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<span>Processes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Processes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Processes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Processes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Temperature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temperature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Temperature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temperature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drop_forging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drop_forging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Drop forging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drop_forging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Open-die_drop_forging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open-die_drop_forging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Open-die drop forging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open-die_drop_forging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advantages_of_open-die_forging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantages_of_open-die_forging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Advantages of open-die forging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advantages_of_open-die_forging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impression-die_forging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impression-die_forging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Impression-die forging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impression-die_forging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Design_of_impression-die_forgings_and_tooling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_of_impression-die_forgings_and_tooling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3.1</span> <span>Design of impression-die forgings and tooling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design_of_impression-die_forgings_and_tooling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Press_forging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Press_forging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Press forging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Press_forging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upset_forging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upset_forging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Upset forging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upset_forging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Automatic_hot_forging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automatic_hot_forging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Automatic hot forging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automatic_hot_forging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roll_forging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roll_forging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Roll forging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roll_forging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Net-shape_and_near-net-shape_forging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Net-shape_and_near-net-shape_forging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Net-shape and near-net-shape forging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Net-shape_and_near-net-shape_forging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cold_forging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_forging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.1</span> <span>Cold forging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_forging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Induction_forging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Induction_forging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Induction forging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Induction_forging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multidirectional_forging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multidirectional_forging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Multidirectional forging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multidirectional_forging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isothermal_forging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isothermal_forging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Isothermal forging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isothermal_forging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Materials_and_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Materials_and_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Materials and applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Materials_and_applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Materials and applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Materials_and_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Forging_of_steel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forging_of_steel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Forging of steel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forging_of_steel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forging_of_aluminium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forging_of_aluminium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Forging of aluminium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forging_of_aluminium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Application_of_aluminium_forged_parts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Application_of_aluminium_forged_parts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Application of aluminium forged parts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Application_of_aluminium_forged_parts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forging_of_magnesium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forging_of_magnesium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Forging of magnesium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forging_of_magnesium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Equipment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Equipment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Equipment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Forging_presses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forging_presses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Forging presses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forging_presses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82" title="تطريق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تطريق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8" title="ধাতুগড়ন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ধাতুগড়ন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Коўка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Коўка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forja" title="Forja – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Forja" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kov%C3%A1n%C3%AD_(tv%C3%A1%C5%99en%C3%AD)" title="Kování (tváření) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kování (tváření)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smedning" title="Smedning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Smedning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmieden" title="Schmieden – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schmieden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepistamine" title="Sepistamine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sepistamine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%86%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Σφυρηλάτηση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σφυρηλάτηση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forja" title="Forja – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Forja" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%C4%9Dado" title="Forĝado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Forĝado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forja" title="Forja – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Forja" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="آهنگری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آهنگری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forgeage" title="Forgeage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Forgeage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaibhni%C3%BA" title="Gaibhniú – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gaibhniú" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forxa" title="Forxa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Forxa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EA%B8%88" title="단금 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="단금" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Կռում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կռում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="फोर्जन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फोर्जन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovanje" title="Kovanje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kovanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penempaan" title="Penempaan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penempaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forgiatura" title="Forgiatura – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Forgiatura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9C" title="חישול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חישול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AD%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="ჭედვა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჭედვა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D2%93%D1%83" title="Соғу – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Соғу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmidden" title="Schmidden – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Schmidden" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalyba" title="Kalyba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kalyba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kov%C3%A1csol%C3%A1s" title="Kovácsolás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kovácsolás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penempaan" title="Penempaan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penempaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smeden" title="Smeden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Smeden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8D%9B%E9%80%A0" title="鍛造 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鍛造" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smiing" title="Smiing – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Smiing" data-language-autonym="Norsk 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Metalworking process</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Forged" redirects here. For counterfeiting, see <a href="/wiki/Forgery" title="Forgery">forgery</a>. For the book about Bible authorship, see <a href="/wiki/Forged_(book)" title="Forged (book)">Forged (book)</a>. For the 2010 film, see <a href="/wiki/Forged_(film)" title="Forged (film)">Forged (film)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the metalworking process. For the hearth used in that process, see <a href="/wiki/Forge" title="Forge">forge</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Foraging" title="Foraging">Foraging</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bochumer_Verein-03-50142.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Bochumer_Verein-03-50142.jpg/310px-Bochumer_Verein-03-50142.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Bochumer_Verein-03-50142.jpg/465px-Bochumer_Verein-03-50142.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Bochumer_Verein-03-50142.jpg/620px-Bochumer_Verein-03-50142.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Hot metal <a href="/wiki/Ingot" title="Ingot">ingot</a> being loaded into a hammer forge</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walzen_Stab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Walzen_Stab.jpg/220px-Walzen_Stab.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Walzen_Stab.jpg/330px-Walzen_Stab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Walzen_Stab.jpg/440px-Walzen_Stab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>A billet in an open-die forging press</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Forging</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing process">manufacturing process</a> involving the shaping of <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a> using localized <a href="/wiki/Compression_(physics)" title="Compression (physics)">compressive</a> forces. The blows are delivered with a <a href="/wiki/Hammer" title="Hammer">hammer</a> (often a <a href="/wiki/Power_hammer" title="Power hammer">power hammer</a>) or a <a href="/wiki/Die_(manufacturing)" title="Die (manufacturing)">die</a>. Forging is often classified according to the temperature at which it is performed: cold forging (a type of <a href="/wiki/Cold_working" title="Cold working">cold working</a>), warm forging, or hot forging (a type of <a href="/wiki/Hot_working" title="Hot working">hot working</a>). For the latter two, the metal is <a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">heated</a>, usually in a <a href="/wiki/Forge" title="Forge">forge</a>. Forged parts can range in weight from less than a kilogram to hundreds of metric tons.<sup id="cite_ref-Degarmo389_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degarmo389-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wnaForge_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wnaForge-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forging has been done by <a href="/wiki/Metalsmith" title="Metalsmith">smiths</a> for millennia; the traditional products were <a href="/wiki/Kitchenware" title="Kitchenware">kitchenware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Household_hardware" class="mw-redirect" title="Household hardware">hardware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hand_tool" title="Hand tool">hand tools</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edged_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Edged weapon">edged weapons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cymbals" class="mw-redirect" title="Cymbals">cymbals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">jewellery</a>. </p><p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, forged parts are widely used in <a href="/wiki/Mechanism_(engineering)" title="Mechanism (engineering)">mechanisms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Machine" title="Machine">machines</a> wherever a component requires high <a href="/wiki/Strength_of_materials" title="Strength of materials">strength</a>; such <b>forgings</b> usually require further processing (such as <a href="/wiki/Machining" title="Machining">machining</a>) to achieve a finished part. Today, forging is a major worldwide industry.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forging&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Forging_a_nail._Vala%C5%A1sk%C3%A9_muzeum_v_p%C5%99%C3%ADrod%C4%9B.webm/220px--Forging_a_nail._Vala%C5%A1sk%C3%A9_muzeum_v_p%C5%99%C3%ADrod%C4%9B.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="176" data-durationhint="64" data-mwtitle="Forging_a_nail._Valašské_muzeum_v_přírodě.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Forging_a_nail._Vala%C5%A1sk%C3%A9_muzeum_v_p%C5%99%C3%ADrod%C4%9B.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e0/Forging_a_nail._Vala%C5%A1sk%C3%A9_muzeum_v_p%C5%99%C3%ADrod%C4%9B.webm/Forging_a_nail._Vala%C5%A1sk%C3%A9_muzeum_v_p%C5%99%C3%ADrod%C4%9B.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="600" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Forging_a_nail._Vala%C5%A1sk%C3%A9_muzeum_v_p%C5%99%C3%ADrod%C4%9B.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="720" data-height="576" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e0/Forging_a_nail._Vala%C5%A1sk%C3%A9_muzeum_v_p%C5%99%C3%ADrod%C4%9B.webm/Forging_a_nail._Vala%C5%A1sk%C3%A9_muzeum_v_p%C5%99%C3%ADrod%C4%9B.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="180" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e0/Forging_a_nail._Vala%C5%A1sk%C3%A9_muzeum_v_p%C5%99%C3%ADrod%C4%9B.webm/Forging_a_nail._Vala%C5%A1sk%C3%A9_muzeum_v_p%C5%99%C3%ADrod%C4%9B.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="300" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e0/Forging_a_nail._Vala%C5%A1sk%C3%A9_muzeum_v_p%C5%99%C3%ADrod%C4%9B.webm/Forging_a_nail._Vala%C5%A1sk%C3%A9_muzeum_v_p%C5%99%C3%ADrod%C4%9B.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="450" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e0/Forging_a_nail._Vala%C5%A1sk%C3%A9_muzeum_v_p%C5%99%C3%ADrod%C4%9B.webm/Forging_a_nail._Vala%C5%A1sk%C3%A9_muzeum_v_p%C5%99%C3%ADrod%C4%9B.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="450" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Forging a nail. Valašské muzeum v přírodě, Czech Republic</figcaption></figure> <p>Forging is one of the oldest known <a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">metalworking</a> processes.<sup id="cite_ref-Degarmo389_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degarmo389-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, forging was performed by a <a href="/wiki/Blacksmith" title="Blacksmith">smith</a> using hammer and <a href="/wiki/Anvil" title="Anvil">anvil</a>, though introducing water power to the production and working of iron in the 12th century allowed the use of large <a href="/wiki/Trip_hammer" title="Trip hammer">trip hammers</a> or power hammers that increased the amount and size of iron that could be produced and forged. The smithy or <a href="/wiki/Forge" title="Forge">forge</a> has evolved over centuries to become a facility with engineered processes, production equipment, tooling, raw materials and products to meet the demands of modern industry. </p><p>In modern times, industrial forging is done either with <a href="/wiki/Machine_press" title="Machine press">presses</a> or with hammers powered by compressed air, electricity, hydraulics or steam. These hammers may have reciprocating weights in the thousands of pounds. Smaller <a href="/wiki/Power_hammer" title="Power hammer">power hammers</a>, 500 lb (230 kg) or less reciprocating weight, and hydraulic presses are common in art smithies as well. Some steam hammers remain in use, but they became obsolete with the availability of the other, more convenient, power sources. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Processes">Processes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forging&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Processes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ForgedConrodShowingEtchedSection-s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/ForgedConrodShowingEtchedSection-s.jpg/170px-ForgedConrodShowingEtchedSection-s.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/ForgedConrodShowingEtchedSection-s.jpg/255px-ForgedConrodShowingEtchedSection-s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/ForgedConrodShowingEtchedSection-s.jpg/340px-ForgedConrodShowingEtchedSection-s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2666" data-file-height="4858" /></a><figcaption>A cross-section of a forged <a href="/wiki/Connecting_rod" title="Connecting rod">connecting rod</a> that has been <a href="/wiki/Industrial_etching" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial etching">etched</a> to show the grain flow</figcaption></figure> <p>There are many different kinds of forging processes available; however, they can be grouped into three main classes:<sup id="cite_ref-Degarmo389_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degarmo389-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Drawn out: length increases, cross-section decreases</li> <li>Upset: length decreases, cross-section increases</li> <li>Squeezed in closed compression dies: produces multidirectional flow</li></ul> <p>Common forging processes include: roll forging, <a href="/wiki/Swage" class="mw-redirect" title="Swage">swaging</a>, <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Cogging">cogging</a>, open-die forging, impression-die forging (closed die forging), press forging, cold forging, automatic hot forging and upsetting.<sup id="cite_ref-Degarmo389_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degarmo389-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temperature">Temperature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forging&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Temperature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Forging_temperature" title="Forging temperature">Forging temperature</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hot_working" title="Hot working">Hot working</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cold_working" title="Cold working">Cold working</a></div> <p>All of the following forging processes can be performed at various temperatures; however, they are generally classified by whether the metal temperature is above or below the recrystallization temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the temperature is above the material's recrystallization temperature it is deemed <i>hot forging</i>; if the temperature is below the material's recrystallization temperature but above 30% of the recrystallization temperature (on an absolute scale) it is deemed <i>warm forging</i>; if below 30% of the recrystallization temperature (usually room temperature) then it is deemed <i>cold forging</i>. The main advantage of hot forging is that it can be done more quickly and precisely, and as the metal is deformed <a href="/wiki/Work_hardening" title="Work hardening">work hardening</a> effects are negated by the recrystallization process. Cold forging typically results in work hardening of the piece.<sup id="cite_ref-Degarmo373_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degarmo373-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Degarmo375_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degarmo375-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drop_forging">Drop forging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forging&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Drop forging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Boat_nail_production.ogv/220px--Boat_nail_production.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="63" data-mwtitle="Boat_nail_production.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Boat_nail_production.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/16/Boat_nail_production.ogv/Boat_nail_production.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/16/Boat_nail_production.ogv/Boat_nail_production.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Boat_nail_production.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/16/Boat_nail_production.ogv/Boat_nail_production.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /></video></span><figcaption>Boat nail production in <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a>, China</figcaption></figure> <p>Drop forging is a forging process where a hammer is raised and then "dropped" into the workpiece to deform it according to the shape of the die. There are two types of drop forging: open-die drop forging and impression-die (or closed-die) drop forging. As the names imply, the difference is in the shape of the die, with the former not fully enclosing the workpiece, while the latter does. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Open-die_drop_forging">Open-die drop forging</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forging&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Open-die drop forging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bochumer_Verein-08-50124.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Bochumer_Verein-08-50124.jpg/170px-Bochumer_Verein-08-50124.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Bochumer_Verein-08-50124.jpg/255px-Bochumer_Verein-08-50124.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Bochumer_Verein-08-50124.jpg/340px-Bochumer_Verein-08-50124.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Open-die drop forging (with two dies) of an ingot to be further processed into a wheel</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alcator_C-Mod_superstructure_forging_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Alcator_C-Mod_superstructure_forging_1.jpg/220px-Alcator_C-Mod_superstructure_forging_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Alcator_C-Mod_superstructure_forging_1.jpg/330px-Alcator_C-Mod_superstructure_forging_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Alcator_C-Mod_superstructure_forging_1.jpg/440px-Alcator_C-Mod_superstructure_forging_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4186" data-file-height="5675" /></a><figcaption>A large 80 ton cylinder of hot steel in an open-die forging press, ready for the upsetting phase of forging</figcaption></figure> <p>Open-die forging is also known as <i>smith forging</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Degarmo391_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degarmo391-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In open-die forging, a hammer strikes and deforms the workpiece, which is placed on a stationary <a href="/wiki/Anvil" title="Anvil">anvil</a>. Open-die forging gets its name from the fact that the dies (the surfaces that are in contact with the workpiece) do not enclose the workpiece, allowing it to flow except where contacted by the dies. The operator therefore needs to orient and position the workpiece to get the desired shape. The dies are usually flat in shape, but some have a specially shaped surface for specialized operations. For example, a die may have a round, concave, or convex surface or be a tool to form holes or be a cut-off tool.<sup id="cite_ref-Degarmo390_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degarmo390-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Open-die forgings can be worked into shapes which include discs, hubs, blocks, shafts (including step shafts or with flanges), sleeves, cylinders, flats, hexes, rounds, plate, and some custom shapes.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Open-die forging lends itself to short runs and is appropriate for art smithing and custom work. In some cases, open-die forging may be employed to rough-shape <a href="/wiki/Ingot" title="Ingot">ingots</a> to prepare them for subsequent operations. Open-die forging may also orient the grain to increase strength in the required direction.<sup id="cite_ref-Degarmo390_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degarmo390-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Advantages_of_open-die_forging">Advantages of open-die forging</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forging&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Advantages of open-die forging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Reduced chance of voids</li> <li>Better fatigue resistance</li> <li>Improved microstructure</li> <li>Continuous grain flow</li> <li>Finer grain size</li> <li>Greater strength<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Better response to thermal treatment<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Improvement of internal quality</li> <li>Greater reliability of mechanical properties, ductility and impact resistance</li></ul> <p>"<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Cogging"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Cogging</span></span>" is the successive deformation of a bar along its length using an open-die drop forge. It is commonly used to work a piece of raw material to the proper thickness. Once the proper thickness is achieved the proper width is achieved via "edging".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="Edging"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Edging</span></span>" is the process of concentrating material using a concave shaped open-die. The process is called "edging" because it is usually carried out on the ends of the workpiece. "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="Fullering"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Fullering</span></span>" is a similar process that thins out sections of the forging using a convex shaped die. These processes prepare the workpieces for further forging processes.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Forging-edging.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Edging"><img alt="Edging" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Forging-edging.svg/120px-Forging-edging.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Forging-edging.svg/180px-Forging-edging.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Forging-edging.svg/240px-Forging-edging.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="775" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Edging</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Forging-fullering.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fullering"><img alt="Fullering" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Forging-fullering.svg/120px-Forging-fullering.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Forging-fullering.svg/180px-Forging-fullering.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Forging-fullering.svg/240px-Forging-fullering.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="775" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fullering</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Impression-die_forging">Impression-die forging</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forging&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Impression-die forging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Impression-die forging is also called "closed-die forging". In impression-die forging, the metal is placed in a die resembling a mold, which is attached to an anvil. Usually, the hammer die is shaped as well. The hammer is then dropped on the workpiece, causing the metal to flow and fill the die cavities. The hammer is generally in contact with the workpiece on the scale of milliseconds. Depending on the size and complexity of the part, the hammer may be dropped multiple times in quick succession. Excess metal is squeezed out of the die cavities, forming what is referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Flash_(manufacturing)" title="Flash (manufacturing)">flash</a>". The flash cools more rapidly than the rest of the material; this cool metal is stronger than the metal in the die, so it helps prevent more flash from forming. This also forces the metal to completely fill the die cavity. After forging, the flash is removed.<sup id="cite_ref-Degarmo391_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degarmo391-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Degarmo394_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degarmo394-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In commercial impression-die forging, the workpiece is usually moved through a series of cavities in a die to get from an ingot to the final form. The first impression is used to distribute the metal into the rough shape in accordance to the needs of later cavities; this impression is called an "edging", "fullering", or "bending" impression. The following cavities are called "blocking" cavities, in which the piece is working into a shape that more closely resembles the final product. These stages usually impart the workpiece with generous bends and large <a href="/wiki/Fillet_(mechanics)" title="Fillet (mechanics)">fillets</a>. The final shape is forged in a "final" or "finisher" impression cavity. If there is only a short run of parts to be done, then it may be more economical for the die to lack a final impression cavity and instead machine the final features.<sup id="cite_ref-Degarmo392_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degarmo392-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Impression-die forging has been improved in recent years through increased automation which includes induction heating, mechanical feeding, positioning and manipulation, and the direct heat treatment of parts after forging.<sup id="cite_ref-Degarmo393_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degarmo393-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One variation of impression-die forging is called "flashless forging", or "true closed-die forging". In this type of forging, the die cavities are completely closed, which keeps the workpiece from forming flash. The major advantage to this process is that less metal is lost to flash. Flash can account for 20 to 45% of the starting material. The disadvantages of this process include additional cost due to a more complex die design and the need for better lubrication and workpiece placement.<sup id="cite_ref-Degarmo392_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degarmo392-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are other variations of part formation that integrate impression-die forging. One method incorporates casting a forging preform from liquid metal. The casting is removed after it has solidified, but while still hot. It is then finished in a single cavity die. The flash is trimmed, then the part is quench hardened. Another variation follows the same process as outlined above, except the preform is produced by the spraying deposition of metal droplets into shaped collectors (similar to the <a href="/wiki/Osprey_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Osprey process">Osprey process</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Degarmo393_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degarmo393-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Closed-die forging has a high initial cost due to the creation of dies and required design work to make working die cavities. However, it has low recurring costs for each part, thus forgings become more economical with greater production volume. This is one of the major reasons closed-die forgings are often used in the automotive and tool industries. Another reason forgings are common in these industrial sectors is that forgings generally have about a 20 percent higher strength-to-weight ratio compared to cast or machined parts of the same material.<sup id="cite_ref-Degarmo392_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degarmo392-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Design_of_impression-die_forgings_and_tooling">Design of impression-die forgings and tooling</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forging&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Design of impression-die forgings and tooling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Forging dies are usually made of <a href="/wiki/Alloy_steel" title="Alloy steel">high-alloy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tool_steel" title="Tool steel">tool steel</a>. Dies must be impact- and wear-resistant, maintain strength at high temperatures, and have the ability to withstand cycles of rapid heating and cooling. In order to produce a better, more economical die the following standards are maintained:<sup id="cite_ref-Degarmo393_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degarmo393-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The dies part along a single, flat plane whenever possible. If not, the parting plane follows the contour of the part.</li> <li>The parting surface is a plane through the center of the forging and not near an upper or lower edge.</li> <li>Adequate <a href="/wiki/Draft_(engineering)" title="Draft (engineering)">draft</a> is provided; usually at least 3° for aluminium and 5° to 7° for steel.</li> <li>Generous fillets and radii are used.</li> <li>Ribs are low and wide.</li> <li>The various sections are balanced to avoid extreme difference in metal flow.</li> <li>Full advantage is taken of fiber flow lines.</li> <li>Dimensional tolerances are not closer than necessary.</li></ul> <p>Barrelling occurs when, due to <a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">friction</a> between the work piece and the <a href="/wiki/Die_(manufacturing)" title="Die (manufacturing)">die</a> or <a href="/wiki/Punch_(tool)" title="Punch (tool)">punch</a>, the work piece bulges at its centre in such a way as to resemble a <a href="/wiki/Barrel" title="Barrel">barrel</a>. This leads to the central part of the work piece to come in contact with the sides of the <a href="/wiki/Die_(manufacturing)" title="Die (manufacturing)">die</a> sooner than if there were no friction present, creating a much greater increase in the pressure required for the punch to finish the forging. </p><p>The dimensional tolerances of a steel part produced using the impression-die forging method are outlined in the table below. The dimensions across the parting plane are affected by the closure of the dies, and are therefore dependent on die wear and the thickness of the final flash. Dimensions that are completely contained within a single die segment or half can be maintained at a significantly greater level of accuracy.<sup id="cite_ref-Degarmo394_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degarmo394-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Dimensional tolerances for impression-die forgings<sup id="cite_ref-Degarmo394_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degarmo394-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Mass [kg (lb)] </th> <th>Minus tolerance [mm (in)] </th> <th>Plus tolerance [mm (in)] </th></tr> <tr> <td>0.45 (1) </td> <td>0.15 (0.006) </td> <td>0.46 (0.018) </td></tr> <tr> <td>0.91 (2) </td> <td>0.20 (0.008) </td> <td>0.61 (0.024) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2.27 (5) </td> <td>0.25 (0.010) </td> <td>0.76 (0.030) </td></tr> <tr> <td>4.54 (10) </td> <td>0.28 (0.011) </td> <td>0.84 (0.033) </td></tr> <tr> <td>9.07 (20) </td> <td>0.33 (0.013) </td> <td>0.99 (0.039) </td></tr> <tr> <td>22.68 (50) </td> <td>0.48 (0.019) </td> <td>1.45 (0.057) </td></tr> <tr> <td>45.36 (100) </td> <td>0.74 (0.029) </td> <td>2.21 (0.087) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A lubricant is used when forging to reduce friction and wear. It is also used as a <a href="/wiki/Thermal_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal barrier">thermal barrier</a> to restrict heat transfer from the workpiece to the die. Finally, the lubricant acts as a parting compound to prevent the part from sticking in the dies.<sup id="cite_ref-Degarmo394_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degarmo394-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Press_forging">Press forging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forging&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Press forging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Press forging works by slowly applying a continuous pressure or force, which differs from the near-instantaneous impact of drop-hammer forging. The amount of time the dies are in contact with the workpiece is measured in seconds (as compared to the milliseconds of drop-hammer forges). The press forging operation can be done either cold or hot.<sup id="cite_ref-Degarmo394_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degarmo394-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main advantage of press forging, as compared to drop-hammer forging, is its ability to deform the complete workpiece. Drop-hammer forging usually only deforms the surfaces of the work piece in contact with the hammer and anvil; the interior of the workpiece will stay relatively undeformed. Another advantage to the process includes the knowledge of the new part's strain rate. By controlling the compression rate of the press forging operation, the internal strain can be controlled. </p><p>There are a few disadvantages to this process, most stemming from the workpiece being in contact with the dies for such an extended period of time. The operation is a time-consuming process due to the amount and length of steps. The workpiece will cool faster because the dies are in contact with workpiece; the dies facilitate drastically more heat transfer than the surrounding atmosphere. As the workpiece cools it becomes stronger and less ductile, which may induce cracking if deformation continues. Therefore, heated dies are usually used to reduce heat loss, promote surface flow, and enable the production of finer details and closer tolerances. The workpiece may also need to be reheated. </p><p>When done in high productivity, press forging is more economical than hammer forging. The operation also creates closer tolerances. In hammer forging a lot of the work is absorbed by the machinery; when in press forging, the greater percentage of work is used in the work piece. Another advantage is that the operation can be used to create any size part because there is no limit to the size of the press forging machine. New press forging techniques have been able to create a higher degree of mechanical and orientation integrity. By the constraint of oxidation to the outer layers of the part, reduced levels of microcracking occur in the finished part.<sup id="cite_ref-Degarmo394_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degarmo394-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Press forging can be used to perform all types of forging, including open-die and impression-die forging. Impression-die press forging usually requires less draft than drop forging and has better dimensional accuracy. Also, press forgings can often be done in one closing of the dies, allowing for easy automation.<sup id="cite_ref-Degarmo395_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degarmo395-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upset_forging">Upset forging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forging&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Upset forging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Upsetting" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Upset_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Upset (disambiguation)">upset (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>Upset forging increases the diameter of the workpiece by compressing its length.<sup id="cite_ref-Degarmo395_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degarmo395-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on number of pieces produced, this is the most widely used forging process.<sup id="cite_ref-Degarmo395_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degarmo395-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few examples of common parts produced using the upset forging process are engine valves, couplings, bolts, screws, and other fasteners. </p><p>Upset forging is usually done in special high-speed machines called <i>crank presses</i>. The machines are usually set up to work in the horizontal plane, to facilitate the quick exchange of workpieces from one station to the next, but upsetting can also be done in a vertical crank press or a hydraulic press. The initial workpiece is usually wire or rod, but some machines can accept bars up to 25 cm (9.8 in) in diameter and a capacity of over 1000 tons. The standard upsetting machine employs split dies that contain multiple cavities. The dies open enough to allow the workpiece to move from one cavity to the next; the dies then close and the heading tool, or ram, then moves longitudinally against the bar, upsetting it into the cavity. If all of the cavities are utilized on every cycle, then a finished part will be produced with every cycle, which makes this process advantageous for mass production.<sup id="cite_ref-Degarmo395_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degarmo395-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These rules must be followed when designing parts to be upset forged:<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The length of unsupported metal that can be upset in one blow without injurious buckling should be limited to three times the diameter of the bar.</li> <li>Lengths of stock greater than three times the diameter may be upset successfully, provided that the diameter of the upset is not more than 1.5 times the diameter of the stock.</li> <li>In an upset requiring stock length greater than three times the diameter of the stock, and where the diameter of the cavity is not more than 1.5 times the diameter of the stock, the length of unsupported metal beyond the face of the die must not exceed the diameter of the bar.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automatic_hot_forging">Automatic hot forging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forging&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Automatic hot forging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The automatic hot forging process involves feeding mill-length steel bars (typically 7 m (23 ft) long) into one end of the machine at room temperature and hot forged products emerge from the other end. This all occurs rapidly; small parts can be made at a rate of 180 parts per minute (ppm) and larger can be made at a rate of 90 ppm. The parts can be solid or hollow, round or symmetrical, up to 6 kg (13 lb), and up to 18 cm (7.1 in) in diameter. The main advantages to this process are its high output rate and ability to accept low-cost materials. Little labor is required to operate the machinery. </p><p>There is no flash produced so material savings are between 20 and 30% over conventional forging. The final product is a consistent 1,050 °C (1,920 °F) so air cooling will result in a part that is still easily machinable (the advantage being the lack of <a href="/wiki/Annealing_(metallurgy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Annealing (metallurgy)">annealing</a> required after forging). Tolerances are usually ±0.3 mm (0.012 in), surfaces are clean, and draft angles are 0.5 to 1°. Tool life is nearly double that of conventional forging because contact times are on the order of 0.06-second. The downside is that this process is only feasible on smaller symmetric parts and cost; the initial investment can be over $10 million, so large quantities are required to justify this process.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The process starts by heating the bar to 1,200 to 1,300 °C (2,190 to 2,370 °F) in less than 60 seconds using high-power induction coils. It is then descaled with rollers, sheared into blanks, and transferred through several successive forming stages, during which it is upset, preformed, final forged, and pierced (if necessary). This process can also be coupled with high-speed cold-forming operations. Generally, the cold forming operation will do the finishing stage so that the advantages of cold-working can be obtained, while maintaining the high speed of automatic hot forging.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples of parts made by this process are: wheel hub unit bearings, transmission gears, tapered roller bearing races, stainless steel coupling flanges, and neck rings for liquid propane (LP) gas cylinders.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manual transmission gears are an example of automatic hot forging used in conjunction with cold working.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roll_forging">Roll forging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forging&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Roll forging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Roll forging is a process where round or flat bar stock is reduced in thickness and increased in length. Roll forging is performed using two cylindrical or semi-cylindrical rolls, each containing one or more shaped grooves. A heated bar is inserted into the rolls and when it hits a spot the rolls rotate and the bar is progressively shaped as it is rolled through the machine. The piece is then transferred to the next set of grooves or turned around and reinserted into the same grooves. This continues until the desired shape and size is achieved. The advantage of this process is there is no flash and it imparts a favorable grain structure into the workpiece.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples of products produced using this method include <a href="/wiki/Axle" title="Axle">axles</a>, tapered levers and <a href="/wiki/Leaf_spring" title="Leaf spring">leaf springs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Net-shape_and_near-net-shape_forging">Net-shape and near-net-shape forging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forging&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Net-shape and near-net-shape forging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Near-net-shape" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-net-shape">Near-net-shape</a></div> <p>This process is also known as <i>precision forging</i>. It was developed to minimize cost and waste associated with post-forging operations. Therefore, the final product from a precision forging needs little or no final machining. Cost savings are gained from the use of less material, and thus less scrap, the overall decrease in energy used, and the reduction or elimination of machining. Precision forging also requires less of a draft, 1° to 0°. The downside of this process is its cost, therefore it is only implemented if significant cost reduction can be achieved.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cold_forging">Cold forging</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forging&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cold forging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Near net shape forging is most common when parts are forged without heating the slug, bar or billet. Aluminum is a common material that can be cold forged depending on final shape. Lubrication of the parts being formed is critical to increase the life of the mating dies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Induction_forging">Induction forging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forging&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Induction forging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Induction_forging" title="Induction forging">Induction forging</a></div> <p>Unlike the above processes, induction forging is based on the type of heating style used. Many of the above processes can be used in conjunction with this heating method. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multidirectional_forging">Multidirectional forging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forging&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Multidirectional forging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Multidirectional forging is forming of a work piece in a single step in several directions. The multidirectional forming takes place through constructive measures of the tool. The vertical movement of the press ram is redirected using wedges which distributes and redirects the force of the forging press in horizontal directions.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isothermal_forging">Isothermal forging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forging&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Isothermal forging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Isothermal forging is a process by which the materials and the die are heated to the same temperature (<i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/iso-#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:iso-">iso-</a></i> meaning "equal"). Adiabatic heating is used to assist in the deformation of the material, meaning the strain rates are highly controlled. This technique is commonly used for forging aluminium, which has a lower forging temperature than steels. Forging temperatures for aluminum are around 430 °C (806 °F), while steels and super alloys can be 930 to 1,260 °C (1,710 to 2,300 °F). </p><p>Benefits: </p> <ul><li>Near net shapes which lead to lower machining requirements and therefore lower scrap rates</li> <li>Reproducibility of the part</li> <li>Due to the lower heat loss smaller machines can be used to make the forging</li></ul> <p>Disadvantages: </p> <ul><li>Higher die material costs to handle temperatures and pressures</li> <li>Uniform heating systems are required</li> <li>Protective atmospheres or vacuum to reduce oxidation of the dies and material</li> <li>Low production rates</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Materials_and_applications">Materials and applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forging&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Materials and applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Industrial_furnace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Industrial_furnace.jpg/220px-Industrial_furnace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Industrial_furnace.jpg/330px-Industrial_furnace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Industrial_furnace.jpg/440px-Industrial_furnace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Solid forged billets of steel (glowing incandescently) being loaded in a large industrial chamber furnace, for re-heating</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forging_of_steel">Forging of steel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forging&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Forging of steel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Depending on the forming temperature steel forging can be divided into:<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Hot forging of steel <ul><li>Forging temperatures above the recrystallization temperature between 950–1250 °C</li> <li>Good formability</li> <li>Low forming forces</li> <li>Constant tensile strength of the workpieces</li></ul></li> <li>Warm forging of steel <ul><li>Forging temperatures between 750–950 °C</li> <li>Less or no scaling at the workpiece surface</li> <li>Narrower tolerances achievable than in hot forging</li> <li>Limited formability and higher forming forces than for hot forging</li> <li>Lower forming forces than in cold forming</li></ul></li> <li>Cold forging of steel <ul><li>Forging temperatures at room conditions, self-heating up to 150 °C due to the forming energy</li> <li>Narrowest tolerances achievable</li> <li>No scaling at workpiece surface</li> <li>Increase of strength and decrease of ductility due to strain hardening</li> <li>Low formability and high forming forces are necessary</li></ul></li></ul> <p>For industrial processes steel alloys are primarily forged in hot condition. Brass, bronze, copper, precious metals and their alloys are manufactured by cold forging processes; each metal requires a different forging temperature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forging_of_aluminium">Forging of aluminium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forging&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Forging of aluminium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Aluminium forging is performed at a temperature range between 350–550 °C</li> <li>Forging temperatures above 550 °C are too close to the solidus temperature of the alloys and lead in conjunction with varying effective strains to unfavorable workpiece surfaces and potentially to a partial melting as well as fold formation.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Forging temperatures below 350 °C reduce formability by increasing the yield stress, which can lead to unfilled dies, cracking at the workpiece surface and increased die forces</li></ul> <p>Due to the narrow temperature range and high thermal conductivity, aluminium forging can only be realized in a particular process window. To provide good forming conditions a homogeneous temperature distribution in the entire workpiece is necessary. Therefore, the control of the tool temperature has a major influence to the process. For example, by optimizing the preform geometries the local effective strains can be influenced to reduce local overheating for a more homogeneous temperature distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Application_of_aluminium_forged_parts">Application of aluminium forged parts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forging&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Application of aluminium forged parts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>High-strength aluminium alloys have the tensile strength of medium strong steel alloys while providing significant weight advantages. Therefore, aluminium forged parts are mainly used in aerospace, automotive industry and many other fields of engineering especially in those fields, where highest safety standards against failure by abuse, by shock or vibratory stresses are needed. Such parts are for example pistons,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> chassis parts, steering components and brake parts. Commonly used alloys are AlSi1MgMn (<a href="/wiki/6082_aluminium_alloy" title="6082 aluminium alloy">EN AW-6082</a>) and AlZnMgCu1,5 (<a href="/wiki/7075_aluminium_alloy" title="7075 aluminium alloy">EN AW-7075</a>). About 80% of all aluminium forged parts are made of AlSi1MgMn. The high-strength alloy AlZnMgCu1,5 is mainly used for aerospace applications.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forging_of_magnesium">Forging of magnesium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forging&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Forging of magnesium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Magnesium forging occurs at a temperature range between 290–450 °C <sup id="cite_ref-Papenberg,_Nikolaus_P_2020_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Papenberg,_Nikolaus_P_2020-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Magnesium alloys are more difficult to forge due to their low plasticity, low sensitivity to strain rates and narrow forming temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-Papenberg,_Nikolaus_P_2020_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Papenberg,_Nikolaus_P_2020-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using semi-open die hot forging with a three-slide forging press (TSFP) has become a newly developed forging method for Mg-Al alloy AZ31, commonly used in forming aircraft brackets.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This forging method has shown to improve tensile properties but lacks uniform grain size.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though the application of magnesium alloys increases by 15–20% each year in the aerospace and automotive industry, forging magnesium alloys with specialized dies is expensive and an unfeasible method to produce parts for a mass market. Instead, most magnesium alloy parts for industry are produced by casting methods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equipment">Equipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forging&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forging_shop-Gesenkschmiede_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Forging_shop-Gesenkschmiede_1.JPG/220px-Forging_shop-Gesenkschmiede_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Forging_shop-Gesenkschmiede_1.JPG/330px-Forging_shop-Gesenkschmiede_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Forging_shop-Gesenkschmiede_1.JPG/440px-Forging_shop-Gesenkschmiede_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Hydraulic drop-hammer</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Impactor_flow.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Impactor_flow.png/220px-Impactor_flow.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Impactor_flow.png/330px-Impactor_flow.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Impactor_flow.png 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption>(a) Material flow of a conventionally forged disc; (b) Material flow of a counterblow (impactor) forged disc</figcaption></figure> <p>The most common type of forging equipment is the hammer and anvil. Principles behind the hammer and anvil are still used today in <i>drop-hammer</i> equipment. The principle behind the machine is simple: raise the hammer and drop it or propel it into the workpiece, which rests on the anvil. The main variations between drop-hammers are in the way the hammer is powered; the most common being air and steam hammers. Drop-hammers usually operate in a vertical position. The main reason for this is excess energy (energy that is not used to deform the workpiece) that is not released as heat or sound needs to be transmitted to the foundation. Moreover, a large machine base is needed to absorb the impacts.<sup id="cite_ref-Degarmo390_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degarmo390-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To overcome some shortcomings of the drop-hammer, the <i>counterblow machine</i> or <i>impactor</i> is used. In a counterblow machine both the hammer and anvil move and the workpiece is held between them. Here excess energy becomes recoil. This allows the machine to work horizontally and have a smaller base. Other advantages include less noise, heat and vibration. It also produces a distinctly different flow pattern. Both of these machines can be used for open-die or closed-die forging.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forging_presses">Forging presses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forging&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Forging presses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <i>forging press</i>, often just called a press, is used for press forging. There are two main types: mechanical and hydraulic presses. Mechanical presses function by using cams, cranks and/or toggles to produce a preset (a predetermined force at a certain location in the stroke) and reproducible stroke. Due to the nature of this type of system, different forces are available at different stroke positions. Mechanical presses are faster than their hydraulic counterparts (up to 50 strokes per minute). Their capacities range from 3 to 160 MN (300 to 18,000 short tons-force). Hydraulic presses, such as the <a href="/wiki/Four-die_forging_device" title="Four-die forging device">four-die device</a>, use fluid pressure and a piston to generate force. The advantages of a hydraulic press over a mechanical press are its flexibility and greater capacity. The disadvantages include a slower, larger, and costlier machine to operate.<sup id="cite_ref-Degarmo394_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degarmo394-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The roll forging, upsetting, and automatic hot forging processes all use specialized machinery. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>List of large forging presses, by ingot size<sup id="cite_ref-wnaForge_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wnaForge-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-neiForge_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neiForge-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Force_(physics)#Units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Force (physics)">Force</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ingot" title="Ingot">Ingot</a> size<br />(<a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>) </th> <th>Company </th> <th>Location </th></tr> <tr> <td>16,500 </td> <td>600 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Electric_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai Electric Group">Shanghai Electric Group</a><sup id="cite_ref-erzhong_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erzhong-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, China </td></tr> <tr> <td>16,000 </td> <td>600 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/China_National_Erzhong_Group" title="China National Erzhong Group">China National Erzhong Group</a><sup id="cite_ref-erzhong_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erzhong-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Deyang" title="Deyang">Deyang</a>, China </td></tr> <tr> <td>14,000 </td> <td>600 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Japan_Steel_Works" title="Japan Steel Works">Japan Steel Works</a> </td> <td>Japan </td></tr> <tr> <td>15,000 </td> <td>580 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=China_First_Heavy_Industries_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="China First Heavy Industries Group (page does not exist)">China First Heavy Industries Group</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a>, China </td></tr> <tr> <td>13,000 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doosan_Heavy_Industries_%26_Construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Doosan Heavy Industries & Construction">Doosan</a> </td> <td>South Korea </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>List of large forging presses, by force </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Force_(physics)#Units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Force (physics)">Force</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Force_(physics)#Units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Force (physics)">Force</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Ton" title="Ton">tons</a>) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ingot" title="Ingot">Ingot</a> size<br />(<a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>) </th> <th>Company </th> <th>Location </th></tr> <tr> <td>80,000 </td> <td><i>(88,200)</i> </td> <td>>150 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/China_National_Erzhong_Group" title="China National Erzhong Group">China Erzhong</a><sup id="cite_ref-erzhong_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erzhong-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Deyang" title="Deyang">Deyang</a>, China </td></tr> <tr> <td>75,000 </td> <td><i>(82,690)</i> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/VSMPO-AVISMA" title="VSMPO-AVISMA">VSMPO-AVISMA</a> </td> <td>Russia </td></tr> <tr> <td>65,000 </td> <td><i>(71,660)</i> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aubert_%26_Duval&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aubert & Duval (page does not exist)">Aubert & Duval</a><sup id="cite_ref-Eramet_alloys_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eramet_alloys-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ADA132398_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADA132398-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Issoire" title="Issoire">Issoire</a>, France </td></tr> <tr> <td>53,500 </td> <td><i>(60,000)</i> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weber_Metals,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weber Metals, Inc. (page does not exist)">Weber Metals, Inc.</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paramount,_California" title="Paramount, California">California</a>, United States </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>(45,350)</i> </td> <td>50,000 </td> <td>20 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alcoa_50,000_ton_forging_press" title="Alcoa 50,000 ton forging press">Alcoa 50,000 ton forging press</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Alcoa" title="Alcoa">Alcoa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wyman_Gordon" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyman Gordon">Wyman Gordon</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>USA </td></tr> <tr> <td>40,000 </td> <td><i>(44,100)</i> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aubert_%26_Duval&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aubert & Duval (page does not exist)">Aubert & Duval</a><sup id="cite_ref-Eramet_alloys_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eramet_alloys-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pamiers" title="Pamiers">Pamiers</a>, France </td></tr> <tr> <td>30,000 </td> <td><i>(33,080)</i> </td> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wyman_Gordon" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyman Gordon">Wyman Gordon</a><sup id="cite_ref-Wyman_Gordon_Livingston_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wyman_Gordon_Livingston-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Livingston,_West_Lothian" title="Livingston, West Lothian">Livingston</a>, Scotland </td></tr> <tr> <td>30,000 </td> <td><i>(33,070)</i> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weber_Metals,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weber Metals, Inc. (page does not exist)">Weber Metals, Inc.</a><sup id="cite_ref-Weber_Metals,_Inc._48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weber_Metals,_Inc.-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paramount,_California" title="Paramount, California">California</a>, United States </td></tr> <tr> <td>30,000 </td> <td><i>(33,070)</i> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Howmet_Aerospace" title="Howmet Aerospace">Howmet Aerospace</a><sup id="cite_ref-Howmet_Aerospace_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howmet_Aerospace-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Midway,_Georgia" title="Midway, Georgia">Georgia</a>, United States </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forging&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casting" title="Casting">Casting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_sizing" title="Cold sizing">Cold sizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerscale" title="Hammerscale">Hammerscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithing_gods" title="Smithing gods">Smithing gods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thixoforming" class="mw-redirect" title="Thixoforming">Thixoforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forging_temperature" title="Forging temperature">Forging temperature</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forging&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Degarmo389-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Degarmo389_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Degarmo389_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Degarmo389_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Degarmo389_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Degarmo, p. 389</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wnaForge-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wnaForge_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wnaForge_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf122_heavy_manufacturing_of_power_plants.html">Heavy Manufacturing of Power Plants</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101108062405/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf122_heavy_manufacturing_of_power_plants.html">Archived</a> 2010-11-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/World_Nuclear_Association" title="World Nuclear Association">World Nuclear Association</a></i>, September 2010. Retrieved: 25 September 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180103202047/http://www.steelforge.com/literature/history-of-forgings/">"Forging: The Early Years"</a>. All Metals & Forge Group. 22 January 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.steelforge.com/literature/history-of-forgings/">the original</a> on 3 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-05-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=50%2C000+Ton+Closed+Die+Forging+Press&rft.pub=American+Society+of+Mechanical+Engineers&rft.date=1981&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffiles.asme.org%2Fasmeorg%2Fcommunities%2Fhistory%2Flandmarks%2F5488.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForging" class="Z3988"></span> History of the Mesta Press at Alcoa</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150201213858/http://files.asme.org/ASMEORG/Communities/History/Landmarks/5662.pdf"><i>The Wyman-Gordon 50,000 Ton Forging Press</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 1983. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Howmet+Aerospace&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firthrixson.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forging&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDegarmoBlackKohser2011" class="citation book cs1">Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J. T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2011). <i>Materials and Processes in Manufacturing</i> (11th ed.). Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-92467-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-92467-9"><bdi>978-0-470-92467-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Materials+and+Processes+in+Manufacturing&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-470-92467-9&rft.aulast=Degarmo&rft.aufirst=E.+Paul&rft.au=Black%2C+J.+T.&rft.au=Kohser%2C+Ronald+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForging" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Doege, E.; Behrens, B.-A.: <i>Handbuch Umformtechnik: Grundlagen, Technologien, Maschinen</i> (in German), 2nd Edition, Springer Verlag, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-04248-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-04248-5">978-3-642-04248-5</a></li> <li>Ostermann, F.: <i>Anwendungstechnologie Aluminium</i> (in German), 3rd Edition, Springer Verlag, 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-662-43806-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-662-43806-0">978-3-662-43806-0</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Forging" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Forging">Forging</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metalworking" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Metalworking_navbox" title="Template:Metalworking navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Metalworking_navbox" title="Template talk:Metalworking navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Metalworking_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Metalworking navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metalworking" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">Metalworking</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Metalworking_navbox/form" title="Template:Metalworking navbox/form"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Metalworking_navbox/form" title="Template talk:Metalworking navbox/form"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Metalworking_navbox/form" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Metalworking navbox/form"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Forming,_fabrication,_and_finishing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Metal_forming" title="Category:Metal forming">Forming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Fabrication_(metal)" title="Category:Fabrication (metal)">fabrication</a>, and finishing</span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metal_fabrication" title="Metal fabrication">Fabrication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piece_work" title="Piece work">Piece work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheet_metal" title="Sheet metal">Sheet metal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forming processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coining_(metalworking)" title="Coining (metalworking)">Coining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casting_(metalworking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Casting (metalworking)">Casting (metalworking)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawing_(manufacturing)" title="Drawing (manufacturing)">Drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrohydraulic_forming" title="Electrohydraulic forming">Electrohydraulic forming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_forming" title="Electromagnetic forming">Electromagnetic forming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explosive_forming" title="Explosive forming">Explosive forming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrusion" title="Extrusion">Extrusion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Forging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroforming" title="Hydroforming">Hydroforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamping_(metalworking)" title="Stamping (metalworking)">Stamping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_hardening" title="Press hardening">Press hardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_stamping" title="Progressive stamping">Progressive stamping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punching" title="Punching">Punching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_(metalworking)" title="Rolling (metalworking)">Rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_(metalworking)" title="Sinking (metalworking)">Sinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_spinning" title="Metal spinning">Spinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaging" title="Swaging">Swaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tube_bending" title="Tube bending">Tube bending</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Joining processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazing" title="Brazing">Brazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimp_(joining)" title="Crimp (joining)">Crimping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivet" title="Rivet">Riveting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldering" title="Soldering">Soldering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">Welding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surface_finishing" title="Surface finishing">Finishing processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anodizing" title="Anodizing">Anodizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galvanization" title="Galvanization">Galvanizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_treating" title="Heat treating">Heat treating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_finishing" title="Mass finishing">Mass finishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patina" title="Patina">Patination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peening" title="Peening">Peening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plating" title="Plating">Plating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polishing_(metalworking)" title="Polishing (metalworking)">Polishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Metalworking_navbox/tool" title="Template:Metalworking navbox/tool"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Metalworking_navbox/tool" title="Template talk:Metalworking navbox/tool"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Metalworking_navbox/tool" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Metalworking navbox/tool"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metalworking_tools" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Metalworking_tools" title="Category:Metalworking tools">Metalworking tools</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Cutting_machines" title="Category:Cutting machines">Cutting machines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandsaw" title="Bandsaw">Bandsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_saw" title="Cold saw">Cold saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_cutting" title="Laser cutting">Laser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miter_saw" title="Miter saw">Miter saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_cutting" title="Plasma cutting">Plasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_jet_cutter" title="Water jet cutter">Water jet cutter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Metalworking_cutting_tools" title="Category:Metalworking cutting tools">Cutting tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broaching_(metalworking)" title="Broaching (metalworking)">Broach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burr_(cutter)" title="Burr (cutter)">Burr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chisel" title="Chisel">Chisel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterbore" title="Counterbore">Counterbore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countersink" title="Countersink">Countersink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_mill" title="End mill">End mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_(tool)" title="File (tool)">File</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_scraper" title="Hand scraper">Hand scraper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milling_cutter" title="Milling cutter">Milling cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibbler" title="Nibbler">Nibbler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxy-fuel_welding_and_cutting" title="Oxy-fuel welding and cutting">Oxy-fuel cutting torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reamer" title="Reamer">Reamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shear_(sheet_metal)" title="Shear (sheet metal)">Shears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipped_tool" title="Tipped tool">Tipped tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_bit" title="Tool bit">Tool bit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forming tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brake_(sheet_metal_bending)" title="Brake (sheet metal bending)">Brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_(manufacturing)" title="Die (manufacturing)">Die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_wheel" title="English wheel">English wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_press" title="Hydraulic press">Hydraulic press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_press" title="Machine press">Machine press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punch_press" title="Punch press">Punch press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw_press" title="Screw press">Screw press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamping_press" title="Stamping press">Stamping press</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metalworking_hand_tool" title="Metalworking hand tool">Hand tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clamp_(tool)" title="Clamp (tool)">Clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combination_square" title="Combination square">Combination square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drift_pin" title="Drift pin">Drift pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacksaw" title="Hacksaw">Hacksaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer" title="Hammer">Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_scraper" title="Hand scraper">Hand scraper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machinist_square" title="Machinist square">Machinist square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needlegun_scaler" title="Needlegun scaler">Needlegun scaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piercing_saw" title="Piercing saw">Piercing saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliers" title="Pliers">Pliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punch_(tool)" title="Punch (tool)">Punch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scriber" title="Scriber">Scriber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tap_and_die" title="Tap and die">Tap and die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongs" title="Tongs">Tongs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vise" title="Vise">Vise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workbench" title="Workbench">Workbench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrench" title="Wrench">Wrench</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Machine_tool" title="Machine tool">Machine tooling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angle_plate" title="Angle plate">Angle plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_(engineering)" title="Chuck (engineering)">Chuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collet" title="Collet">Collet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fixture_(tool)" title="Fixture (tool)">Fixture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indexing_head" title="Indexing head">Indexing head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jig_(tool)" title="Jig (tool)">Jig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lathe_center" title="Lathe center">Lathe center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_taper" title="Machine taper">Machine taper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_switchable_device" title="Magnetic switchable device">Magnetic switchable device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandrel" title="Mandrel">Mandrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_table" title="Rotary table">Rotary table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiggler_(tool)" title="Wiggler (tool)">Wiggler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Metalworking_measuring_instruments" title="Category:Metalworking measuring instruments">Measuring instruments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bore_gauge" title="Bore gauge">Bore gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calipers" title="Calipers">Caliper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_gauge" title="Center gauge">Center gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indicator_(distance_amplifying_instrument)" title="Indicator (distance amplifying instrument)">Dial indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineer%27s_blue" title="Engineer's blue">Engineer's blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineer%27s_spirit_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineer's spirit level">Engineer's spirit level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeler_gauge" title="Feeler gauge">Feeler gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauge_(instrument)" title="Gauge (instrument)">Gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauge_block" title="Gauge block">Gauge block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go/no_go_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Go/no go gauge">Go/no go gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_gauge" title="Height gauge">Height gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machinist_square" title="Machinist square">Machinist square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marking_blue" title="Marking blue">Marking blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marking_gauge" title="Marking gauge">Marking gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marking_out" title="Marking out">Marking out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micrometer_(device)" title="Micrometer (device)">Micrometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_comparator" title="Optical comparator">Optical comparator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radius_gauge" title="Radius gauge">Radius gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruler" title="Ruler">Ruler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sine_bar" title="Sine bar">Sine bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straightedge" title="Straightedge">Straightedge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_plate" title="Surface plate">Surface plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_measure" title="Tape measure">Tape measure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thread_pitch_gauge" title="Thread pitch gauge">Thread pitch gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernier_scale" title="Vernier scale">Vernier scale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metalsmith" title="Metalsmith">Smithing tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anvil" title="Anvil">Anvil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forge" title="Forge">Forge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuller_(metalworking)" title="Fuller (metalworking)">Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardy_tool" title="Hardy tool">Hardy tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pritchel" title="Pritchel">Pritchel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_hammer" title="Steam hammer">Steam hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swage_block" title="Swage block">Swage block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trip_hammer" title="Trip hammer">Trip hammer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casting" title="Casting">Casting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_fabrication" title="Metal fabrication">Fabrication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forming_processes" title="Forming processes">Forming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">Jewellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machining" title="Machining">Machining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metalsmith" title="Metalsmith">Smithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_metalworking" title="Outline of metalworking">Tools and 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