabama">Corner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crumley_Chapel,_Alabama" title="Crumley Chapel, Alabama">Crumley Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docena,_Alabama" title="Docena, Alabama">Docena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolomite,_Alabama" title="Dolomite, Alabama">Dolomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieldstown,_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="Fieldstown, Alabama">Fieldstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_Top,_Jefferson_County,_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat Top, Jefferson County, Alabama">Flat Top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell,_Jefferson_County,_Alabama" title="Hopewell, Jefferson County, Alabama">Hopewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimbrell,_Alabama" title="Kimbrell, Alabama">Kimbrell</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Castle,_Alabama" title="New Castle, Alabama">New Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmerdale,_Alabama" title="Palmerdale, Alabama">Palmerdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robbins_Crossroads,_Alabama" title="Robbins Crossroads, Alabama">Robbins Crossroads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayre,_Alabama" title="Sayre, Alabama">Sayre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon,_Alabama" title="Shannon, Alabama">Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watson,_Alabama" title="Watson, Alabama">Watson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;">Former towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acipcoville,_Alabama" title="Acipcoville, Alabama">Acipcoville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avondale_(Birmingham)" title="Avondale (Birmingham)">Avondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalkville,_Alabama" title="Chalkville, Alabama">Chalkville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elyton" class="mw-redirect" title="Elyton">Elyton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensley_(Birmingham)" title="Ensley (Birmingham)">Ensley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Birmingham" title="North Birmingham">North Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westfield,_Alabama" title="Westfield, Alabama">Westfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodlawn_(Birmingham)" title="Woodlawn (Birmingham)">Woodlawn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;">Footnotes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Alabama_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Alabama (state)"><span>Alabama portal</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States"><span>United States portal</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Alabama" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alabama" title="Template:Alabama"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alabama" title="Template talk:Alabama"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alabama" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alabama"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Alabama" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Alabama" title="Outline of Alabama">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Alabama-related_articles" title="Index of Alabama-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_Alabama" title="Aviation in Alabama">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Alabama" title="Climate of Alabama">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Alabama" title="United States congressional delegations from Alabama">Delegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Alabama" title="Geography of Alabama">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Alabama" title="Geology of Alabama">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Alabama" title="Government of Alabama">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Alabama" title="List of governors of Alabama">governors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Alabama" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Alabama">National Register of Historic Places</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_in_Alabama" title="Category:Mass media in Alabama">Mass media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Alabama" title="List of newspapers in Alabama">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Alabama" title="List of radio stations in Alabama">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Alabama" title="List of television stations in Alabama">TV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Alabama" title="List of people from Alabama">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_professional_sports_teams_in_Alabama" title="List of professional sports teams in Alabama">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alabama_state_symbols" title="List of Alabama state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Alabama" title="Transportation in Alabama">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Alabama" title="Abortion in Alabama">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Alabama" title="Crime in Alabama">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alabama_culture" title="Category:Alabama culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Alabama" title="Demographics of Alabama">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Alabama" title="African Americans in Alabama">African Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Alabama" title="Economy of Alabama">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Alabama" title="Education in Alabama">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Alabama" title="Elections in Alabama">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Alabama" title="Gun laws in Alabama">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="Homelessness in Alabama">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Alabama">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Alabama">Politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Alabama" title="North Alabama">North Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Alabama" title="Central Alabama">Central Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Alabama" title="South Alabama">South Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_District" title="Birmingham District">Birmingham District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Belt_(region_of_Alabama)" title="Black Belt (region of Alabama)">Black Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canebrake_(region_of_Alabama)" title="Canebrake (region of Alabama)">Canebrake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Plateau" title="Cumberland Plateau">Cumberland Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Shore_(Alabama)" title="Eastern Shore (Alabama)">Eastern Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coastal_Plain" title="Gulf Coastal Plain">Gulf Coastal Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmont_(United_States)" title="Piedmont (United States)">Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridge-and-Valley_Appalachians" title="Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians">Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley" title="Tennessee Valley">Tennessee Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiregrass_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiregrass Region">Wiregrass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flora and fauna</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_amphibians_of_Alabama" title="List of amphibians of Alabama">Amphibians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanical_gardens_and_arboretums_in_Alabama" title="List of botanical gardens and arboretums in Alabama">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Alabama" title="List of mammals of Alabama">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reptiles_of_Alabama" title="List of reptiles of Alabama">Reptiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Champion_Tree_Program" title="Alabama Champion Tree Program">Trees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities and towns in Alabama">Largest cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscaloosa,_Alabama" title="Tuscaloosa, Alabama">Tuscaloosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover,_Alabama" title="Hoover, Alabama">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auburn,_Alabama" title="Auburn, Alabama">Auburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dothan,_Alabama" title="Dothan, Alabama">Dothan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decatur,_Alabama" title="Decatur, Alabama">Decatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Alabama" title="Madison, Alabama">Madison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_of_Alabama" title="List of metropolitan areas of Alabama">Metros</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham%E2%80%93Hoover_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham–Hoover metropolitan area">Birmingham–Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntsville_metropolitan_area" title="Huntsville metropolitan area">Huntsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_metropolitan_area" title="Mobile metropolitan area">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_metropolitan_area" title="Montgomery metropolitan area">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscaloosa,_Alabama_metropolitan_area" title="Tuscaloosa, Alabama metropolitan area">Tuscaloosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphne-Fairhope-Foley,_AL_Metropolitan_Statistical_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Daphne-Fairhope-Foley, AL Metropolitan Statistical Area">Daphne–Fairhope–Foley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decatur,_Alabama_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Decatur, Alabama metropolitan area">Decatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auburn_metropolitan_area,_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="Auburn metropolitan area, Alabama">Auburn–Opelika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dothan_metropolitan_area,_Alabama" title="Dothan metropolitan area, Alabama">Dothan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence%E2%80%93Muscle_Shoals_metropolitan_area" title="Florence–Muscle Shoals metropolitan area">Florence–Muscle Shoals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anniston%E2%80%93Oxford_metropolitan_area" title="Anniston–Oxford metropolitan area">Anniston–Oxford–Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadsden_Metropolitan_Statistical_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadsden Metropolitan Statistical Area">Gadsden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Alabama" title="List of counties in Alabama">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autauga_County,_Alabama" title="Autauga County, Alabama">Autauga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldwin_County,_Alabama" title="Baldwin County, Alabama">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbour_County,_Alabama" title="Barbour County, Alabama">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibb_County,_Alabama" title="Bibb County, Alabama">Bibb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blount_County,_Alabama" title="Blount County, Alabama">Blount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullock_County,_Alabama" title="Bullock County, Alabama">Bullock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butler_County,_Alabama" title="Butler County, Alabama">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calhoun_County,_Alabama" title="Calhoun County, Alabama">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chambers_County,_Alabama" title="Chambers County, Alabama">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_County,_Alabama" title="Cherokee County, Alabama">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilton_County,_Alabama" title="Chilton County, Alabama">Chilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_County,_Alabama" title="Choctaw County, Alabama">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarke_County,_Alabama" title="Clarke County, Alabama">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_County,_Alabama" title="Clay County, Alabama">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleburne_County,_Alabama" title="Cleburne County, Alabama">Cleburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_County,_Alabama" title="Coffee County, Alabama">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colbert_County,_Alabama" title="Colbert County, Alabama">Colbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conecuh_County,_Alabama" title="Conecuh County, Alabama">Conecuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coosa_County,_Alabama" title="Coosa County, Alabama">Coosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covington_County,_Alabama" title="Covington County, Alabama">Covington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crenshaw_County,_Alabama" title="Crenshaw County, Alabama">Crenshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cullman_County,_Alabama" title="Cullman County, Alabama">Cullman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_County,_Alabama" title="Dale County, Alabama">Dale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_County,_Alabama" title="Dallas County, Alabama">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeKalb_County,_Alabama" title="DeKalb County, Alabama">DeKalb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmore_County,_Alabama" title="Elmore County, Alabama">Elmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escambia_County,_Alabama" title="Escambia County, Alabama">Escambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etowah_County,_Alabama" title="Etowah County, Alabama">Etowah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayette_County,_Alabama" title="Fayette County, Alabama">Fayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Alabama" title="Franklin County, Alabama">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_County,_Alabama" title="Geneva County, Alabama">Geneva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greene_County,_Alabama" title="Greene County, Alabama">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hale_County,_Alabama" title="Hale County, Alabama">Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_County,_Alabama" title="Henry County, Alabama">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_County,_Alabama" title="Houston County, Alabama">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_County,_Alabama" title="Jackson County, Alabama">Jackson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamar_County,_Alabama" title="Lamar County, Alabama">Lamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauderdale_County,_Alabama" title="Lauderdale County, Alabama">Lauderdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_County,_Alabama" title="Lawrence County, Alabama">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_County,_Alabama" title="Lee County, Alabama">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone_County,_Alabama" title="Limestone County, Alabama">Limestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowndes_County,_Alabama" title="Lowndes County, Alabama">Lowndes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macon_County,_Alabama" title="Macon County, Alabama">Macon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_County,_Alabama" title="Madison County, Alabama">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marengo_County,_Alabama" title="Marengo County, Alabama">Marengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_County,_Alabama" title="Marion County, Alabama">Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_County,_Alabama" title="Marshall County, Alabama">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_County,_Alabama" title="Mobile County, Alabama">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_Alabama" title="Monroe County, Alabama">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Alabama" title="Montgomery County, Alabama">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_County,_Alabama" title="Morgan County, Alabama">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_County,_Alabama" title="Perry County, Alabama">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickens_County,_Alabama" title="Pickens County, Alabama">Pickens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_County,_Alabama" title="Pike County, Alabama">Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_County,_Alabama" title="Randolph County, Alabama">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_County,_Alabama" title="Russell County, Alabama">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Clair_County,_Alabama" title="St. Clair County, Alabama">St. Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_County,_Alabama" title="Shelby County, Alabama">Shelby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumter_County,_Alabama" title="Sumter County, Alabama">Sumter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talladega_County,_Alabama" title="Talladega County, Alabama">Talladega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallapoosa_County,_Alabama" title="Tallapoosa County, Alabama">Tallapoosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscaloosa_County,_Alabama" title="Tuscaloosa County, Alabama">Tuscaloosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker_County,_Alabama" title="Walker County, Alabama">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Alabama" title="Washington County, Alabama">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilcox_County,_Alabama" title="Wilcox County, Alabama">Wilcox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_County,_Alabama" title="Winston County, Alabama">Winston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/32px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/48px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/64px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Alabama" title="Portal:Alabama">Alabama portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/128993660">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjddTckkm8PDbMk3RYwYP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79086848">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007547797305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/ec519e02-9e10-445e-9799-6a34baa92c5d">MusicBrainz 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