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</div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-相的分類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相的分類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>相的分類</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相的分類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相平衡" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相平衡"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>相平衡</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相平衡-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相的數量" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相的數量"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>相的數量</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相的數量-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-界面現象" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#界面現象"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>界面現象</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-界面現象-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-晶相" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#晶相"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>晶相</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-晶相-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相變" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相變"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>相變</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相變-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-進階定義" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#進階定義"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>進階定義</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-進階定義-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关進階定義子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-進階定義-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-对自由能的分析" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#对自由能的分析"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>对自由能的分析</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-对自由能的分析-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相关的热力学参数" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相关的热力学参数"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>相关的热力学参数</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相关的热力学参数-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-亚稳定的相" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#亚稳定的相"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>亚稳定的相</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-亚稳定的相-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相图" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相图"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>相图</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相图-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-形成和万能性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#形成和万能性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>形成和万能性</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-形成和万能性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相的分离" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相的分离"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>相的分离</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相的分离-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>註釋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考資料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考資料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>參考資料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考資料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">相 (物质)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。61种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fase_(materie)" title="Fase (materie) – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Fase (materie)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fase_(materia)" title="Fase (materia) – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Fase (materia)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1_(%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9)" title="طور (مادة) – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طور (مادة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Тэрмадынамічная фаза – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэрмадынамічная фаза" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Тэрмадынамічная фаза – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тэрмадынамічная фаза" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Фаза – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фаза" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5)" title="फेज (पदार्थ) – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="फेज (पदार्थ)" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE_(%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5)" title="দশা (পদার্থ) – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দশা (পদার্থ)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faza_(materija)" title="Faza (materija) – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Faza (materija)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fase_de_la_mat%C3%A8ria" title="Fase de la matèria – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fase de la matèria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A1ze_(termodynamika)" title="Fáze (termodynamika) – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fáze (termodynamika)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%C4%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Термодинамикăлла фаза – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Термодинамикăлла фаза" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fase_(stof)" title="Fase (stof) – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fase (stof)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_(Materie)" title="Phase (Materie) – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Phase (Materie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B7_(%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE)" title="Φάση (θερμοδυναμική) – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φάση (θερμοδυναμική)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter) – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Phase (matter)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazo_de_materio" title="Fazo de materio – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fazo de materio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fase_(materia)" title="Fase (materia) – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fase (materia)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faas_(f%C3%BC%C3%BCsikaline_keemia)" title="Faas (füüsikaline keemia) – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Faas (füüsikaline keemia)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fase_(termodinamika)" title="Fase (termodinamika) – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fase (termodinamika)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B2_(%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87)" title="فاز (ماده) – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فاز (ماده)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faasi" title="Faasi – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Faasi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_(thermodynamique)" title="Phase (thermodynamique) – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Phase (thermodynamique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pas_(damhna)" title="Pas (damhna) – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pas (damhna)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE" title="प्रावस्था – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रावस्था" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinami%C4%8Dka_faza" title="Termodinamička faza – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Termodinamička faza" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_(materia)" title="Phase (materia) – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Phase (materia)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fase_benda" title="Fase benda – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fase benda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazo" title="Fazo – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fazo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fase_(chimica)" title="Fase (chimica) – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fase (chimica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B8_(%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA)" title="相 (物質) – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="相 (物質)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Термодинамикалық фаза – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Термодинамикалық фаза" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ದ್ರವ್ಯ ಹಂತಗಳು – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದ್ರವ್ಯ ಹಂತಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%81_(%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99)" title="상 (물리학) – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="상 (물리학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faa%C3%9F_(F%C3%BCs%C4%97k)" title="Faaß (Füsėk) – 科隆语" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Faaß (Füsėk)" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="科隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0_(%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Фаза (термодинамика) – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фаза (термодинамика)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasa_jirim" title="Fasa jirim – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Fasa jirim" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaas_(Materie)" title="Phaas (Materie) – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Phaas (Materie)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fase_(stof)" title="Fase (stof) – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fase (stof)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fase_(termodynamikk)" title="Fase (termodynamikk) – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fase (termodynamikk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasa_(termodinamica)" title="Fasa (termodinamica) – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fasa (termodinamica)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faza_termodynamiczna" title="Faza termodynamiczna – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Faza termodynamiczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fase_(mat%C3%A9ria)" title="Fase (matéria) – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fase (matéria)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faz%C4%83_(termodinamic%C4%83)" title="Fază (termodinamică) – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fază (termodinamică)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Термодинамическая фаза – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Термодинамическая фаза" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Термодінамічна фаза – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Термодінамічна фаза" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_(maiter)" title="Phase (maiter) – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Phase (maiter)" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faza_(termodinamika)" title="Faza (termodinamika) – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Faza (termodinamika)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A1za_(termodynamika)" title="Fáza (termodynamika) – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fáza (termodynamika)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faza_snovi" title="Faza snovi – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Faza snovi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0_(%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Фаза (термодинамика) – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фаза (термодинамика)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fas_(termodynamik)" title="Fas (termodynamik) – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fas (termodynamik)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyo_(materya)" title="Anyo (materya) – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Anyo (materya)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faz_(madde)" title="Faz (madde) – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Faz (madde)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Термодинамічна фаза – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Термодинамічна фаза" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA_(%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%81)" title="حالت (مادہ) – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حالت (مادہ)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pha_(v%E1%BA%ADt_ch%E1%BA%A5t)" title="Pha (vật chất) – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pha (vật chất)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%EF%BC%88%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%EF%BC%89" title="相（物质） – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="相（物质）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%9B%B8" title="物相 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="物相" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%B2ng_(bu%CC%8Dt-chit)" title="Siòng (bu̍t-chit) – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Siòng (bu̍t-chit)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B8_(%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA)" title="相 (物質) – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="相 (物質)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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.ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Refimprove plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tango-nosources.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/45px-Tango-nosources.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/68px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/90px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>需要补充更多<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">来源</a></b>。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2023年6月</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>请协助補充多方面<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">可靠来源</a>以<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B8_(%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8)&action=edit">改善这篇条目</a>，<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AF%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:可供查证">无法查证</a>的内容可能會因為<a href="/wiki/Template:Fact" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Fact">异议提出</a>而被移除。<br />致使用者：请搜索一下条目的标题（来源搜索：<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?&as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22%E7%9B%B8+%28%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%29%22">"相 (物质)"</a> — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?q=%22%E7%9B%B8+%28%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%29%22">网页</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=&as_src=-newswire+-wire+-presswire+-PR+-press+-release+-wikipedia&q=%22%E7%9B%B8+%28%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%29%22">新闻</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?&as_brr=0&as_pub=-icon&q=%22%E7%9B%B8+%28%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%29%22">书籍</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//scholar.google.com/scholar?&q=%22%E7%9B%B8+%28%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%29%22">学术</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=isch&safe=off&q=%22%E7%9B%B8+%28%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%29%22">图像</a></span>），以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">判定指引</a>）。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Argon_ice_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Argon_ice_1.jpg/200px-Argon_ice_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Argon_ice_1.jpg/300px-Argon_ice_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Argon_ice_1.jpg/400px-Argon_ice_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1829" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption>快速熔化中的固態<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="氬">氬</a>展示出從固體到液體的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E8%AE%8A" title="相變">相變</a>。</figcaption></figure> <p><b>相</b>（phase）亦称<b>相态</b>、<b>物相</b>（phase of matter）<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，是指某種或多種物質呈現某種<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81" title="物质状态">物质状态</a>時，若該物質或這些物質所佔的體積（區域）內的分子均勻分佈，則這片區域（體積）就是一個<b>相</b>。例如在玻璃罐中由冰和水组成的<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="物理系统">物理系统</a>中，冰块是一相，水是一相，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="水蒸氣">水蒸氣</a>也是一個相。罐子的玻璃是另一个相。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%87%E7%9B%B8%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="均相系">均相系</a>又稱單相系，是一種簡單的系統，僅由一相所構成。更複雜的系統可能在某方面不均勻，這類系統稱為非均相系或異相系。在做分析時，可以將非均相系統分為幾個系統，每個系統都只具有一種相，都是均相系統<sup id="cite_ref-Fermi2012_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fermi2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:86</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Adkins1983_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adkins1983-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:3</sup>。例如，經過仔細攪和後的溶液是均相系統，只具有一種相。又例如，在一個裝有水和冰塊的玻璃杯所組成的非均相系統中，水是一種相、冰塊也是一種相，水上方的潮濕空氣是另一種相，而玻璃杯又是另外一種相。 </p><p>相和<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81" title="物质状态">物质状态</a>有時可以混同，有時可能有所區別，例如多個物質都處於同一物质状态（例如液體）時，可能會存在一種以上彼此不<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E6%BA%B6" title="混溶">混溶</a>的相（例如水和液態的油的物质状态都是液態，但兩者不能互溶，是二個相）。相有時會用來描述由<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%9B%BE" title="相图">相圖</a>上的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="相邊界" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phase boundary"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B8%E9%82%8A%E7%95%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="相邊界（页面不存在）">相邊界</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_boundary" class="extiw" title="en:Phase boundary"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phase boundary</span></a></span>）</span></span>劃分出來的一組平衡狀態；在這裡，相邊界是由像壓力、溫度一類的<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E7%8B%80%E6%85%8B" title="熱力學狀態">狀態變數</a>設定。相邊界很重要地關聯到在它兩邊的兩種相所對比出的性質差異。例如，由液體變成固體、由某一種晶體結構變為另一種晶體結構。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相的分類"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E7.9A.84.E5.88.86.E9.A1.9E"></span>相的分類</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B8_(%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8)&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：相的分類"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steel_pd_zh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Steel_pd_zh.svg/300px-Steel_pd_zh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Steel_pd_zh.svg/450px-Steel_pd_zh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Steel_pd_zh.svg/600px-Steel_pd_zh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>鐵-碳合金的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%9B%BE" title="相图">相圖</a>展示出形成各種不同相所需的條件。</figcaption></figure> <p>相可以用常见的<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81" title="物质状态">物质状态</a>來描述，像<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E6%80%81" class="mw-redirect" title="固态">固态</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E6%80%81" class="mw-redirect" title="液态">液态</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E6%80%81" class="mw-redirect" title="气态">气态</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90%E4%BD%93" title="等离子体">等离子态</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2-%E7%88%B1%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%87%9D%E7%BB%93" class="mw-redirect" title="玻色-爱因斯坦凝结">玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚态</a>等。在固相與液相之間的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中間相" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="mesophase"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E9%96%93%E7%9B%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中間相（页面不存在）">中間相</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mesophase" class="extiw" title="en:mesophase"><span lang="en" dir="auto">mesophase</span></a></span>）</span></span>形成另一種物質狀態，中間相物質是一種很有用的材料。但在同一個物质状态中也會存在不同的相，例如在鐵-碳合金的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%9B%BE" title="相图">相圖</a>中，存在許多物質狀態都是固態或液態的各種不同的相，例如<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E6%B0%8F%E4%BD%93" title="莱氏体">萊氏體</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%B0%8F%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="奧氏體">奧氏體</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%A0%E5%85%89%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="珠光体">珠光體</a>等。 </p><p>在溶液裏，溶質對於溶劑在<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E8%A7%A3%E5%BA%A6" title="溶解度">溶解度</a>方面的不同，使得可區分的相的出現成為可能，例如，水（<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%B5%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="極性">極性</a>分子）在油（非極性分子）中的溶解度很低，而油在水中的溶解度也很低，由水和油形成的混合物，因為二者不互溶，會自然分為二個相，並因此出現清楚的界面。兩種物質的互溶度與它們彼此之間的的<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E9%97%B4%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%E5%8A%9B" title="分子间作用力">分子間作用力</a>有關。一般而言，假若溶質A能夠溶解於溶劑B，則在它們組成的溶液裏，分子間吸引力K<sub>AB</sub>必須能克服K<sub>AA</sub>與K<sub>BB</sub>。分子間吸引力與分子的極性或非極性有關，例如，假若溶質A、溶劑B都是非極性物質，即K<sub>AA</sub>、K<sub>BB</sub>都很弱，而K<sub>AB</sub>也很弱，則溶質A在溶劑B的溶解度可能很高；假若溶質A、溶劑B都是極性物質，即K<sub>AA</sub>、K<sub>BB</sub>都很強，而K<sub>AB</sub>也很強，則溶質A在溶劑B的溶解度可能很高<sup id="cite_ref-liquid_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liquid-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:10-11</sup>。 </p><p>類似的概念可以延伸到固體，固體可以形成<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E6%BA%B6%E4%BD%93" title="固溶体">固溶體</a>，或者<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%99%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="結晶">結晶</a>形成不同的<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E7%9B%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="晶相">晶相</a>。互溶的金屬對（metal pair）可以形成<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88%E9%87%91" title="合金">合金</a>；無法互溶的金屬對不能形成合金。 </p><p>舉例而言，化學實驗家已完成展示不互熔性的實驗。在這實驗裏，可以觀察到八種不互熔的相，一層一層的堆排在容器內，按照密度從小至大，分別為<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E8%A0%9F%E6%B2%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="石蠟油">石蠟油</a>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="矽油" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="silicone oil"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%BD%E6%B2%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="矽油（页面不存在）">矽油</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/silicone_oil" class="extiw" title="en:silicone oil"><span lang="en" dir="auto">silicone oil</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%AF%E8%83%BA" title="苯胺">苯胺</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E6%B0%9F%E4%BA%8C%E7%94%B2%E5%9F%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%B7%B1%E7%83%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="全氟二甲基环己烷">全氟二甲基环己烷</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E7%A3%B7" title="白磷">熔融白磷</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="鎵">熔融鎵</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E9%8A%80" class="mw-redirect" title="水銀">水銀</a>。在磷與鎵都會熔化的溫度45°C，這系統呈長久穩定平衡<sup id="cite_ref-liquid_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liquid-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:12</sup>。 </p><p>不是所有有機溶劑都可以彼此互溶，例如<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E4%BA%8C%E9%86%87" title="乙二醇">乙二醇</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E8%8B%AF" title="甲苯">甲苯</a>都是有機溶劑，但會分為二個不同的相<sup id="cite_ref-Bhanage_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhanage-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>有時候不同的相會自動分離，有清楚的界面，但有時不同的相不一定會有清楚的界面，像<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E6%B5%8A%E6%B6%B2" title="乳浊液">乳浊液</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%86%A0%E9%AB%94" title="膠體">膠體</a>都是不互溶的二相形成的混合物，但沒有清楚的相邊界。 </p><p>2012年加拿大佩里米特理论物理研究所研究员文小刚在美国《科学》杂志的发表文章提出一种能够最终对相进行分类的新理论体系，物质有500多种相。该理论可以在任何维度、任何对称性的基础上对保有对称性的相实施构筑和分类。<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相平衡"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E5.B9.B3.E8.A1.A1"></span>相平衡</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B8_(%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8)&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：相平衡"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="相平衡">相平衡</a>時，許多的成份可能會形成均勻的一相，但單一相質也有可能在特定溫度及壓力下分為二個或三相不同的相，同一相的物理性質一樣，但相和相之間的物理性質就不同了。 </p><p>假設在密閉罐子中的水只佔有一部分空間，則會形成兩相，大部份的水是處於液相，靠水分子之間的吸引力而維持液相，但即使在相平衡時，分子仍然在運動，若某一個水分子獲過夠大的動能，就會打破水分子之間的吸引力，由液相變為氣相，當一個水蒸氣分子和水面碰撞，也會凝結成水。在平衡時，水蒸發和凝結的速度相同，液相及氣相的體積都不會改變。 </p><p>在室溫及一般大氣壓力下，當罐中空氣的<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%95%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="濕度">濕度</a>到3%時，水和水蒸氣達到平衡。當溫度升高，平衡時的濕度也會上昇。在溫度100%時，水會全部變成水蒸氣時，若加熱略超過100度，不只液體表面的水分子會氣化，液體水整體都會氣化，稱為<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B8%E8%85%BE" title="沸腾">沸騰</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相的數量"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E7.9A.84.E6.95.B8.E9.87.8F"></span>相的數量</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B8_(%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8)&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：相的數量"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phase-diag-Xiang-zh-hans.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Phase-diag-Xiang-zh-hans.svg/300px-Phase-diag-Xiang-zh-hans.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Phase-diag-Xiang-zh-hans.svg/450px-Phase-diag-Xiang-zh-hans.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Phase-diag-Xiang-zh-hans.svg/600px-Phase-diag-Xiang-zh-hans.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>典型的相包括固相、液相与气相，根据其与压力及温度的关系，可绘成<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%9B%BE" title="相图">相图</a>。图中绿色实线是一般物质在不同温度及压力下的凝固/熔解曲线，绿色虚线是水的凝固/熔解曲线，显示出当压力增加时会出现的反常行为。</figcaption></figure> <p>給定一種組成，在特定溫度及壓力下只有某些相可以存在。相的數量及種類很難預估，一般都是用實驗來求得，實驗的結果會繪成<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%9B%BE" title="相图">相圖</a>。 </p><p>右圖是單一成份的相圖，注意到系統的狀相只和溫度及壓力有關，圖中繪出兩相或三相共存的條件，只要溫度或壓力偏離該條件，平衡狀況下就只有一相。 </p><p>圖中的藍線是液氣共存的線段，但終止於一個稱為<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%A8%E7%95%8C%E9%BB%9E_(%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8)" class="mw-redirect" title="臨界點 (熱力學)">臨界點</a>的溫度及壓力。當溫度及壓力接近臨界點時，液相和氣相的性質會越來接近，在臨界點時無法區分液相和氣相，溫度及壓力一旦超過臨界點，就沒有單獨可區分的液相或氣相，只會有一種稱為<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E8%87%A8%E7%95%8C%E6%B5%81%E9%AB%94" title="超臨界流體">超臨界流體</a>的流體相。水的臨界點是647<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="開爾文">K</a>（374 °C）及22.064<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95" class="mw-redirect" title="帕">MPa</a>。 </p><p>在水的相圖中，一個特殊之處為其固液共存的線段（綠色點線）。對於大部份的物質，這條線的斜率為正值（綠色實線），表示若要維持固相和液相共存，溫度升高，壓力就大。但對於水這條線（綠色點線）的斜率為負值，這和冰的密度比水要低有關，將冰加壓會使冰成為密度較高的相，也就是水。 </p><p>另一個值得注意的特性是液氣共存線、固液共存線彼此相交的點，稱為<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%9B%B8%E9%BB%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="三相點">三相點</a>，在此溫度及壓力下，三相會共存 </p><p>在實驗方面，平衡線不難繪製，這是因為對於多相系統，溫度與壓力無關。試想由密閉隔溫罐子與活塞組成的一個檢試儀器，假設注入正確數量的水，加熱，則這系統可以被帶到相圖的氣相區域內的任意點。這時，假若用力將活塞緩慢推入罐子，則這系統會在相圖的氣相區域描繪出一條溫度增加與壓力增加的曲線。但是，假若這條曲線遇到液相-氣相平衡線，即氣體開始凝聚成液體的情況，則這系統之後描繪出的曲線會驟然地重疊於液相-氣相平衡線，直到所有水氣體都凝聚成水液體。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="界面現象"><span id=".E7.95.8C.E9.9D.A2.E7.8F.BE.E8.B1.A1"></span>界面現象</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B8_(%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8)&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：界面現象"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在平衡的二相的邊界之間，會有一狹窄區域，其性質和這二相都不同，雖然此區域可能非常狹窄，它可能造成顯著與容易觀測到的效應，例如促使液體展示出<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E9%9D%A2%E5%BC%B5%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="表面張力">表面張力</a>。混合物的某些成分可能比較喜歡移動至界面。為了建模、描述或了解某特定系統的物理行為，將界面區域視為獨立分開的一相是個很好的點子。<sup id="cite_ref-Adkins1983_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adkins1983-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:208-212</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="晶相"><span id=".E6.99.B6.E7.9B.B8"></span>晶相</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B8_(%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8)&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：晶相"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>同一種物質在固體時可能會有不止一種的相，以水為例，常見的<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0" title="冰">冰</a>是六邊形的結構<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="冰Ih" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="ice Ih"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B0Ih&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="冰Ih（页面不存在）">冰Ih</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ice_Ih" class="extiw" title="en:ice Ih"><span lang="en" dir="auto">ice Ih</span></a></span>）</span></span>，但也可能會有立方體的結構<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="冰Ic" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="ice Ic"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B0Ic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="冰Ic（页面不存在）">冰Ic</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ice_Ic" class="extiw" title="en:ice Ic"><span lang="en" dir="auto">ice Ic</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%96%B9%E6%99%B6%E7%B3%BB" title="三方晶系">三方晶系</a>的結構<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="冰II" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="ice II"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B0II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="冰II（页面不存在）">冰II</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ice_II" class="extiw" title="en:ice II"><span lang="en" dir="auto">ice II</span></a></span>）</span></span>以及其他的結構。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%BD%A2%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="多形體">多形體</a>是指一個固體有不只一種的晶體型式，由一種化學元素組成的多形體則稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E7%B4%A0%E5%BC%82%E5%BD%A2%E4%BD%93" title="同素异形体">同素异形体</a>。例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%A2%A8" title="石墨">石墨</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%91%BD%E7%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="鑽石">鑽石</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%8C%E5%8B%92%E7%83%AF" title="富勒烯">富勒烯</a>都是碳的同素异形体<sup id="cite_ref-成會明2004_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-成會明2004-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。每一種多型體都是獨立的晶相。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相變"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E8.AE.8A"></span>相變</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B8_(%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8)&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：相變"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E8%AE%8A" title="相變">相變</a></div> <p>相變是指一物質由一個相轉變為另一個相， </p> <ul><li>一級相变：當中會伴隨著熱量的吸收或釋放，及體積、比热容、压缩率等會有变化<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。例如水<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E7%99%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="蒸發">蒸發</a>時，蒸發的水分子有較高的動能，因此液體的溫度會下降。產生相變需要的能量（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BD%E5%8C%96%E7%86%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="汽化熱">汽化熱</a>）要比將水由室溫加熱到沸點的能量要多，因此蒸發有助於冷卻。相反的，<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%9D%E7%B5%90" title="凝結">凝結</a>會放熱。從固相變為液相的熱能（或<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%93" title="焓">焓</a>）變化稱為<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%94%E5%8C%96%E7%86%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="熔化熱">熔化熱</a>，而由固相變為气相的熱能（或焓）變化稱為為<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%87%E5%8D%8E%E7%83%AD" title="升华热">升華熱</a>。</li></ul> <ul><li>二級相变：其體積沒有明顯的變化，沒有潛熱產生，<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B5" title="熵">熵</a>也沒有不連續的變化。像<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%AF%BC%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="超导体">超导体</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%A8%E7%95%8C%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="臨界溫度">临界温度</a>时发生第二种相变，无相变潜热，但是物质的其他性质会发生变化（导电性等）。</li></ul> <p>重要的相變還有<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6-4" title="氦-4">氦-4</a>在临界温度时<a href="/wiki/Lambda%E7%9B%B8%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambda相變">Lambda相變</a>为无粘滞的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%B5%81%E4%BD%93" title="超流体">超流体</a>、磁鐵在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C%E9%BB%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="居里點">居里溫度</a>從<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E7%A3%81%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="鐵磁性">鐵磁性</a>變成<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%86%E7%A3%81%E6%80%A7" title="順磁性">順磁性</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC-%E7%B5%95%E7%B7%A3%E9%AB%94%E7%9B%B8%E8%AE%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="金屬-絕緣體相變（页面不存在）">金屬-絕緣體相變</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%9B%B8%E8%AE%8A" title="量子相變">量子相變</a>等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="進階定義"><span id=".E9.80.B2.E9.9A.8E.E5.AE.9A.E7.BE.A9"></span>進階定義</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B8_(%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8)&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：進階定義"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:States_of_Matter.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/States_of_Matter.svg/250px-States_of_Matter.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/States_of_Matter.svg/375px-States_of_Matter.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/States_of_Matter.svg/500px-States_of_Matter.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="310" /></a><figcaption>基礎三相</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="对自由能的分析"><span id=".E5.AF.B9.E8.87.AA.E7.94.B1.E8.83.BD.E7.9A.84.E5.88.86.E6.9E.90"></span>对自由能的分析</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B8_(%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8)&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：对自由能的分析"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>虽然相的概念从表面上来看非常简单，但要对它作一个精确的定义却很困难。一个比较好的定义是一个相是一个在其范围内其热力学参数的<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="自由能">自由能</a>在参数空间中的函数是<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0" title="解析函数">解析</a>的。这个定义实际上就是说，假如两个系统是同一个相的话，那么在从一个系统转换到另一个系统的时候它们的热力学参数不会突然改变。 </p><p>热力学中的参数如<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B5_(%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8)" class="mw-redirect" title="熵 (熱力學)">熵</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9%E9%87%8F" title="熱容量">热容量</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%93%E7%B8%AE%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="壓縮性">壓縮性</a>等都可以被表示为自由能和它的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%BC%E6%95%B0" title="导数">导数</a>。比如熵是自由能对<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E5%BA%A6" title="温度">温度</a>的导数。只要自由能是解析的，那么热力学的其它参数也是连续的。 </p><p>假如一个系统从一个相演变为另一个相，那么在这个过程中总会有一个阶段里自由能是不解析的。这个过程被称为<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%8F%98" class="mw-redirect" title="相变">相变</a>。最常见的相变有溶化（从固态到液态）、冻结（从液态到固态）、蒸發（从液态到气态）和凝结（从气态到液态）。由于自由能在这个过程中是不解析的，因此在这个过程的两边它是两个完全不同的函数。两个相的热力学参数也完全不同。最显著的是热容量，在相变过程中热容量可以达到无穷大，从一个值跳到另一个值。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="相关的热力学参数"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E5.85.B3.E7.9A.84.E7.83.AD.E5.8A.9B.E5.AD.A6.E5.8F.82.E6.95.B0"></span>相关的热力学参数</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B8_(%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8)&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：相关的热力学参数"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>实际上每个相与另一个相之间总有一些相关的热力学参数非常不同。比如固体比液体要坚固得多，固体不像液体或气体那样，它可以保持它的形状。而液体则比气体的压缩性小得多。在一个大的容器中，气体可以充满整个容器，而液体则只占据一小部分。固体、液体和气体之间也有许多相同的热力学特性，比如它们的磁特性。但一个物质的铁磁态和顺磁态之间最大的区别就是它们的磁特性了。 </p><p>另一个例子是<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E7%B4%A0%E5%BC%82%E5%BD%A2%E4%BD%93" title="同素异形体">同素异形体</a>，许多物质在固态中可以有不同的晶体结构而具有非常不同的特性。<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BB%E7%9F%B3" title="钻石">钻石</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%A2%A8" title="石墨">石墨</a>就是<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳">碳</a>的同素异形体。从热力学的角度出发它们属于不同的相。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="亚稳定的相"><span id=".E4.BA.9A.E7.A8.B3.E5.AE.9A.E7.9A.84.E7.9B.B8"></span>亚稳定的相</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B8_(%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8)&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：亚稳定的相"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>亚稳定的状态有时也被看作是相，但精确地说它们并非相，因为它们不稳定。比如一些同素异形体只有在一定的条件下才稳定。取以上提及的碳为例，钻石只有在高压下才真正稳定。在一般的大气压和温度下钻石会缓慢地转变为石墨。但这个过程非常缓慢，因此在常温和常压下钻石是一种亚稳定的状态。假如温度加高的话，这个转化的过程就会加快。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相图"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E5.9B.BE"></span>相图</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B8_(%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8)&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：相图"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>一般人们用<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%9B%BE" title="相图">相图</a>来表示一个系统的不同相。相图的轴是相关的热力学参数。简单的相图的轴是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%8B%E5%BC%BA" title="压强">压强</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E5%BA%A6" title="温度">温度</a>。根據<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E5%BA%94%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="对应状态原理">對應狀態原理</a>，使用約化坐標來繪製，所有簡單物質的相圖應該都很類似<sup id="cite_ref-Adkins1983_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adkins1983-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:208-212</sup><sup id="cite_ref-exception_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exception-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>相图上的线被称为“相邊界”，这是自由能不解析的地方，或者说相变发生的地方。而没有线的地方则是自由能解析的地方。这些地区属于同一个相。有些相的相邊界不是在一切情况下都存在的。比如在647<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E6%B8%A9%E6%A0%87" title="热力学温标">K</a>和22.064兆<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1" title="帕斯卡">帕斯卡</a>以上水的液态和气态无法区分，液态和气态的相界在这个点就中断了。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="形成和万能性"><span id=".E5.BD.A2.E6.88.90.E5.92.8C.E4.B8.87.E8.83.BD.E6.80.A7"></span>形成和万能性</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B8_(%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8)&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：形成和万能性"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>相是一种宏观现象。组成一个系统的粒子数目假如比较少的话（一般少于1000）相的差别就消失了。其原因是只有在大的系统中系统的自由能才开始不解析。 </p><p>相的另一个特性是它的万能性。不论一个宏观系统下的微观系统是怎样组成的，它们的相有非常类似的特性。比如<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81" title="铁">铁</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0" title="冰">冰</a>都是固态的，虽然从微观结构来说冰和铁的结构非常不同，但它们的固态都具有类似的特性，比如保持它们的形状。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相的分离"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E7.9A.84.E5.88.86.E7.A6.BB"></span>相的分离</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B8_(%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8)&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：相的分离"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在同一个系统中不同的相可以同时存在。一般来说它们之间有分明的边界，但也有例外，像<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E6%B5%8A%E6%B6%B2" title="乳浊液">乳浊液</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%86%A0%E9%AB%94" title="膠體">膠體</a>都是不互溶的二相形成的混合物，但沒有分明的邊界。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="约西亚·吉布斯">约西亚·吉布斯</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Atk_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atk-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>提出的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E7%9B%B8%E5%BE%8B" title="吉布斯相律">吉布斯相律</a>如下： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F\;=\;C\;-\;P\;+\;n}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>F</mi> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mo>=</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mi>C</mi> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mo>−</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mi>P</mi> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mo>+</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mi>n</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F\;=\;C\;-\;P\;+\;n}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a6a8a1a5c3901b508649d02206fff54cb55e6bd1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:19.297ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F\;=\;C\;-\;P\;+\;n}"></span></dd></dl> <p>其中， </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>F</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/545fd099af8541605f7ee55f08225526be88ce57" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.741ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F}"></span>，表示系统的<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-disambig" title="自由度">自由度</a>，</dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>C</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4fc55753007cd3c18576f7933f6f089196732029" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.766ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C}"></span> ：系統的独立組元數</dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>P</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b4dc73bf40314945ff376bd363916a738548d40a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.745ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P}"></span> ：相數目</dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}"></span> ：外界因素，多數取n=2，代表壓力和溫度。</dd></dl> <p>若系統只有一種物質，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C=1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>C</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C=1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/605a443c472808db9a502a801b8a2dfa5ee15d08" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.027ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C=1}"></span>，自由度 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F=1-P+2=3-P}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>F</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mi>P</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>=</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mi>P</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F=1-P+2=3-P}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a763ff6720ca49dfcf0b87347f8f4f8890afdbe5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:23.437ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F=1-P+2=3-P}"></span>，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>P</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b4dc73bf40314945ff376bd363916a738548d40a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.745ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P}"></span>不一定為1，说明在系统中可以同时有几个相存在。在單一物质组成的系统中最多可以有三个相同时存在，但只有在一个特定的温度和压强下才有可能三个相同时存在（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F=3-3=0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>F</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F=3-3=0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9941c4f9067094ba164a743529dfba54875f8f7e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:14.265ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F=3-3=0}"></span>，表示温度和压强都是定值），这个点被称为<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%9B%B8%E7%82%B9" title="三相点">三相点</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gold_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gold-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。两个相开始无法区分的点被称为<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B4%E7%95%8C%E7%82%B9_(%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6)" title="临界点 (热力学)">临界点</a>。在一定的温度或压强下也可能有两个相同时存在。假如一个系统由多种物质组成，那么也可能有更多的相同时存在。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B8_(%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8)&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="相边界" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phase boundary"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B8%E8%BE%B9%E7%95%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="相边界（页面不存在）">相边界</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_boundary" class="extiw" title="en:Phase boundary"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phase boundary</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E6%80%81%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="相态列表">相列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%8F%98" class="mw-redirect" title="相变">相变</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E8%BD%AC%E7%A7%BB%E5%82%AC%E5%8C%96%E5%89%82" title="相转移催化剂">相转移催化剂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%9B%BE" title="相图">相圖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA%E7%8B%80%E6%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="物質狀態">物質狀態</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註釋"><span id=".E8.A8.BB.E9.87.8B"></span>註釋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B8_(%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8)&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：註釋"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-exception-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-exception_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">約化坐標是變量除以臨界變量，例如，約化溫度是溫度除以臨界溫度。<sup id="cite_ref-Adkins1983_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adkins1983-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:267</sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考資料"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E8.B3.87.E6.96.99"></span>參考資料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B8_(%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8)&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：參考資料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/state.html">Phases of Matter</a>. NASA Official. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2024-05-13</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240909215710/https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/state.html">存档</a>于2024-09-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%9B%B8+%28%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%29&rft.atitle=Phases+of+Matter&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA+Official&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.grc.nasa.gov%2Fwww%2Fk-12%2Fairplane%2Fstate.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fermi2012-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fermi2012_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Enrico Fermi. Thermodynamics. Courier Corporation. 25 April 2012. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-486-13485-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-486-13485-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-486-13485-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%9B%B8+%28%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%29&rft.au=Enrico+Fermi&rft.btitle=Thermodynamics&rft.date=2012-04-25&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-486-13485-7&rft.pub=Courier+Corporation&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adkins1983-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adkins1983_3-0"><sup><b>3.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adkins1983_3-1"><sup><b>3.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adkins1983_3-2"><sup><b>3.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adkins1983_3-3"><sup><b>3.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Clement John Adkins. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/equilibriumtherm0000adki_b6w0">Equilibrium Thermodynamics</a>. Cambridge University Press. 14 July 1983. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-521-27456-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-521-27456-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-521-27456-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%9B%B8+%28%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%29&rft.au=Clement+John+Adkins&rft.btitle=Equilibrium+Thermodynamics&rft.date=1983-07-14&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-521-27456-2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fequilibriumtherm0000adki_b6w0&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-liquid-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-liquid_4-0"><sup><b>4.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-liquid_4-1"><sup><b>4.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Reichardt, C. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. Wiley-VCH. 2006: 9–10. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3-527-60567-3" title="Special:网络书源/3-527-60567-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 3-527-60567-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%9B%B8+%28%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%29&rft.au=Reichardt%2C+C.&rft.btitle=Solvents+and+Solvent+Effects+in+Organic+Chemistry&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3-527-60567-3&rft.pages=9-10&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bhanage-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bhanage_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">此一現象有助於<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%85%8B%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94" title="赫克反应">赫克反应</a>中<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%AC%E5%8C%96%E5%8A%91" class="mw-redirect" title="催化劑">催化劑</a>的回收再利用，參照<cite class="citation journal">Bhanage, B.M.; et al. Comparison of activity and selectivity of various metal-TPPTS complex catalysts in ethylene glycol — toluene biphasic Heck vinylation reactions of iodobenzene. Tetrahedron Letters. 1998, <b>39</b> (51): 9509–9512. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0040-4039%2898%2902225-4"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(98)02225-4</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%9B%B8+%28%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%29&rft.atitle=Comparison+of+activity+and+selectivity+of+various+metal-TPPTS+complex+catalysts+in+ethylene+glycol+%E2%80%94+toluene+biphasic+Heck+vinylation+reactions+of+iodobenzene&rft.au=Bhanage%2C+B.M.&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=51&rft.jtitle=Tetrahedron+Letters&rft.pages=9509-9512&rft.volume=39&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0040-4039%2898%2902225-4&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 引文格式1维护：显式使用等标签 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E6%98%BE%E5%BC%8F%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E7%AD%89%E6%A0%87%E7%AD%BE" title="Category:引文格式1维护：显式使用等标签">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">X. Chen, Z.-C. Gu, Z.-X. Liu, X.-G. Wen. Symmetry-Protected Topological Orders in Interacting Bosonic Systems. Science, 2012; 338 (6114): 1604 DOI: 10.1126/science.1227224</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-成會明2004-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-成會明2004_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">成會明. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=VCvWjGQq0c8C&pg=PA14">奈米碳管</a>. 五南圖書出版股份有限公司. 2004: 14–. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-957-11-3499-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-957-11-3499-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-957-11-3499-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%9B%B8+%28%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%29&rft.au=%E6%88%90%E6%9C%83%E6%98%8E&rft.btitle=%E5%A5%88%E7%B1%B3%E7%A2%B3%E7%AE%A1&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-957-11-3499-4&rft.pages=14-&rft.pub=%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%97%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E8%82%A1%E4%BB%BD%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVCvWjGQq0c8C%26pg%3DPA14&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=pwjQSwr196gC&pg=PA166">近代物理学进展</a>. 清华大学出版社有限公司. 1997: 166–. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-302-02521-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-302-02521-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-7-302-02521-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%9B%B8+%28%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%29&rft.btitle=%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E8%BF%9B%E5%B1%95&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-7-302-02521-4&rft.pages=166-&rft.pub=%E6%B8%85%E5%8D%8E%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpwjQSwr196gC%26pg%3DPA166&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gibbs, J.W., Scientific Papers (Dover, New York, 1961)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atk-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Atk_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Atkins, P.W.; de Paula, J. Physical chemistry 8th. edition. Oxford University Press. 2006. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0198700725" title="Special:网络书源/0198700725"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0198700725</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%9B%B8+%28%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%29&rft.aufirst=P.W.&rft.aulast=Atkins&rft.btitle=Physical+chemistry&rft.date=2006&rft.edition=8th.+edition&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0198700725&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 引文格式1维护：冗余文本 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E5%86%97%E4%BD%99%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC" title="Category:引文格式1维护：冗余文本">link</a>)</span>Chapter 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gold-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gold_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E7%B4%94%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%92%8C%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E6%9C%83" title="國際純化學和應用化學聯合會">國際純化學和應用化學聯合會</a>，<i><a href="/wiki/IUPAC%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E6%B3%95#IUPAC顏色書" title="IUPAC命名法">化學術語概略</a></i>，第二版。（金皮書）(1997)。在線校正版: (1994) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldbook.iupac.org/T06502.html">Triple point</a>"。<a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.T06502">10.1351/goldbook.T06502</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81" title="Template:物质状态"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81" title="Template talk:物质状态"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:物质状态"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="物质状态" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81" title="物质状态">物质状态</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">状态</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E4%BD%93" title="固体">固体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E4%BD%93" title="液体">液体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93" title="气体">气体</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%A3" title="蒸氣">蒸氣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90%E4%BD%93" title="等离子体">等离子体</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phase_change_-_zh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Phase_change_-_zh.svg/200px-Phase_change_-_zh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Phase_change_-_zh.svg/300px-Phase_change_-_zh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Phase_change_-_zh.svg/400px-Phase_change_-_zh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="429" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">低能量</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E2%80%93%E7%88%B1%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%87%9D%E8%81%9A" title="玻色–爱因斯坦凝聚">玻色–爱因斯坦凝聚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E7%B1%B3%E5%87%9D%E8%81%9A" title="费米凝聚">费米凝聚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%80%E5%B9%B6%E6%80%81%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8" title="简并态物质">简并态物质</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E9%9C%8D%E5%B0%94%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94" title="量子霍尔效应">量子霍尔效应</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="里德伯物質" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rydberg matter"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="里德伯物質（页面不存在）">里德伯物質</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rydberg_matter" class="extiw" title="en:Rydberg matter"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rydberg matter</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="里德伯極化子" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rydberg polaron"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E4%BC%AF%E6%A5%B5%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="里德伯極化子（页面不存在）">里德伯極化子</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rydberg_polaron" class="extiw" title="en:Rydberg polaron"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rydberg polaron</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E7%95%B0%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="奇異物質">奇异物质</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%B5%81%E4%BD%93" title="超流体">超流体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%9B%BA%E4%BD%93" title="超固体">超固体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%90%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="光子分子">光子分子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%80%E5%B9%B6%E6%80%81%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8" title="简并态物质">简并态物质</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="超金属">超金属</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">高能量</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="夸克物质" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="QCD matter"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="夸克物质（页面不存在）">夸克物质</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QCD_matter" class="extiw" title="en:QCD matter"><span lang="en" dir="auto">QCD matter</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Lattice夸克" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lattice QCD"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lattice%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lattice夸克（页面不存在）">Lattice夸克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_QCD" class="extiw" title="en:Lattice QCD"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lattice QCD</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B-%E8%86%A0%E5%AD%90%E9%9B%BB%E6%BC%BF" title="夸克-膠子電漿">夸克-膠子漿</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E7%95%B0%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="奇異物質">奇異物質</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E8%87%A8%E7%95%8C%E6%B5%81%E9%AB%94" title="超臨界流體">超臨界流體</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="色荷玻璃冷凝物" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Color-glass condensate"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%B2%E8%8D%B7%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83%E5%86%B7%E5%87%9D%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="色荷玻璃冷凝物（页面不存在）">色荷玻璃冷凝物</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color-glass_condensate" class="extiw" title="en:Color-glass condensate"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Color-glass condensate</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他物态</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%86%A0%E9%AB%94" title="膠體">膠體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93" title="晶体">晶体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E6%99%B6" title="液晶">液晶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E5%AE%9A%E5%BD%A2%E4%BD%93" title="无定形体">无定形体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83" title="玻璃">玻璃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E6%99%B6%E9%AB%94" title="時間晶體">時間晶體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%86%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93" title="准晶体">準晶体</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="柔粘性結晶" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Plastic crystal"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%94%E7%B2%98%E6%80%A7%E7%B5%90%E6%99%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="柔粘性結晶（页面不存在）">柔粘性結晶</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_crystal" class="extiw" title="en:Plastic crystal"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Plastic crystal</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>磁狀態 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E9%93%81%E7%A3%81%E6%80%A7" title="反铁磁性">反铁磁性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%93%81%E7%A3%81%E6%80%A7" title="亚铁磁性">亚铁磁性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81%E7%A3%81%E6%80%A7" title="铁磁性">铁磁性</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81#弦狀網液態" title="物质状态">弦狀網液態</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83" title="超玻璃">超玻璃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%97%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8" title="暗物质">暗物质</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8" title="反物质">反物质</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E8%AE%8A" title="相變">相變</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B8%E8%85%BE" title="沸腾">沸腾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B8%E7%82%B9" title="沸点">沸点</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="临界线_(热力学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Critical line (thermodynamics)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%B4%E7%95%8C%E7%BA%BF_(%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="临界线 (热力学)（页面不存在）">临界线</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_line_(thermodynamics)" class="extiw" title="en:Critical line (thermodynamics)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Critical line (thermodynamics)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B4%E7%95%8C%E7%82%B9_(%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6)" title="临界点 (热力学)">临界点</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E6%99%B6" title="结晶">结晶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%9D%E5%8D%8E" title="凝华">凝华</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E5%8F%91" title="蒸发">蒸发</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%AA%E8%92%B8" title="闪蒸">闪蒸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%9D%E5%9B%BA" title="凝固">凝固</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9B%E7%82%B9" title="Λ点">λ点</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%94%E5%8C%96" title="熔化">熔化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%94%E7%82%B9" title="熔点">熔点</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%A9%E5%86%B0%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1" title="復冰現象">復冰現象</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E6%B6%B2%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1" title="氣液平衡">饱和流体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%87%E5%8D%8E" title="升华">升华</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%87%E5%86%B7" title="过冷">过冷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%9B%B8%E7%82%B9" title="三相点">三相点</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%99%B0%E9%BB%9E" title="清晰點">清晰點</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E6%99%B6%E5%8C%96%E9%BB%9E" title="液晶化點">液晶化點</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E7%BA%A7%E7%9B%B8%E5%8F%98" title="二级相变">二级相变</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">數量</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%94%E5%8C%96%E7%83%AD" title="熔化热">熔化热</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%87%E5%8D%8E%E7%83%AD" title="升华热">升华热</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BD%E5%8C%96%E7%83%AD" title="汽化热">汽化热</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%9B%E7%86%B1" title="潛熱">潛熱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%9B%E5%85%A7%E8%83%BD" title="潛內能">潜内能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E9%AD%AF%E9%A0%93%E8%A6%8F%E5%89%87" title="特魯頓規則">特魯頓規則</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%AE%E7%99%BC%E6%80%A7" title="揮發性">揮發性</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">概念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="双结点" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Binodal"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8C%E7%BB%93%E7%82%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="双结点（页面不存在）">双结点</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binodal" class="extiw" title="en:Binodal"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Binodal</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="压缩流体" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Compressed fluid"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%8B%E7%BC%A9%E6%B5%81%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="压缩流体（页面不存在）">压缩流体</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_fluid" class="extiw" title="en:Compressed fluid"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Compressed fluid</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E6%9B%B2%E7%B7%9A" title="冷卻曲線">冷卻曲線‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" title="状态方程">狀態方程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E9%A1%BF%E5%BC%97%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1" title="莱顿弗罗斯特现象">莱顿弗罗斯特现象</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%86%E6%BD%98%E5%B7%B4%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1" title="姆潘巴现象">姆潘巴现象</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="有序与无序_(物理)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Order and disorder (physics)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E5%BA%8F%E4%B8%8E%E6%97%A0%E5%BA%8F_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有序与无序 (物理)（页面不存在）">有序与无序</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_and_disorder_(physics)" class="extiw" title="en:Order and disorder (physics)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Order and disorder (physics)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="调幅分解" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Spinodal"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B0%83%E5%B9%85%E5%88%86%E8%A7%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="调幅分解（页面不存在）">调幅分解</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinodal" class="extiw" title="en:Spinodal"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Spinodal</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%AF%BC%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1" title="超导现象">超导现象</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E7%86%B1%E8%92%B8%E6%B1%BD" title="過熱蒸汽">过热蒸汽</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%87%E7%83%AD" title="过热">过热</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="热-电介质效应" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Thermo-dielectric effect"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD-%E7%94%B5%E4%BB%8B%E8%B4%A8%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="热-电介质效应（页面不存在）">热-电介质效应</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermo-dielectric_effect" class="extiw" title="en:Thermo-dielectric effect"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Thermo-dielectric effect</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">列表</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E6%80%81%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="相态列表">相态列表</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" 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