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href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-共價鍵的極性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#共價鍵的極性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>共價鍵的極性</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-共價鍵的極性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-分子的極性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分子的極性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>分子的極性</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-分子的極性-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关分子的極性子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-分子的極性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-分子形状" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分子形状"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>分子形状</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-分子形状-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-分子極性的推測" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分子極性的推測"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>分子極性的推測</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-分子極性的推測-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-分子極性對性質的影響" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分子極性對性質的影響"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>分子極性對性質的影響</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-分子極性對性質的影響-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关分子極性對性質的影響子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-分子極性對性質的影響-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-溶解性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#溶解性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>溶解性</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-溶解性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-熔沸點" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#熔沸點"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>熔沸點</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-熔沸點-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">极性</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。38种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%AAre_molekule" title="Polêre molekule – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Polêre molekule" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="قطبية كيميائية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قطبية كيميائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Хімічная палярнасць – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хімічная палярнасць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaritat_qu%C3%ADmica" title="Polaritat química – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Polaritat química" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaridad_sa_usa_ka_Kimikal" title="Polaridad sa usa ka Kimikal – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Polaridad sa usa ka Kimikal" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemisk_polaritet" title="Kemisk polaritet – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kemisk polaritet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarit%C3%A4t_(Chemie)" title="Polarität (Chemie) – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Polarität (Chemie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Χημική πολικότητα – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χημική πολικότητα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_polarity" title="Chemical polarity – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Chemical polarity" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaridad_(qu%C3%ADmica)" title="Polaridad (química) – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Polaridad (química)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekuli_polaarsus" title="Molekuli polaarsus – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Molekuli polaarsus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polartasun_(kimika)" title="Polartasun (kimika) – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Polartasun (kimika)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="قطبیت شیمیایی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قطبیت شیمیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poolisuus" title="Poolisuus – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Poolisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarit%C3%A9_(chimie)" title="Polarité (chimie) – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Polarité (chimie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polara%C3%ADocht" title="Polaraíocht – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Polaraíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaridade_qu%C3%ADmica" title="Polaridade química – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Polaridade química" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%98%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_(%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94)" title="קוטביות (כימיה) – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קוטביות (כימיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="रासायनिक ध्रुवीयता – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रासायनिक ध्रुवीयता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemijski_polaritet" title="Kemijski polaritet – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kemijski polaritet" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaritas_(kimia)" title="Polaritas (kimia) – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Polaritas (kimia)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarit%C3%A0" title="Polarità – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Polarità" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="პოლარული ნივთიერებები – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პოლარული ნივთიერებები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tizzugla_(takrura)" title="Tizzugla (takrura) – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tizzugla (takrura)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B9%EC%84%B1_(%ED%99%94%ED%95%99)" title="극성 (화학) – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="극성 (화학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8_%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A4" title="രാസ ധ്രുവത – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രാസ ധ്രുവത" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarisatie_(scheikunde)" title="Polarisatie (scheikunde) – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Polarisatie (scheikunde)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaritet_(kjemi)" title="Polaritet (kjemi) – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Polaritet (kjemi)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarno%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Polarność – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Polarność" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaridade_(qu%C3%ADmica)" title="Polaridade (química) – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Polaridade (química)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaritate_(chimie)" title="Polaritate (chimie) – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Polaritate (chimie)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemijska_polarnost" title="Hemijska polarnost – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hemijska polarnost" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarita_(ch%C3%A9mia)" title="Polarita (chémia) – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Polarita (chémia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarnost" title="Polarnost – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Polarnost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemijska_polarnost" title="Hemijska polarnost – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Hemijska polarnost" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="இரசாயன முனைவுத்தன்மை – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இரசாயன முனைவுத்தன்மை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_(%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Полярність (хімія) – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Полярність (хімія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A5%B5%E6%80%A7" title="極性 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="極性" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q506623#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/48px-Confusion_grey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><b>提示</b>：此条目页的主题不是<b><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E6%9E%81" title="电极">电极</a></b>。</div> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="化學">化學</a>中，<b>極性</b>（polarity），是指一個<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%83%B9%E9%8D%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="共價鍵">共價鍵</a>或一個共價分子中電荷分佈的不均勻性。如果電荷分佈得不均勻，則稱該鍵或分子為極性；如果均勻，則稱為<b>非極性</b>。 </p><p>物質的一些物理性質（如<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E8%A7%A3%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="溶解性">溶解性</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%94%E9%BB%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="熔點">熔</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B8%E9%BB%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="沸點">沸點</a>等）與分子的極性相關。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="共價鍵的極性"><span id=".E5.85.B1.E5.83.B9.E9.8D.B5.E7.9A.84.E6.A5.B5.E6.80.A7"></span>共價鍵的極性</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9E%81%E6%80%A7&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：共價鍵的極性"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Water-charge-surface.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Water-charge-surface.png" decoding="async" width="266" height="234" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="234" /></a><figcaption>水是極性化合物。由於氧原子強烈的電負性，電子對明顯偏向氧一側，因此氧周圍聚集負電荷（紅色部分），氫原子周圍聚集正電荷（藍色部分）。</figcaption></figure> <p>共價鍵的極性是因為成鍵的兩個原子<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%B4%9F%E6%80%A7" title="电负性">電負性</a>不相同而產生的。電負性高的原子，如氟、氧及氮，比電負性低的原子更能吸引電子，即把電子「拉」向它那一方，而電子接近電負性高的原子的時間也較多，使得電荷不均勻分佈。這樣形成了一組<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%B6%E6%9E%81" class="mw-redirect" title="偶极">偶極</a>，這樣的鍵就是極性共價鍵。電負性高的原子是負偶極，記作δ<sup>-</sup>；電負性低的原子是正偶極，記作δ<sup>+</sup>。兩原子間的極性強度以<a href="/wiki/%E9%8D%B5%E5%81%B6%E6%A5%B5%E7%9F%A9" title="鍵偶極矩">鍵偶極矩</a>表示。 </p><p>鍵可以墮入兩個極端——極性和非極性。當構成共價鍵的不同離子的電負性完全相同，便會產生完全非極性的鍵。相反，當兩者的電負性相差值大得足以令其中一種離子完全取走了另一方的一粒電子，就會產生極性鍵——或更貼切而言，是<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%A2%E5%AD%90%E9%8D%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="離子鍵">離子鍵</a>。「極性」和「非極性」二詞多用於形容共價鍵上。鍵的極性程度可以用兩個原子電負性之差來衡量。差值在0.4到1.7之間的是典型的極性共價鍵，差值在0.0到0.4之間的是非極性共價鍵，兩個原子完全相同（當然電負性也完全相同）時，差值為0，這時原子間成非極性鍵。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="分子的極性"><span id=".E5.88.86.E5.AD.90.E7.9A.84.E6.A5.B5.E6.80.A7"></span>分子的極性</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9E%81%E6%80%A7&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：分子的極性"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Polarity_boron_trifluoride_zh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Polarity_boron_trifluoride_zh.png" decoding="async" width="241" height="253" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="241" data-file-height="253" /></a><figcaption>三角形的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%9F%E5%8C%96%E7%A1%BC" title="三氟化硼">三氟化硼</a>分子。儘管3根鍵都是極性鍵，但分子是非極性分子。因為分子對稱，正負電荷中心重合了。</figcaption></figure> <p>一個共價分子是極性的，是説這個分子內電荷分佈不均勻，或者説，正負電荷中心沒有重合。分子的極性取決於分子內各個鍵的極性以及它們的排列方式。在大多數情況下，極性分子中含有極性鍵，非極性分子中含有非極性鍵。 </p><p>然而，非極性分子也可以全部由極性鍵構成。只要分子高度對稱，各個極性鍵的正、負電荷中心就都集中在了分子的<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="几何中心">幾何中心</a>上，這樣便消去了分子的極性。這樣的分子一般是<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="直線">直線</a>形、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E5%BD%A2" title="三角形">三角形</a>（又因三个原子处于同一平面而称作平面型）或<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E5%9B%9B%E9%9D%A2%E9%AB%94" title="正四面體">正四面體</a>形。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="分子形状"><span id=".E5.88.86.E5.AD.90.E5.BD.A2.E7.8A.B6"></span>分子形状</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9E%81%E6%80%A7&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：分子形状"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>参见<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%B7%E5%B1%82%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AF%B9%E4%BA%92%E6%96%A5%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="价层电子对互斥理论">价层电子对互斥理论</a>。分子的形状是在组成分子的各原子以及其中某原子的未成键电子的相互排斥作用下形成的。相較於化学键与键之间的排斥力，未成键电子对化学键的排斥力更大。如<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3" title="二氧化碳">二氧化碳</a>（CO<sub>2</sub>），其中的碳原子和氧原子均达到了八电子稳定结构且所有电子均成键，所以没有额外电子，又因双键的原因碳原子和氧原子都在一条直线上，所以二氧化碳是直线型分子。而<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E6%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="氨气">氨气</a>（NH<sub>3</sub>），因为氮原子有一对电子未成键，所以对三对氮氢化学键有较大排斥力，因此氨气分子是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E9%8C%90" class="mw-disambig" title="三角錐">三角锥形</a>，而不是平面型或正四面体型。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="分子極性的推測"><span id=".E5.88.86.E5.AD.90.E6.A5.B5.E6.80.A7.E7.9A.84.E6.8E.A8.E6.B8.AC"></span>分子極性的推測</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9E%81%E6%80%A7&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：分子極性的推測"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>通式 </th> <th>描述 </th> <th>舉例 </th></tr> <tr> <th align="center" rowspan="5"><b>極性</b> </th> <td>AB</td> <td>線形不對稱<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="分子">分子</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3" title="一氧化碳">CO</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>HA<sub>x</sub></td> <td>只含1個<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="氫">氫</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="分子">分子</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E6%B0%A2" title="氯化氢">HCl</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>A<sub>x</sub>(OH)<sub>y</sub></td> <td>分子一端有<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A5%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="羥基">羥基</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E9%86%87" title="乙醇">C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>O<sub>x</sub>A<sub>y</sub></td> <td>分子一端有<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧">氧</a>原子</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">H<sub>2</sub>O</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>N<sub>x</sub>A<sub>y</sub></td> <td>分子一端有<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE" title="氮">氮</a>原子</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A8" title="氨">NH<sub>3</sub></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center" rowspan="2"><b>非極性</b> </th> <td>A<sub>x</sub></td> <td>絕大多數單質</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E6%B0%94" title="氧气">O<sub>2</sub></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>C<sub>x</sub>A<sub>y</sub></td> <td>多數含<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳">碳</a>化合物</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3" title="二氧化碳">CO<sub>2</sub></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="分子極性對性質的影響"><span id=".E5.88.86.E5.AD.90.E6.A5.B5.E6.80.A7.E5.B0.8D.E6.80.A7.E8.B3.AA.E7.9A.84.E5.BD.B1.E9.9F.BF"></span>分子極性對性質的影響</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9E%81%E6%80%A7&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：分子極性對性質的影響"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="溶解性"><span id=".E6.BA.B6.E8.A7.A3.E6.80.A7"></span>溶解性</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9E%81%E6%80%A7&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：溶解性"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>分子的極性對物質溶解性有很大影響。極性分子易溶於極性溶劑，非極性分子易溶於非極性溶劑，也即「同類互溶」。 <a href="/wiki/%E8%94%97%E7%B3%96" title="蔗糖">蔗糖</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A8" title="氨">氨</a>等極性分子和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E9%88%89" class="mw-redirect" title="氯化鈉">氯化鈉</a>等离子化合物易溶於水。具有長碳鏈的非極性有機物，如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B9%E8%84%82" class="mw-redirect" title="油脂">油脂</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9" title="石油">石油</a>的成分多不溶於水，而溶於非極性的有機溶劑。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="熔沸點"><span id=".E7.86.94.E6.B2.B8.E9.BB.9E"></span>熔沸點</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9E%81%E6%80%A7&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：熔沸點"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在分子量相同的情況下，極性分子比非極性分子有更高的沸點。這是因為極性分子之間的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%96%E5%90%91%E5%8A%9B" title="取向力">取向力</a>比非極性分子之間的<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E6%95%A3%E5%8A%9B" title="色散力">色散力</a>大。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9E%81%E6%80%A7&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul 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href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E6%B6%B2" title="溶液">溶液</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%83%B3%E6%BA%B6%E6%B6%B2" title="理想溶液">理想溶液</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%BA%B6%E6%B6%B2" title="水溶液">水溶液</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E6%BA%B6%E4%BD%93" title="固溶体">固溶体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%93%E5%86%B2%E6%BA%B6%E6%B6%B2" title="缓冲溶液">缓冲溶液</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E6%B4%9B%E9%87%8C%E2%80%94%E5%93%88%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF%E6%BA%B6%E6%B6%B2%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弗洛里—哈金斯溶液理论（页面不存在）">弗洛里－哈金斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="混合物">混合物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%82%AC%E6%B5%8A%E6%B6%B2" title="悬浊液">悬浊液</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%86%A0%E9%AB%94" title="膠體">膠體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%9B%BE" title="相图">相图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E6%99%B6%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="共晶系統">低共熔点</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88%E9%87%91" title="合金">合金</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A5%B1%E5%92%8C_(%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6)" title="饱和 (化学)">饱和</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%87%E9%A5%B1%E5%92%8C" title="过饱和">过饱和</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%A3%E7%BA%8C%E7%A8%80%E9%87%8B" title="連續稀釋">連續稀釋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%8F%E5%89%87%E6%BA%B6%E6%B6%B2" title="規則溶液">規則溶液</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%93%E5%BA%A6" title="浓度">浓度</a><br />与相关量</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%94%E7%A9%8D%E8%8E%AB%E8%80%B3%E6%BF%83%E5%BA%A6" title="體積莫耳濃度">體積莫耳濃度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E9%87%8F%E6%91%A9%E7%88%BE%E6%BF%83%E5%BA%A6" title="重量摩爾濃度">重量摩爾濃度</a></li> <li><a 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title="溶解度">溶解度</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E8%A7%A3%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1" title="溶解平衡">溶解平衡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%BB%E6%BA%B6%E8%A7%A3%E5%9B%BA%E4%BD%93" title="总溶解固体">总溶解固体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E8%A7%A3" title="溶解">溶解</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E5%8A%91%E6%AE%BC" title="溶劑殼">溶劑殼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E8%A7%A3%E7%86%B1" title="溶解熱">溶解熱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E6%A0%BC%E8%83%BD" title="晶格能">晶格能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B9%8C%E5%B0%94%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="拉乌尔定律">拉乌尔定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="亨利定律">亨利定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E8%A7%A3%E5%BA%A6%E8%A1%A8" title="溶解度表">溶解度表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E8%A7%A3%E6%80%A7%E8%A1%A8" title="溶解性表">溶解度图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E5%BA%A6%E7%A7%AF" title="溶度积">溶度積</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E5%BA%A6%E7%A7%AF%E8%A1%A8" title="溶度积表">溶度積表</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E5%89%82" title="溶剂">溶剂</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%BA%B6%E5%8A%91" title="Category:溶劑">分类</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B8%E5%BA%A6%E7%B3%BB%E6%95%B0" title="酸度系数">酸度系数</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A8%E5%AD%90%E6%BA%B6%E5%89%82" title="质子溶剂">质子溶剂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%A9%9F%E9%9D%9E%E6%B0%B4%E6%BA%B6%E5%8A%91" title="無機非水溶劑">無機非水溶劑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E5%8A%91%E5%8C%96" title="溶劑化">溶劑化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E5%89%82%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="溶剂列表">溶剂列表</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E9%85%8D%E7%B3%BB%E6%95%B0" 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