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id="toc-Gear_arrangements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gear_arrangements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Gear arrangements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gear_arrangements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retractable_gear" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retractable_gear"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Retractable gear</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retractable_gear-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shock_absorbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shock_absorbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Shock absorbers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shock_absorbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Large_aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Large_aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Large aircraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Large_aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-STOL_aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#STOL_aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>STOL aircraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-STOL_aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_from_water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_from_water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Operation from water</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_from_water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shipboard_operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shipboard_operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Shipboard operation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shipboard_operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In-flight_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In-flight_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>In-flight use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In-flight_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gear_common_to_different_aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gear_common_to_different_aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Gear common to different aircraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gear_common_to_different_aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Other types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Skis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.1</span> <span><span><span>Skis</span></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detachable" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detachable"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.2</span> <span>Detachable</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detachable-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rearwards_and_sideways_retraction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rearwards_and_sideways_retraction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.3</span> <span>Rearwards and sideways retraction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rearwards_and_sideways_retraction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variable_axial_position_of_main_wheels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variable_axial_position_of_main_wheels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.4</span> <span>Variable axial position of main wheels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variable_axial_position_of_main_wheels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tandem_layout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tandem_layout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.5</span> <span>Tandem layout</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tandem_layout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crosswind_landing_accommodation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crosswind_landing_accommodation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.6</span> <span>Crosswind landing accommodation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crosswind_landing_accommodation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Kneeling"_gear" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Kneeling"_gear"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.7</span> <span>"Kneeling" gear</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Kneeling"_gear-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tail_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tail_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.8</span> <span>Tail support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tail_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monowheel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monowheel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.9</span> <span>Monowheel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monowheel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Helicopters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Helicopters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.10</span> <span>Helicopters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Helicopters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tailsitter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tailsitter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.11</span> <span>Tailsitter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tailsitter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Light_aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Light_aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.12</span> <span>Light aircraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Light_aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folding_gear" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folding_gear"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.13</span> <span>Folding gear</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folding_gear-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tracked" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tracked"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.14</span> <span>Tracked</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tracked-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ground_carriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ground_carriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>Ground carriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ground_carriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Steering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12</span> <span>Steering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rudder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rudder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12.1</span> <span>Rudder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rudder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Direct" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direct"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12.2</span> <span>Direct</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direct-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differential_braking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differential_braking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12.3</span> <span>Differential braking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differential_braking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tiller" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tiller"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12.4</span> <span>Tiller</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tiller-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tires_and_wheels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tires_and_wheels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.13</span> <span>Tires and wheels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tires_and_wheels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gear_loading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gear_loading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.13.1</span> <span>Gear loading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gear_loading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inflation_pressure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inflation_pressure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.13.2</span> <span>Inflation pressure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inflation_pressure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.14</span> <span>Future developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.15</span> <span>Accidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Emergency_extension_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergency_extension_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.15.1</span> <span>Emergency extension systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergency_extension_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ground_resonance_in_rotorcraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ground_resonance_in_rotorcraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.15.2</span> <span>Ground resonance in rotorcraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ground_resonance_in_rotorcraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stowaways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stowaways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.16</span> <span>Stowaways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stowaways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spacecraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spacecraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Spacecraft</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Spacecraft-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Spacecraft subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Spacecraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Launch_vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch_vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Launch vehicles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launch_vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Landers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Landing gear</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B7" title="عدة الهبوط – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عدة الهبوط" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tren_d%27aterrizaxe" title="Tren d'aterrizaxe – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tren d'aterrizaxe" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eni%C5%9F_d%C9%99sti" title="Eniş dəsti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Eniş dəsti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="ল্যান্ডিং গিয়ার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ল্যান্ডিং গিয়ার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Устройства за излитане и кацане на летателни апарати – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Устройства за излитане и кацане на летателни апарати" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tren_d%27aterratge" title="Tren d'aterratge – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tren d'aterratge" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podvozek_letadla" title="Podvozek letadla – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Podvozek letadla" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landingsstel" title="Landingsstel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Landingsstel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrwerk_(Flugzeug)" title="Fahrwerk (Flugzeug) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fahrwerk (Flugzeug)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telik" title="Telik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Telik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%8D%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Σύστημα προσγείωσης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σύστημα προσγείωσης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tren_de_aterrizaje" title="Tren de aterrizaje – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tren de aterrizaje" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurreratze-tren" title="Lurreratze-tren – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lurreratze-tren" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%87_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF" title="ارابه فرود – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارابه فرود" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_d%27atterrissage" title="Train d'atterrissage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Train d'atterrissage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feisteas_tuirlingthe" title="Feisteas tuirlingthe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Feisteas tuirlingthe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tren_de_aterraxe" title="Tren de aterraxe – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tren de aterraxe" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%A9%EB%A5%99_%EC%9E%A5%EC%B9%98" title="착륙 장치 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="착륙 장치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podvozje_zrakoplova" title="Podvozje zrakoplova – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Podvozje zrakoplova" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roda_pendaratan" title="Roda pendaratan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Roda pendaratan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrello_d%27atterraggio" title="Carrello d'atterraggio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carrello d'atterraggio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%9F_%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A2" title="כן נסע – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כן נסע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlaivio_va%C5%BEiuokl%C4%97" title="Orlaivio važiuoklė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Orlaivio važiuoklė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fut%C3%B3m%C5%B1_(rep%C3%BCl%C5%91g%C3%A9p)" title="Futómű (repülőgép) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Futómű (repülőgép)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landingsgestel" title="Landingsgestel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Landingsgestel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%99%8D%E7%9D%80%E8%A3%85%E7%BD%AE" title="降着装置 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="降着装置" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podwozie_(lotnictwo)" title="Podwozie (lotnictwo) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Podwozie (lotnictwo)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trem_de_pouso" title="Trem de pouso – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Trem de pouso" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tren_de_aterizare" title="Tren de aterizare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tren de aterizare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Шасси летательного аппарата – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шасси летательного аппарата" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undercarriage" title="Undercarriage – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Undercarriage" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pristajalno_podvozje" title="Pristajalno podvozje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pristajalno podvozje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Стајни трап ваздухоплова – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стајни трап ваздухоплова" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stajni_trap" title="Stajni trap – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Stajni trap" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laskuteline" title="Laskuteline – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Laskuteline" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landst%C3%A4ll" title="Landställ – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Landställ" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="இறங்கமைப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இறங்கமைப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ni%C5%9F_tak%C4%B1m%C4%B1" title="İniş takımı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İniş takımı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96_(%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Шасі (літальний апарат) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шасі (літальний апарат)" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about aircraft landing gear. For semitrailer landing gear, see <a href="/wiki/Semitrailer" class="mw-redirect" title="Semitrailer">semitrailer</a>. For the Devin the Dude album, see <a href="/wiki/Landing_Gear" title="Landing Gear"><i>Landing Gear</i></a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Main_landing_gear_of_747-8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Main_landing_gear_of_747-8F.jpg/220px-Main_landing_gear_of_747-8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Main_landing_gear_of_747-8F.jpg/330px-Main_landing_gear_of_747-8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Main_landing_gear_of_747-8F.jpg/440px-Main_landing_gear_of_747-8F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>The retractable main landing gear of a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Landing gear</b> is the undercarriage of an <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a> or <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a> that is used for <a href="/wiki/Taxiing" title="Taxiing">taxiing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Takeoff" title="Takeoff">takeoff</a> or <a href="/wiki/Landing" title="Landing">landing</a>. For aircraft, it is generally needed for all three of these. It was also formerly called <i>alighting gear</i> by some manufacturers, such as the <a href="/wiki/Glenn_L._Martin_Company" title="Glenn L. Martin Company">Glenn L. Martin Company</a>. For aircraft, Stinton<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> makes the terminology distinction <i>undercarriage (British) = landing gear (US)</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For aircraft, the landing gear supports the craft when it is not flying, allowing it to take off, land, and taxi without damage. Wheeled landing gear is the most common, with <a href="/wiki/Ski" title="Ski">skis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Seaplane" title="Seaplane">floats</a> needed to operate from snow/ice/water and skids for vertical operation on land. Retractable undercarriages fold away during flight, which reduces <a href="/wiki/Drag_(physics)" title="Drag (physics)">drag</a>, allowing for faster <a href="/wiki/Airspeed" title="Airspeed">airspeeds</a>. Landing gear must be strong enough to support the aircraft and its design affects the weight, balance and performance.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It often comprises three wheels, or wheel-sets, giving a <a href="/wiki/Tripod" title="Tripod">tripod</a> effect. </p><p>Some unusual landing gear have been evaluated experimentally. These include: no landing gear (to save weight), made possible by operating from a catapult cradle and flexible landing deck:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> air cushion (to enable operation over a wide range of ground obstacles and water/snow/ice);<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tracked (to reduce runway loading).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch vehicles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lander (spacecraft)">spacecraft landers</a>, the landing gear usually only supports the vehicle on landing and during subsequent surface movement, and is not used for takeoff. </p><p>Given their varied designs and applications, there exist dozens of specialized landing gear manufacturers. The three largest are <a href="/wiki/Safran_Landing_Systems" title="Safran Landing Systems">Safran Landing Systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collins_Aerospace" title="Collins Aerospace">Collins Aerospace</a> (part of <a href="/wiki/Raytheon_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Raytheon Technologies">Raytheon Technologies</a>) and <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9roux-Devtek" title="Héroux-Devtek">Héroux-Devtek</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aircraft">Aircraft</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landing_gear&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Aircraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Landing_gear" title="Special:EditPage/Landing gear">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Landing+gear%22">"Landing gear"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Landing+gear%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Landing+gear%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Landing+gear%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Landing+gear%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Landing+gear%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The landing gear represents 2.5 to 5% of the <a href="/wiki/Maximum_takeoff_weight" title="Maximum takeoff weight">maximum takeoff weight</a> (MTOW) and 1.5 to 1.75% of the aircraft cost, but 20% of the <a href="/wiki/Airframe" title="Airframe">airframe</a> direct <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_maintenance" title="Aircraft maintenance">maintenance</a> cost. A suitably-designed wheel can support 30 t (66,000 lb), tolerate a ground speed of 300 km/h and roll a distance of 500,000 km (310,000 mi) ; it has a 20,000 hours <a href="/wiki/Time_between_overhaul" class="mw-redirect" title="Time between overhaul">time between overhaul</a> and a 60,000 hours or 20 year life time.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gear_arrangements">Gear arrangements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landing_gear&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Gear arrangements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Airplanes</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Piper_Cub_G%C3%B3raszka_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Conventional/taildragger Piper Cub"><img alt="Conventional/taildragger Piper Cub" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Piper_Cub_G%C3%B3raszka_%28cropped%29.JPG/338px-Piper_Cub_G%C3%B3raszka_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Piper_Cub_G%C3%B3raszka_%28cropped%29.JPG/507px-Piper_Cub_G%C3%B3raszka_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Piper_Cub_G%C3%B3raszka_%28cropped%29.JPG/675px-Piper_Cub_G%C3%B3raszka_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1980" data-file-height="1320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Conventional/taildragger <a href="/wiki/Piper_Cub" class="mw-redirect" title="Piper Cub">Piper Cub</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cessna_152_PR-EJQ_(8476096843).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tricycle Cessna 152"><img alt="Tricycle Cessna 152" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Cessna_152_PR-EJQ_%288476096843%29.jpg/338px-Cessna_152_PR-EJQ_%288476096843%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Cessna_152_PR-EJQ_%288476096843%29.jpg/507px-Cessna_152_PR-EJQ_%288476096843%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Cessna_152_PR-EJQ_%288476096843%29.jpg/675px-Cessna_152_PR-EJQ_%288476096843%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3780" data-file-height="2520" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tricycle <a href="/wiki/Cessna_152" title="Cessna 152">Cessna 152</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_080922-N-2183K-061_An_AV-8B_Harrier_jet_lands_aboard_the_amphibious_assault_ship_USS_Peleliu_(LHA_5).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bicycle AV-8B Harrier"><img alt="Bicycle AV-8B Harrier" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/US_Navy_080922-N-2183K-061_An_AV-8B_Harrier_jet_lands_aboard_the_amphibious_assault_ship_USS_Peleliu_%28LHA_5%29.jpg/315px-US_Navy_080922-N-2183K-061_An_AV-8B_Harrier_jet_lands_aboard_the_amphibious_assault_ship_USS_Peleliu_%28LHA_5%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/US_Navy_080922-N-2183K-061_An_AV-8B_Harrier_jet_lands_aboard_the_amphibious_assault_ship_USS_Peleliu_%28LHA_5%29.jpg/473px-US_Navy_080922-N-2183K-061_An_AV-8B_Harrier_jet_lands_aboard_the_amphibious_assault_ship_USS_Peleliu_%28LHA_5%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/US_Navy_080922-N-2183K-061_An_AV-8B_Harrier_jet_lands_aboard_the_amphibious_assault_ship_USS_Peleliu_%28LHA_5%29.jpg/630px-US_Navy_080922-N-2183K-061_An_AV-8B_Harrier_jet_lands_aboard_the_amphibious_assault_ship_USS_Peleliu_%28LHA_5%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bicycle <a href="/wiki/AV-8B_Harrier" class="mw-redirect" title="AV-8B Harrier">AV-8B Harrier</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 226.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:XC-120_front_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Quadricycle Fairchild XC-120 Packplane"><img alt="Quadricycle Fairchild XC-120 Packplane" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/XC-120_front_view.jpg/337px-XC-120_front_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/XC-120_front_view.jpg/507px-XC-120_front_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/XC-120_front_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Quadricycle <a href="/wiki/Fairchild_XC-120_Packplane" title="Fairchild XC-120 Packplane">Fairchild XC-120 Packplane</a></div> </li> </ul> <p>Wheeled undercarriages normally come in two types: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Conventional_landing_gear" title="Conventional landing gear">Conventional landing gear</a></i> or <i>"taildragger"</i>, where there are two main wheels towards the front of the aircraft and a single, much smaller, wheel or skid at the rear. The same helicopter arrangement is called tricycle tailwheel.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tricycle_landing_gear" title="Tricycle landing gear">Tricycle landing gear</a></i>, where there are two main wheels (or wheel assemblies) under the wings and a third smaller wheel in the nose. <a href="/wiki/PZL.37_%C5%81o%C5%9B" title="PZL.37 Łoś">PZL.37 Łoś</a> Was the first bomber aircraft with twin wheels on a single shock absorber. The same helicopter arrangement is called tricycle nosewheel.</li></ul> <p>The taildragger arrangement was common during the early propeller era, as it allows more room for propeller clearance. Most modern aircraft have tricycle undercarriages. Taildraggers are considered harder to land and take off (because the arrangement is usually <i>unstable</i>, that is, a small deviation from straight-line travel <a href="/wiki/Ground_loop_(aviation)" title="Ground loop (aviation)">will tend to increase</a> rather than correct itself), and usually require special pilot training. A small tail wheel or skid/bumper may be added to a tricycle undercarriage to prevent damage to the underside of the fuselage if over-rotation occurs on take-off leading to a <a href="/wiki/Tailstrike" title="Tailstrike">tail strike</a>. Aircraft with tail-strike protection include the <a href="/wiki/B-29_Superfortress" class="mw-redirect" title="B-29 Superfortress">B-29 Superfortress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeing_727" title="Boeing 727">Boeing 727</a> <a href="/wiki/Trijet" title="Trijet">trijet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde">Concorde</a>. Some aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear have a fixed tailwheel. Hoerner estimated the drag of the Bf 109 fixed tailwheel and compared it with that of other protrusions such as the pilot's canopy.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A third arrangement (known as tandem or bicycle) has the main and nose gear located fore and aft of the <a href="/wiki/Center_of_gravity_of_an_aircraft" title="Center of gravity of an aircraft">center of gravity</a> (CG) under the fuselage with outriggers on the wings. This is used when there is no convenient location on either side of the fuselage to attach the main undercarriage or to store it when retracted. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_U-2" title="Lockheed U-2">Lockheed U-2</a> spy plane and the <a href="/wiki/Harrier_jump_jet" title="Harrier jump jet">Harrier jump jet</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-52" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing B-52">Boeing B-52</a> uses a similar arrangement, except that the fore and aft gears each have two twin-wheel units side by side. </p><p>Quadricycle gear is similar to bicycle but with two sets of wheels displaced laterally in the fore and aft positions. Raymer<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> classifies the B-52 gear as quadricycle. The experimental <a href="/wiki/Fairchild_XC-120_Packplane" title="Fairchild XC-120 Packplane">Fairchild XC-120 Packplane</a> had quadricycle gear located in the engine nacelles to allow unrestricted access beneath the fuselage for attaching a large freight container.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">Helicopters</a> use skids, <a href="/wiki/Pontoon_(boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontoon (boat)">pontoons</a> or wheels depending on their size and role. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Helicopters</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 221.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 219.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:R-4_AC_HNS1_9_300.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tricycle tailwheel Sikorsky R-4"><img alt="Tricycle tailwheel Sikorsky R-4" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/R-4_AC_HNS1_9_300.jpg/329px-R-4_AC_HNS1_9_300.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/R-4_AC_HNS1_9_300.jpg/495px-R-4_AC_HNS1_9_300.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/R-4_AC_HNS1_9_300.jpg/658px-R-4_AC_HNS1_9_300.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2745" data-file-height="1877" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tricycle tailwheel <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_R-4" title="Sikorsky R-4">Sikorsky R-4</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 199.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 197.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch-54_1army.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tricycle nosewheel Sikorsky CH-54"><img alt="Tricycle nosewheel Sikorsky CH-54" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ch-54_1army.jpg/296px-Ch-54_1army.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ch-54_1army.jpg/445px-Ch-54_1army.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ch-54_1army.jpg/593px-Ch-54_1army.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="606" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tricycle nosewheel <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_CH-54" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikorsky CH-54">Sikorsky CH-54</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 240px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 238px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CH-47_Chinook_helicopter_flyby.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Quadricycle Boeing CH-47 Chinook"><img alt="Quadricycle Boeing CH-47 Chinook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/CH-47_Chinook_helicopter_flyby.jpg/357px-CH-47_Chinook_helicopter_flyby.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/CH-47_Chinook_helicopter_flyby.jpg/536px-CH-47_Chinook_helicopter_flyby.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/CH-47_Chinook_helicopter_flyby.jpg/714px-CH-47_Chinook_helicopter_flyby.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1954" data-file-height="1232" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Quadricycle <a href="/wiki/Boeing_CH-47_Chinook" title="Boeing CH-47 Chinook">Boeing CH-47 Chinook</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 304.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 302.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Robinson_R-44_N910PS_FDK_MD1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Skided Robinson R44"><img alt="Skided Robinson R44" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Robinson_R-44_N910PS_FDK_MD1.jpg/454px-Robinson_R-44_N910PS_FDK_MD1.jpg" decoding="async" width="303" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Robinson_R-44_N910PS_FDK_MD1.jpg/682px-Robinson_R-44_N910PS_FDK_MD1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Robinson_R-44_N910PS_FDK_MD1.jpg/908px-Robinson_R-44_N910PS_FDK_MD1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="2712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Skided <a href="/wiki/Robinson_R44" title="Robinson R44">Robinson R44</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retractable_gear">Retractable gear</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landing_gear&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Retractable gear"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Undercarriage.webm/220px--Undercarriage.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="18" data-mwtitle="Undercarriage.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Undercarriage.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/Undercarriage.webm/Undercarriage.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Undercarriage.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/Undercarriage.webm/Undercarriage.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/Undercarriage.webm/Undercarriage.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>Retraction of the landing gear of a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_727" title="Boeing 727">Boeing 727</a> after take-off</figcaption></figure> <p>To decrease drag in flight, undercarriages retract into the wings and/or fuselage with wheels flush with the surrounding surface, or concealed behind flush-mounted doors; this is called <i>retractable gear.</i> If the wheels do not retract completely but protrude partially exposed to the airstream, it is called a semi-retractable gear. </p><p>Most retractable gear is hydraulically operated, though some is electrically operated or even manually operated on very light aircraft. The landing gear is stowed in a compartment called a wheel well. </p><p>Pilots confirming that their landing gear is down and locked refer to "three greens" or "three in the green.", a reference to the electrical indicator lights (or painted panels of mechanical indicator units) from the nosewheel/tailwheel and the two main gears. Blinking green lights or red lights indicate the gear is in transit and neither up and locked or down and locked. When the gear is fully stowed up with the up-locks secure, the lights often extinguish to follow the dark cockpit philosophy; some airplanes have gear up indicator lights.<sup id="cite_ref-faaHandbook_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faaHandbook-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Redundant systems are used to operate the landing gear and redundant main gear legs may also be provided so the aircraft can be landed in a satisfactory manner in a range of failure scenarios. The <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a> was given four separate and independent hydraulic systems (when previous airliners had two) and four main landing gear posts (when previous airliners had two). Safe landing would be possible if two main gear legs were torn off provided they were on opposite sides of the fuselage.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of power failure in a light aircraft, an emergency extension system is always available. This may be a manually operated crank or pump, or a mechanical free-fall mechanism which disengages the uplocks and allows the landing gear to fall under gravity. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 153.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 151.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Undercarriage_anim.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Retractable landing gear animation"><img alt="Retractable landing gear animation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Undercarriage_anim.gif/227px-Undercarriage_anim.gif" decoding="async" width="152" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Undercarriage_anim.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="237" data-file-height="235" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Retractable landing gear animation</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fahrwerkschacht_B737_Flugtag_Bremen_2009_002.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Narrowbody aircraft have twin-wheel main landing gear legs."><img alt="Narrowbody aircraft have twin-wheel main landing gear legs." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Fahrwerkschacht_B737_Flugtag_Bremen_2009_002.JPG/338px-Fahrwerkschacht_B737_Flugtag_Bremen_2009_002.JPG" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Fahrwerkschacht_B737_Flugtag_Bremen_2009_002.JPG/507px-Fahrwerkschacht_B737_Flugtag_Bremen_2009_002.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Fahrwerkschacht_B737_Flugtag_Bremen_2009_002.JPG/675px-Fahrwerkschacht_B737_Flugtag_Bremen_2009_002.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Narrowbody_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrowbody aircraft">Narrowbody aircraft</a> have twin-wheel main landing gear legs.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 177.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Airbus_A350-941_F-WWCF_MSN002_main_landing_gear_ILA_Berlin_2016_06_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Widebody aircraft main legs have multiple-axle bogies."><img alt="Widebody aircraft main legs have multiple-axle bogies." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Airbus_A350-941_F-WWCF_MSN002_main_landing_gear_ILA_Berlin_2016_06_%28cropped%29.jpg/263px-Airbus_A350-941_F-WWCF_MSN002_main_landing_gear_ILA_Berlin_2016_06_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Airbus_A350-941_F-WWCF_MSN002_main_landing_gear_ILA_Berlin_2016_06_%28cropped%29.jpg/395px-Airbus_A350-941_F-WWCF_MSN002_main_landing_gear_ILA_Berlin_2016_06_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Airbus_A350-941_F-WWCF_MSN002_main_landing_gear_ILA_Berlin_2016_06_%28cropped%29.jpg/526px-Airbus_A350-941_F-WWCF_MSN002_main_landing_gear_ILA_Berlin_2016_06_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2877" data-file-height="2461" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Widebody_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Widebody aircraft">Widebody aircraft</a> main legs have multiple-axle <a href="/wiki/Bogie#Bogie_(aircraft)" title="Bogie">bogies</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USCG_Lockheed_HC-130H_1704_rear_port_landing_gear.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="High-wing cargo aircraft often have compartments similar to sponsons for the main gear."><img alt="High-wing cargo aircraft often have compartments similar to sponsons for the main gear." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/USCG_Lockheed_HC-130H_1704_rear_port_landing_gear.JPG/300px-USCG_Lockheed_HC-130H_1704_rear_port_landing_gear.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/USCG_Lockheed_HC-130H_1704_rear_port_landing_gear.JPG/451px-USCG_Lockheed_HC-130H_1704_rear_port_landing_gear.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/USCG_Lockheed_HC-130H_1704_rear_port_landing_gear.JPG/600px-USCG_Lockheed_HC-130H_1704_rear_port_landing_gear.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">High-wing <a href="/wiki/Cargo_aircraft" title="Cargo aircraft">cargo aircraft</a> often have compartments similar to <a href="/wiki/Sponson" title="Sponson">sponsons</a> for the main gear.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 86px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 84px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Lancaster_landing_gear_retraction_and_extension_video.webm/126px--Lancaster_landing_gear_retraction_and_extension_video.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="84" height="150" data-durationhint="62" data-mwtitle="Lancaster_landing_gear_retraction_and_extension_video.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4b/Lancaster_landing_gear_retraction_and_extension_video.webm/Lancaster_landing_gear_retraction_and_extension_video.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="270" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4b/Lancaster_landing_gear_retraction_and_extension_video.webm/Lancaster_landing_gear_retraction_and_extension_video.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="406" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4b/Lancaster_landing_gear_retraction_and_extension_video.webm/Lancaster_landing_gear_retraction_and_extension_video.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="608" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Lancaster_landing_gear_retraction_and_extension_video.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1080" data-height="1920" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4b/Lancaster_landing_gear_retraction_and_extension_video.webm/Lancaster_landing_gear_retraction_and_extension_video.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="82" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4b/Lancaster_landing_gear_retraction_and_extension_video.webm/Lancaster_landing_gear_retraction_and_extension_video.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="136" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4b/Lancaster_landing_gear_retraction_and_extension_video.webm/Lancaster_landing_gear_retraction_and_extension_video.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="202" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4b/Lancaster_landing_gear_retraction_and_extension_video.webm/Lancaster_landing_gear_retraction_and_extension_video.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="202" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Video of <a href="/wiki/Avro_Lancaster" title="Avro Lancaster">Lancaster</a> landing gear extension and retraction, ex-situ</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shock_absorbers">Shock absorbers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landing_gear&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Shock absorbers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aircraft landing gear includes wheels equipped with solid <a href="/wiki/Shock_absorber" title="Shock absorber">shock absorbers</a> on light planes, and air/oil <a href="/wiki/Oleo_strut" title="Oleo strut">oleo struts</a> on larger aircraft. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oleo_torque_link_main_landing_gear.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Oleo strut (pressurized gas or oil) with torque links"><img alt="Oleo strut (pressurized gas or oil) with torque links" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Oleo_torque_link_main_landing_gear.JPG/150px-Oleo_torque_link_main_landing_gear.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Oleo_torque_link_main_landing_gear.JPG/225px-Oleo_torque_link_main_landing_gear.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Oleo_torque_link_main_landing_gear.JPG/300px-Oleo_torque_link_main_landing_gear.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Oleo_strut" title="Oleo strut">Oleo strut</a> (pressurized gas or oil) with torque links</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oleo_trailing_link_main_landing_gear.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Oleo strut with trailing link"><img alt="Oleo strut with trailing link" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Oleo_trailing_link_main_landing_gear.JPG/150px-Oleo_trailing_link_main_landing_gear.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Oleo_trailing_link_main_landing_gear.JPG/225px-Oleo_trailing_link_main_landing_gear.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Oleo_trailing_link_main_landing_gear.JPG/300px-Oleo_trailing_link_main_landing_gear.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Oleo strut with trailing link</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubber_trailing_link_main_landing_gear.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Rubber discs in compression with trailing link of a Mooney M20"><img alt="Rubber discs in compression with trailing link of a Mooney M20" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Rubber_trailing_link_main_landing_gear.JPG/150px-Rubber_trailing_link_main_landing_gear.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Rubber_trailing_link_main_landing_gear.JPG/225px-Rubber_trailing_link_main_landing_gear.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Rubber_trailing_link_main_landing_gear.JPG/300px-Rubber_trailing_link_main_landing_gear.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rubber discs in compression with trailing link of a <a href="/wiki/Mooney_M20" title="Mooney M20">Mooney M20</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spring_steel_main_landing_gear.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Simple spring steel bar, used on many light aircraft"><img alt="Simple spring steel bar, used on many light aircraft" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Spring_steel_main_landing_gear.JPG/150px-Spring_steel_main_landing_gear.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Spring_steel_main_landing_gear.JPG/225px-Spring_steel_main_landing_gear.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Spring_steel_main_landing_gear.JPG/300px-Spring_steel_main_landing_gear.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Simple spring steel bar, used on many light aircraft</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tubular_main_landing_gear.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Simple steel tube"><img alt="Simple steel tube" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tubular_main_landing_gear.JPG/338px-Tubular_main_landing_gear.JPG" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tubular_main_landing_gear.JPG/507px-Tubular_main_landing_gear.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tubular_main_landing_gear.JPG/675px-Tubular_main_landing_gear.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Simple steel tube</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Large_aircraft">Large aircraft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landing_gear&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Large aircraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jet_airliner%27s_tire_arrangement(6models).PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Jet_airliner%27s_tire_arrangement%286models%29.PNG/440px-Jet_airliner%27s_tire_arrangement%286models%29.PNG" decoding="async" width="440" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Jet_airliner%27s_tire_arrangement%286models%29.PNG/660px-Jet_airliner%27s_tire_arrangement%286models%29.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Jet_airliner%27s_tire_arrangement%286models%29.PNG/880px-Jet_airliner%27s_tire_arrangement%286models%29.PNG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>Wheel arrangements of large airliners</figcaption></figure> <p>As aircraft weights have increased more wheels have been added and <a href="/wiki/Runway" title="Runway">runway</a> thickness has increased to keep within the runway <a href="#Gear_loading">loading limit</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Zeppelin-Staaken_R.VI" title="Zeppelin-Staaken R.VI">Zeppelin-Staaken R.VI</a>, a large German <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> long-range bomber of 1916, used eighteen wheels for its undercarriage, split between two wheels on its nose gear struts, and sixteen wheels on its main gear units—split into four side-by-side quartets each, two quartets of wheels per side—under each tandem engine nacelle, to support its loaded weight of almost 12 t (26,000 lb). </p><p>Multiple "tandem wheels" on an aircraft—particularly for <a href="/wiki/Cargo_aircraft" title="Cargo aircraft">cargo aircraft</a>, mounted to the fuselage lower sides as retractable main gear units on modern designs—were first seen during World War II, on the experimental German <a href="/wiki/Arado_Ar_232" class="mw-redirect" title="Arado Ar 232">Arado Ar 232</a> cargo aircraft, which used a row of eleven "twinned" fixed wheel sets directly under the fuselage centerline to handle heavier loads while on the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of today's large cargo aircraft use this arrangement for their retractable main gear setups, usually mounted on the lower corners of the central fuselage structure. </p><p>The prototype <a href="/wiki/Convair_XB-36" class="mw-redirect" title="Convair XB-36">Convair XB-36</a> had most of its weight on two main wheels, which needed runways at least 22 in (56 cm) thick. Production aircraft used two four-wheel bogies, allowing the aircraft to use any airfield suitable for a B-29.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A relatively light <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_JetStar" title="Lockheed JetStar">Lockheed JetStar</a> business jet, with four wheels supporting 44,000 lb (20 t), needed a 10 in (25 cm) thick <a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">flexible asphalt pavement</a>. The 210,000 lb (95 t) <a href="/wiki/Boeing_727" title="Boeing 727">Boeing 727</a>-200 with four tires on two legs main landing gears required a 20 in (51 cm) thick pavement. The thickness rose to 25 in (64 cm) for a <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10" title="McDonnell Douglas DC-10">McDonnell Douglas DC-10</a>-10 with 443,000 lb (201 t) supported on eight wheels on two legs. The heavier, 558,000 lb (253 t), DC-10-30/40 were able to operate from the same thickness pavements with a third main leg for ten wheels, like the first <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a>-100, weighing 700,000 lb (320 t) on four legs and 16 wheels. The similar-weight <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_C-5" class="mw-redirect" title="Lockheed C-5">Lockheed C-5</a>, with 24 wheels, needs an 18 in (46 cm) pavement.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The twin-wheel unit on the fuselage centerline of the <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10" title="McDonnell Douglas DC-10">McDonnell Douglas DC-10</a>-30/40 was retained on the <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11">MD-11</a> airliner and the same configuration was used on the initial 275 t (606,000 lb) <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A340" title="Airbus A340">Airbus A340</a>-200/300, which evolved in a complete four-wheel undercarriage <a href="/wiki/Bogie" title="Bogie">bogie</a> for the heavier 380 t (840,000 lb) Airbus A340-500/-600.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The up to 775,000 lb (352 t) <a href="/wiki/Boeing_777" title="Boeing 777">Boeing 777</a> has twelve main wheels on two three-axles bogies, like the later <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A350" title="Airbus A350">Airbus A350</a>. </p><p>The 575 t (1,268,000 lb) <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A380" title="Airbus A380">Airbus A380</a> has a four-wheel bogie under each wing with two sets of six-wheel bogies under the fuselage.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 640 t (1,410,000 lb) <a href="/wiki/Antonov_An-225" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonov An-225">Antonov An-225</a>, the largest cargo aircraft, had 4 wheels on the twin-strut nose gear units like the smaller <a href="/wiki/Antonov_An-124" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonov An-124">Antonov An-124</a>, and 28 main gear wheels.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boeing_767_Front_Landing_gear.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Boeing_767_Front_Landing_gear.jpg/220px-Boeing_767_Front_Landing_gear.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Boeing_767_Front_Landing_gear.jpg/330px-Boeing_767_Front_Landing_gear.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Boeing_767_Front_Landing_gear.jpg/440px-Boeing_767_Front_Landing_gear.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption>Front Landing Gear of the Boeing 767</figcaption></figure> <p>The 97 t (214,000 lb) <a href="/wiki/A321neo" class="mw-redirect" title="A321neo">A321neo</a> has a twin-wheel main gear inflated to 15.7 bar (228 psi),<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the 280 t (620,000 lb) <a href="/wiki/A350" class="mw-redirect" title="A350">A350</a>-900 has a four-wheel main gear inflated to 17.1 bar (248 psi).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 214px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 212px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Virgin.atlantic.a340-600.g-vyou.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The A340-600 has an additional main undercarriage on the fuselage belly."><img alt="The A340-600 has an additional main undercarriage on the fuselage belly." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Virgin.atlantic.a340-600.g-vyou.arp.jpg/318px-Virgin.atlantic.a340-600.g-vyou.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="212" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Virgin.atlantic.a340-600.g-vyou.arp.jpg/478px-Virgin.atlantic.a340-600.g-vyou.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Virgin.atlantic.a340-600.g-vyou.arp.jpg/636px-Virgin.atlantic.a340-600.g-vyou.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1802" data-file-height="1275" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A340#A340-600" title="Airbus A340">A340-600</a> has an additional main undercarriage on the <a href="/wiki/Fuselage" title="Fuselage">fuselage</a> belly.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Undercarriage.b747.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wing and fuselage undercarriages on a Boeing 747-400, shortly before landing"><img alt="Wing and fuselage undercarriages on a Boeing 747-400, shortly before landing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Undercarriage.b747.arp.jpg/300px-Undercarriage.b747.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Undercarriage.b747.arp.jpg/451px-Undercarriage.b747.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Undercarriage.b747.arp.jpg/600px-Undercarriage.b747.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1125" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wing and fuselage undercarriages on a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747-400" title="Boeing 747-400">Boeing 747-400</a>, shortly before landing</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 193.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Airbus-owned_A380-800_(F-WWDD)_at_Filton_Airfield_(England)_in_mid-2010_arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The 20-wheeled main undercarriage of an Airbus A380"><img alt="The 20-wheeled main undercarriage of an Airbus A380" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Airbus-owned_A380-800_%28F-WWDD%29_at_Filton_Airfield_%28England%29_in_mid-2010_arp.jpg/290px-Airbus-owned_A380-800_%28F-WWDD%29_at_Filton_Airfield_%28England%29_in_mid-2010_arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Airbus-owned_A380-800_%28F-WWDD%29_at_Filton_Airfield_%28England%29_in_mid-2010_arp.jpg/436px-Airbus-owned_A380-800_%28F-WWDD%29_at_Filton_Airfield_%28England%29_in_mid-2010_arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Airbus-owned_A380-800_%28F-WWDD%29_at_Filton_Airfield_%28England%29_in_mid-2010_arp.jpg/580px-Airbus-owned_A380-800_%28F-WWDD%29_at_Filton_Airfield_%28England%29_in_mid-2010_arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1273" data-file-height="988" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The 20-wheeled main <a href="/wiki/Bogie#Bogie_(aircraft)" title="Bogie">undercarriage</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A380" title="Airbus A380">Airbus A380</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antonov-225_main_landing_gear_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Main landing gear of the Antonov An-225 Mriya"><img alt="Main landing gear of the Antonov An-225 Mriya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Antonov-225_main_landing_gear_2.jpg/200px-Antonov-225_main_landing_gear_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Antonov-225_main_landing_gear_2.jpg/300px-Antonov-225_main_landing_gear_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Antonov-225_main_landing_gear_2.jpg/400px-Antonov-225_main_landing_gear_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Main landing gear of the <a href="/wiki/Antonov_An-225_Mriya" title="Antonov An-225 Mriya">Antonov An-225 Mriya</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="STOL_aircraft">STOL aircraft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landing_gear&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: STOL aircraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>STOL aircraft have a higher sink-rate requirement if a carrier-type, no-flare landing technique has to be adopted to reduce touchdown scatter. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Saab_37_Viggen" title="Saab 37 Viggen">Saab 37 Viggen</a>, with landing gear designed for a 5m/sec impact, could use a carrier-type landing and <a href="/wiki/Head-up_display" title="Head-up display">HUD</a> to reduce its scatter from 300 m to 100m.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_DHC-4_Caribou" title="De Havilland Canada DHC-4 Caribou">de Havilland Canada DHC-4 Caribou</a> used long-stroke legs to land from a steep approach with no float.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_from_water">Operation from water</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landing_gear&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Operation from water"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Seaplane" title="Seaplane">Seaplane</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Flying_boat" title="Flying boat">flying boat</a> has a lower fuselage with the shape of a boat hull giving it buoyancy. Wing-mounted floats or stubby wing-like <a href="/wiki/Sponson" title="Sponson">sponsons</a> are added for stability. Sponsons are attached to the lower sides of the fuselage. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Floatplane" title="Floatplane">floatplane</a> has two or three streamlined floats. Amphibious floats have retractable wheels for land operation. </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_aircraft" title="Amphibious aircraft">amphibious aircraft</a> or amphibian usually has two distinct landing gears, namely a "boat" hull/floats and retractable wheels, which allow it to operate from land or water. </p><p>Beaching gear is detachable wheeled landing gear that allows a non-amphibious floatplane or flying boat to be maneuvered on land. It is used for aircraft maintenance and storage and is either carried in the aircraft or kept at a slipway. Beaching gear may consist of individual detachable wheels or a cradle that supports the entire aircraft. In the former case, the beaching gear is manually attached or detached with the aircraft in the water; in the latter case, the aircraft is maneuvered onto the cradle. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">Helicopters</a> are able to land on water using floats or a hull and floats. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 223.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cessna_208_Caravan,_FlyMex_JP7376008.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cessna 208 floatplane with amphibious floats"><img alt="Cessna 208 floatplane with amphibious floats" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cessna_208_Caravan%2C_FlyMex_JP7376008.jpg/335px-Cessna_208_Caravan%2C_FlyMex_JP7376008.jpg" decoding="async" width="224" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cessna_208_Caravan%2C_FlyMex_JP7376008.jpg/503px-Cessna_208_Caravan%2C_FlyMex_JP7376008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cessna_208_Caravan%2C_FlyMex_JP7376008.jpg/669px-Cessna_208_Caravan%2C_FlyMex_JP7376008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="689" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cessna_208" class="mw-redirect" title="Cessna 208">Cessna 208</a> floatplane with amphibious floats</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 233.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:95siki-suitei_1929.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nakajima E8N floatplane with three floats"><img alt="Nakajima E8N floatplane with three floats" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/95siki-suitei_1929.jpg/350px-95siki-suitei_1929.jpg" decoding="async" width="234" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/95siki-suitei_1929.jpg/525px-95siki-suitei_1929.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/95siki-suitei_1929.jpg/699px-95siki-suitei_1929.jpg 2x" data-file-width="935" data-file-height="602" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_E8N" title="Nakajima E8N">Nakajima E8N</a> floatplane with three floats</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 287.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 285.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Consolidated_PBY-5A_Catalina_in_flight_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Amphibious Consolidated PBY Catalina with landing gear on the side"><img alt="Amphibious Consolidated PBY Catalina with landing gear on the side" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Consolidated_PBY-5A_Catalina_in_flight_%28cropped%29.jpg/428px-Consolidated_PBY-5A_Catalina_in_flight_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="286" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Consolidated_PBY-5A_Catalina_in_flight_%28cropped%29.jpg/643px-Consolidated_PBY-5A_Catalina_in_flight_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Consolidated_PBY-5A_Catalina_in_flight_%28cropped%29.jpg/856px-Consolidated_PBY-5A_Catalina_in_flight_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1746" data-file-height="918" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Amphibious <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_PBY_Catalina" title="Consolidated PBY Catalina">Consolidated PBY Catalina</a> with landing gear on the side</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 274px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 272px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Short_Solent_III_South_Pacific_Air_Lines_(4807712668).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Non-amphibious Short Solent flying boat with beaching gear"><img alt="Non-amphibious Short Solent flying boat with beaching gear" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Short_Solent_III_South_Pacific_Air_Lines_%284807712668%29.jpg/408px-Short_Solent_III_South_Pacific_Air_Lines_%284807712668%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Short_Solent_III_South_Pacific_Air_Lines_%284807712668%29.jpg/613px-Short_Solent_III_South_Pacific_Air_Lines_%284807712668%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Short_Solent_III_South_Pacific_Air_Lines_%284807712668%29.jpg/816px-Short_Solent_III_South_Pacific_Air_Lines_%284807712668%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1588" data-file-height="876" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Non-amphibious <a href="/wiki/Short_Solent" title="Short Solent">Short Solent</a> flying boat with beaching gear</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 223.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 221.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10270,_Flugschiff_Dornier_Do_X.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dornier Do X with sponsons"><img alt="Dornier Do X with sponsons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10270%2C_Flugschiff_Dornier_Do_X.jpg/332px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10270%2C_Flugschiff_Dornier_Do_X.jpg" decoding="async" width="222" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10270%2C_Flugschiff_Dornier_Do_X.jpg/499px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10270%2C_Flugschiff_Dornier_Do_X.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10270%2C_Flugschiff_Dornier_Do_X.jpg/664px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10270%2C_Flugschiff_Dornier_Do_X.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="542" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dornier_Do_X" title="Dornier Do X">Dornier Do X</a> with sponsons</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 264.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 262.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAS_2014_HH-3_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sikorsky HH-3 on water"><img alt="Sikorsky HH-3 on water" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/RIAS_2014_HH-3_02.jpg/394px-RIAS_2014_HH-3_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="263" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/RIAS_2014_HH-3_02.jpg/591px-RIAS_2014_HH-3_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/RIAS_2014_HH-3_02.jpg/787px-RIAS_2014_HH-3_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2399" data-file-height="1373" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_HH-3" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikorsky HH-3">Sikorsky HH-3</a> on water </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schweizer_300CBi_(269C)_AN1062928.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Schweizer 300 with inflatable floats"><img alt="Schweizer 300 with inflatable floats" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Schweizer_300CBi_%28269C%29_AN1062928.jpg/338px-Schweizer_300CBi_%28269C%29_AN1062928.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Schweizer_300CBi_%28269C%29_AN1062928.jpg/507px-Schweizer_300CBi_%28269C%29_AN1062928.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Schweizer_300CBi_%28269C%29_AN1062928.jpg/675px-Schweizer_300CBi_%28269C%29_AN1062928.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Schweizer_300" class="mw-redirect" title="Schweizer 300">Schweizer 300</a> with inflatable floats</div> </li> </ul> <p>For take-off a step and planing bottom are required to lift from the floating position to planing on the surface. For landing a cleaving action is required to reduce the impact with the surface of the water. A vee bottom parts the water and chines deflect the spray to prevent it damaging vulnerable parts of the aircraft. Additional spray control may be needed using spray strips or inverted gutters. A step is added to the hull, just behind the center of gravity, to stop water clinging to the afterbody so the aircraft can accelerate to flying speed. The step allows air, known as ventilation air, to break the water suction on the afterbody.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two steps were used on the <a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_H8K" title="Kawanishi H8K">Kawanishi H8K</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A step increases the drag in flight. The drag contribution from the step can be reduced with a fairing. A faired step was introduced on the <a href="/wiki/Short_Sunderland" title="Short Sunderland">Short Sunderland</a> III.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One goal of seaplane designers was the development of an open ocean seaplane capable of routine operation from very rough water. This led to changes in seaplane hull configuration. High length/beam ratio hulls and extended afterbodies improved rough water capabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A hull much longer than its width also reduced drag in flight.<sup id="cite_ref-archive.org_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archive.org-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An experimental development of the <a href="/wiki/Martin_Marlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Marlin">Martin Marlin</a>, the Martin M-270, was tested with a new hull with a greater length/beam ratio of 15 obtained by adding 6 feet to both the nose and tail.<sup id="cite_ref-archive.org_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archive.org-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rough-sea capability can be improved with lower take-off and landing speeds because impacts with waves are reduced. The <a href="/wiki/Shin_Meiwa_US-1A" title="Shin Meiwa US-1A">Shin Meiwa US-1A</a> is a STOL amphibian with blown flaps and all control surfaces. The ability to land and take-off at relatively low speeds of about 45 knots and the hydrodynamic features of the hull, long length/beam ratio<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and inverted spray gutter for example, allow operation in wave heights of 15 feet.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inverted gutters channel spray to the rear of the propeller discs.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Low speed maneuvring is necessary between slipways and buoys and take-off and landing areas. Water rudders are used on seaplanes ranging in size from the <a href="/wiki/Republic_RC-3_Seabee" title="Republic RC-3 Seabee">Republic RC-3 Seabee</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Beriev_A-40" title="Beriev A-40">Beriev A-40</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hydro flaps were used on the <a href="/wiki/Martin_Marlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Marlin">Martin Marlin</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_SeaMaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin SeaMaster">Martin SeaMaster</a>. Hydroflaps, submerged at the rear of the afterbody, act as a speed brake or differentially as a rudder. A fixed fin, known as a <a href="/wiki/Skeg" title="Skeg">skeg</a>, has been used for directional stability. A skeg, was added to the second step on the <a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_H8K" title="Kawanishi H8K">Kawanishi H8K</a> flying boat hull.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>High speed impacts in rough water between the hull and wave flanks may be reduced using hydro-skis which hold the hull out of the water at higher speeds. Hydro skis replace the need for a boat hull and only require a plain fuselage which planes at the rear. Alternatively skis with wheels can be used for land-based aircraft which start and end their flight from a beach or floating barge. Hydro-skis with wheels were demonstrated as an all-purpose landing gear conversion of the <a href="/wiki/Fairchild_C-123" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairchild C-123">Fairchild C-123</a>, known as the Panto-base<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stroukoff_YC-134" title="Stroukoff YC-134">Stroukoff YC-134</a>. A seaplane designed from the outset with hydro-skis was the <a href="/wiki/Convair_F2Y_Sea_Dart" title="Convair F2Y Sea Dart">Convair F2Y Sea Dart</a> prototype fighter. The skis incorporated small wheels, with a third wheel on the fuselage, for ground handling. </p><p>In the 1950s hydro-skis were envisaged as a ditching aid for large piston-engined aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water-tank tests done using models of the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Constellation" title="Lockheed Constellation">Lockheed Constellation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-4" title="Douglas DC-4">Douglas DC-4</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Neptune" class="mw-redirect" title="Lockheed Neptune">Lockheed Neptune</a> concluded that chances of survival and rescue would be greatly enhanced by preventing critical damage associated with ditching.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 208.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Short_Sunderland_MR.5_ML824_NS-Z_Hendon_03.77_edited-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Short Sunderland V showing step on wing float and faired step on hull"><img alt="Short Sunderland V showing step on wing float and faired step on hull" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Short_Sunderland_MR.5_ML824_NS-Z_Hendon_03.77_edited-3.jpg/313px-Short_Sunderland_MR.5_ML824_NS-Z_Hendon_03.77_edited-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="209" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Short_Sunderland_MR.5_ML824_NS-Z_Hendon_03.77_edited-3.jpg/470px-Short_Sunderland_MR.5_ML824_NS-Z_Hendon_03.77_edited-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Short_Sunderland_MR.5_ML824_NS-Z_Hendon_03.77_edited-3.jpg/625px-Short_Sunderland_MR.5_ML824_NS-Z_Hendon_03.77_edited-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="737" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Short_Sunderland" title="Short Sunderland">Short Sunderland</a> V showing step on wing float and faired step on hull</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 124px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 122px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kawanishi_H8K3.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kawanishi H8K showing two steps on the hull, a skeg at the second step and spray strips under the forebody"><img alt="Kawanishi H8K showing two steps on the hull, a skeg at the second step and spray strips under the forebody" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Kawanishi_H8K3.svg/183px-Kawanishi_H8K3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="122" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Kawanishi_H8K3.svg/275px-Kawanishi_H8K3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Kawanishi_H8K3.svg/366px-Kawanishi_H8K3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="1108" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_H8K" title="Kawanishi H8K">Kawanishi H8K</a> showing two steps on the hull, a skeg at the second step and spray strips under the forebody</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 194px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 192px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_YP6M-1_Seamaster_in_flight.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Martin SeaMaster showing outline of hydroflaps at rear"><img alt="Martin SeaMaster showing outline of hydroflaps at rear" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Martin_YP6M-1_Seamaster_in_flight.jpg/288px-Martin_YP6M-1_Seamaster_in_flight.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Martin_YP6M-1_Seamaster_in_flight.jpg/433px-Martin_YP6M-1_Seamaster_in_flight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Martin_YP6M-1_Seamaster_in_flight.jpg/576px-Martin_YP6M-1_Seamaster_in_flight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1738" data-file-height="1357" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Martin_SeaMaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin SeaMaster">Martin SeaMaster</a> showing outline of hydroflaps at rear</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 247.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 245.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:YC-123E_with_pantobase_landing_gear_1955.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stroukoff YC-123E showing hydro-skis on pantobase landing gear"><img alt="Stroukoff YC-123E showing hydro-skis on pantobase landing gear" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/YC-123E_with_pantobase_landing_gear_1955.jpg/368px-YC-123E_with_pantobase_landing_gear_1955.jpg" decoding="async" width="246" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/YC-123E_with_pantobase_landing_gear_1955.jpg/553px-YC-123E_with_pantobase_landing_gear_1955.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/YC-123E_with_pantobase_landing_gear_1955.jpg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="347" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stroukoff YC-123E showing hydro-skis on pantobase landing gear</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 269.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 267.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harbin_SH-5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Harbin SH-5 showing deep vee forebody"><img alt="Harbin SH-5 showing deep vee forebody" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Harbin_SH-5.jpg/401px-Harbin_SH-5.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Harbin_SH-5.jpg/602px-Harbin_SH-5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Harbin_SH-5.jpg/802px-Harbin_SH-5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Harbin_SH-5" title="Harbin SH-5">Harbin SH-5</a> showing deep vee forebody</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 183.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 181.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Us-1a_04l.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shin Meiwa US-1A showing inverted spray gutter from nose to behind propellers"><img alt="Shin Meiwa US-1A showing inverted spray gutter from nose to behind propellers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Us-1a_04l.jpg/272px-Us-1a_04l.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Us-1a_04l.jpg/409px-Us-1a_04l.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Us-1a_04l.jpg/544px-Us-1a_04l.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6732" data-file-height="5567" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Shin_Meiwa_US-1A" title="Shin Meiwa US-1A">Shin Meiwa US-1A</a> showing inverted spray gutter from nose to behind propellers</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 236.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 234.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ShinMaywa_US-2_at_Atsugi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shin Meiwa US-2 showing revised spray suppressor compared to that on US-1A"><img alt="Shin Meiwa US-2 showing revised spray suppressor compared to that on US-1A" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/ShinMaywa_US-2_at_Atsugi.jpg/352px-ShinMaywa_US-2_at_Atsugi.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/ShinMaywa_US-2_at_Atsugi.jpg/528px-ShinMaywa_US-2_at_Atsugi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/ShinMaywa_US-2_at_Atsugi.jpg/703px-ShinMaywa_US-2_at_Atsugi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Shin_Meiwa_US-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Shin Meiwa US-2">Shin Meiwa US-2</a> showing revised spray suppressor compared to that on US-1A</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 310px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 308px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Be-42_rear_view_-_Fairford_96.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beriev A-40 showing water rudder"><img alt="Beriev A-40 showing water rudder" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Be-42_rear_view_-_Fairford_96.jpg/462px-Be-42_rear_view_-_Fairford_96.jpg" decoding="async" width="308" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Be-42_rear_view_-_Fairford_96.jpg/693px-Be-42_rear_view_-_Fairford_96.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Be-42_rear_view_-_Fairford_96.jpg/923px-Be-42_rear_view_-_Fairford_96.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6328" data-file-height="3088" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Beriev_A-40" title="Beriev A-40">Beriev A-40</a> showing water rudder</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 217.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 215.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:XF2Y-1_off_San_Diego_1954-55_NAN1-81.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Convair F2Y Sea Dart showing twin hydro-skis"><img alt="Convair F2Y Sea Dart showing twin hydro-skis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/XF2Y-1_off_San_Diego_1954-55_NAN1-81.jpg/323px-XF2Y-1_off_San_Diego_1954-55_NAN1-81.jpg" decoding="async" width="216" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/XF2Y-1_off_San_Diego_1954-55_NAN1-81.jpg/485px-XF2Y-1_off_San_Diego_1954-55_NAN1-81.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/XF2Y-1_off_San_Diego_1954-55_NAN1-81.jpg 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="379" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Convair_F2Y_Sea_Dart" title="Convair F2Y Sea Dart">Convair F2Y Sea Dart</a> showing twin hydro-skis</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shipboard_operation">Shipboard operation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landing_gear&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Shipboard operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The landing gear on fixed-wing aircraft that land on aircraft carriers have a higher sink-rate requirement because the aircraft are flown onto the deck with no <a href="/wiki/Landing_flare" title="Landing flare">landing flare</a>. Other features are related to catapult take-off requirements for specific aircraft. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Blackburn_Buccaneer" title="Blackburn Buccaneer">Blackburn Buccaneer</a> was pulled down onto its tail-skid to set the required nose-up attitude. The naval <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II_in_UK_service" class="mw-redirect" title="McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II in UK service">McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II in UK service</a> needed an extending nosewheel leg to set the wing attitude at launch.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The landing gear for an aircraft using a <a href="/wiki/Ski-jump_(aviation)" title="Ski-jump (aviation)">ski-jump</a> on take-off is subjected to loads of 0.5g which also last for much longer than a landing impact.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Helicopters may have a deck-lock harpoon to anchor them to the deck.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In-flight_use">In-flight use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landing_gear&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In-flight use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some aircraft have a requirement to use the landing-gear as a speed brake. </p><p>Flexible mounting of the stowed main landing-gear bogies on the <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-22" title="Tupolev Tu-22">Tupolev Tu-22</a>R raised the aircraft flutter speed to 550 kn (1,020 km/h). The bogies oscillated within the nacelle under the control of dampers and springs as an anti-flutter device.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gear_common_to_different_aircraft">Gear common to different aircraft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landing_gear&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gear common to different aircraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some experimental aircraft have used gear from existing aircraft to reduce program costs. The <a href="/wiki/Martin-Marietta_X-24" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin-Marietta X-24">Martin-Marietta X-24</a> lifting body used the nose/main gear from the North American T-39 / <a href="/wiki/Northrop_T-38" class="mw-redirect" title="Northrop T-38">Northrop T-38</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Grumman_X-29" title="Grumman X-29">Grumman X-29</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Northrop_F-5" title="Northrop F-5">Northrop F-5</a> / <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16" class="mw-redirect" title="General Dynamics F-16">General Dynamics F-16</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_types">Other types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landing_gear&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Skis"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Skis"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Skis</span></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landing_gear&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Skis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wheel_skis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Wheel_skis.jpg/220px-Wheel_skis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Wheel_skis.jpg/330px-Wheel_skis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Wheel_skis.jpg/440px-Wheel_skis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Wheel-skis</figcaption></figure> <p>When an airplane needs to land on surfaces covered by snow, the landing gear usually consists of skis or a combination of wheels and skis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Detachable">Detachable</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landing_gear&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Detachable"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Me_163_Komet_(2323215901).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Me_163_Komet_%282323215901%29.jpg/220px-Me_163_Komet_%282323215901%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Me_163_Komet_%282323215901%29.jpg/330px-Me_163_Komet_%282323215901%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Me_163_Komet_%282323215901%29.jpg/440px-Me_163_Komet_%282323215901%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_163" class="mw-redirect" title="Messerschmitt Me 163">Me 163B</a> <i>Komet</i> with its two-wheel takeoff "dolly" in place</figcaption></figure> <p>Some aircraft use wheels for <a href="/wiki/Takeoff" title="Takeoff">takeoff</a> and jettison them when airborne for improved streamlining without the complexity, weight and space requirements of a retraction mechanism. The wheels are sometimes mounted onto axles that are part of a separate "dolly" (for main wheels only) or "trolley" (for a three-wheel set with a nosewheel) chassis. Landing is done on skids or similar simple devices (fixed or retractable). The <a href="/wiki/SNCASE_Baroudeur" title="SNCASE Baroudeur">SNCASE Baroudeur</a> used this arrangement. </p><p>Historical examples include the "dolly"-using <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_163" class="mw-redirect" title="Messerschmitt Me 163">Messerschmitt Me 163 <i>Komet</i></a> rocket fighter,<sup id="cite_ref-Me_163_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Me_163-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_321" class="mw-redirect" title="Messerschmitt Me 321">Messerschmitt Me 321</a> <i>Gigant</i> troop glider, and the first eight "trolley"-using prototypes<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the <a href="/wiki/Arado_Ar_234" class="mw-redirect" title="Arado Ar 234">Arado Ar 234</a> jet reconnaissance bomber. The main disadvantage to using the takeoff dolly/trolley and landing skid(s) system on German World War II aircraft—intended for a sizable number of late-war German jet and rocket-powered military aircraft designs—was that aircraft would likely be scattered all over a military airfield after they had landed from a mission, and would be unable to taxi on their own to an appropriately hidden "dispersal" location, which could easily leave them vulnerable to being shot up by attacking <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> fighters. A related contemporary example are the wingtip support wheels ("pogos") on the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_U-2" title="Lockheed U-2">Lockheed U-2</a> reconnaissance aircraft, which fall away after take-off and drop to earth; the aircraft then relies on titanium skids on the wingtips for landing.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rearwards_and_sideways_retraction">Rearwards and sideways retraction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landing_gear&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Rearwards and sideways retraction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Republic_P-_47D_Thunderbolt_ExCC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Republic_P-_47D_Thunderbolt_ExCC.jpg/220px-Republic_P-_47D_Thunderbolt_ExCC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Republic_P-_47D_Thunderbolt_ExCC.jpg/330px-Republic_P-_47D_Thunderbolt_ExCC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Republic_P-_47D_Thunderbolt_ExCC.jpg/440px-Republic_P-_47D_Thunderbolt_ExCC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A Royal Air Force <a href="/wiki/P-47_Thunderbolt" class="mw-redirect" title="P-47 Thunderbolt">P-47</a> with its raked-forward main gear, and rearward-angled main wheel position (when retracted) indicated by the just-visible open wheel door</figcaption></figure> <p>Some main landing gear struts on World War II aircraft, in order to allow a single-leg main gear to more efficiently store the wheel within either the wing or an engine nacelle, rotated the single gear strut through a 90° angle during the rearwards-retraction sequence to allow the main wheel to rest "flat" above the lower end of the main gear strut, or flush within the wing or engine nacelles, when fully retracted. Examples are the <a href="/wiki/Curtiss_P-40" class="mw-redirect" title="Curtiss P-40">Curtiss P-40</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vought_F4U_Corsair" title="Vought F4U Corsair">Vought F4U Corsair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grumman_F6F_Hellcat" title="Grumman F6F Hellcat">Grumman F6F Hellcat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_210" title="Messerschmitt Me 210">Messerschmitt Me 210</a> and <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_88" title="Junkers Ju 88">Junkers Ju 88</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Aero_Commander_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aero Commander (aircraft)">Aero Commander</a> family of twin-engined business aircraft also shares this feature on the main gears, which retract aft into the ends of the engine <a href="/wiki/Nacelle" title="Nacelle">nacelles</a>. The rearward-retracting nosewheel strut on the <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_219" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinkel He 219">Heinkel He 219</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the forward-retracting nose gear strut on the later <a href="/wiki/Cessna_Skymaster" title="Cessna Skymaster">Cessna Skymaster</a> similarly rotated 90 degrees as they retracted.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On most World War II single-engined fighter aircraft (and even one <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_177#Undercarriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinkel He 177">German heavy bomber design</a>) with sideways retracting main gear, the main gear that retracted into the wings was raked forward in the "down" position for better ground handling, with a retracted position that placed the main wheels at some distance aft of their position when downairframe—this led to a complex angular geometry for setting up the "pintle" angles at the top ends of the struts for the retraction mechanism's axis of rotation. with some aircraft, like the <a href="/wiki/P-47_Thunderbolt" class="mw-redirect" title="P-47 Thunderbolt">P-47 Thunderbolt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grumman_F8F_Bearcat#Design_and_development" title="Grumman F8F Bearcat">Grumman Bearcat</a>, even mandating that the main gear struts lengthened as they were extended to give sufficient ground clearance for their large four-bladed propellers. One exception to the need for this complexity in many WW II fighter aircraft was Japan's famous <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_A6M" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitsubishi A6M">Zero</a> fighter, whose main gear stayed at a perpendicular angle to the centerline of the aircraft when extended, as seen from the side. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Variable_axial_position_of_main_wheels">Variable axial position of main wheels</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landing_gear&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Variable axial position of main wheels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main wheels on the <a href="/wiki/Vought_F7U_Cutlass" title="Vought F7U Cutlass">Vought F7U Cutlass</a> could move 20 inches between a forward and aft position. The forward position was used for take-off to give a longer lever-arm for pitch control and greater nose-up attitude. The aft position was used to reduce landing bounce and reduce risk of tip-back during ground handling.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tandem_layout">Tandem layout</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landing_gear&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Tandem layout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harrier.gr7.zg472.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Harrier.gr7.zg472.arp.jpg/220px-Harrier.gr7.zg472.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Harrier.gr7.zg472.arp.jpg/330px-Harrier.gr7.zg472.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Harrier.gr7.zg472.arp.jpg/440px-Harrier.gr7.zg472.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1633" data-file-height="1093" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_Harrier" title="Hawker Siddeley Harrier">Hawker Siddeley Harrier</a> GR7. Tandem undercarriage with extra support wheels under wings.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Tandem" title="Tandem">tandem</a></i> or bicycle layout is used on the Hawker Siddeley Harrier, which has two main-wheels behind a single nose-wheel under the fuselage and a smaller wheel near the tip of each wing. On second generation Harriers, the wing is extended past the outrigger wheels to allow greater wing-mounted munition loads to be carried, or to permit wing-tip extensions to be bolted on for ferry flights.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A tandem layout was evaluated by Martin using <a href="/wiki/Martin_B-26_Marauder#Variants" title="Martin B-26 Marauder">a specially-modified Martin B-26 Marauder (the XB-26H)</a> to evaluate its use on Martin's first jet bomber, the <a href="/wiki/Martin_XB-48" title="Martin XB-48">Martin XB-48</a>. This configuration proved so manoeuvrable that it was also selected for the <a href="/wiki/B-47_Stratojet" class="mw-redirect" title="B-47 Stratojet">B-47 Stratojet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also used on the U-2, <a href="/wiki/Myasishchev_M-4" title="Myasishchev M-4">Myasishchev M-4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-25" title="Yakovlev Yak-25">Yakovlev Yak-25</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-28" title="Yakovlev Yak-28">Yak-28</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sud_Aviation_Vautour" title="Sud Aviation Vautour">Sud Aviation Vautour</a>. A variation of the multi tandem layout is also used on the <a href="/wiki/B-52_Stratofortress" class="mw-redirect" title="B-52 Stratofortress">B-52 Stratofortress</a> which has four main wheel bogies (two forward and two aft) underneath the fuselage and a small outrigger wheel supporting each wing-tip. The B-52's landing gear is also unique in that all four pairs of main wheels can be steered. This allows the landing gear to line up with the runway and thus makes <a href="/wiki/Crosswind_landing" title="Crosswind landing">crosswind landings</a> easier (using a technique called <i><a href="/wiki/Crab_landing" class="mw-redirect" title="Crab landing">crab landing</a></i>). Since tandem aircraft cannot <a href="/wiki/Rotation_(aeronautics)" title="Rotation (aeronautics)">rotate</a> for takeoff, the forward gear must be long enough to give the wings the correct <a href="/wiki/Angle_of_attack" title="Angle of attack">angle of attack</a> during takeoff. During landing, the forward gear must not touch the runway first, otherwise the rear gear will slam down and may cause the aircraft to bounce and become airborne again.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crosswind_landing_accommodation">Crosswind landing accommodation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landing_gear&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Crosswind landing accommodation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bl%C3%A9riot_XI_-_Landing_gear_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Bl%C3%A9riot_XI_-_Landing_gear_2006.jpg/220px-Bl%C3%A9riot_XI_-_Landing_gear_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Bl%C3%A9riot_XI_-_Landing_gear_2006.jpg/330px-Bl%C3%A9riot_XI_-_Landing_gear_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Bl%C3%A9riot_XI_-_Landing_gear_2006.jpg/440px-Bl%C3%A9riot_XI_-_Landing_gear_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The "castoring" main gear arrangement on a <a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%A9riot_XI" title="Blériot XI">Blériot XI</a></figcaption></figure> <p>One very early undercarriage incorporating castoring for crosswind landings was pioneered on the <a href="/wiki/Bleriot_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Bleriot VIII">Bleriot VIII</a> design of 1908. It was later used in the much more famous Blériot XI Channel-crossing aircraft of 1909 and also copied in the earliest examples of the <a href="/wiki/Etrich_Taube" title="Etrich Taube">Etrich Taube</a>. In this arrangement the main landing gear's shock absorption was taken up by a vertically sliding bungee cord-sprung upper member. The vertical post along which the upper member slid to take landing shocks also had its lower end as the rotation point for the forward end of the main wheel's suspension fork, allowing the main gear to pivot on moderate crosswind landings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Manually-adjusted main-gear units on the B-52 can be set for crosswind take-offs. It rarely has to be used from SAC-designated airfields which have major runways in the predominant strongest wind direction.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_C-5_Galaxy" title="Lockheed C-5 Galaxy">Lockheed C-5 Galaxy</a> has swivelling 6-wheel main units for crosswind landings and castoring rear units to prevent tire scrubbing on tight turns.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Kneeling"_gear"><span id=".22Kneeling.22_gear"></span>"Kneeling" gear</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landing_gear&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: "Kneeling" gear"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both the nosegear and the wing-mounted main landing gear of the World War II German <a href="/wiki/Arado_Ar_232" class="mw-redirect" title="Arado Ar 232">Arado Ar 232</a> cargo/transport aircraft were designed to kneel. This made it easier to load and unload cargo, and improved taxiing over ditches and on soft ground.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some early <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">U.S. Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Jet_fighter" class="mw-redirect" title="Jet fighter">jet fighters</a> were equipped with "kneeling" nose gear consisting of small steerable auxiliary wheels on short struts located forward of the primary nose gear, allowing the aircraft to be taxied tail-high with the primary nose gear retracted. This feature was intended to enhance safety aboard <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carriers</a> by redirecting the hot exhaust blast upwards, and to reduce hangar space requirements by enabling the aircraft to park with its nose underneath the tail of a similarly equipped jet. Kneeling gear was used on the <a href="/wiki/North_American_FJ-1_Fury" title="North American FJ-1 Fury">North American FJ-1 Fury</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on early versions of the <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_F2H_Banshee" title="McDonnell F2H Banshee">McDonnell F2H Banshee</a>, but was found to be of little use operationally, and was omitted from later Navy fighters.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nosewheel on the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_C-5" class="mw-redirect" title="Lockheed C-5">Lockheed C-5</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> partially retracts against a bumper to assist in loading and unloading of cargo using ramps through the forward, "tilt-up" hinged fuselage nose while stationary on the ground. The aircraft also tilts backwards.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Messier twin-wheel main units fitted to the <a href="/wiki/Transall" title="Transall">Transall</a> and other cargo aircraft can tilt forward or backward as necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Boeing_AH-64_Apache" title="Boeing AH-64 Apache">Boeing AH-64 Apache</a> helicopter is able to kneel to fit inside the cargo hold of a transport aircraft and for storage.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tail_support">Tail support</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landing_gear&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Tail support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aircraft landing gear includes devices to prevent fuselage contact with the ground by tipping back when the aircraft is being loaded. Some commercial aircraft have used tail props when parked at the gate.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-54" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas C-54">Douglas C-54</a> had a critical CG location which required a ground handling strut.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_C-130" class="mw-redirect" title="Lockheed C-130">Lockheed C-130</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boeing_C-17_Globemaster_III" title="Boeing C-17 Globemaster III">Boeing C-17 Globemaster III</a> use ramp supports.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Il-62_(3861839952).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Il-62_%283861839952%29.jpg/220px-Il-62_%283861839952%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Il-62_%283861839952%29.jpg/330px-Il-62_%283861839952%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Il-62_%283861839952%29.jpg/440px-Il-62_%283861839952%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="629" /></a><figcaption>Unladen <a href="/wiki/Il-62" class="mw-redirect" title="Il-62">Il-62</a> resting on its extended tail strut</figcaption></figure> <p>The unladen CG of the rear-engined <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_IL-62" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilyushin IL-62">Ilyushin IL-62</a> is aft of the main gear due to design decisions stemming from efforts to reduce overall weight, systems complexity and drag; to prevent the fuselage from tilting back when unloaded, the aircraft has a unique fully retractable vertical tail strut with <a href="/wiki/Caster" title="Caster">castering</a> wheels to allow towing or <a href="/wiki/Pushback_(aviation)" title="Pushback (aviation)">pushback</a>. The strut is not intended for taxiing or flight, when the weight of the crew, passengers, cargo and fuel provide the necessary fore-aft balance.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Monowheel">Monowheel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landing_gear&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Monowheel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Schleicher_ASG_29.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Alexander_Schleicher_ASG_29.JPG/220px-Alexander_Schleicher_ASG_29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Alexander_Schleicher_ASG_29.JPG/330px-Alexander_Schleicher_ASG_29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Alexander_Schleicher_ASG_29.JPG/440px-Alexander_Schleicher_ASG_29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Schleicher_ASG_29" title="Schleicher ASG 29">Schleicher ASG 29</a> glider shows its monowheel landing gear</figcaption></figure> <p>To minimize drag, modern <a href="/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)" title="Glider (sailplane)">gliders</a> usually have a single wheel, retractable or fixed, centered under the fuselage, which is referred to as <i>monowheel gear</i> or <i>monowheel landing gear</i>. Monowheel gear is also used on some powered aircraft, where drag reduction is a priority, such as the <a href="/wiki/Europa_Classic" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa Classic">Europa Classic</a>. Much like the Me 163 rocket fighter, some gliders from prior to the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> used a take-off dolly that was jettisoned on take-off; these gliders then landed on a fixed skid.<sup id="cite_ref-Europa_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Europa-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This configuration is necessarily accompanied with a taildragger. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Helicopters">Helicopters</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landing_gear&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Helicopters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Light helicopters use simple landing skids to save weight and cost. The skids may have attachment points for wheels so that they can be moved for short distances on the ground. Skids are impractical for helicopters weighing more than four tons. Some high-speed machines have retractable wheels, but most use fixed wheels for their robustness, and to avoid the need for a retraction mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tailsitter">Tailsitter</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landing_gear&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Tailsitter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Convair_XFY-1_Pogo_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Convair_XFY-1_Pogo_2.jpg/220px-Convair_XFY-1_Pogo_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Convair_XFY-1_Pogo_2.jpg/330px-Convair_XFY-1_Pogo_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Convair_XFY-1_Pogo_2.jpg/440px-Convair_XFY-1_Pogo_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="1116" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Convair_XFY_Pogo" title="Convair XFY Pogo">Convair XFY Pogo</a> showing its landing gear</figcaption></figure> <p>Experimental <a href="/wiki/Tailsitter" class="mw-redirect" title="Tailsitter">tailsitter</a> aircraft use landing gear located in their tails for <a href="/wiki/VTOL" title="VTOL">VTOL</a> operation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Light_aircraft">Light aircraft</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landing_gear&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Light aircraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For light aircraft a type of landing gear which is economical to produce is a simple wooden arch laminated from ash, as used on some homebuilt aircraft. A similar arched gear is often formed from spring steel. The <a href="/wiki/Cessna_165" class="mw-redirect" title="Cessna 165">Cessna Airmaster</a> was among the first aircraft to use spring steel landing gear. The main advantage of such gear is that no other shock-absorbing device is needed; the deflecting leaf provides the shock absorption.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Folding_gear">Folding gear</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landing_gear&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Folding gear"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1996-027-05A,_Flugzeug_Junkers_Ju_288_V1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1996-027-05A%2C_Flugzeug_Junkers_Ju_288_V1.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1996-027-05A%2C_Flugzeug_Junkers_Ju_288_V1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1996-027-05A%2C_Flugzeug_Junkers_Ju_288_V1.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1996-027-05A%2C_Flugzeug_Junkers_Ju_288_V1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1996-027-05A%2C_Flugzeug_Junkers_Ju_288_V1.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1996-027-05A%2C_Flugzeug_Junkers_Ju_288_V1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_288" title="Junkers Ju 288">Ju 288</a> V1 first prototype, showing its complex "folding" main undercarriage</figcaption></figure> <p>The limited space available to stow landing gear has led to many complex retraction mechanisms, each unique to a particular aircraft. An early example, the German <i><a href="/wiki/Bomber_B" title="Bomber B">Bomber B</a></i> combat aircraft design competition winner, the <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_288" title="Junkers Ju 288">Junkers Ju 288</a>, had a complex "folding" main landing gear unlike any other aircraft designed by either <a href="/wiki/Axis_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Forces">Axis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> sides in the war: its single oleo strut was only attached to the lower end of its Y-form main retraction struts, handling the twinned main gear wheels, and folding by swiveling downwards and aftwards during retraction<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to "fold" the maingear's length to shorten it for stowage in the engine nacelle it was mounted in.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the single pivot-point design also led to <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_288#Undercarriage_difficulties" title="Junkers Ju 288">numerous incidents of collapsed maingear units</a> for its prototype airframes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tracked">Tracked</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landing_gear&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Tracked"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Increased contact area can be obtained with very large wheels, many smaller wheels or track-type gear. Tracked gear made by <a href="/wiki/Dowty_Group" title="Dowty Group">Dowty</a> was fitted to a <a href="/wiki/Westland_Lysander" title="Westland Lysander">Westland Lysander</a> in 1938 for taxi tests, then a <a href="/wiki/Fairchild_Cornell" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairchild Cornell">Fairchild Cornell</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas Boston">Douglas Boston</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bonmartini, in Italy, fitted tracked gear to a <a href="/wiki/Piper_Cub" class="mw-redirect" title="Piper Cub">Piper Cub</a> in 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Track-type gear was also tested using a C-47, C-82 and B-50. A much heavier aircraft, an XB-36, was made available for further tests, although there was no intention of using it on production aircraft. The stress on the runway was reduced to one third that of the B-36 four-wheel bogie.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B-36_tracked_gear_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/B-36_tracked_gear_edit.jpg/220px-B-36_tracked_gear_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/B-36_tracked_gear_edit.jpg/330px-B-36_tracked_gear_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/B-36_tracked_gear_edit.jpg/440px-B-36_tracked_gear_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1756" data-file-height="1126" /></a><figcaption>Experimental tracked gear on a <a href="/wiki/B-36_Peacemaker" class="mw-redirect" title="B-36 Peacemaker">B-36 Peacemaker</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ground_carriage">Ground carriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landing_gear&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Ground carriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ground_carriage" title="Ground carriage">Ground carriage</a> is a long-term (after 2030) concept of flying without landing gear. It is one of many aviation technologies being proposed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leaving the landing gear on the ground reduces weight and drag. Leaving it behind after take-off was done for a different reason, i.e. with military objectives, during World War II using the "dolly" and "trolley" arrangements of the German <a href="/wiki/Me_163" class="mw-redirect" title="Me 163">Me 163</a>B rocket fighter and <a href="/wiki/Arado_Ar_234" class="mw-redirect" title="Arado Ar 234">Arado Ar 234</a>A prototype jet recon-bomber. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Steering">Steering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landing_gear&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Steering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several types of steering. <a href="/wiki/Taildragger" class="mw-redirect" title="Taildragger">Taildragger</a> aircraft may be steered by <a href="/wiki/Rudder" title="Rudder">rudder</a> alone (depending upon the <a href="/wiki/Prop_wash" class="mw-redirect" title="Prop wash">prop wash</a> produced by the aircraft to turn it) with a freely pivoting tail wheel, or by a steering linkage with the tail wheel, or by <i>differential braking</i> (the use of independent brakes on opposite sides of the aircraft to turn the aircraft by slowing one side more sharply than the other). Aircraft with tricycle landing gear usually have a steering linkage with the nosewheel (especially in large aircraft), but some allow the nosewheel to pivot freely and use differential braking and/or the rudder to steer the aircraft, like the <a href="/wiki/Cirrus_SR22" title="Cirrus SR22">Cirrus SR22</a>. </p><p>Some aircraft require that the pilot steer by using rudder pedals; others allow steering with the yoke or control stick. Some allow both. Still others have a separate control, called a <i><a href="/wiki/Tiller" title="Tiller">tiller</a></i>, used for steering on the ground exclusively.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rudder">Rudder</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landing_gear&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Rudder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When an aircraft is steered on the ground exclusively using the rudder, it needs a substantial airflow past the rudder, which can be generated either by the forward motion of the aircraft or by propeller slipstream. Rudder steering requires considerable practice to use effectively. Although it needs airflow past the rudder, it has the advantage of not needing any friction with the ground, which makes it useful for aircraft on water, snow or ice.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Direct">Direct</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landing_gear&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Direct"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MM00756-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/MM00756-4.jpg/220px-MM00756-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/MM00756-4.jpg/330px-MM00756-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/MM00756-4.jpg/440px-MM00756-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The nose gear <a href="/wiki/Tiller" title="Tiller">tiller</a> is visible as a semi-circular manual control to the left of the yoke in this photo of a Boeing 727 cockpit.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some aircraft link the yoke, control stick, or rudder directly to the wheel used for steering. Manipulating these controls turns the steering wheel (the nose wheel for <a href="/wiki/Tricycle_landing_gear" title="Tricycle landing gear">tricycle landing gear</a>, and the tail wheel for <a href="/wiki/Taildragger" class="mw-redirect" title="Taildragger">taildraggers</a>). The connection may be a firm one in which any movement of the controls turns the steering wheel (and vice versa), or it may be a soft one in which a spring-like mechanism twists the steering wheel but does not force it to turn. The former provides positive steering but makes it easier to skid the steering wheel; the latter provides softer steering (making it easy to overcontrol) but reduces the probability of skidding. Aircraft with retractable gear may disable the steering mechanism wholly or partially when the gear is retracted.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Differential_braking">Differential braking</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landing_gear&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Differential braking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Differential braking depends on asymmetric application of the brakes on the main gear wheels to turn the aircraft. For this, the aircraft must be equipped with separate controls for the right and left brakes (usually on the rudder pedals). The nose or tail wheel usually is not equipped with brakes. Differential braking requires considerable skill. In aircraft with several methods of steering that include differential braking, differential braking may be avoided because of the wear it puts on the braking mechanisms. Differential braking has the advantage of being largely independent of any movement or skidding of the nose or tailwheel.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tiller">Tiller</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landing_gear&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Tiller"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A tiller in an aircraft is a small wheel or lever, sometimes accessible to one pilot and sometimes duplicated for both pilots, that controls the steering of the aircraft while it is on the ground. The tiller may be designed to work in combination with other controls such as the rudder or yoke. In large airliners, for example, the tiller is often used as the sole means of steering during taxi, and then the rudder is used to steer during takeoff and landing, so that both aerodynamic control surfaces and the landing gear can be controlled simultaneously when the aircraft is moving at aerodynamic speeds.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tires_and_wheels">Tires and wheels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landing_gear&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Tires and wheels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_man_replace_a_main_landing_gear_tire_of_a_plane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Two_man_replace_a_main_landing_gear_tire_of_a_plane.jpg/220px-Two_man_replace_a_main_landing_gear_tire_of_a_plane.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Two_man_replace_a_main_landing_gear_tire_of_a_plane.jpg/330px-Two_man_replace_a_main_landing_gear_tire_of_a_plane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Two_man_replace_a_main_landing_gear_tire_of_a_plane.jpg/440px-Two_man_replace_a_main_landing_gear_tire_of_a_plane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Two mechanics replacing a main landing gear wheel on a <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_P-3_Orion" title="Lockheed P-3 Orion">Lockheed P-3 Orion</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-668-7162-06A,_Flugzeug_Heinkel_He_177,_Fahrgestell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-668-7162-06A%2C_Flugzeug_Heinkel_He_177%2C_Fahrgestell.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-668-7162-06A%2C_Flugzeug_Heinkel_He_177%2C_Fahrgestell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-668-7162-06A%2C_Flugzeug_Heinkel_He_177%2C_Fahrgestell.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-668-7162-06A%2C_Flugzeug_Heinkel_He_177%2C_Fahrgestell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-668-7162-06A%2C_Flugzeug_Heinkel_He_177%2C_Fahrgestell.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-668-7162-06A%2C_Flugzeug_Heinkel_He_177%2C_Fahrgestell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> groundcrew servicing a <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_177" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinkel He 177">Heinkel He 177A's</a> main-gear wheels and tires, February 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>The specified selection criterion, e.g., minimum size, weight, or pressure, are used to select suitable <a href="/wiki/Tire#Aircraft" title="Tire">tires</a> and wheels from manufacturer's catalog and industry standards found in the Aircraft Yearbook published by the Tire and Rim Association, Inc.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gear_loading">Gear loading</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landing_gear&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Gear loading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The choice of the main wheel tires is made on the basis of the static loading case. The total main gear load <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{\text{m}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>m</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{\text{m}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9baf44a32bccdc75ab476603729fbd396cd55d01" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.096ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{\text{m}}}"></span> is calculated assuming that the aircraft is taxiing at low speed without braking:<sup id="cite_ref-Chai_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chai-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{\text{m}}={\frac {l_{\text{n}}}{l_{\text{m}}+l_{\text{n}}}}W.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>m</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>l</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>n</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <msub> <mi>l</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>m</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>l</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>n</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>W</mi> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{\text{m}}={\frac {l_{\text{n}}}{l_{\text{m}}+l_{\text{n}}}}W.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7cadc71c335df3e8666f02991e821e12724a33cc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:17.087ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{\text{m}}={\frac {l_{\text{n}}}{l_{\text{m}}+l_{\text{n}}}}W.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>W</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/54a9c4c547f4d6111f81946cad242b18298d70b7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.435ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W}"></span> is the weight of the aircraft and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle l_{\text{m}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>l</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>m</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle l_{\text{m}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9319609c88ecf9c5a466e5b838b5aec10cee69b0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.294ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle l_{\text{m}}}"></span> and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle l_{\text{n}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>l</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>n</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle l_{\text{n}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/91928b05131bcedcaab6008d170b9e0aa914ef38" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.84ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle l_{\text{n}}}"></span> are the distance measured from the aircraft's <a href="/wiki/Center_of_mass" title="Center of mass">center of gravity</a>(cg) to the main and nose gear, respectively. </p><p>The choice of the nose wheel tires is based on the nose wheel load <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{\text{n}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>n</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{\text{n}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/126f47942bc66b794128abc49c22ef1b2b72ce0e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.641ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{\text{n}}}"></span> during braking at maximum effort:<sup id="cite_ref-Chai_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chai-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{\text{n}}={\frac {l_{\text{m}}}{l_{\text{m}}+l_{\text{n}}}}(W-L)+{\frac {h_{\text{cg}}}{l_{\text{m}}+l_{\text{n}}}}\left({\frac {a_{\text{x}}}{g}}W-D+T\right).}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>n</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>l</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>m</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <msub> <mi>l</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>m</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>l</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>n</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>W</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>L</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>h</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>cg</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <msub> <mi>l</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>m</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>l</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>n</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>x</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mi>g</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>W</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>D</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{\text{n}}={\frac {l_{\text{m}}}{l_{\text{m}}+l_{\text{n}}}}(W-L)+{\frac {h_{\text{cg}}}{l_{\text{m}}+l_{\text{n}}}}\left({\frac {a_{\text{x}}}{g}}W-D+T\right).}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/be7f65e4c32a8a37ebdd2458e959196ea45e4a37" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:52.553ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{\text{n}}={\frac {l_{\text{m}}}{l_{\text{m}}+l_{\text{n}}}}(W-L)+{\frac {h_{\text{cg}}}{l_{\text{m}}+l_{\text{n}}}}\left({\frac {a_{\text{x}}}{g}}W-D+T\right).}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>L</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}"></span> is the lift, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>D</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f34a0c600395e5d4345287e21fb26efd386990e6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.924ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D}"></span> is the drag, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}"></span> is the thrust, and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h_{\text{cg}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>h</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>cg</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h_{\text{cg}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5f2c362f367a67902cfbccf5365f54bec507793a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.123ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h_{\text{cg}}}"></span> is the height of aircraft cg from the static groundline. Typical values for <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {a_{\text{x}}}{g}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>x</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mi>g</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {a_{\text{x}}}{g}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/336d44897be45ec7525dacbaeb3e142138b3e304" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:3.166ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {a_{\text{x}}}{g}}}"></span> on dry concrete vary from 0.35 for a simple brake system to 0.45 for an automatic brake pressure control system. As both <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>L</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}"></span> and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>D</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f34a0c600395e5d4345287e21fb26efd386990e6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.924ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D}"></span> are positive, the maximum nose gear load occurs at low speed. Reverse thrust decreases the nose gear load, and hence the condition <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T=0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T=0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3c6a5b6d0370b358a8d5f3df6d17eeca08d3629b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.897ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T=0}"></span> results in the maximum value:<sup id="cite_ref-Chai_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chai-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{\text{n}}={\frac {l_{\text{m}}+h_{\text{cg}}({\frac {a_{\text{x}}}{g}})}{l_{\text{m}}+l_{\text{n}}}}W.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>n</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>l</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>m</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>h</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>cg</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>x</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mi>g</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <msub> <mi>l</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>m</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>l</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>n</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>W</mi> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{\text{n}}={\frac {l_{\text{m}}+h_{\text{cg}}({\frac {a_{\text{x}}}{g}})}{l_{\text{m}}+l_{\text{n}}}}W.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ac292cd5d2fb293004f94384976d0f7bc60c4a28" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:22.299ex; height:7.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{\text{n}}={\frac {l_{\text{m}}+h_{\text{cg}}({\frac {a_{\text{x}}}{g}})}{l_{\text{m}}+l_{\text{n}}}}W.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>To ensure that the rated loads will not be exceeded in the static and braking conditions, a seven percent safety factor is used in the calculation of the applied loads. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inflation_pressure">Inflation pressure</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landing_gear&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Inflation pressure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Provided that the wheel load and configuration of the landing gear remain unchanged, the weight and volume of the tire will decrease with an increase in inflation pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-Chai_74-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chai-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the flotation standpoint, a decrease in the tire contact area will induce a higher bearing stress on the pavement which may reduce the number of airfields available to the aircraft. Braking will also become less effective due to a reduction in the frictional force between the tires and the ground. In addition, the decrease in the size of the tire, and hence the size of the wheel, could pose a problem if internal brakes are to be fitted inside the wheel rims. The arguments against higher pressure are of such a nature that commercial operators generally prefer the lower pressures in order to maximize tire life and minimize runway stress. To prevent punctures from stones Philippine Airlines had to operate their <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_748" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawker Siddeley 748">Hawker Siddeley 748</a> aircraft with pressures as low as the tire manufacturer would permit.<sup id="cite_ref-blackman_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blackman-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, too low a pressure can lead to an accident as in the <a href="/wiki/Nigeria_Airways_Flight_2120" title="Nigeria Airways Flight 2120">Nigeria Airways Flight 2120</a>. </p><p>A rough general rule for required tire pressure is given by the manufacturer in their catalog. Goodyear for example advises the pressure to be 4% higher than required for a given weight or as fraction of the rated static load and inflation.<sup id="cite_ref-Goodyear_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodyear-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tires of many commercial aircraft are required to be filled with <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, and not subsequently diluted with more than 5% oxygen, to prevent auto-ignition of the gas which may result from overheating brakes producing volatile vapors from the tire lining.<sup id="cite_ref-FAA_Ruling_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAA_Ruling-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Naval aircraft use different pressures when operating from a carrier and ashore. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_E-2_Hawkeye" class="mw-redirect" title="Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye">Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye</a> tire pressures are 260 psi (1.8 MPa) on ship and 210 psi (1.4 MPa) ashore.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En-route deflation is used in the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_C-5_Galaxy" title="Lockheed C-5 Galaxy">Lockheed C-5 Galaxy</a> to suit airfield conditions at the destination but adds excessive complication to the landing gear and wheels<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Future_developments">Future developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landing_gear&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Future developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Airport community noise is an environmental issue which has brought into focus the contribution of aerodynamic noise from the landing gear. A NASA long-term goal is to confine aircraft objectional noise to within the airport boundary. During the approach to land the landing gear is lowered several miles from touchdown and the landing gear is the dominant airframe noise source, followed by deployed highlift devices. With engines at a reduced power setting on the approach it is necessary to reduce airframe noise to make a significant reduction to total aircraft noise.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The addition of add-on fairings is one approach for reducing the noise from the landing gear with a longer term approach to address noise generation during initial design.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Airline specifications require an airliner to reach up to 90,000 take-offs and landings and roll 500,000 km on the ground in its lifetime. Conventional landing gear is designed to absorb the energy of a landing and does not perform well at reducing ground-induced vibrations in the airframe during landing ground roll, taxi and take-off. Airframe vibrations and fatigue damage can be reduced using semi-active oleos which vary damping over a wide range of ground speeds and runway quality. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accidents">Accidents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landing_gear&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Accidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JetBlue292Landing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/JetBlue292Landing.jpg/220px-JetBlue292Landing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/JetBlue292Landing.jpg/330px-JetBlue292Landing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/JetBlue292Landing.jpg/440px-JetBlue292Landing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="959" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/JetBlue_Airways_Flight_292" class="mw-redirect" title="JetBlue Airways Flight 292">JetBlue Airways Flight 292</a>, an Airbus A320, making an emergency landing on runway 25L at Los Angeles International Airport in 2005 after the front landing gear malfunctioned</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dash_8_2007-3-13_Kochi_Airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Dash_8_2007-3-13_Kochi_Airport.jpg/220px-Dash_8_2007-3-13_Kochi_Airport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Dash_8_2007-3-13_Kochi_Airport.jpg/330px-Dash_8_2007-3-13_Kochi_Airport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Dash_8_2007-3-13_Kochi_Airport.jpg/440px-Dash_8_2007-3-13_Kochi_Airport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="281" /></a><figcaption>All Nippon Airways Flight 1603, a <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Dash_8_Q400" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier Dash 8 Q400">Bombardier Dash 8 Q400</a>, resting on its nose at <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dchi_Airport" title="Kōchi Airport">Kōchi Airport</a> after its nose gear failed to deploy prior to landing, 13 March 2007</figcaption></figure> <p>Malfunctions or human errors (or a combination of these) related to retractable landing gear have been the cause of numerous accidents and incidents throughout aviation history. Distraction and preoccupation during the landing sequence played a prominent role in the approximately 100 gear-up landing incidents that occurred each year in the United States between 1998 and 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A gear-up landing, also known as a <a href="/wiki/Belly_landing" title="Belly landing">belly landing</a>, is an accident that results from the pilot forgetting to lower the landing gear, or being unable to do so because of a malfunction. Although rarely fatal, a gear-up landing can be very expensive if it causes extensive airframe/engine damage. For propeller-driven aircraft a <a href="/wiki/Prop_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Prop strike">prop strike</a> may require an engine overhaul. </p><p>Some aircraft have a stiffened fuselage underside or added features to minimize structural damage in a wheels-up landing. When the <a href="/wiki/Cessna_Skymaster" title="Cessna Skymaster">Cessna Skymaster</a> was converted for a military spotting role (the <a href="/wiki/O-2_Skymaster" class="mw-redirect" title="O-2 Skymaster">O-2 Skymaster</a>), <a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">fiberglass</a> railings were added to the length of the fuselage; they were adequate to support the aircraft without damage if it was landed on a grassy surface.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Dash_8" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier Dash 8">Bombardier Dash 8</a> is notorious for its landing gear problems. There were three incidents involved, all of them involving <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Airlines" title="Scandinavian Airlines">Scandinavian Airlines</a>, flights <a href="/wiki/Dash_8_landing_gear_incidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Dash 8 landing gear incidents">SK1209, SK2478, and SK2867</a>. This led to Scandinavian retiring all of its Dash 8s. The cause of these incidents was a locking mechanism that failed to work properly. This also caused concern for the aircraft for many other airlines that found similar problems, <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Aerospace" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier Aerospace">Bombardier Aerospace</a> ordered all Dash 8s with 10,000 or more hours to be grounded, it was soon found that 19 <a href="/wiki/Horizon_Air" title="Horizon Air">Horizon Airlines</a> Dash 8s had locking mechanism problems, so did 8 <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Airlines" title="Austrian Airlines">Austrian Airlines</a> planes, this did cause several hundred flights to be canceled.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On September 21, 2005, <a href="/wiki/JetBlue_Airways_Flight_292" class="mw-redirect" title="JetBlue Airways Flight 292">JetBlue Airways Flight 292</a> successfully landed with its nose gear turned 90 degrees sideways, resulting in a shower of sparks and flame after touchdown.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 1, 2011, <a href="/wiki/LOT_Polish_Airlines_Flight_16" title="LOT Polish Airlines Flight 16">LOT Polish Airlines Flight LO16</a> successfully belly landed at <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Chopin_Airport" title="Warsaw Chopin Airport">Warsaw Chopin Airport</a> due to technical failures; all 231 people on board escaped without injury.<sup id="cite_ref-apvmsnbc_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apvmsnbc-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Emergency_extension_systems">Emergency extension systems</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landing_gear&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Emergency extension systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the event of a failure of the aircraft's landing gear extension mechanism a backup is provided. This may be an alternate hydraulic system, a hand-crank, compressed air (nitrogen), <a href="/wiki/Pyrotechnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrotechnic">pyrotechnic</a> or free-fall system.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A free-fall or gravity drop system uses <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a> to deploy the landing gear into the down and locked position. To accomplish this the pilot activates a switch or mechanical handle in the cockpit, which releases the up-lock. Gravity then pulls the landing gear down and deploys it. Once in position the landing gear is mechanically locked and safe to use for landing.<sup id="cite_ref-Hilmerby_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hilmerby-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ground_resonance_in_rotorcraft">Ground resonance in rotorcraft</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landing_gear&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Ground resonance in rotorcraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ground_resonance" title="Ground resonance">Ground resonance</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rotorcraft" title="Rotorcraft">Rotorcraft</a> with <a href="/wiki/Helicopter_rotor#Fully_articulated" title="Helicopter rotor">fully articulated rotors</a> may experience a dangerous and self-perpetuating phenomenon known as <a href="/wiki/Ground_resonance" title="Ground resonance">ground resonance</a>, in which the unbalanced rotor system vibrates at a frequency coinciding with the <a href="/wiki/Natural_frequency" title="Natural frequency">natural frequency</a> of the airframe, causing the entire aircraft to violently shake or wobble in contact with the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-airspace_ground_resonance_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-airspace_ground_resonance-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rotorcraft_Handbook_Resonance_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rotorcraft_Handbook_Resonance-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ground resonance occurs when shock is continuously transmitted to the turning rotors through the landing gear, causing the angles between the rotor blades to become uneven; this is typically triggered if the aircraft touches the ground with forward or lateral motion, or touches down on one corner of the landing gear due to sloping ground or the craft's flight attitude.<sup id="cite_ref-airspace_ground_resonance_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-airspace_ground_resonance-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rotorcraft_Handbook_Resonance_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rotorcraft_Handbook_Resonance-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting violent oscillations may cause the rotors or other parts to catastrophically fail, detach, and/or strike other parts of the airframe; this can destroy the aircraft in seconds and critically endanger persons unless the pilot immediately initiates a takeoff or closes the throttle and reduces rotor pitch.<sup id="cite_ref-airspace_ground_resonance_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-airspace_ground_resonance-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rotorcraft_Handbook_Resonance_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rotorcraft_Handbook_Resonance-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ground resonance was cited in 34 <a href="/wiki/National_Transportation_Safety_Board" title="National Transportation Safety Board">National Transportation Safety Board</a> incident and accident reports in the United States between 1990 and 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-airspace_ground_resonance_88-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-airspace_ground_resonance-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rotorcraft with fully articulated rotors typically have shock-absorbing landing gear designed to prevent ground resonance; however, poor landing gear maintenance and improperly inflated tires may contribute to the phenomenon.<sup id="cite_ref-airspace_ground_resonance_88-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-airspace_ground_resonance-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Helicopters with skid-type landing gear are less prone to ground resonance than those with wheels.<sup id="cite_ref-Rotorcraft_Handbook_Resonance_89-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rotorcraft_Handbook_Resonance-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stowaways">Stowaways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landing_gear&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Stowaways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_wheel-well_stowaway_flights" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wheel-well stowaway flights">List of wheel-well stowaway flights</a></div> <p>Unauthorized passengers have been known to stowaway on larger aircraft by climbing a landing gear strut and riding in the compartment meant for the wheels. There are extreme dangers to this practice, with <a href="/wiki/List_of_wheel-well_stowaway_flights" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wheel-well stowaway flights">numerous deaths</a> reported. Dangers include a lack of oxygen at high altitude, temperatures well below freezing, crush injury or death from the gear retracting into its confined space, and falling out of the compartment during takeoff or landing.<sup id="cite_ref-FSF_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FSF-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spacecraft">Spacecraft</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landing_gear&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Spacecraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Launch_vehicles">Launch vehicles<span class="anchor" id="Launch_vehicle_landing_gear"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landing_gear&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Launch vehicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NROL-76_Mission_(33578357343).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/NROL-76_Mission_%2833578357343%29.jpg/220px-NROL-76_Mission_%2833578357343%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/NROL-76_Mission_%2833578357343%29.jpg/330px-NROL-76_Mission_%2833578357343%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/NROL-76_Mission_%2833578357343%29.jpg/440px-NROL-76_Mission_%2833578357343%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Falcon 9 descending, just after landing legs were extended, May 2017</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SpaceX_Starhopper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SpaceX_Starhopper.jpg/170px-SpaceX_Starhopper.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SpaceX_Starhopper.jpg/255px-SpaceX_Starhopper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SpaceX_Starhopper.jpg/340px-SpaceX_Starhopper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="4680" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Starhopper" class="mw-redirect" title="Starhopper">Starhopper</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Landing gear has traditionally not been used on the vast majority of <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch vehicles</a>, which take off vertically and are destroyed on falling back to earth. With some exceptions for <a href="/wiki/Suborbital_spaceflight" class="mw-redirect" title="Suborbital spaceflight">suborbital</a> <a href="/wiki/VTVL" title="VTVL">vertical-landing vehicles</a> (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Masten_Space_Systems" title="Masten Space Systems">Masten</a> <a href="/wiki/Xoie_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Xoie (rocket)">Xoie</a> or <a href="/wiki/Armadillo_Aerospace" title="Armadillo Aerospace">Armadillo Aerospace</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Lander_Challenge#2009" title="Lunar Lander Challenge">Lunar Lander Challenge</a> vehicle), or for <a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">spaceplanes</a> that use the <i><a href="/wiki/VTHL" class="mw-redirect" title="VTHL">vertical takeoff, horizontal landing</a></i> (VTHL) approach (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_orbiter" title="Space Shuttle orbiter">Space Shuttle orbiter</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/USAF" class="mw-redirect" title="USAF">USAF</a> <a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-37" title="Boeing X-37">X-37</a>), landing gear have been largely absent from <a href="/wiki/Orbital_spaceflight" title="Orbital spaceflight">orbital</a> vehicles during the early decades since the advent of <a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">spaceflight</a> technology, when orbital space transport has been the exclusive preserve of national-monopoly <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">governmental</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Space program">space programs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph20130611_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph20130611-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each spaceflight system through 2015 had relied on <a href="/wiki/Expendable_launch_system" title="Expendable launch system">expendable</a> boosters to begin each ascent to <a href="/wiki/Orbital_speed" title="Orbital speed">orbital velocity</a>. </p><p>Advances during the 2010s in <a href="/wiki/Private_spaceflight" title="Private spaceflight">private</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Space transport">space transport</a>, where <a href="/wiki/NewSpace" class="mw-redirect" title="NewSpace">new</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_launch_market_competition" title="Space launch market competition">competition</a> to governmental space initiatives has <a href="/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence">emerged</a>, have included the explicit design of landing gear into orbital booster rockets. <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a> has initiated and funded a multimillion-dollar <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_reusable_launch_system_development_program" title="SpaceX reusable launch system development program">reusable launch system development program</a> to pursue this objective. As part of this program, SpaceX built, and flew eight times in 2012–2013, a first-generation test vehicle called <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Grasshopper" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX Grasshopper">Grasshopper</a> with a large fixed landing gear in order to test low-altitude vehicle dynamics and control for vertical landings of a near-empty orbital first stage.<sup id="cite_ref-nsj20131018_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsj20131018-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sn20131017_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sn20131017-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second-generation test vehicle called <a href="/wiki/F9R_Dev1" class="mw-redirect" title="F9R Dev1">F9R Dev1</a> was built with extensible landing gear. The prototype was flown four times—with all landing attempts successful—in 2014 for low-altitude tests before being self-destructed for safety reasons on a fifth test flight due to a blocked engine sensor port.<sup id="cite_ref-nsj20140823_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsj20140823-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sn20130513_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sn20130513-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The orbital-flight version of the test vehicles–<a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Full_Thrust" title="Falcon 9 Full Thrust">Falcon 9</a> and <a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy" title="Falcon Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a>—includes a lightweight, deployable landing gear for the booster stage: a nested, telescoping piston on an A-frame. The total span of the four <a href="/wiki/Carbon_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fiber">carbon fiber</a>/aluminum extensible landing legs<sup id="cite_ref-sxn20130729legs_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sxn20130729legs-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sxn20130802fh_legs_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sxn20130802fh_legs-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is approximately 18 metres (60 ft), and weigh less than 2,100 kilograms (4,600 lb); the deployment system uses high-pressure <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Working_fluid" title="Working fluid">working fluid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-musk20130502_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-musk20130502-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first test of the extensible landing gear was successfully accomplished in April 2014 on a <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Flight_9" class="mw-redirect" title="Falcon 9 Flight 9">Falcon 9 returning from an orbital launch</a> and was the first successful <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_ocean_booster_landing_tests" class="mw-redirect" title="Falcon 9 ocean booster landing tests">controlled ocean soft touchdown</a> of a liquid-rocket-engine orbital booster.<sup id="cite_ref-mit20140422_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mit20140422-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aw20140428_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aw20140428-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a single successful booster recovery in 2015, and several in 2016, the recovery of SpaceX booster stages became <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_reusable_launch_system_development_program#Routine_procedure" title="SpaceX reusable launch system development program">routine</a> by 2017. Landing legs had become an ordinary operational part of orbital spaceflight launch vehicles. </p><p>The newest launch vehicle under development at SpaceX—the <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship</a>—is expected to have landing legs on its first stage called Super Heavy<sup id="cite_ref-musk201803journal_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-musk201803journal-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> like Falcon 9 but also has landing legs on its reusable second stage, a first for launch vehicle second stages. The first <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship#Prototypes_and_testing" title="SpaceX Starship">prototype of Starship</a>—<i><a href="/wiki/Starhopper" class="mw-redirect" title="Starhopper">Starhopper</a></i>, built in early 2019—had three fixed landing legs with replaceable shock absorbers.<sup id="cite_ref-nsf20190602_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsf20190602-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to reduce mass of the flight vehicle and the payload penalty for a reusable design, the long-term plan is for Super Heavy to land directly back at the launch site on special ground equipment that is part of the launch mount.<sup id="cite_ref-musk201803journal_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-musk201803journal-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landers">Landers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landing_gear&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Landers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spacecraft designed to land safely on extraterrestrial bodies such as the Moon or Mars are known as either legged landers (for example the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a>) or pod landers (for example <a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a>) depending on their landing gear. Pod landers are designed to land in any orientation after which they may bounce and roll before coming to rest at which time they have to be given the correct orientation to function. The whole vehicle is enclosed in crushable material or airbags for the impacts and may have opening petals to right it.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Features for landing and movement on the surface were combined in the landing gear for the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For landing on low-gravity bodies landing gear may include hold-down thrusters, harpoon anchors and foot-pad screws, all of which were incorporated in the design of comet-lander <i><a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae</a></i> for redundancy.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the case of <i>Philae</i>, however, both harpoons and the hold-down thruster failed, resulting in the craft bouncing before landing for good at a non-optimal orientation.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_lander,_Franklin_Institute_-_DSC06612.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Apollo Lunar Module showing landing gear legs"><img alt="Apollo Lunar Module showing landing gear legs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Apollo_lander%2C_Franklin_Institute_-_DSC06612.JPG/300px-Apollo_lander%2C_Franklin_Institute_-_DSC06612.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Apollo_lander%2C_Franklin_Institute_-_DSC06612.JPG/451px-Apollo_lander%2C_Franklin_Institute_-_DSC06612.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Apollo_lander%2C_Franklin_Institute_-_DSC06612.JPG/600px-Apollo_lander%2C_Franklin_Institute_-_DSC06612.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Apollo Lunar Module showing landing gear legs</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pathfinder_Air_Bags_-_GPN-2000-000484.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Mars Pathfinder lander during a ground test encased in its cluster of air bags"><img alt="The Mars Pathfinder lander during a ground test encased in its cluster of air bags" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Pathfinder_Air_Bags_-_GPN-2000-000484.jpg/338px-Pathfinder_Air_Bags_-_GPN-2000-000484.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Pathfinder_Air_Bags_-_GPN-2000-000484.jpg/508px-Pathfinder_Air_Bags_-_GPN-2000-000484.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Pathfinder_Air_Bags_-_GPN-2000-000484.jpg/677px-Pathfinder_Air_Bags_-_GPN-2000-000484.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3060" data-file-height="2036" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i>Mars Pathfinder</i> lander during a ground test encased in its cluster of air bags</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosetta%27s_Philae_touchdown.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Comet lander Philae showing anchoring harpoons (2) and foot-pad screws (3)"><img alt="Comet lander Philae showing anchoring harpoons (2) and foot-pad screws (3)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Rosetta%27s_Philae_touchdown.jpg/400px-Rosetta%27s_Philae_touchdown.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Rosetta%27s_Philae_touchdown.jpg/601px-Rosetta%27s_Philae_touchdown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Rosetta%27s_Philae_touchdown.jpg/800px-Rosetta%27s_Philae_touchdown.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Comet lander <a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae</a> showing anchoring harpoons (2) and foot-pad screws (3)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drawing-of-the-Mars-Science_Laboratory.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Mars Science Laboratory showing rover's wheels which acted as landing gear for initial touchdown"><img alt="Mars Science Laboratory showing rover's wheels which acted as landing gear for initial touchdown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Drawing-of-the-Mars-Science_Laboratory.png/270px-Drawing-of-the-Mars-Science_Laboratory.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Drawing-of-the-Mars-Science_Laboratory.png/405px-Drawing-of-the-Mars-Science_Laboratory.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Drawing-of-the-Mars-Science_Laboratory.png 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="388" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mars Science Laboratory showing rover's wheels which acted as landing gear for initial touchdown</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 316px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 314px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Pathfinder_rover_after_landing_on_Mars.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mars Pathfinder showing one of three petals and deflated airbags"><img alt="Mars Pathfinder showing one of three petals and deflated airbags" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Mars_Pathfinder_rover_after_landing_on_Mars.jpg/471px-Mars_Pathfinder_rover_after_landing_on_Mars.jpg" decoding="async" width="314" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Mars_Pathfinder_rover_after_landing_on_Mars.jpg/707px-Mars_Pathfinder_rover_after_landing_on_Mars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Mars_Pathfinder_rover_after_landing_on_Mars.jpg/941px-Mars_Pathfinder_rover_after_landing_on_Mars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mars Pathfinder showing one of three petals and deflated airbags</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landing_gear&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dayton-Wright_RB-1_Racer" title="Dayton-Wright RB-1 Racer">Dayton-Wright RB-1 Racer</a>, an early example of an airplane with retractable landing gear.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear_extender" title="Landing gear extender">Landing gear extender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra_tire" title="Tundra tire">Tundra tire</a>, a low-pressure landing gear tire allowing landings on rough surfaces</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undercarriage_arrangements" title="Undercarriage arrangements">Undercarriage arrangements</a> of jetliners and other aircraft.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verville-Sperry_R-3" title="Verville-Sperry R-3">Verville Racer Aircraft</a>, an early example of an airplane with retractable landing gear.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landing_gear&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Design Of The Aeroplane, Darrol Stinton 1983, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-632-01877-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-632-01877-1">0-632-01877-1</a>, p. 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWragg1973" class="citation book cs1">Wragg, David W. (1973). <i>A Dictionary of Aviation</i> (first ed.). Osprey. p. 269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780850451634" title="Special:BookSources/9780850451634"><bdi>9780850451634</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Aviation&rft.pages=269&rft.edition=first&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780850451634&rft.aulast=Wragg&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanding+gear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.avibrary.com/landing_gear">"Landing gear"</a>. <i>Aviation Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aviation+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Landing+gear&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.avibrary.com%2Flanding_gear&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanding+gear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farnborough and the Fleet Air Arm, Geoffrey Cooper 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978%2B1%2B85780%2B306%2B8" title="Special:BookSources/978+1+85780+306+8">978 1 85780 306 8</a>, pp. 197–205</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Power The Pratt and Whitney Canada Story, Kenneth H. Sullivan and Larry Milberry 1989, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-921022-01-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-921022-01-8">0-921022-01-8</a>, pp. 193/194</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Magnesium Overcast The Story of the Convair B-36, Dennis R. Jenkins 2001–2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58007-129-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58007-129-1">978-1-58007-129-1</a>, p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerd_Roloff2002" class="citation web cs1">Gerd Roloff (April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081122135510/http://www.fzt.haw-hamburg.de/pers/Scholz/dglr/hh/text_2002_04_11_Fahrwerk.pdf">"Aircraft Landing Gear"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Airbus-Deutschland GmbH. The Evolution of a System. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fzt.haw-hamburg.de/pers/Scholz/dglr/hh/text_2002_04_11_Fahrwerk.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aircraft+Landing+Gear&rft.pages=The+Evolution+of+a+System&rft.pub=Airbus-Deutschland+GmbH&rft.date=2002-04&rft.au=Gerd+Roloff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fzt.haw-hamburg.de%2Fpers%2FScholz%2Fdglr%2Fhh%2Ftext_2002_04_11_Fahrwerk.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanding+gear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a105512.pdf">Article title</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310015918/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a105512.pdf">Archived</a> 2021-03-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> TABLE 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoerner1965" class="citation web cs1">Hoerner, Dr.-Ing. Sighard F. (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ftp.demec.ufpr.br/disciplinas/TM240/Marchi/Bibliografia/Hoerner.pdf">"Fluid-Dynamic Drag: Practical Information on Aerodynamic Drag and Hydrodynamic Resistance"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fluid-Dynamic+Drag%3A+Practical+Information+on+Aerodynamic+Drag+and+Hydrodynamic+Resistance&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Hoerner&rft.aufirst=Dr.-Ing.+Sighard+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fftp.demec.ufpr.br%2Fdisciplinas%2FTM240%2FMarchi%2FBibliografia%2FHoerner.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanding+gear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymer2018" class="citation book cs1">Raymer, Daniel (30 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/book/10.2514/4.104909"><i>Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach, Sixth Edition</i></a>. AIAA. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2514%2F4.104909">10.2514/4.104909</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62410-490-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62410-490-9"><bdi>978-1-62410-490-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:114292835">114292835</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aircraft+Design%3A+A+Conceptual+Approach%2C+Sixth+Edition&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=AIAA&rft.date=2018-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A114292835%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2514%2F4.104909&rft.isbn=978-1-62410-490-9&rft.aulast=Raymer&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farc.aiaa.org%2Fdoi%2Fbook%2F10.2514%2F4.104909&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanding+gear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/Aviation_Week_1950-09-11">"Aviation Week 1950-09-11"</a>. 11 September 1950 – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aviation+Week+1950-09-11&rft.date=1950-09-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FAviation_Week_1950-09-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanding+gear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-faaHandbook-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-faaHandbook_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>AMT Airframe Handbook Volume 2 (FAA-H-8083-31)</i>. Washington DC: FAA. pp. 13–24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=AMT+Airframe+Handbook+Volume+2+%28FAA-H-8083-31%29&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pages=13-24&rft.pub=FAA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanding+gear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">747 Creating The World's First Jumbo Jet And Other Adventures From A Life In Aviation, Joe Sutter 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B06%2B088241%2B7" title="Special:BookSources/0+06+088241+7">0 06 088241 7</a>, p. 129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSengfelder1993" class="citation book cs1">Sengfelder, Günther (1993). <i>German Aircraft Landing Gear</i>. Atglen, PA USA: Schiffer Publishing. pp. 40–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88740-470-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-88740-470-7"><bdi>0-88740-470-7</bdi></a>. <q>A significant advantage of this [Ar 232] aircraft was its rough-field landing gear. With the landing gear in the compressed position, the eleven pairs of wheels mounted on independently-sprung legs beneath the fuselage, together with the wide-track main landing gear (8.4 meter, 27 ft 6 in <a href="/wiki/Axle_track" title="Axle track">wheel track</a>) and the levered-suspension nose wheel, gave the aircraft outstanding rough field capabilities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Aircraft+Landing+Gear&rft.place=Atglen%2C+PA+USA&rft.pages=40-42&rft.pub=Schiffer+Publishing&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-88740-470-7&rft.aulast=Sengfelder&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCnther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanding+gear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Magnesium Overcast The Story of the Convair B-36, Dennis R. Jenkins 2001-2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1%2B58007%2B042%2B6" title="Special:BookSources/1+58007+042+6">1 58007 042 6</a>, pp. 14/15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgbert_Torenbeek1976" class="citation cs2">Egbert Torenbeek (1976), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/14985385"><i>Synthesis of Subsonic Airplane Design</i></a>, Delft University Press, Fig. 10-5</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Synthesis+of+Subsonic+Airplane+Design&rft.pages=Fig.+10-5&rft.pub=Delft+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.au=Egbert+Torenbeek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F14985385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanding+gear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Airbus A340 And A330, Guy Norris and Mark Wagner 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B7603%2B0889%2B6" title="Special:BookSources/0+7603+0889+6">0 7603 0889 6</a>, p.29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Civil Aircraft In Colour, Hiroshi Seo 1984, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B7106%2B0346%2B0" title="Special:BookSources/0+7106+0346+0">0 7106 0346 0</a>, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Airbus A380 Superjumbo Of The 21 St Century, Guy Norris ans Mark Wagner 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978%2B0%2B7603%2B3838%2B4" title="Special:BookSources/978+0+7603+3838+4">978 0 7603 3838 4</a>, p. 135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarantola2013" class="citation web cs1">Tarantola, Andrew (6 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gizmodo.com/the-worlds-largest-cargo-plane-can-swallow-a-737-whole-511093454">"The World's Largest Cargo Plane Can Swallow a 737 Whole"</a>. <i>gizmodo.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gizmodo.com&rft.atitle=The+World%27s+Largest+Cargo+Plane+Can+Swallow+a+737+Whole&rft.date=2013-06-06&rft.aulast=Tarantola&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgizmodo.com%2Fthe-worlds-largest-cargo-plane-can-swallow-a-737-whole-511093454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanding+gear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327183744/https://www.airbus.com/content/dam/corporate-topics/publications/backgrounders/techdata/aircraft_characteristics/Airbus-Commercial-Aircraft-AC-A321.pdf">"A321 aircraft characteristics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a>. April 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.airbus.com/content/dam/corporate-topics/publications/backgrounders/techdata/aircraft_characteristics/Airbus-Commercial-Aircraft-AC-A321.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A321+aircraft+characteristics&rft.pub=Airbus&rft.date=2020-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.airbus.com%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fcorporate-topics%2Fpublications%2Fbackgrounders%2Ftechdata%2Faircraft_characteristics%2FAirbus-Commercial-Aircraft-AC-A321.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanding+gear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531215550/https://www.airbus.com/content/dam/corporate-topics/publications/backgrounders/techdata/aircraft_characteristics/Airbus-Commercial-Aircraft-AC-A350-900-1000.pdf">"A350 aircraft characteristics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a>. 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Flight International. 4 December 1976. pp. 1630–1635.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ski+Jump+Harrier&rft.pages=1630-1635&rft.pub=Flight+International&rft.date=1976-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fpdfarchive%2Fview%2F1976%2F1976%2520-%25202838.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanding+gear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/new-life-for-lynx-151358/">"New life for lynx"</a>. <i>Flightglobal.com</i>. 16 July 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flightglobal.com&rft.atitle=New+life+for+lynx&rft.date=2002-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fnew-life-for-lynx-151358%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanding+gear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tupolev Tu-22 Blinder, Sergey Burdin & Alan E Dawes2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1%2B84415%2B241%2B3" title="Special:BookSources/1+84415+241+3">1 84415 241 3</a>, p.71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The X-Planes X-1 To X-31, Jay Miller 1988, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B517%2B56749%2B0" title="Special:BookSources/0+517+56749+0">0 517 56749 0</a>, p.169 and 190</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Me_163-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Me_163_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanada_Aviation_and_Space_Museumn.d." class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Canada_Aviation_and_Space_Museum" title="Canada Aviation and Space Museum">Canada Aviation and Space Museum</a> (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090218042740/http://www.aviation.technomuses.ca/collections/artifacts/aircraft/MesserschmittMe163B-1aKomet/">"Messerschmitt Me 163B-1a Komet"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aviation.technomuses.ca/collections/artifacts/aircraft/MesserschmittMe163B-1aKomet/">the original</a> on 18 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Messerschmitt+Me+163B-1a+Komet&rft.au=Canada+Aviation+and+Space+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aviation.technomuses.ca%2Fcollections%2Fartifacts%2Faircraft%2FMesserschmittMe163B-1aKomet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanding+gear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aerostories.free.fr/events/juvin/ar234-01.JPG">"Aerostories: Arado 234, July - August 1944: no ordinary missions."</a> <i>Aerostories</i>. Retrieved: 16 March 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSengfelder1993" class="citation book cs1">Sengfelder, Günther (1993). <i>German Aircraft Landing Gear</i>. Atglen, PA USA: Schiffer Publishing. pp. 141–142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88740-470-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-88740-470-7"><bdi>0-88740-470-7</bdi></a>. <q>During retraction the nosewheel had to turn through 90 degrees, which was achieved by means of a mechanism in the head of the wheel fork. On retraction, a spring-loaded level with pulley, which limited deflection to 60 degrees by means of a locking hook and stop, was folded into the fuselage and turned through ninety degrees after making contact with a guide.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Aircraft+Landing+Gear&rft.place=Atglen%2C+PA+USA&rft.pages=141-142&rft.pub=Schiffer+Publishing&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-88740-470-7&rft.aulast=Sengfelder&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCnther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanding+gear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Naval Air Superiority Development Of Shipborne Jet Fighters 1943–1962, Tommy H. Thomason 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978%2B1%2B58007%2B110%2B9" title="Special:BookSources/978+1+58007+110+9">978 1 58007 110 9</a>, pp. 106/107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDow2015" class="citation book cs1">Dow, Andrew (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qTLAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA312"><i>Pegasus: The Heart of the Harrier</i></a> (2 ed.). Pen and Sword. p. 312. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84884-042-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84884-042-3"><bdi>978-1-84884-042-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pegasus%3A+The+Heart+of+the+Harrier&rft.pages=312&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-84884-042-3&rft.aulast=Dow&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqTLAAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanding+gear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Air Force Legends Number 201 The Martin XB-51, Scott Libis, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B942612%2B00%2B0" title="Special:BookSources/0+942612+00+0">0 942612 00 0</a>, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y2iU_VdHD3M&t"><i>The B-47</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Lookout_Mountain_Air_Force_Station" title="Lookout Mountain Air Force Station">Lookout Mountain Air Force Station</a>. 1950.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+B-47&rft.pub=Lookout+Mountain+Air+Force+Station&rft.date=1950&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DY2iU_VdHD3M%26t&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanding+gear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flying American Combat Aircraft The Cold War, Edited by Robin Higham 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978%2B0%2B8117%2B3238%2B3" title="Special:BookSources/978+0+8117+3238+3">978 0 8117 3238 3</a>, p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiu1998" class="citation book cs1">Niu, Michael Chun-Yung (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110711014348/http://www.air.flyingway.com/books/Airframe-Stuctural-Design.pdf"><i>Airframe Structural Design</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Conmilit Press Ltd. p. 436. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-7128-04-X" title="Special:BookSources/962-7128-04-X"><bdi>962-7128-04-X</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.air.flyingway.com/books/Airframe-Stuctural-Design.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Airframe+Structural+Design&rft.pages=436&rft.pub=Conmilit+Press+Ltd.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=962-7128-04-X&rft.aulast=Niu&rft.aufirst=Michael+Chun-Yung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.air.flyingway.com%2Fbooks%2FAirframe-Stuctural-Design.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanding+gear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSengfelder1993" class="citation book cs1">Sengfelder, Günther (1993). <i>German Aircraft Landing Gear</i>. Atglen, PA: <a href="/wiki/Schiffer_Publishing" title="Schiffer Publishing">Schiffer Publishing</a>. pp. 40–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88740-470-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-88740-470-7"><bdi>0-88740-470-7</bdi></a>. <q>A significant advantage of this [Ar 232] aircraft was its rough-field landing gear. With the landing gear in the compressed position, the eleven pairs of wheels mounted on independently-sprung legs beneath the fuselage, together with the wide-track main landing gear (8.4 meter, 27 ft 6 in <a href="/wiki/Axle_track" title="Axle track">wheel track</a>) and the levered-suspension nose wheel, endowed the aircraft with outstanding rough field capabilities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Aircraft+Landing+Gear&rft.place=Atglen%2C+PA&rft.pages=40-42&rft.pub=Schiffer+Publishing&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-88740-470-7&rft.aulast=Sengfelder&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCnther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanding+gear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151218164738/https://yanksair.com/Products/127/110/North-American-NA-141-Fury-FJ-1/">"North American NA-141 Fury (FJ-1)"</a>. Yanks Air Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yanksair.com/Products/127/110/North-American-NA-141-Fury-FJ-1/">the original</a> on 18 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North+American+NA-141+Fury+%28FJ-1%29&rft.pub=Yanks+Air+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyanksair.com%2FProducts%2F127%2F110%2FNorth-American-NA-141-Fury-FJ-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanding+gear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMesko2002" class="citation book cs1">Mesko, Jim (2002). <i>FH Phantom/F2H Banshee in action</i>. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89747-444-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-89747-444-9"><bdi>0-89747-444-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=FH+Phantom%2FF2H+Banshee+in+action.&rft.place=Carrollton%2C+Texas&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Squadron%2FSignal+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-89747-444-9&rft.aulast=Mesko&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanding+gear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiu1998" class="citation book cs1">Niu, Michael Chun-Yung (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110711014348/http://www.air.flyingway.com/books/Airframe-Stuctural-Design.pdf"><i>Airframe Structural Design</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Conmilit Press Ltd. p. 435. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-7128-04-X" title="Special:BookSources/962-7128-04-X"><bdi>962-7128-04-X</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.air.flyingway.com/books/Airframe-Stuctural-Design.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Airframe+Structural+Design&rft.pages=435&rft.pub=Conmilit+Press+Ltd.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=962-7128-04-X&rft.aulast=Niu&rft.aufirst=Michael+Chun-Yung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.air.flyingway.com%2Fbooks%2FAirframe-Stuctural-Design.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanding+gear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://everyspec.com/MIL-STD/MIL-STD-1700-1799/MIL-STD-1791C_55770/">http://everyspec.com/MIL-STD/MIL-STD-1700-1799/MIL-STD-1791C_55770/</a> FIGURE B-6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiu1998" class="citation book cs1">Niu, Michael Chun-Yung (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110711014348/http://www.air.flyingway.com/books/Airframe-Stuctural-Design.pdf"><i>Airframe Structural Design</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Conmilit Press Ltd. pp. 432, 434. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-7128-04-X" title="Special:BookSources/962-7128-04-X"><bdi>962-7128-04-X</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.air.flyingway.com/books/Airframe-Stuctural-Design.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Airframe+Structural+Design&rft.pages=432%2C+434&rft.pub=Conmilit+Press+Ltd.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=962-7128-04-X&rft.aulast=Niu&rft.aufirst=Michael+Chun-Yung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.air.flyingway.com%2Fbooks%2FAirframe-Stuctural-Design.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanding+gear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1982–83, John W.R. Taylor, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B7106%2B0748%2B2" title="Special:BookSources/0+7106+0748+2">0 7106 0748 2</a>, p. 394</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/NASA_NTRS_Archive_19970031272/NASA_NTRS_Archive_19970031272_djvu.txt">Landing Gear Integration in Aircraft Conceptual Design</a> (Report). Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. September 1996<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Landing+Gear+Integration+in+Aircraft+Conceptual+Design&rft.pub=Virginia+Polytechnic+Institute+and+State+University&rft.date=1996-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FNASA_NTRS_Archive_19970031272%2FNASA_NTRS_Archive_19970031272_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanding+gear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://everyspec.com/MIL-SPECS/MIL-SPECS-MIL-L/MIL-L-87139_8546/">http://everyspec.com/MIL-SPECS/MIL-SPECS-MIL-L/MIL-L-87139_8546/</a> p.31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://everyspec.com/MIL-STD/MIL-STD-1700-1799/MIL-STD-1791C_55770/">http://everyspec.com/MIL-STD/MIL-STD-1700-1799/MIL-STD-1791C_55770/</a> Table III, Figures B-71 and B-95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordonKomissarovKomissarov2004" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Yefim; Komissarov, Dmitry; Komissarov, Sergey (2004). <i>OKB Ilyushin: a History of the Design Bureau and its Aircraft</i>. Hinkley, England: Midland Publishing. pp. 255, 270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85780-187-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85780-187-3"><bdi>1-85780-187-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=OKB+Ilyushin%3A+a+History+of+the+Design+Bureau+and+its+Aircraft&rft.place=Hinkley%2C+England&rft.pages=255%2C+270&rft.pub=Midland+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-85780-187-3&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Yefim&rft.au=Komissarov%2C+Dmitry&rft.au=Komissarov%2C+Sergey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanding+gear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Europa-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Europa_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081205201312/http://www.europa-aircraft.co.uk/monowheel/">"Europa XS Monowheel Overview"</a>. Europa Aircraft Ltd. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europa-aircraft.co.uk/monowheel/">the original</a> on 5 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Europa+XS+Monowheel+Overview&rft.pub=Europa+Aircraft+Ltd.&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europa-aircraft.co.uk%2Fmonowheel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanding+gear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox" class="citation web cs1">Cox, Taylor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.helis.com/howflies/skids.php">"Skids or Wheels?"</a>. <i>helis.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=helis.com&rft.atitle=Skids+or+Wheels%3F&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.helis.com%2Fhowflies%2Fskids.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanding+gear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www5a.biglobe.ne.jp/~t_miyama/ju288leg.html">"Ju288の脚"</a>. <i>www5a.biglobe.ne.jp</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www5a.biglobe.ne.jp&rft.atitle=Ju288%E3%81%AE%E8%84%9A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww5a.biglobe.ne.jp%2F~t_miyama%2Fju288leg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanding+gear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSengfelder1993" class="citation book cs1">Sengfelder, Günther (1993). <i>German Aircraft Landing Gear</i>. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing. pp. 175–177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88740-470-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-88740-470-7"><bdi>0-88740-470-7</bdi></a>. <q>The Ju 288's landing gear was most innovative in its design. A Y-shaped bearer was mounted in the engine nacelle with its upper arms hinged. At the bottom end of this bearer was the shock absorber leg, which was likewise hinged. Two double-brake wheels, with (metric) size 1015 x 380 tires, were mounted on the cross-axle. During the retraction cycle a folding strut was raised by a hydraulic jack. The bottom part of the folding strut drew the Y-bearer upwards. Functioning via a lever-and-gear arrangement, a pushrod positioned parallel to the Y-bearer acted upon another gear segment mounted to the oleo leg's hinge pin and rotated it about this as the Y-bearer was drawn upwards.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Aircraft+Landing+Gear&rft.place=Atglen%2C+PA&rft.pages=175-177&rft.pub=Schiffer+Publishing&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-88740-470-7&rft.aulast=Sengfelder&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCnther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanding+gear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1943/1943">https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1943/1943</a> - 2372.html</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1971/1971">https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1971/1971</a> - 2630.html</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Magnesium Overcast The Story of the Convair B-36, Dennis R. Jenkins 2001–2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978%2B1%2B58007%2B129%2B1" title="Special:BookSources/978+1+58007+129+1">978 1 58007 129 1</a>, p.17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afmc.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/1919691/history-of-aircraft-track-landing-gear/">"History of Aircraft Track Landing Gear"</a>. <i>Air Force Materiel Command</i>. 30 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Air+Force+Materiel+Command&rft.atitle=History+of+Aircraft+Track+Landing+Gear&rft.date=2019-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afmc.af.mil%2FNews%2FArticle-Display%2FArticle%2F1919691%2Fhistory-of-aircraft-track-landing-gear%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanding+gear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Air_Transport_Association2014" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Air_Transport_Association" title="International Air Transport Association">International Air Transport Association</a> (June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140514040116/https://www.iata.org/whatwedo/environment/Documents/technology-roadmap-2013.pdf">"Technology Roadmap"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>iata.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iata.org/whatwedo/environment/Documents/technology-roadmap-2013.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iata.org&rft.atitle=Technology+Roadmap&rft.date=2014-06&rft.au=International+Air+Transport+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iata.org%2Fwhatwedo%2Fenvironment%2FDocuments%2Ftechnology-roadmap-2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanding+gear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19970031272.pdf">Landing Gear Integration in Aircraft Conceptual Design</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). NASA. 1 March 1997. p. 30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Landing+Gear+Integration+in+Aircraft+Conceptual+Design&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1997-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Farchive%2Fnasa%2Fcasi.ntrs.nasa.gov%2F19970031272.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanding+gear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chai-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chai_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chai_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chai_74-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chai_74-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaiMason1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Chai, Sonny T.; Mason, William H. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/NASA_NTRS_Archive_19970031272"><i>Landing Gear Integration in Aircraft Conceptual Design</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. NASA CR-205551. Vol. MAD 96-09-01 (revised March 1, 1997 ed.). Blacksburg, Virginia: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39005288">39005288</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2018</span> – via NASA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Landing+Gear+Integration+in+Aircraft+Conceptual+Design&rft.place=Blacksburg%2C+Virginia&rft.series=NASA+CR-205551&rft.edition=revised+March+1%2C+1997&rft.pub=Virginia+Polytechnic+Institute+and+State+University&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39005288&rft.aulast=Chai&rft.aufirst=Sonny+T.&rft.au=Mason%2C+William+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FNASA_NTRS_Archive_19970031272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanding+gear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blackman-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-blackman_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Test Pilot" Tony Blackman, Grub Street Publishing 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781906502362" title="Special:BookSources/9781906502362">9781906502362</a>, p. 177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goodyear-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goodyear_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goodyearaviation.com/resources/">"Goodyear Aviation Technical Resources"</a>. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Goodyear+Aviation+Technical+Resources&rft.pub=Goodyear+Tire+%26+Rubber+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodyearaviation.com%2Fresources%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanding+gear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAA_Ruling-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FAA_Ruling_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A6U8BdScHSgC&dq=FAA+Ruling%3A+Use+of+Nitrogen+or+Other+Inert+Gas+for+Tire+inflation+in+Lieu+of+Air%2C+Docket+No.+26147&pg=PA11778">FAA Ruling: Use of Nitrogen or Other Inert Gas for Tire inflation in Lieu of Air, Docket No. 26147 Amendment No. 25-78 RIN 2120-AD87</a> (Report). 26 February 1993<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Falcon+9+test+vehicle+destroyed+in+accident&rft.date=2014-08-23&rft.aulast=Foust&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspacejournal.com%2F2014%2F08%2F23%2Ffalcon-9-test-vehicle-destroyed-in-accident%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanding+gear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sn20130513-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sn20130513_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeone2013" class="citation news cs1">Leone, Dan (13 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130903081450/http://www.spacenews.com/article/launch-report/35306spacex-leases-pad-in-new-mexico-for-next-grasshopper-tests#.Uf0JMtLOvgQ">"SpaceX Leases Pad in New Mexico for Next Grasshopper Tests"</a>. <i>SpaceNews</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacenews.com/article/launch-report/35306spacex-leases-pad-in-new-mexico-for-next-grasshopper-tests#.Uf0JMtLOvgQ">the original</a> on 3 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SpaceNews&rft.atitle=SpaceX+Leases+Pad+in+New+Mexico+for+Next+Grasshopper+Tests&rft.date=2013-05-13&rft.aulast=Leone&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacenews.com%2Farticle%2Flaunch-report%2F35306spacex-leases-pad-in-new-mexico-for-next-grasshopper-tests%23.Uf0JMtLOvgQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanding+gear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sxn20130729legs-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sxn20130729legs_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacex.com/news/2013/03/26/landing-leg">"Landing Legs"</a>. SpaceX News. 29 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2013</span>. <q>The Falcon 9 first stage carries landing legs which will deploy after stage separation and allow for the rocket's soft return to Earth. The four legs are made of state-of-the-art carbon fiber with aluminum honeycomb. Placed symmetrically around the base of the rocket, they stow along the side of the vehicle during liftoff and later extend outward and down for landing.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Landing+Legs&rft.pub=SpaceX+News&rft.date=2013-07-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacex.com%2Fnews%2F2013%2F03%2F26%2Flanding-leg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanding+gear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sxn20130802fh_legs-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sxn20130802fh_legs_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacex.com/news/2013/04/12/falcon-heavy-landing-legs">"Landing Legs"</a>. SpaceX News. 12 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2013</span>. <q>The Falcon Heavy first stage center core and boosters each carry landing legs, which will land each core safely on Earth after takeoff. After the side boosters separate, the center engine in each will burn to control the booster's trajectory safely away from the rocket. The legs will then deploy as the boosters turn back to Earth, landing each softly on the ground. The center core will continue to fire until stage separation, after which its legs will deploy and land it back on Earth as well. The landing legs are made of state-of-the-art carbon fiber with aluminum honeycomb. The four legs stow along the sides of each core during liftoff and later extend outward and down for landing.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Landing+Legs&rft.pub=SpaceX+News&rft.date=2013-04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacex.com%2Fnews%2F2013%2F04%2F12%2Ffalcon-heavy-landing-legs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanding+gear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-musk20130502-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-musk20130502_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsey2013" class="citation news cs1">Lindsey, Clark (2 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141031040427/https://www.newspacewatch.com/articles/spacex-shows-a-leg-for-the-quotf-ninerquot.html">"SpaceX shows a leg for the "F-niner"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newspacewatch.com/articles/spacex-shows-a-leg-for-the-quotf-ninerquot.html">the original</a></span> on 31 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2013</span>. <q>F9R (pronounced F-niner) shows a little leg. Design is a nested, telescoping piston w A frame... High pressure helium. Needs to be ultra light.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=SpaceX+shows+a+leg+for+the+%22F-niner%22&rft.date=2013-05-02&rft.aulast=Lindsey&rft.aufirst=Clark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspacewatch.com%2Farticles%2Fspacex-shows-a-leg-for-the-quotf-ninerquot.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanding+gear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mit20140422-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mit20140422_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelfiore2014" class="citation news cs1">Belfiore, Michael (22 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.technologyreview.com/news/526806/spacex-brings-a-booster-safely-back-to-earth/">"SpaceX Brings a Booster Safely Back to Earth"</a>. <i>MIT Technology Review</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MIT+Technology+Review&rft.atitle=SpaceX+Brings+a+Booster+Safely+Back+to+Earth&rft.date=2014-04-22&rft.aulast=Belfiore&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.technologyreview.com%2Fnews%2F526806%2Fspacex-brings-a-booster-safely-back-to-earth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanding+gear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aw20140428-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aw20140428_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorris2014" class="citation news cs1">Norris, Guy (28 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aviationweek.com/space/spacex-plans-multiple-reusable-booster-tests">"SpaceX Plans For Multiple Reusable Booster Tests"</a>. <i>Aviation Week</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2014</span>. <q>The April 17 F9R Dev 1 flight, which lasted under 1 min., was the first vertical landing test of a production-representative recoverable Falcon 9 v1.1 first stage, while the April 18 cargo flight to the ISS was the first opportunity for SpaceX to evaluate the design of foldable landing legs and upgraded thrusters that control the stage during its initial descent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aviation+Week&rft.atitle=SpaceX+Plans+For+Multiple+Reusable+Booster+Tests&rft.date=2014-04-28&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faviationweek.com%2Fspace%2Fspacex-plans-multiple-reusable-booster-tests&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanding+gear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-musk201803journal-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-musk201803journal_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-musk201803journal_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusk2018" class="citation journal cs1">Musk, Elon (1 March 2018). "Making Life Multi-Planetary". <i>New Space</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 2–11. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NewSp...6....2M">2018NewSp...6....2M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fspace.2018.29013.emu">10.1089/space.2018.29013.emu</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Space&rft.atitle=Making+Life+Multi-Planetary&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2-11&rft.date=2018-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Fspace.2018.29013.emu&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018NewSp...6....2M&rft.aulast=Musk&rft.aufirst=Elon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanding+gear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nsf20190602-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nsf20190602_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaylor2019" class="citation news cs1">Baylor, Michael (2 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/06/spacex-starhopper-hops-texas-pad-39a-plans-materialize-florida/">"SpaceX readying Starhopper for hops in Texas as Pad 39A plans materialize in Florida"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NASASpaceFlight.com" class="mw-redirect" title="NASASpaceFlight.com">NASASpaceFlight.com</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NASASpaceFlight.com&rft.atitle=SpaceX+readying+Starhopper+for+hops+in+Texas+as+Pad+39A+plans+materialize+in+Florida&rft.date=2019-06-02&rft.aulast=Baylor&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasaspaceflight.com%2F2019%2F06%2Fspacex-starhopper-hops-texas-pad-39a-plans-materialize-florida%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanding+gear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBallGarryLorenzKerzhanovich2007" class="citation book cs1">Ball, Andrew; Garry, James; Lorenz, Ralph; Kerzhanovich, Viktor (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/planetary-landers-and-entry-probes/8DE95EEE4A7A3EF7820792504AC1C5E2"><i>Planetary Landers and Entry Probes</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 72,74,75,147. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511536052">10.1017/CBO9780511536052</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82002-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82002-8"><bdi>978-0-521-82002-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Planetary+Landers+and+Entry+Probes&rft.pages=72%2C74%2C75%2C147&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511536052&rft.isbn=978-0-521-82002-8&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Garry%2C+James&rft.au=Lorenz%2C+Ralph&rft.au=Kerzhanovich%2C+Viktor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fplanetary-landers-and-entry-probes%2F8DE95EEE4A7A3EF7820792504AC1C5E2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanding+gear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBallGarryLorenzKerzhanovich2007" class="citation book cs1">Ball, Andrew; Garry, James; Lorenz, Ralph; Kerzhanovich, Viktor (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/planetary-landers-and-entry-probes/8DE95EEE4A7A3EF7820792504AC1C5E2"><i>Planetary Landers and Entry Probes</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511536052">10.1017/CBO9780511536052</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82002-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82002-8"><bdi>978-0-521-82002-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Planetary+Landers+and+Entry+Probes&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511536052&rft.isbn=978-0-521-82002-8&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Garry%2C+James&rft.au=Lorenz%2C+Ralph&rft.au=Kerzhanovich%2C+Viktor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fplanetary-landers-and-entry-probes%2F8DE95EEE4A7A3EF7820792504AC1C5E2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanding+gear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall2007" class="citation book cs1">Ball, Andrew (2007). "26". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/planetary-landers-and-entry-probes/8DE95EEE4A7A3EF7820792504AC1C5E2"><i>Planetary Landers and Entry Probe</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511536052">10.1017/CBO9780511536052</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82002-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82002-8"><bdi>978-0-521-82002-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=26&rft.btitle=Planetary+Landers+and+Entry+Probe&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511536052&rft.isbn=978-0-521-82002-8&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fplanetary-landers-and-entry-probes%2F8DE95EEE4A7A3EF7820792504AC1C5E2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanding+gear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn26547-problems-hit-philae-after-historic-first-comet-landing/">"Problems hit Philae after historic first comet landing"</a>. New Scientist. 14 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Problems+hit+Philae+after+historic+first+comet+landing&rft.pub=New+Scientist&rft.date=2014-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn26547-problems-hit-philae-after-historic-first-comet-landing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanding+gear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landing_gear&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Landing_gear" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Landing gear">Landing gear</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faa.gov/airports/resources/publications/orders/media/Construction_5300_7.pdf">"Standard Naming Convention for Aircraft Landing Gear Configurations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. FAA. 6 October 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+Naming+Convention+for+Aircraft+Landing+Gear+Configurations&rft.pub=FAA&rft.date=2005-10-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.faa.gov%2Fairports%2Fresources%2Fpublications%2Forders%2Fmedia%2FConstruction_5300_7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanding+gear" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jkFmJqVl-kc"><i>How to change the landing gear of an Airbus A380</i></a> (YouTube). Emirates Airline. 28 May 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211108/jkFmJqVl-kc">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2021. <q>complete replacement of landing gear systems</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+change+the+landing+gear+of+an+Airbus+A380&rft.pub=Emirates+Airline&rft.date=2018-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DjkFmJqVl-kc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanding+gear" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholz" class="citation book cs1">Scholz, Dieter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fzt.haw-hamburg.de/pers/Scholz/HOOU/Aircraft_Design_in_a_Nutshell.pdf">"Summary: Aircraft Design in a Nutshell"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Aircraft Design: Lecture Notes</i>. Hamburg, Germany: Hamburg Open Online University (HOOU). pp. 19–20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Summary%3A+Aircraft+Design+in+a+Nutshell&rft.btitle=Aircraft+Design%3A+Lecture+Notes&rft.place=Hamburg%2C+Germany&rft.pages=19-20&rft.pub=Hamburg+Open+Online+University+%28HOOU%29&rft.aulast=Scholz&rft.aufirst=Dieter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fzt.haw-hamburg.de%2Fpers%2FScholz%2FHOOU%2FAircraft_Design_in_a_Nutshell.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanding+gear" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Hussaini2014–2015" class="citation book cs1">Al-Hussaini, A.A. (2014–2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uotechnology.edu.iq/dep-MechanicsandEquipment/Lectures%20and%20Syllabus/Lectures/Aircraft/Foruth%20Grade/Aircraft%20Design2.pdf">"5: Undercarriage (Landing Gear) Layout Design"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Aircraft Design</i>. University of Technology, Iraq: Mechanical Department/Aeronautical Branch<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5%3A+Undercarriage+%28Landing+Gear%29+Layout+Design&rft.btitle=Aircraft+Design&rft.pub=University+of+Technology%2C+Iraq%3A+Mechanical+Department%2FAeronautical+Branch&rft.date=2014%2F2015&rft.aulast=Al-Hussaini&rft.aufirst=A.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuotechnology.edu.iq%2Fdep-MechanicsandEquipment%2FLectures%2520and%2520Syllabus%2FLectures%2FAircraft%2FForuth%2520Grade%2FAircraft%2520Design2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanding+gear" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aerosavvy.com/aircraft-wheels/">"Aircraft Systems: Aircraft Wheels"</a>. <i>AeroSavvy</i>. 8 October 2019.</cite><span 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class="mw-redirect" title="Lift strut">Lift strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longeron" title="Longeron">Longeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacelle" title="Nacelle">Nacelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rib_(aeronautics)" title="Rib (aeronautics)">Rib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spar_(aeronautics)" title="Spar (aeronautics)">Spar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilizer_(aeronautics)" title="Stabilizer (aeronautics)">Stabilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stressed_skin" title="Stressed skin">Stressed skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strut" title="Strut">Strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-tail" title="T-tail">T-tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailplane" title="Tailplane">Tailplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailing_edge" title="Trailing edge">Trailing edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_tail#Variations" title="Twin tail">Triple tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_tail" title="Twin tail">Twin tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-tail" title="V-tail">V-tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_stabilizer" title="Vertical stabilizer">Vertical stabilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_root" title="Wing root">Wing root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_tip" title="Wing tip">Wing tip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingbox" title="Wingbox">Wingbox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system" title="Aircraft flight control system">Flight controls</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aileron" title="Aileron">Aileron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_brake_(aeronautics)" title="Air brake (aeronautics)">Airbrake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system#Artificial_feel_devices" title="Aircraft flight control system">Artificial feel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autopilot" title="Autopilot">Autopilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canard_(aeronautics)" title="Canard (aeronautics)">Canard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_stick" title="Centre stick">Centre stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deceleron" title="Deceleron">Deceleron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_brake" title="Dive brake">Dive brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_control_(aviation)" title="Dual control (aviation)">Dual control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro-hydraulic_actuator" title="Electro-hydraulic actuator">Electro-hydraulic actuator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator_(aeronautics)" title="Elevator (aeronautics)">Elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevon" title="Elevon">Elevon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaperon" title="Flaperon">Flaperon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_control_modes" title="Flight control modes">Flight control modes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly-by-wire" title="Fly-by-wire">Fly-by-wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gust_lock" title="Gust lock">Gust lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOTAS" title="HOTAS">HOTAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder#Aircraft_rudders" title="Rudder">Rudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder_pedal" title="Rudder pedal">Rudder pedals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servo_tab" title="Servo tab">Servo tab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side-stick" title="Side-stick">Side-stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoiler_(aeronautics)" title="Spoiler (aeronautics)">Spoiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoileron" title="Spoileron">Spoileron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilator" title="Stabilator">Stabilator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick_pusher" title="Stick pusher">Stick pusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick_shaker" title="Stick shaker">Stick shaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trim_tab" title="Trim tab">Trim tab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_warping" title="Wing warping">Wing warping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_damper" title="Yaw damper">Yaw damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoke_(aeronautics)" title="Yoke (aeronautics)">Yoke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">Aerodynamic</a> and <a href="/wiki/High-lift_device" title="High-lift device">high-lift</a><br />devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-53_Active_Aeroelastic_Wing" title="Boeing X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing">Active Aeroelastic Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_compliant_wing" title="Adaptive compliant wing">Adaptive compliant wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-shock_body" title="Anti-shock body">Anti-shock body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blown_flap" title="Blown flap">Blown flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_wing" title="Channel wing">Channel wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_extension#Dogtooth_extension" title="Leading-edge extension">Dog-tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag-reducing_aerospike" title="Drag-reducing aerospike">Drag-reducing aerospike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flap_(aeronautics)" title="Flap (aeronautics)">Flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouge_flap" title="Gouge flap">Gouge flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurney_flap" title="Gurney flap">Gurney flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krueger_flap" title="Krueger flap">Krueger flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_cuff" title="Leading-edge cuff">Leading-edge cuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_droop_flap" title="Leading-edge droop flap">Leading-edge droop flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_extension" title="Leading-edge extension">LEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_slat" title="Leading-edge slat">Slats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_slot" title="Leading-edge slot">Slot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stall_strips" title="Stall strips">Stall strips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strake_(aeronautics)" title="Strake (aeronautics)">Strake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable-sweep_wing" title="Variable-sweep wing">Variable-sweep wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortex_generator" title="Vortex generator">Vortex generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortilon" title="Vortilon">Vortilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_fence" title="Wing fence">Wing fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingtip_device" title="Wingtip device">Winglet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">Avionic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flight_instruments" title="Flight instruments">flight<br />instrument</a> systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_collision_avoidance_system" title="Airborne collision avoidance system">ACAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_data_boom" title="Air data boom">Air data boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_data_computer" title="Air data computer">Air data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_periscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft periscope">Aircraft periscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airspeed_indicator" title="Airspeed indicator">Airspeed indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altimeter" title="Altimeter">Altimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciator_panel" title="Annunciator panel">Annunciator panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrodome_(aeronautics)" title="Astrodome (aeronautics)">Astrodome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attitude_indicator" title="Attitude indicator">Attitude indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Course_deviation_indicator" title="Course deviation indicator">Course deviation indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_flight_instrument_system" title="Electronic flight instrument system">EFIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine-indicating_and_crew-alerting_system" title="Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system">EICAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_management_system" title="Flight management system">Flight management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_cockpit" title="Glass cockpit">Glass cockpit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head-up_display" title="Head-up display">Head-up display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heading_indicator" title="Heading indicator">Heading indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_situation_indicator" title="Horizontal situation indicator">Horizontal situation indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system" title="Inertial navigation system">INS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_standby_instrument_system" title="Integrated standby instrument system">ISIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-function_display" title="Multi-function display">Multi-function display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitot%E2%80%93static_system" title="Pitot–static system">Pitot–static system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar_altimeter" title="Radar altimeter">Radar altimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_collision_avoidance_system" title="Traffic collision avoidance system">TCAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transponder_(aeronautics)" title="Transponder (aeronautics)">Transponder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn_and_slip_indicator" title="Turn and slip indicator">Turn and slip indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variometer" title="Variometer">Variometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_string" title="Yaw string">Yaw string</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine" title="Aircraft engine">Propulsion</a> controls,<br /> devices and <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fuel_system" title="Aircraft fuel system">fuel systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autothrottle" title="Autothrottle">Autothrottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_tank" title="Drop tank">Drop tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FADEC" title="FADEC">FADEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_tank#Aircraft" title="Fuel tank">Fuel tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascolator" title="Gascolator">Gascolator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inlet_cone" title="Inlet cone">Inlet cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intake_ramp" title="Intake ramp">Intake ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NACA_cowling" title="NACA cowling">NACA cowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NACA_duct" title="NACA duct">NACA duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-sealing_fuel_tank" title="Self-sealing fuel tank">Self-sealing fuel tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splitter_plate_(aeronautics)" title="Splitter plate (aeronautics)">Splitter plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throttle" title="Throttle">Throttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_lever" title="Thrust lever">Thrust lever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_reversal" title="Thrust reversal">Thrust reversal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townend_ring" title="Townend ring">Townend ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_emergency_power" title="War emergency power">War emergency power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_wing" title="Wet wing">Wet wing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Landing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arresting_gear" title="Arresting gear">arresting gear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_tire" title="Aircraft tire">Aircraft tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailhook" title="Tailhook">Arrestor hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobrake" title="Autobrake">Autobrake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_landing_gear" title="Conventional landing gear">Conventional landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drogue_parachute" title="Drogue parachute">Drogue parachute</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear_extender" title="Landing gear extender">Landing gear extender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleo_strut" title="Oleo strut">Oleo strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricycle_landing_gear" title="Tricycle landing gear">Tricycle landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra_tire" title="Tundra tire">Tundra tire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Escape systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ejection_seat" title="Ejection seat">Ejection seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_crew_capsule" title="Escape crew capsule">Escape crew capsule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_lavatory" title="Aircraft lavatory">Aircraft lavatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_power_unit" title="Auxiliary power unit">Auxiliary power unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleed_air" title="Bleed air">Bleed air system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deicing_boot" title="Deicing boot">Deicing boot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_oxygen_system" title="Emergency oxygen system">Emergency oxygen system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_control_system" title="Environmental control system">Environmental control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_recorder" title="Flight recorder">Flight recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fluid#Aircraft_hydraulic_systems" title="Hydraulic fluid">Hydraulic system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_protection_system" title="Ice protection system">Ice protection system</a></li> 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