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id="toc-Second_Temple_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1_Enoch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1_Enoch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>1 Enoch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1_Enoch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2_Enoch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2_Enoch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>2 Enoch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2_Enoch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jubilees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jubilees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Jubilees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jubilees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rabbinic_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rabbinic_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Rabbinic Judaism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rabbinic_Judaism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rabbinic Judaism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rabbinic_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Rabbinic_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Rabbinic_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early Rabbinic literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Rabbinic_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Talmudic_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Talmudic_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Post-Talmudic works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Talmudic_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kabbalah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kabbalah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Kabbalah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kabbalah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Christianity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bible" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bible"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Bible</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bible-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Early Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_Catholicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Catholicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Roman Catholicism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Catholicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthodox_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthodox_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Orthodox Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthodox_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Eastern Orthodox Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neutral_angels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neutral_angels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Neutral angels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neutral_angels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protestantism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestantism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Protestantism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestantism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Islam-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Islam subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iblis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iblis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Iblis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iblis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harut_and_Marut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harut_and_Marut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Harut and Marut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harut_and_Marut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature_and_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_and_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Literature and popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_and_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fallen angel</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%83_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B7" title="ملاك ساقط – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ملاك ساقط" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BC%C5%9Fm%C3%BC%C5%9F_m%C9%99l%C9%99kl%C9%99r" title="Düşmüş mələklər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Düşmüş mələklər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Паднал ангел – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Паднал ангел" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80ngel_caigut" title="Àngel caigut – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àngel caigut" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padl%C3%BD_and%C4%9Bl" title="Padlý anděl – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Padlý anděl" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falden_engel" title="Falden engel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Falden engel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6llensturz" title="Höllensturz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Höllensturz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langenud_ingel" title="Langenud ingel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Langenud ingel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ngel_ca%C3%ADdo" title="Ángel caído – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ángel caído" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falintaj_an%C4%9Deloj" title="Falintaj anĝeloj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Falintaj anĝeloj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aingeru_gaizto" title="Aingeru gaizto – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aingeru gaizto" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AA%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%A8" title="فرشتگان مغضوب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرشتگان مغضوب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ange_d%C3%A9chu" title="Ange déchu – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ange déchu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallen_ingel" title="Fallen ingel – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fallen ingel" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%80%EB%9D%BD%EC%B2%9C%EC%82%AC" title="타락천사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="타락천사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B8%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AE_%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ընկած հրեշտակներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ընկած հրեշտակներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali_an%C4%91eo" title="Pali anđeo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pali anđeo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaikat_jatuh" title="Malaikat jatuh – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Malaikat jatuh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo_caduto" title="Angelo caduto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Angelo caduto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritu%C5%A1ie_e%C5%86%C4%A3e%C4%BCi" title="Kritušie eņģeļi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kritušie eņģeļi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukott_angyal" title="Bukott angyal – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bukott angyal" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjely_potraka" title="Anjely potraka – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Anjely potraka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gevallen_engel" title="Gevallen engel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gevallen engel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A0%95%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%BF" title="堕天使 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="堕天使" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B7_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%81_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%92" title="سقوط کردہ فرشتے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سقوط کردہ فرشتے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upad%C5%82y_anio%C5%82" title="Upadły anioł – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Upadły anioł" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjo_ca%C3%ADdo" title="Anjo caído – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Anjo caído" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" 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id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Angel expelled from heaven in Abrahamic religions</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about fallen angels in the Abrahamic religions. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Fallen angel (disambiguation)">Fallen angel (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Fall of angels" redirects here. For the story by Leland Exton Modesitt Jr., see <a href="/wiki/L._E._Modesitt_Jr._bibliography" title="L. E. Modesitt Jr. bibliography">L. E. Modesitt Jr. bibliography</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Rebel angels" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Rebel_Angels_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Rebel Angels (disambiguation)">Rebel Angels (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22The_Fallen_Angels%22_by_Albano_IMG_3886.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%22The_Fallen_Angels%22_by_Albano_IMG_3886.JPG/220px-%22The_Fallen_Angels%22_by_Albano_IMG_3886.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%22The_Fallen_Angels%22_by_Albano_IMG_3886.JPG/330px-%22The_Fallen_Angels%22_by_Albano_IMG_3886.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%22The_Fallen_Angels%22_by_Albano_IMG_3886.JPG/440px-%22The_Fallen_Angels%22_by_Albano_IMG_3886.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption><i>The Fallen Angels</i> (1893), sculpture by <a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Albano" title="Salvatore Albano">Salvatore Albano</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a>, New York City.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AngelCaido.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/AngelCaido.jpg/220px-AngelCaido.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/AngelCaido.jpg/330px-AngelCaido.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/AngelCaido.jpg/440px-AngelCaido.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2345" data-file-height="3519" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Fuente_del_%C3%81ngel_Ca%C3%ADdo" title="Fuente del Ángel Caído">Fountain of the Fallen Angel</a></i> (1877), by <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Bellver" title="Ricardo Bellver">Ricardo Bellver</a>. <a href="/wiki/Parque_del_Buen_Retiro,_Madrid" title="Parque del Buen Retiro, Madrid">Retiro Park</a>, Madrid.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Fallen angels</b> are <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angels</a> who were expelled from <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a>. The literal term "fallen angel" does not appear in any <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a> <a href="/wiki/Religious_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious texts">religious texts</a>, but is used to describe angels cast out of heaven<sup id="cite_ref-Azaiez-Reynolds-Tesei-Zafer-nd_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azaiez-Reynolds-Tesei-Zafer-nd-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or angels who <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sinned</a>. Such angels often tempt humans to sin. </p><p>The idea of fallen angels is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">pseudepigraphic</a> <a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Jewish apocalyptic</a> religious text, or the assumption that the "<a href="/wiki/Sons_of_God" title="Sons of God">sons of God</a>" (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בני האלוהים</span>‎) mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Primeval_history" title="Primeval history">Genesis 6:1–4</a> are angels. In the <a href="/wiki/Intertestamental_period" title="Intertestamental period">period immediately preceding the composition of the New Testament</a>, some sects of <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a> identified these same "sons of God" as fallen angels. During the late <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a> the <a href="/wiki/Nephilim" title="Nephilim">Nephilim</a> were considered the monstrous offspring of fallen angels and human women. In such accounts, God sends the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Great Deluge</a> to purge the world of these creatures; their bodies are destroyed, yet their peculiar souls survive, thereafter roaming the earth as <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demons</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">early Christian authorities</a> after the third century rejected the Enochian writings and the notion of an illicit union between angels and women producing <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrids</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a> indicates the sins of fallen angels occur <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">before the beginning of human history</a>. Accordingly, fallen angels became identified with those led by <a href="/wiki/Lucifer" title="Lucifer">Lucifer</a> in rebellion against God, also equated with demons. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, belief in fallen angels is disputed. In early <a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Quranic exegesis</a> (<i>tafsīr</i>) there are two distinct opinions in regards of the obedience of angels, often revolving around the nature of <i><a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblīs</a></i> (Satan in Islam).<sup id="cite_ref-Erdağı_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erdağı-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the viewpoint of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abbas" title="Ibn Abbas">Ibn Abbas</a> (619–687), Iblis was an angel created from fire (<i>nār as-samūm</i>), while according to <a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Basri" title="Hasan al-Basri">Hasan of Basra</a> (642–728), he was the progenitor of the <i><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">jinn</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hasan al-Basri argued that angels are unable to <a href="/wiki/Sin_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin in Islam">sin</a>. To eliminate the possibilities for fallen angels, he further interpretates <a href="/wiki/Harut_and_Marut" title="Harut and Marut">Harut and Marut</a>, mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Al-Baqara" title="Al-Baqara">Surah 2:102</a>, as <i>malikayn</i> (kings) instead of <i>malāʾikah</i> (angels).<sup id="cite_ref-auto_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Abbas, on the other hand, asserts that the verse in <a href="/wiki/Al-Kahf" title="Al-Kahf">Surah 18:50</a>: "except Iblis, he was one of the jinn", means "he was one of the inhabitants of paradise", and generally allows the concept of fallen angels within the Islamic tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-Erdağı_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erdağı-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historians have discussed the relationship between Quranic <i>jinn</i> and fallen angels in Christian theology. Some of the primary issues for such a relationship is that the former are not identified as "angels" and that, unlike angels, they are described as ascending to the sky where they eavesdrop on heavenly secrets.<sup id="cite_ref-Azaiez-Reynolds-Tesei-Zafer-nd_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azaiez-Reynolds-Tesei-Zafer-nd-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Islamic_mythology" title="Islamic mythology">classical Islamic traditions</a>, the <i>jinn</i> are often thought of as a race of <a href="/wiki/Pre-Adamite" title="Pre-Adamite">pre-Adamites</a>, who dwelt on Earth before the creation of humankind.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_Temple_period">Second Temple period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fallen_angel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Second Temple period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Biblical apocrypha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Development of the Hebrew Bible canon</a></div> <p>The concept of fallen angels derives mostly from <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">pseudepigraphic</a> <a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Jewish apocalyptic</a> religious texts dated to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a> between 530 BC and 70 AD: in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Book of Jubilees</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Qumran" title="Qumran">Qumran</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Giants" title="The Book of Giants">Book of Giants</a></i>; and perhaps in Genesis 6:1–4.<sup id="cite_ref-Grabbe_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grabbe-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A reference to heavenly beings called "<a href="/wiki/Watcher_(angel)" title="Watcher (angel)">Watchers</a>" originates in <a href="/wiki/Daniel_4" title="Daniel 4">Daniel 4</a>, in which there are three mentions, twice in the singular (v. 13, 23), once in the plural (v. 17), of "watchers, holy ones". The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> word for watchers is <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐγρήγοροι</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">egrḗgoroi</i></span>, plural of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">egrḗgoros</i></span>), literally translated as "wakeful".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars consider it most likely that the Jewish tradition of fallen angels predates, even in written form, the composition of Gen 6:1–4.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Book of Enoch, these <a href="/wiki/Watcher_(angel)" title="Watcher (angel)">Watchers</a> "fell" after they became "enamored" with human women. The <a href="/wiki/2_Enoch" title="2 Enoch">Second Book of Enoch</a> (<i>Slavonic Enoch</i>) refers to the same beings of the (First) Book of Enoch, now called <i>Grigori</i> in the Greek transcription.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared to the other Books of Enoch, fallen angels play a less significant role in <a href="/wiki/3_Enoch" title="3 Enoch">3 Enoch</a>. 3 Enoch mentions only three fallen angels called <a href="/wiki/Azazel" title="Azazel">Azazel</a>, Azza and Uzza. Similar to The first Book of Enoch, they taught sorcery on earth, causing corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the first Book of Enoch, there is no mention of the reason for their fall and, according to 3 Enoch 4.6, they also later appear in heaven objecting to the presence of Enoch. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1_Enoch">1 Enoch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fallen_angel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1 Enoch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P._Chester_Beatty_XII,_leaf_3,_verso.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/P._Chester_Beatty_XII%2C_leaf_3%2C_verso.jpg/200px-P._Chester_Beatty_XII%2C_leaf_3%2C_verso.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/P._Chester_Beatty_XII%2C_leaf_3%2C_verso.jpg/300px-P._Chester_Beatty_XII%2C_leaf_3%2C_verso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/P._Chester_Beatty_XII%2C_leaf_3%2C_verso.jpg/400px-P._Chester_Beatty_XII%2C_leaf_3%2C_verso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3735" data-file-height="5976" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Chester_Beatty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester Beatty">Chester Beatty</a> XII</i>, Greek manuscript of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a>, 4th century</figcaption></figure><p> According to 1 Enoch 7.2, the Watchers become "enamoured" with human women<sup id="cite_ref-Laurence_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laurence-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and have intercourse with them. The offspring of these unions, and the knowledge they were giving, corrupt human beings and the earth (1 Enoch 10.11–12).<sup id="cite_ref-Laurence_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laurence-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eminent among these angels are <a href="/wiki/Samyaza" title="Samyaza">Samyaza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azazel" title="Azazel">Azazel</a>. Like many other fallen angels mentioned in 1 Enoch 8.1–9, Azazel introduces men to "forbidden arts", and it is Azazel who is rebuked by <a href="/wiki/Enoch_(ancestor_of_Noah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enoch (ancestor of Noah)">Enoch</a> himself for illicit instruction, as stated in 1 Enoch 13.1.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to 1 Enoch 10.6, God sends the archangel <a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a> to chain Azazel in the desert <a href="/wiki/Dudael" title="Dudael">Dudael</a> as punishment. Further, Azazel is blamed for the corruption of earth:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>1 Enoch 10:12: "All the earth has been corrupted by the effects of the teaching of Azazyel. To him therefore ascribe the whole crime."</p></blockquote> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Etiology" title="Etiology">etiological</a> interpretation of 1 Enoch deals with the origin of evil. By shifting the origin of mankind's sin and their misdeeds to illicit angel instruction, evil is attributed to something supernatural from without. This motif, in 1 Enoch, differs from that of later Jewish and Christian <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>; in the latter evil is something from within.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a <a href="/wiki/Paradigm" title="Paradigm">paradigmatic</a> interpretation, 1 Enoch might deal with illicit marriages between priests and women. As evident from <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a> 21:1–15, priests were prohibited to marry impure women. Accordingly, the fallen angels in 1 Enoch are the priests counterpart, who defile themselves by marriage. Just like the angels are expelled from heaven, the priests are excluded from their service at the altar. Unlike most other <a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">apocalyptic writings</a>, 1 Enoch reflects a growing dissatisfaction with the priestly establishments in Jerusalem in the 3rd century BC. The paradigmatic interpretation parallels the <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adamic myth</a> in regard of the origin of evil: In both cases, transcending one's own limitations inherent in their own nature causes their fall. This contrasts the etiological interpretation, which implies another power besides God, in heaven. The latter solution therefore poorly fits into <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheistic</a> thought.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Otherwise, the introduction to illicit knowledge might reflect a rejection of foreign <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> culture. Accordingly, the fallen angels represent creatures of <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, which introduced forbidden arts, used by Hellenistic kings and generals, resulting in oppression of Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2_Enoch">2 Enoch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fallen_angel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 2 Enoch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of fallen angels is also in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Book_of_Enoch" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Book of Enoch">Second Book of Enoch</a>. It tells about <a href="/wiki/Enoch_(ancestor_of_Noah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enoch (ancestor of Noah)">Enoch</a>'s ascent through the layers of heaven. During his journey, he encounters fallen angels imprisoned in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_heavens" title="Seven heavens">2nd heaven</a>. At first, he decides to pray for them, but refuses to do so, since he himself as merely human, would not be worthy to pray for angels. In the 5th heaven however, he meets other rebellious angels, here called <i><a href="/wiki/Watcher_(angel)" title="Watcher (angel)">Grigori</a></i>, remaining in grief, not joining the heavenly hosts in song. Enoch tries to cheer them up by telling about his prayers for their fellow angels and thereupon they join the heavenly liturgy.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Strikingly, the text refers to the leader of the Grigori as Satanail and not as Azael or Shemyaza, as in the other Books of Enoch.<sup id="cite_ref-Orlov_2012_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orlov_2012-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the Grigori are identified with the Watchers of 1 Enoch.<sup id="cite_ref-Orlov,164_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orlov,164-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The narration of the Grigori in 2 Enoch 18:1–7, who went down on to earth, married women and "befouled the earth with their deeds", resulting in their confinement under the earth, shows that the author of 2 Enoch knew about the stories in 1 Enoch.<sup id="cite_ref-Orlov_2012_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orlov_2012-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The longer <a href="/wiki/Recension" title="Recension">recension</a> of 2 Enoch, chapter 29 refers to angels who were "thrown out from the height" when their leader tried to become equal in rank with the Lord's power (2 Enoch 29:1–4), an idea probably taken from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Canaanite_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Canaanite religion">Ancient Canaanite religion</a> about <a href="/wiki/Attar_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attar (god)">Attar</a>, trying to rule the throne of <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jubilees">Jubilees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fallen_angel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Jubilees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Book of Jubilees</a>, an ancient Jewish religious work, accepted as canonical by the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a>, refers to the Watchers, who are among the angels created on the first day.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, unlike the (first) Book of Enoch, the Watchers are commanded by God to descend to earth and to instruct humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is only after they copulate with human women that they transgress the laws of God.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These illicit unions result in demonic offspring, who battle each other until they die, while the Watchers are bound in the depths of the earth as punishment.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Jubilees 10:1, another angel called <a href="/wiki/Mastema" title="Mastema">Mastema</a> appears as the leader of the evil spirits.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He asks God to spare some of the demons, so he might use their aid to lead humankind into sin. Afterwards, he becomes their leader:<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Lord, Creator, let some of them remain before me, and let them harken to my voice, and do all that I shall say unto them; for if some of them are not left to me, I shall not be able to execute the power of my will on the sons of men; for these are for corruption and leading astray before my judgment, for great is the wickedness of the sons of men. (10:8)</p></blockquote> <p>Both the (first) Book of Enoch and the Book of Jubilees include the motif of angels introducing evil to humans. However, unlike the Book of Enoch, the Book of Jubilees does not hold that evil was caused by the fall of angels in the first place, although their introduction to sin is affirmed. Further, while the fallen angels in the Book of Enoch are acting against God's will, the fallen angels and demons in the Book of Jubilees seem to have no power independent from God but only act within his power.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rabbinic_Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fallen_angel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rabbinic Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Rabbinic_literature">Early Rabbinic literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fallen_angel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early Rabbinic literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic literature</a></div> <p>Although the concept of fallen angels developed from Jewish texts written during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a>, rabbis from the second century onward turned against the Enochian writings, probably in order to prevent fellow Jews from worship and veneration of angels. Thus, while many angels were individualized and sometimes venerated during the Second Temple period, the status of angels was degraded to a class of creatures on the same level of humans, thereby emphasizing the omnipresence of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a>. The 2nd-century rabbi <a href="/wiki/Shimon_bar_Yochai" title="Shimon bar Yochai">Shimon bar Yochai</a> cursed everyone who explained the term "sons of God" as angels. He stated sons of God were actually sons of judges or sons of nobles. Evil was no longer attributed to heavenly forces, now it was dealt as an "evil inclination" (<i><a href="/wiki/Yetzer_hara" title="Yetzer hara">yetzer hara</a></i>) within humans.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrashic</a> works, the "evil inclination" is attributed to <a href="/wiki/Samael" title="Samael">Samael</a>, who is in charge of several <a href="/wiki/Destroying_angel_(Bible)" title="Destroying angel (Bible)"><i>satans</i></a> in order to test humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, these angels are still subordinate to God; the reacceptance of rebel angels in Midrashic discourse was posterior and probably influenced by the role of fallen angels in Islamic and Christian lore.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Talmudic_works">Post-Talmudic works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fallen_angel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post-Talmudic works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The idea of rebel angels in Judaism reappears in the <a href="/wiki/Aggadah" title="Aggadah">Aggadic</a>-Midrashic work <a href="/wiki/Pirke_De-Rabbi_Eliezer" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer">Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer</a>, which shows not one, but two falls of angels. The first one is attributed to Samael, who refuses to worship <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a> and objects to God favoring Adam over the angels, ultimately descending onto Adam and Eve to tempt them into <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sin</a>. This seems rooted in the motif of the fall of <a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblis</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and the fall of <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Treasures" title="Cave of Treasures">Cave of Treasures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ret_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ret-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second fall echoes the Enochian narratives. Again, the "sons of God" mentioned in Gen 6:1–4 are depicted as angels. During their fall, their "strength and stature became like the sons of man" and again, they give existence to the giants by intercourse with human women.<sup id="cite_ref-Ret_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ret-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fallen_angel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Kabbalah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kabbalistic_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabbalistic texts">Kabbalistic texts</a></div> <p>Although not strictly speaking <i>fallen</i>, evil angels reappear in <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a>. Some of them are named after angels taken from the Enochian writings, such as Samael.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a>, just as angels can be created by virtue, evil angels are an incarnation of human vices, which derive from the <a href="/wiki/Qlippoth" title="Qlippoth">qlippoth</a>, the representation of impure forces.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the Zohar also recalls a narration of two angels in a fallen state, called <a href="/wiki/Ouza" class="mw-redirect" title="Ouza">Aza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azazel" title="Azazel">Azael</a>. These angels are cast down from the heaven after mistrusting Adam for his inclination towards sin.<sup id="cite_ref-Lait_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lait-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once on Earth, they complete the Enochian narrative by teaching magic to humans and producing offspring with them, as well as consorting with <a href="/wiki/Lilith" title="Lilith">Lilith</a> (hailed as "the sinner"). In the narrative, the Zohar affirms but simultaneously prohibits magical practices.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a punishment, God puts the angels in chains, but they still copulate with the demoness <a href="/wiki/Naamah_(demon)" title="Naamah (demon)">Naamah</a>, who gives birth to demons, evil spirits and witches.<sup id="cite_ref-Lait_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lait-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christianity">Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fallen_angel&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 172px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_de_Brailes_-_The_Fall_of_the_Rebel_Angels_(Apocryphal)_-_Walters_W10624R_-_Full_Page.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Fall of the Rebel Angels (Apocryphal) (c. 1250), by William de Brailes. God sits on a throne within a mandorla. The rebelling angels are depicted as falling out of heaven and into a hell, in the shape of a mouth. As they fall, the angels become demons."><img alt="The Fall of the Rebel Angels (Apocryphal) (c. 1250), by William de Brailes. God sits on a throne within a mandorla. The rebelling angels are depicted as falling out of heaven and into a hell, in the shape of a mouth. As they fall, the angels become demons." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/William_de_Brailes_-_The_Fall_of_the_Rebel_Angels_%28Apocryphal%29_-_Walters_W10624R_-_Full_Page.jpg/255px-William_de_Brailes_-_The_Fall_of_the_Rebel_Angels_%28Apocryphal%29_-_Walters_W10624R_-_Full_Page.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/William_de_Brailes_-_The_Fall_of_the_Rebel_Angels_%28Apocryphal%29_-_Walters_W10624R_-_Full_Page.jpg/383px-William_de_Brailes_-_The_Fall_of_the_Rebel_Angels_%28Apocryphal%29_-_Walters_W10624R_-_Full_Page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/William_de_Brailes_-_The_Fall_of_the_Rebel_Angels_%28Apocryphal%29_-_Walters_W10624R_-_Full_Page.jpg/511px-William_de_Brailes_-_The_Fall_of_the_Rebel_Angels_%28Apocryphal%29_-_Walters_W10624R_-_Full_Page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1137" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Fall of the Rebel Angels (Apocryphal) (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1250</span>), by <a href="/wiki/William_de_Brailes" title="William de Brailes">William de Brailes</a>. <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> sits on a throne within a <a href="/wiki/Mandorla" title="Mandorla">mandorla</a>. The rebelling angels are depicted as falling out of heaven and into a hell, in the shape of a mouth. As they fall, the angels become demons.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 184px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 182px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paradise_Lost_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Michael casts out rebel angels. Illustration by Gustave Doré for John Milton's Paradise Lost (1866)"><img alt="Michael casts out rebel angels. Illustration by Gustave Doré for John Milton's Paradise Lost (1866)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Paradise_Lost_1.jpg/273px-Paradise_Lost_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Paradise_Lost_1.jpg/410px-Paradise_Lost_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Paradise_Lost_1.jpg/547px-Paradise_Lost_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="1210" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Michael casts out rebel angels. Illustration by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a> for <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a></i> (1866)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 186px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paradise_Lost_24.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Angels fighting against fallen angels during the War in Heaven. Illustration by Gustave Doré for John Milton's Paradise Lost (1866)"><img alt="Angels fighting against fallen angels during the War in Heaven. Illustration by Gustave Doré for John Milton's Paradise Lost (1866)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Paradise_Lost_24.jpg/276px-Paradise_Lost_24.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Paradise_Lost_24.jpg/415px-Paradise_Lost_24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Paradise_Lost_24.jpg/553px-Paradise_Lost_24.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Angels fighting against fallen angels during the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">War in Heaven</a>. Illustration by Gustave Doré for John Milton's <i>Paradise Lost</i> (1866)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bible">Bible</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fallen_angel&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bible"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament_pseudepigrapha" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Testament pseudepigrapha">Old Testament pseudepigrapha</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Development of the Old Testament canon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Development of the New Testament canon</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a> 10:18 refers to "<a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> falling from heaven" and Matthew 25:41 mentions "<a href="/wiki/The_Devil" class="mw-redirect" title="The Devil">the Devil</a> and his angels", who will be thrown into <a href="/wiki/Hell_in_Christianity" title="Hell in Christianity">Hell</a>. All <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a> identify Satan as the leader of demons.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin2010_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin2010-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 5</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 64</span> or 67) states in 1 Corinthians 6:3 that there are angels who will be judged, implying the existence of wicked angels.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin2010_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin2010-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2 Peter 2:4 and Jude 1:6 refer <a href="/wiki/Protrepsis_and_paraenesis" title="Protrepsis and paraenesis">paraenetically</a> to angels who have sinned against God and await punishment on <a href="/wiki/Judgement_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgement Day">Judgement Day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>, chapter 12, speaks of Satan as the "Great Red Dragon" whose "tail swept a third part of the stars of heaven and cast them to the earth".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In verses 7–9, Satan is defeated in the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">War in Heaven</a> against <a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a> and his angels: "the great dragon was thrown down, that <a href="/wiki/Serpent_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpent (Bible)">ancient serpent</a> who is called <a href="/wiki/The_Devil" class="mw-redirect" title="The Devil">the Devil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>, the deceiver of the whole world—he was thrown down to the earth and his angels were thrown down with him".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nowhere within the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> are fallen angels identified with <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demons</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Martin2010_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin2010-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but by combining the references to Satan, demons, and angels, <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">early Christian exegetes</a> equated fallen angels with demons, for which Satan was regarded as the leader.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin2010_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin2010-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">First Epistle to the Corinthians</a> in 11:10, according to the early Church Father <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>, references fallen angels; Tertullian taught that protection from the lust of the fallen angels was the reason for the <a href="/wiki/Apostle_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostle Paul">Apostle Paul</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Head_covering_for_Christian_women" title="Head covering for Christian women">directive to Christian women to wear a headcovering (veil)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stewart2022_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stewart2022-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tertullian referenced a woman who was touched on the neck by a fallen angel "who found her to be a temptation".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> and other early Christian writers linked the fallen morning star of <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_14" title="Isaiah 14">Isaiah 14</a>:12 of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> to Jesus' statement in Luke 10:18 that he "saw Satan fall like lightning from heaven", as well as a passage about the fall of Satan in Revelation 12:8–9.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Latin word <i><a href="/wiki/Lucifer" title="Lucifer">lucifer</a></i>, as introduced in the late 4th-century AD <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a>, gave rise to the name for a fallen angel.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christian tradition has associated Satan not only with the image of the fallen "morning star" in Isaiah 14:12, but also with the denouncing in Ezekiel 28:11–19 of the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Tyre" title="King of Tyre">King of Tyre</a>, who is spoken of as having been a "<a href="/wiki/Cherub" title="Cherub">cherub</a>". The <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> saw these two passages as in some ways parallel, an interpretation also testified in apocryphal and <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">pseudepigraphic</a> works.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, "no modern evangelical commentary on Isaiah or Ezekiel sees Isaiah 14 or Ezekiel 28 as providing information about the fall of Satan".<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Christianity">Early Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fallen_angel&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Early Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_writings" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christian writings">Early Christian writings</a></div> <p>During the period immediately before the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">rise of Christianity</a>, the intercourse between the Watchers and human women was often seen as the first fall of the angels.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christianity stuck to the Enochian writings at least until the third century.<sup id="cite_ref-Patricia_Crone_p._4_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patricia_Crone_p._4-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many <a href="/wiki/Church_Father" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Father">Church Fathers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a><sup id="cite_ref-Reed_2005_14,_15_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reed_2005_14,_15-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> accepted the association of the angelic descent to the sons of God passage in Genesis 6:1–4.<sup id="cite_ref-Reed_2005_14,_15_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reed_2005_14,_15-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some <a href="/wiki/Christian_asceticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian asceticism">Christian ascetics</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 184</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 253</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rejected this interpretation. According to the <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> who rejected the doctrine by Origen, these angels were guilty of having transgressed the limits of their nature and of desiring to leave their heavenly abode to experience sensual experiences.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irenaeus referred to fallen angels as <a href="/wiki/Apostates" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostates">apostates</a>, who will be punished by an everlasting fire. Justin Martyr (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 100</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 165</span>) identified pagan deities as fallen angels or their demonic offspring in disguise. Justin also held them responsible for Christian persecution during the first centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> and Origen also referred to fallen angels as teachers of <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Babylonian king, who is described as a fallen "morning star" in Isaiah 14:1–17, was probably the first time identified with a fallen angel by Origen.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This description was interpreted typologically both as an angel and a human king. The image of the fallen morning star or angel was thereby applied to Satan by early Christian writers,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> following the equation of Lucifer to Satan in the pre-Christian century.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fallen_angel&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Roman Catholicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Christian angelology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_demonology" title="Christian demonology">Christian demonology</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_demons" title="Classification of demons">Classification of demons</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_theological_demons" title="List of theological demons">List of theological demons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seven_princes_of_Hell" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven princes of Hell">Seven princes of Hell</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail-Isenheim-Altarpiece-Gruenewald.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Detail-Isenheim-Altarpiece-Gruenewald.jpg/220px-Detail-Isenheim-Altarpiece-Gruenewald.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Detail-Isenheim-Altarpiece-Gruenewald.jpg/330px-Detail-Isenheim-Altarpiece-Gruenewald.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Detail-Isenheim-Altarpiece-Gruenewald.jpg/440px-Detail-Isenheim-Altarpiece-Gruenewald.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2021" data-file-height="2841" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Isenheim_Altarpiece" title="Isenheim Altarpiece">Isenheim Altarpiece</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1512</span>-1616), by <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Gr%C3%BCnewald" title="Matthias Grünewald">Matthias Grünewald</a>. Concert of Angels (detail), with <a href="/wiki/Lucifer" title="Lucifer">Lucifer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Feather_tights" title="Feather tights">feather costume</a> and fallen angels in the background.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Innichen_Pfarrkirche_St.Michael_3_-_Deckenfresco_Engelssturz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Innichen_Pfarrkirche_St.Michael_3_-_Deckenfresco_Engelssturz.jpg/220px-Innichen_Pfarrkirche_St.Michael_3_-_Deckenfresco_Engelssturz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Innichen_Pfarrkirche_St.Michael_3_-_Deckenfresco_Engelssturz.jpg/330px-Innichen_Pfarrkirche_St.Michael_3_-_Deckenfresco_Engelssturz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Innichen_Pfarrkirche_St.Michael_3_-_Deckenfresco_Engelssturz.jpg/440px-Innichen_Pfarrkirche_St.Michael_3_-_Deckenfresco_Engelssturz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Frescos depicting the fall of the rebelling angels (1760), by Christoph Anton Mayr. Saint Michael Parish Church, <a href="/wiki/Innichen" title="Innichen">Innichen</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The subject of fallen angels is covered in a number of <a href="/wiki/Catechisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Catechisms">catechisms</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, including <a href="/wiki/George_Hay_(bishop)" title="George Hay (bishop)">Rev. George Hay's</a> in which he answers the question <i>What was the sin by which they fell?</i>: "It was pride, arising from the great beauty and sublime graces which God had bestowed upon them. For, seeing themselves such glorious beings, they fell in love with themselves, and, forgetting the God that made them, wished to be on an equality with their Creator." The consequence of this fall being that, "they were immediately deprived of all their supernatural graces and heavenly beauty: they were changed from glorious angels into hideous devils; they were banished out of heaven, and condemned to the torments of hell, which was prepared to receive them."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of the history of fallen angel theology it is thought to be rooted in Enochian literature, which Christians began to reject by the 3rd century. The sons of God came to be identified merely with righteous men, more precisely with descendants of <a href="/wiki/Seth" title="Seth">Seth</a> who had been seduced by women descended from <a href="/wiki/Cain" title="Cain">Cain</a>. The cause of evil was shifted from the <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">superior powers</a> of angels, to humans themselves, and to the very beginning of history; the expulsion of Satan and his angels on the one hand and the original sin of humans on the other hand.<sup id="cite_ref-Patricia_Crone_p._4_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patricia_Crone_p._4-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Book of Watchers, which identified the sons of God with fallen angels, was not rejected by <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christians</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Patricia_Crone_p._5_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patricia_Crone_p._5-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>'s work <i><a href="/wiki/Civitas_Dei" class="mw-redirect" title="Civitas Dei">Civitas Dei</a></i> (5th century) became the major opinion of <a href="/wiki/Christian_demonology" title="Christian demonology">Western demonology</a> and for the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He rejected the Enochian writings and stated that the sole origin of fallen angels was the rebellion of Satan.<sup id="cite_ref-Heinz_Schreckenberg_1992_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heinz_Schreckenberg_1992-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceD_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceD-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, fallen angels came to be equated with demons and depicted as non-sexual spiritual entities.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceE_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceE-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exact nature of their spiritual bodies became another topic of dispute during the Middle Ages.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Augustine based his descriptions of demons on his perception of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Daimon" title="Daimon">daimon</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Daimon was thought to be a spiritual being, composed of ethereal matter, a notion also used for fallen angels by Augustine.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceF_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceF-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, these angels received their ethereal body only after their fall.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceF_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceF-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later scholars tried to explain the details of their spiritual nature, asserting that the ethereal body is a mixture of fire and air, but that they are still composed of material elements. Others denied any physical relation to material elements, depicting the fallen angels as purely spiritual entities.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But even those who believed the fallen angels had ethereal bodies did not believe that they could produce any offspring.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Augustine, in his <i>Civitas Dei</i> describes two cities (<i>Civitates</i>) distinct from each other and opposed to each other like light and darkness.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceG_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceG-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>earthly city</i> is caused by the act of rebellion of the fallen angels and is inhabited by wicked men and demons (fallen angels) led by Satan. On the other hand, the <i>heavenly city</i> is inhabited by righteous men and the angels led by God.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceG_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceG-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although, his <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontological</a> division into two different kingdoms shows resemblance of <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichean</a> <a href="/wiki/Dualism_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualism (philosophy)">dualism</a>, Augustine differs in regard of the origin and power of evil. In Augustine works, evil originates from <a href="/wiki/Free_will_in_theology" title="Free will in theology">free will</a>. Augustine always emphasized the sovereignty of God over the fallen angels.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, the inhabitants of the earthly city can only operate within their God-given framework.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceD_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceD-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rebellion of angels is also a result of the God-given freedom of choice. The obedient angels are endowed with <a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">grace</a>, giving them a deeper understanding of God's nature and the order of the cosmos. Illuminated by God-given grace, they became incapable of feeling any desire for sin. The other angels, however, are not blessed with grace, thus they remain capable of sin. After these angels decide to sin, they fall from heaven and become demons.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Augustine's view of angels, they cannot be guilty of carnal desires since they lack flesh, but they can be guilty of sins that are rooted in spirit and intellect such as <a href="/wiki/Pride" title="Pride">pride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Envy" title="Envy">envy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, after they have made their decision to rebel against God, they cannot turn back.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> understands the fall of angels as radical and irrevocable rejection of God and his reign by some angels who, though created as good beings, <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">freely chose</a> evil, their sin being unforgivable because of the irrevocable character of their choice, not because of any defect in infinite divine mercy.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Present-day Catholicism rejects <a href="/wiki/Apocatastasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocatastasis">Apocatastasis</a>, the reconciliation with God suggested by the Church Father Origen.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orthodox_Christianity">Orthodox Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fallen_angel&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Orthodox Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity">Eastern Orthodox Christianity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fallen_angel&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Eastern Orthodox Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="Eastern Orthodox theology">Eastern Orthodox theology</a></div> <p>Like Roman Catholicism, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Christianity">Eastern Orthodox Christianity</a> shares the basic belief in fallen angels as spiritual beings who rebel against God. Unlike Roman Catholicism, however, there is no established doctrine about the exact nature of fallen angels, but Eastern Orthodox Christianity unanimously agrees that the power of fallen angels is always inferior to God. Therefore, belief in fallen angels can always be assimilated with local lore, as long it does not break basic principles and is in line with the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, some Eastern Orthodox theologians even tend to suggest that fallen angels <a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">could be rehabilitated</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/World_to_come" title="World to come">world to come</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fallen angels, just like angels, play a significant role in the spiritual life of believers. As in Roman Catholicism, fallen angels are believed to <a href="/wiki/Temptation" title="Temptation">tempt</a> and incite people into <a href="/wiki/Sin_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin in Christianity">sin</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illness">mental illness</a> is also linked to the influence of fallen angels.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceJ_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceJ-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who have reached an advanced degree of <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spirituality</a> are even thought to be able to envision them.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceJ_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceJ-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sacred_mysteries#Eastern_Christianity" title="Sacred mysteries">Rituals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church#Holy_mysteries_(sacraments)" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">sacraments</a> performed by <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_(Eastern_Orthodox_Church)" title="Priesthood (Eastern Orthodox Church)">Eastern Orthodox priests</a> are thought to weaken such demonic influences.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fallen_angel&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon</a></div> <p>Unlike most other Christian churches, the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a> accepts 1 Enoch and the <i>Book of Jubilees</i> as canonical.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the Church believes that human sin does not originate in Adam's transgression alone, but also from Satan and other fallen angels. Together with demons, they continue to cause sin and corruption on earth.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neutral_angels">Neutral angels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fallen_angel&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Neutral angels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Christian folklore tales about encounters between men and spirits, the spirits were often explained as fallen angels. They would have been cast out of heaven, damned to roam the world as demons, but were not so evil that they were sentenced to hell, like Lucifer and his devils. Yet they were still not as good to remain in heaven.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, they would live between heaven and hell among humans in liminal spaces. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Caesarius_of_Heisterbach" title="Caesarius of Heisterbach">Caesarius of Heisterbach</a>'s (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1180</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1240</span>) asserted that not all fallen angels are equally bad. Some fallen angels would be banished for not actively defending God against Lucifer, but since they did not side with the devils, would not be sentenced to hell. They remain loyal to God on earth, do good deeds, and bearing some resemblances to saints, as seen in the <i>Dialogus Miraculorum</i>, in which a knight is guided by a fallen angel to lead him back on the path of piety.<sup id="cite_ref-Newman,_Coree_2018_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman,_Coree_2018-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another tale, a neutral fallen angel became an assistant of a noble knight. However, when the knight learned that his best assistant was actually a demon, he dismissed him. When the knight wants to pay the demon for his service, the demon asserted that the knight should spend the money on a new bell for the church, instead.<sup id="cite_ref-Newman,_Coree_2018_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman,_Coree_2018-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Brendan_the_Navigator#The_Voyage_of_Saint_Brendan_the_Abbot" title="Brendan the Navigator"><i>The Brendan Voyage</i></a>, during the Medieval Age, Brendan meets a group of angels referred to as "wandering spirits". On holy days, they were embodied as white birds, symbols usually used for purity and the holy spirit. In later versions, such as the 15th Century Dutch and German variant, the fallen angels are much more depicted as akin to grotesque demons. Although they would not have supported Lucifer in his evil schemes, they would have been passive and not fighting for good, thus turned into animal-like creatures cast out of heaven. </p><p>Such earthly fallen angels were used as a possible origin of <a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">fairies</a> in Irish and Scandinavian folk-tales. Depending on the place they fell, they will remain as spirits of the specific element, but are usually benevolent and harmless.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If such fairies were identified with the Biblical fallen angels, their salvation after Judgement Day was usually denied, since the fallen angels could not return to heaven.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant thinkers</a> increasingly dismissed belief in fairies and neutral angels as part of either fairy-tales or a delusion cast by Satan.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protestantism">Protestantism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fallen_angel&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Protestantism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Protestant_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant theology">Protestant theology</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Deliverance_ministry" title="Deliverance ministry">Deliverance ministry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_warfare" title="Spiritual warfare">Spiritual warfare</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Unclean_spirit" title="Unclean spirit">Unclean spirit</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Martin_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/John_Martin_002.jpg/220px-John_Martin_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/John_Martin_002.jpg/330px-John_Martin_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/John_Martin_002.jpg/440px-John_Martin_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1267" /></a><figcaption><i>Fallen angels in Hell</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1841</span>), by <a href="/wiki/John_Martin_(painter)" title="John Martin (painter)">John Martin</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexandre_Cabanel_-_Fallen_Angel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Alexandre_Cabanel_-_Fallen_Angel.jpg/220px-Alexandre_Cabanel_-_Fallen_Angel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Alexandre_Cabanel_-_Fallen_Angel.jpg/330px-Alexandre_Cabanel_-_Fallen_Angel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Alexandre_Cabanel_-_Fallen_Angel.jpg/440px-Alexandre_Cabanel_-_Fallen_Angel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3732" data-file-height="2550" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Fallen_Angel_(painting)" title="The Fallen Angel (painting)"><i>The Fallen Angel</i></a> (1847), by <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Cabanel" title="Alexandre Cabanel">Alexandre Cabanel</a>, depicting <a href="/wiki/Lucifer" title="Lucifer">Lucifer</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Like Roman Catholicism, <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> continues with the concept of fallen angels as spiritual entities unrelated to flesh,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceE_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceE-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it rejects the <a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">angelology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_demonology" title="Christian demonology">demonology</a> established by the Roman Catholic Church. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>'s (1483–1546) <i>Sermons of the Angels</i> merely recount the exploits of the fallen angels, and does not deal with an angelic hierarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Satan and his fallen angels are believed to be responsible for some misfortune in the world, but Luther always believed that the power of the good angels exceeds those of the fallen ones.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Italian Protestant theologian <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Zanchi" title="Girolamo Zanchi">Girolamo Zanchi</a> (1516–1590) offered further explanations for the reason behind the fall of the angels. According to Zanchi, the angels rebelled when the <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">incarnation of Jesus Christ</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_God" title="Son of God">Son of God</a> was revealed to them in incomplete form.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceE_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceE-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline Protestants</a> are much less concerned with the cause of angelic fall, arguing that it is neither useful nor necessary to know, other Protestant churches do have fallen angels as more of a focus.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceE_71-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceE-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fallen_angel&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a>, the devil was understood as a personal identity of evil in opposition to good. Its conception as a fallen angel, in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Darkness_(Manichaeism)" title="Prince of Darkness (Manichaeism)">absolute evil</a>, allowed to avoid two separate ontological principles.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a>, the question of how evil can exist simultaneously with the existence of an all-powerful and all-good God, may utilize the concept of fallen angels to explain <a href="/wiki/Natural_evil" title="Natural evil">natural evil</a>. Accordingly, the angels would have great power, and by exercising havoc over the earth, they cause suffering and misery, manifesting in natural disasters. Accordingly, natural evil can be traced back to free-will (in that case of super-human agents). Opponents argue that this implies that fallen angels have supernatural powers to influence the world, powers left unproven, thus falling into a <i><a href="/wiki/God_of_the_gaps" title="God of the gaps">devil of the gaps</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islam">Islam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fallen_angel&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angels_watching_Iblis_not_prostrating_before_Adam.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Angels_watching_Iblis_not_prostrating_before_Adam.png/220px-Angels_watching_Iblis_not_prostrating_before_Adam.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Angels_watching_Iblis_not_prostrating_before_Adam.png/330px-Angels_watching_Iblis_not_prostrating_before_Adam.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Angels_watching_Iblis_not_prostrating_before_Adam.png/440px-Angels_watching_Iblis_not_prostrating_before_Adam.png 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="629" /></a><figcaption>Two angels turn back and see with alarm that <a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblīs</a> will not bow down before <a href="/wiki/Adam_in_Islam" title="Adam in Islam">ʾĀdam</a>. Painting from a manuscript of <i>ʿAjāʾib al-Makhlūqāt</i> ("Wonders of Creation") by al-Ṭūsī Salmānī, 14th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>The concept of fallen angels is debated in <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opposition to the possibility of erring angels can be attested as early as the influential <a href="/wiki/Asceticism#Islam" title="Asceticism">Islamic ascetic</a> <a href="/wiki/Hasan_of_Basra" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasan of Basra">Hasan of Basra</a> (642–728).<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, evidence for the belief in fallen angels among Muslims can be traced back to reports attributed to some of the <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">companions of Muhammad</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abbas" title="Ibn Abbas">Ibn Abbas</a> (619–687) and <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Mas%27ud" title="Abd Allah ibn Mas'ud">Abd Allah ibn Mas'ud</a> (594–653).<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To support the doctrine of infallible angels, Hasan of Basra pointed at verses stressing out the piety of angels, while simultaneously reinterpreting verses which might imply acknowledgement of fallen angels. For that reason, he read the term <i>mala'ikah</i> (angels) in reference to <a href="/wiki/Harut_and_Marut" title="Harut and Marut">Harut and Marut</a>, two possible fallen angels mentioned in 2:102, as <i>malikayn </i>(kings) instead of <i>malā'ikah</i> (angels), depicting them as ordinary men and advocated the belief that <a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblis</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">jinn</a> and had never been an angel before.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, none of these verses declare angels as immune from sin.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceZ_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceZ-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contemporary Muslim scholars have argued, even if fallen angels are considered, they are conceptually different from the fallen angels in Christianity, since they remain at the service of God and do not become God's enemies.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been stated that "(...) according to Christianity, the devils are fallen angels who renounced their loyalty to God, in Islam it is God who dismissed the fallen angels".<sup id="cite_ref-Erdağı_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erdağı-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Quran mentions the fall of Iblis in several <a href="/wiki/Surah" title="Surah">Surahs</a>. Surah <a href="/wiki/Al-Anbiya" title="Al-Anbiya">al-Anbiya</a> states that angels claiming divine honors were to be punished with hell.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, Surah 2:102 implies that a pair of fallen angels introduces magic to humanity. According to the <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a> work <i><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Kitab_(Ismaili_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Umm al-Kitab (Ismaili book)">Umm al-Kitab</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Azazil" title="Azazil">Azazil</a>, the first angel created by God, boasts about himself being superior to God until he is thrown into lower celestial spheres and ends up on earth.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iblis is often described as being chained in the <a href="/wiki/Sijjin" title="Sijjin">lowest pit of hell</a> (<i>Sijjin</i>) and commands, according to <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_al-Tha%27labi" title="Abu Ishaq al-Tha'labi">Al-Tha'labi</a> (961–1038), his host of rebel angels (<i>shayāṭīn</i>) and the <a href="/wiki/Ifrit" title="Ifrit">fiercest jinn</a> (<i>ifrit</i>) from there.<sup id="cite_ref-Erdağı_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erdağı-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> narrative from <a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a> (700 or 702–765), <a href="/wiki/Idris_(prophet)" title="Idris (prophet)">Idris</a> (Enoch) meets an angel, which the wrath of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a> falls upon, and his wings and hair are cut off; after Idris prays for him to God, his wings and hair are restored. In return they become friends and at his request the angel takes Idris to the <a href="/wiki/Jannah" title="Jannah">heavens</a> to meet the <a href="/wiki/Azrail" class="mw-redirect" title="Azrail">angel of death</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a similar story, a <a href="/wiki/Cherub" title="Cherub">cherub</a> called <i><a href="/wiki/Futrus" title="Futrus">Fuṭrus</a></i> (فطرس) was cast out from heaven and fell to the earth. When <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> intercedes for the angel and God restores his wings after he touches <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">al-Husayn's</a> cradle.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some recent non-Islamic scholars suggest <a href="/wiki/Uzair" title="Uzair">Uzair</a>, who is according to Surah 9:30 called a <i>son of God</i> by Jews, originally referred to a fallen angel.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While exegetes almost unanimously identified Uzair as <a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there is no historical evidence that the Jews called him <i>son of God</i>. Thus, the Quran may refer not to the earthly Ezra, but to the heavenly Ezra, identifying him with the heavenly Enoch, who in turn became identified with the angel <a href="/wiki/Metatron" title="Metatron">Metatron</a> (also called <i>lesser YHWH</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Merkabah_mysticism" title="Merkabah mysticism">Merkabah</a> mysticism.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iblis">Iblis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fallen_angel&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Iblis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adam_honored.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Adam_honored.jpg/170px-Adam_honored.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Adam_honored.jpg/255px-Adam_honored.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Adam_honored.jpg/340px-Adam_honored.jpg 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of <a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblis</a>, black-faced and without hair (top-right of the picture). He refuses to prostrate himself with the other angels</figcaption></figure> <p>The Quran repeatedly tells about the fall of Iblis. According to <a href="/wiki/Quran_2:30" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran 2:30">Quran 2:30</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the angels object to God's intention to create a human, because they will <i>cause corruption and shed blood</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceH_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceH-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> echoing the account of 1 Enoch and the Book of Jubilees. This happens after the angels observe men causing unrighteousness.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, after God demonstrates the superiority of Adam's knowledge in comparison to the angels, He orders them to prostrate themselves. Only Iblis refuses to follow the instruction. When God asks for the reason behind Iblis' refusal, he boasts about himself being superior to Adam, because he is made of <i>fire</i>. Thereupon God expels him from heaven. In the early <a href="/wiki/Meccan_Surah" class="mw-redirect" title="Meccan Surah">Meccan period</a>, Iblis appears as a degraded angel.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But since he is called a <i>jinni</i> in Surah 18:50, some scholars argue that Iblis is actually not an angel. This is the position of the tradition from Hasan al-Basri, who argued that Iblis is not an angel, but an entity apart, and the father of the jinn.<sup id="cite_ref-Erdağı_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erdağı-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, they reject the concept of <i>fallen angels</i> and emphasize the nobility of angels by quoting certain Quranic verses like 66:6 and 16:49, distinguishing between infallible angels and jinn capable of sin. </p><p>On the other hand, the tradition from Ibn Abbas allows the concept of fallen angels.<sup id="cite_ref-Erdağı_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erdağı-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Ibn Abbas, angels who guard the <i><a href="/wiki/Jannah" title="Jannah">jinan</a></i> (here: <i>heavens</i>) are called <i>Jinni</i>, just as humans who were from Mecca are called <i>Mecci</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Nisba_(onomastics)" title="Nisba (onomastics)">nisba</a></i>), but they are not related to the jinn-race.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This tradition asserts that Iblis and his angels are made from "<a href="/wiki/Nar_as-samum" title="Nar as-samum">poisonous fire</a>" (<i>nār as-samūm</i>), the rest of the angels from "<a href="/wiki/N%C5%ABr_(Islam)" title="Nūr (Islam)">light</a>" (<i>Nūr</i>), and the jinn mentioned in the Quran were created from "a mixture of fire" (<i>mārijin min nār</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Erdağı_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erdağı-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars assert that a <i>jinn</i> is everything hidden from human eye, both angels and other invisible creatures, thus including Iblis to a group of angels. </p><p>In Surah 15:36, God grants Iblis' request to prove the unworthiness of humans. Surah 38:82 also confirms that Iblis' intrigues to lead humans astray are permitted by God's power.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceI_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceI-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as mentioned in Surah 17:65, Iblis' attempts to mislead God's servants are destined to fail.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceI_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceI-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Quranic episode of Iblis parallels another wicked angel in the earlier <i>Books of Jubilees</i>: Like Iblis, <a href="/wiki/Mastema" title="Mastema">Mastema</a> requests God's permission to tempt humanity, and both are limited in their power, that is, not able to deceive God's servants.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the motif of Iblis' disobedience derives not from the Watcher mythology, but can be traced back to the <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Treasures" title="Cave of Treasures">Cave of Treasures</a>, a work that probably holds the standard explanation in <a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">Proto-orthodox Christianity</a> for the angelic fall of Satan.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceH_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceH-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to this explanation, Satan refuses to prostrate himself before Adam, because he is "fire and spirit" and thereupon Satan is banished from heaven.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceH_115-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceH-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the majority opinion in later Christianity, the idea that Iblis tries to usurp the throne of God is alien to Islam and due to its strict monotheism unthinkable.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harut_and_Marut">Harut and Marut</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fallen_angel&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Harut and Marut"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FallenAngelsHarutandMarut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/FallenAngelsHarutandMarut.jpg/170px-FallenAngelsHarutandMarut.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/FallenAngelsHarutandMarut.jpg/255px-FallenAngelsHarutandMarut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/FallenAngelsHarutandMarut.jpg/340px-FallenAngelsHarutandMarut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3056" data-file-height="4383" /></a><figcaption>The angels <a href="/wiki/Harut_and_Marut" title="Harut and Marut">Harut and Marut</a> punished by hanging over the well, without wings and hair (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1703</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Harut and Marut are a pair of angels mentioned in Surah 2:102 teaching magic. Although the reason behind their stay on earth is not mentioned in the Quran, the following narration became canonized in Islamic tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Quran exegete</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">Tabari</a> attributed this story to <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Masud" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Masud">Ibn Masud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abbas" title="Ibn Abbas">Ibn Abbas</a><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is also attested by <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Briefly summarized, the angels complain about the mischievousness of mankind and make a request to destroy them. Consequently, God offers a test to determine whether or not the angels would do better than humans for long: the angels are endowed with human-like urges and <a href="/wiki/Satan#Islam" title="Satan">Satan</a> has power over them. The angels choose two (or in some accounts three) among themselves. However, on Earth, these angels entertain and act upon sexual desires and become guilty of idol worship, whereupon they even kill an innocent witness of their actions. For their deeds, they are not allowed to ascend to heaven again.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Probably the names <i>Harut</i> and <i>Marut</i> are of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a> origin and derived from two <a href="/wiki/Amesha_Spenta" title="Amesha Spenta">Amesha Spentas</a> called <a href="/wiki/Haurvatat" title="Haurvatat">Haurvatat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ameretat" title="Ameretat">Ameretat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Quran gave these fallen angels Iranian names, <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mufassir" class="mw-redirect" title="Mufassir">mufassirs</a></i></span> recognized them as from the <i>Book of Watchers</i>. In accordance with <a href="/wiki/3_Enoch" title="3 Enoch">3 Enoch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hisham_ibn_al-Kalbi" title="Hisham ibn al-Kalbi">al-Kalbi</a> (737 AD – 819 AD) named three angels descending to earth, and he even gave them their Enochian names. He explained that one of them returned to heaven and the other two changed their names to Harut and Marut.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, like in the story of Iblis, the story of Harut and Marut does not contain any trace of angelic revolt. Rather, the stories about fallen angels are related to a rivalry between humans and angels.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the Quran affirms, Harut and Marut are sent by God and, unlike the Watchers, they only instruct humans to witchcraft by God's permission,<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> just as Iblis can just tempt humans by God's permission.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature_and_popular_culture">Literature and popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fallen_angel&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Literature and popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paradise_Lost_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Paradise_Lost_12.jpg/220px-Paradise_Lost_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Paradise_Lost_12.jpg/330px-Paradise_Lost_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Paradise_Lost_12.jpg/440px-Paradise_Lost_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1867" data-file-height="2325" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Devil_in_Christianity" title="Devil in Christianity">Lucifer</a> being expelled from <a href="/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">Heaven</a>, depicting the "Fall of Lucifer". Illustration by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a> for <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a></i> (1866)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a></i> (1308–1320) by <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>, fallen angels guard the <i><a href="/wiki/Dis_(Divine_Comedy)" title="Dis (Divine Comedy)">City of Dis</a></i> surrounding the lower circles of hell. They mark a transition: While in previous circles, the sinners are condemned for sins they just could not resist, later on, the circles of hell are filled with sinners who deliberately rebel against God, such as fallen angels or <a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">Christian heretics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>'s 17th-century epic poem <i><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a></i>, both obedient and fallen angels play an important role. They appear as rational individuals:<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> their personality is similar to that of humans.<sup id="cite_ref-Biljana_Ježik_p._4_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biljana_Ježik_p._4-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fallen angels are named after entities from both Christian and <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">Pagan</a> mythology, such as <a href="/wiki/Moloch" title="Moloch">Moloch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemosh" title="Chemosh">Chemosh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dagon" title="Dagon">Dagon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belial" title="Belial">Belial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beelzebub" title="Beelzebub">Beelzebub</a> and Satan himself.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the canonical Christian narrative, Satan convinces other angels to live free from the laws of God, thereupon they are cast out of heaven.<sup id="cite_ref-Biljana_Ježik_p._4_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biljana_Ježik_p._4-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The epic poem starts with the fallen angels in hell. The first portrayal of God in the book is given by fallen angels, who describe him as a questionable tyrant and blame him for their fall.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outcast from heaven, the fallen angels establish their own kingdom in the depths of hell, with a capital called <a href="/wiki/Pand%C3%A6monium_(Paradise_Lost)" title="Pandæmonium (Paradise Lost)">Pandæmonium</a>. Unlike most earlier Christian representations of hell, it is not the primary place for God to torture the sinners, but the fallen angels' own kingdom. The fallen angels even build a palace, play music and freely debate. Nevertheless, without divine guidance, the fallen angels themselves turn hell into a place of suffering.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The idea of fallen angels plays a significant role in the various poems of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Vigny" title="Alfred de Vigny">Alfred de Vigny</a>. In <i>Le Déluge</i> (1823),<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the son of an angel and a mortal woman learns from the stars about the great deluge. He seeks refuge with his beloved on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ararat" title="Mount Ararat">Mount Ararat</a>, hoping that his angelic father will save them. But since he does not appear, they are caught by the flood. <i>Éloa</i> (1824) is about a female angel created by the tears of Jesus. She hears about a male angel, expelled from heaven, whereupon she seeks to comfort him, but goes to perdition as a consequence.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkey" title="Cinema of Turkey">Turkish</a> <a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">horror film</a> <a href="/wiki/Semum" title="Semum">Semum</a> (2008), produced and directed by <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Karacada%C4%9F" title="Hasan Karacadağ">Hasan Karacadağ</a>, is about a <i><a href="/wiki/Shaitan" title="Shaitan">shayṭān</a></i> who has been summoned from hell to torment a woman named Canan. The movie is based on the Ibn Abbas interpretation of the Quran and depicts the devil as a fallen angel who seeks revenge on humans for being abandoned by God (Allah). The devil accepts <i>ʿAzāzīl</i> as his new deity, who is praised as the ruler of hell and supporting his minions against God's new creation (humans). However, at the end, the movie affirms in accordance with Islamic teachings, that <i>ʿAzāzīl</i> has no real power but only to seduce people to follow him. When the <i>shayṭān</i> battles a human priest (Hoca) in hell, it is God who intervenes on behalf of humanity while <i>ʿAzāzīl</i> has forsaken his servant. By that, the movie further rejects dualism in favor of Islamic <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">tawḥīd</a>, emphazising that even hell is under God's control.<sup id="cite_ref-Erdağı_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erdağı-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fallen_angel&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/32px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/48px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/64px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archon_(Gnosticism)" title="Archon (Gnosticism)">Archon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_angels_in_theology" title="List of angels in theology">List of angels in theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-historical_fall" title="Meta-historical fall">Meta-historical fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0ye" title="İye">İye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephilim" title="Nephilim">Nephilim</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fallen_angel&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lester L. Grabbe calls the story of the sexual intercourse between angels and women "an old myth in Judaism". Further, he states: "the question of whether the myth is an interpretation of Genesis or whether Genesis represents a brief reflection of the myth is debated."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"There is no unanimity among scholars when it comes to the sinlessness of angels. The majority, of course, take the view that they are sinless. They start from the Quran and refer to individual verses that speak for it, such as (66: 6 and (21:20). Hasan is counted among as one of the first representatives of this doctrine, but he obviously appears to be one step further than his contemporaries: he did not settle for the verses that speak for it, but tried to reinterpret the verses that speak against it differently." "In der Frage nach der Sündlosigkeit der Engel herrscht keine Einstimmigkeit unter den Gelehrten. Die Mehrheit vertritt freilich, die Ansicht, dass sie sündlos sind. Sie geht vom Koran aus und beruft sich auf einzelne Verse, die dafür sprechen, wie zum Beispiel (66:6 und (21:20). Zu ihnen wird Hasan als einer der ersten Vertreter dieser Lehre gezählt. Er scheint aber offentsichtlich noch einen Schritt weiter mit dieser Frage gekommen zu sein als seine Zeitgenossen. Er begnüngte sich nicht mit den Versen, die dafür sprechen, sondern versuchte, auch die Verse, die gerade dagegen sprechen, anders zu interpretieren."<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nevertheless, a narrative attributed to <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hazm" title="Ibn Hazm">Ibn Hazm</a> states that the angel <a href="/wiki/Sandalphon" title="Sandalphon">Sandalphon</a> blamed the Jews for venerating Metatron as "son of God" "10 days each year".<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fallen_angel&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Azaiez-Reynolds-Tesei-Zafer-nd-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Azaiez-Reynolds-Tesei-Zafer-nd_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Azaiez-Reynolds-Tesei-Zafer-nd_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCrone2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Crone, Patricia (2016). Azaiez, Mehdi; Reynolds, Gabriel Said; Tesei, Tommaso; Zafer, Hamza M. (eds.). <i>The Qur'an Seminar Commentary / Le Qur'an Seminar: A Collaborative Study of 50 Qur'anic Passages / Commentaire collaboratif de 50 passages coraniques</i> (in French and English) (bilingual ed.). De Gruyter. pp. 387–390. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110444797" title="Special:BookSources/9783110444797"><bdi>9783110444797</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Qur%27an+Seminar+Commentary+%2F+Le+Qur%27an+Seminar%3A+A+Collaborative+Study+of+50+Qur%27anic+Passages+%2F+Commentaire+collaboratif+de+50+passages+coraniques&rft.pages=387-390&rft.edition=bilingual&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9783110444797&rft.aulast=Crone&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFallen+angel" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|tran=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3110444798" title="Special:BookSources/3110444798">3110444798</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erdağı-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Erdağı_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erdağı_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erdağı_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erdağı_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erdağı_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erdağı_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erdağı_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erdağı_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErdağı2024" class="citation journal cs1">Erdağı, Deniz Özkan (1 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs43545-024-00832-w">"Evil in Turkish Muslim horror film: the demonic in "Semum"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>SN Social Sciences</i>. <b>4</b> (2): 1–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs43545-024-00832-w">10.1007/s43545-024-00832-w</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2662-9283">2662-9283</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SN+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=Evil+in+Turkish+Muslim+horror+film%3A+the+demonic+in+%22Semum%22&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-22&rft.date=2024-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs43545-024-00832-w&rft.issn=2662-9283&rft.aulast=Erda%C4%9F%C4%B1&rft.aufirst=Deniz+%C3%96zkan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs43545-024-00832-w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFallen+angel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Akbari, Mahtab, and Reza Ashrafzadeh. "A comparative study of the image of the devil in the logic of Attar Attar and the commentary of Abolfotuh Razi." Propósitos y representaciones 9.2 (2021): 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Öztürk, Mustafa. "The Tragic Story of Iblis (Satan) in the Qur’an." Journal of Islamic Research 2.2 (2009): 128-144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Al-Saïd Muhammad Badawi <i>Arabic–English Dictionary of Qurʾanic Usage</i> M. A. Abdel Haleem <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14948-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14948-9">978-90-04-14948-9</a>, p. 864</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amira El-Zein <i>Islam, Arabs, and Intelligent World of the Jinn</i> Syracuse University Press 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-5070-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-5070-6">978-0-8156-5070-6</a> p. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grabbe-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grabbe_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lester L. Grabbe, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DO6kT5RPuxgC&q=full-blown+story&pg=PA101">An Introduction to First Century Judaism: Jewish Religion and History in the Second Temple Period</a></i> (Continuum International Publishing Group 1996 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08506-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08506-1">978-0-567-08506-1</a>), p. 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://perseus.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.20:3:109.LSJ">ἐγρήγορος</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140311210141/http://perseus.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.20:3:109.LSJ">Archived</a> 11 March 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Henry George Liddell. Robert Scott. <i><a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a></i> revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones with the assistance of <a href="/wiki/Roderick_McKenzie" title="Roderick McKenzie">Roderick McKenzie</a>. Oxford. Clarendon Press. 1940. p. 474. Available online at the Perseus Project Texts Loaded under PhiloLogic (ARTFL project) at the University of Chicago.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lester L. Grabbe, <i>A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period</i> (Continuum 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-04352-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-04352-8">978-0-567-04352-8</a>), p. 344</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew Black, <i>The Book of Enoch or I Enoch: A New English Edition with Commentary and Textual Notes</i> (Brill 1985 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07100-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07100-1">978-90-04-07100-1</a>), p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grabbe 2004, p. 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrei A. Orlov, <i>Dark Mirrors: Azazel and Satanael in Early Jewish Demonology</i> (SUNY Press 2011 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-3951-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-3951-8">978-1-4384-3951-8</a>), p. 164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Annette_Yoshiko_Reed" title="Annette Yoshiko Reed">Annette Yoshiko Reed</a> <i>Fallen Angels and the History of Judaism and Christianity: The Reception of Enochic Literature</i> Cambridge University Press 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85378-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85378-1">978-0-521-85378-1</a> p. 256</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laurence-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Laurence_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laurence_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurence1883" class="citation web cs1">Laurence, Richard (1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/bib/bep/bep02.htm">"The Book of Enoch the Prophet"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Enoch+the+Prophet&rft.date=1883&rft.aulast=Laurence&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fbib%2Fbep%2Fbep02.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFallen+angel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ra'anan S. Boustan, Annette Yoshiko Reed <i>Heavenly Realms and Earthly Realities in Late Antique Religions</i> Cambridge University Press 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-45398-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-45398-1">978-1-139-45398-1</a> p. 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Annette Yoshiko Reed <i>Fallen Angels and the History of Judaism and Christianity: The Reception of Enochic Literature</i> Cambridge University Press 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85378-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85378-1">978-0-521-85378-1</a> p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">SUTER, DAVID. <i>Fallen Angel, Fallen Priest: The Problem of Family Purity in 1 Enoch 6—16.</i> Hebrew Union College Annual, vol. 50, 1979, pp. 115–135. JSTOR,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George W. E. Nickelsburg. "Apocalyptic and Myth in 1 Enoch 6–11." Journal of Biblical Literature, vol. 96, no. 3, 1977, pp. 383–405</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Annette Yoshiko Reed <i>Fallen Angels and the History of Judaism and Christianity: The Reception of Enochic Literature</i> Cambridge University Press 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-44687-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-44687-7">978-1-139-44687-7</a> pp. 103–104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orlov_2012-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Orlov_2012_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orlov_2012_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrei Orlov, Gabriele Boccaccini <i>New Perspectives on 2 Enoch: No Longer Slavonic Only</i> Brill 2012 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23014-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23014-9">978-90-04-23014-9</a> pp. 150, 164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orlov,164-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Orlov,164_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrlov2011">Orlov 2011</a>, p. 164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2000">Anderson 2000</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1YoUBBVGBGEC&dq=2+enoch+18%3A3&pg=PA46">64</a>: "In 2 Enoch 18:3... the fall of Satan and his angels is talked of in terms of the Watchers (Grigori) story, and connected with Genesis 6:1–4."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howard Schwartz <i>Tree of Souls: The Mythology of Judaism</i> Oxford University Press 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-532713-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-532713-7">978-0-19-532713-7</a> p. 108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/bib/bep/bep02.htm">"The Book of Enoch the Prophet: Chapter I-XX"</a>. <i>www.sacred-texts.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sacred-texts.com&rft.atitle=The+Book+of+Enoch+the+Prophet%3A+Chapter+I-XX&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fbib%2Fbep%2Fbep02.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFallen+angel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Todd R. Hanneken <i>The Subversion of the Apocalypses in the Book of Jubilees</i> Society of Biblical Lit <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-643-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-643-3">978-1-58983-643-3</a> p. 57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Todd R. Hanneken <i>The Subversion of the Apocalypses in the Book of Jubilees</i> Society of Biblical Lit <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-643-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-643-3">978-1-58983-643-3</a> p. 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Annette Yoshiko Reed <i>Fallen Angels and the History of Judaism and Christianity: The Reception of Enochic Literature</i> Cambridge University Press 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85378-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85378-1">978-0-521-85378-1</a> p. 90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chad T. Pierce <i>Spirits and the Proclamation of Christ: 1 Peter 3:18–22 in Light of Sin and Punishment Traditions in Early Jewish and Christian Literature</i> Mohr Siebeck 2011 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-150858-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-150858-5">978-3-16-150858-5</a> p. 112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffrey Burton Russell <i>The Devil: Perceptions of Evil from Antiquity to Primitive Christianity</i> Cornell University Press 1987 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9409-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9409-3">978-0-8014-9409-3</a> p. 193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Todd R. Hanneken <i>The Subversion of the Apocalypses in the Book of Jubilees</i> Society of Biblical Lit <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-643-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-643-3">978-1-58983-643-3</a> p. 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190923202013/https://www.hs.ias.edu/files/Crone_Book_of_Watchers.pdf">"Crone Book of Watchers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.hs.ias.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hs.ias.edu/files/Crone_Book_of_Watchers.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hs.ias.edu&rft.atitle=Crone+Book+of+Watchers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hs.ias.edu%2Ffiles%2FCrone_Book_of_Watchers.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFallen+angel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geoffrey W. Dennis <i>The Encyclopedia of Jewish Myth, Magic and Mysticism: Second Edition</i> Llewellyn Worldwide 2016 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7387-4814-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7387-4814-6">978-0-7387-4814-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yuri Stoyanov <i>The Other God: Dualist Religions from Antiquity to the Cathar Heresy</i> Yale University Press 2000 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19014-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19014-4">978-0-300-19014-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Annette Yoshiko Reed, <i>Fallen Angels and the History of Judaism and Christianity: The Reception of Enochic Literature</i> Cambridge University Press 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85378-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85378-1">978-0-521-85378-1</a> p. 266</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ret-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ret_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ret_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rachel Adelman <i>The Return of the Repressed: Pirqe de-Rabbi Eliezer and the Pseudepigrapha</i> Brill 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18061-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18061-1">978-90-04-18061-1</a> pp. 77–80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adele Berlin; Maxine Grossman, eds. (2011). The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion. Oxford University Press. p. 651. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973004-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973004-9">978-0-19-973004-9</a>. Retrieved 2012-07-03</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christian D Ginsburg <i>The Kabbalah (Routledge Revivals): Its Doctrines, Development, and Literature</i> Routledge 2015 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-58888-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-58888-7">978-1-317-58888-7</a> p. 109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lait-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lait_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lait_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Laitman, <i>The Zohar</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aryeh Wineman, <i>Mystic Tales from the Zohar</i> Princeton University Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05833-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05833-7">978-0-691-05833-7</a> p. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin2010-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin2010_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin2010_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin2010_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin2010_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2010" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, Dale Basil (2010). "When Did Angels Become Demons?". <i>Journal of Biblical Literature</i>. <b>129</b> (4): 657–677. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25765960">10.2307/25765960</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25765960">25765960</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=When+Did+Angels+Become+Demons%3F&rft.volume=129&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=657-677&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25765960&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25765960%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Dale+Basil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFallen+angel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles2005" class="citation journal cs1">Charles, J. Daryl (2005). "The Angels under Reserve in 2 Peter and Jude". <i>Bulletin for Biblical Research</i>. <b>15</b> (1): 39–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F26422750">10.2307/26422750</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26422750">26422750</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+for+Biblical+Research&rft.atitle=The+Angels+under+Reserve+in+2+Peter+and+Jude&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-48&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F26422750&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26422750%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Charles&rft.aufirst=J.+Daryl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFallen+angel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Revelation 12:4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Revelation 12:9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPacker2001" class="citation book cs1">Packer, J.I. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rXmOrt8mVJkC&pg=PT70">"Satan: Fallen angels have a leader"</a>. <i>Concise theology : a guide to historic Christian beliefs</i>. Carol Stream, Ill.: <a href="/wiki/Tyndale_House" title="Tyndale House">Tyndale House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8423-3960-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8423-3960-5"><bdi>978-0-8423-3960-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Satan%3A+Fallen+angels+have+a+leader&rft.btitle=Concise+theology+%3A+a+guide+to+historic+Christian+beliefs&rft.place=Carol+Stream%2C+Ill.&rft.pub=Tyndale+House&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8423-3960-5&rft.aulast=Packer&rft.aufirst=J.I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrXmOrt8mVJkC%26pg%3DPT70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFallen+angel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stewart2022-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stewart2022_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2022" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Tyler A. (25 February 2022). <i>The Origin and Persistence of Evil in Galatians</i>. Mohr Siebeck. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-159873-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-159873-9"><bdi>978-3-16-159873-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+and+Persistence+of+Evil+in+Galatians&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2022-02-25&rft.isbn=978-3-16-159873-9&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Tyler+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFallen+angel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammerling2008" class="citation book cs1">Hammerling, Roy (2 October 2008). <i>A History of Prayer: The First to the Fifteenth Century</i>. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17122-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17122-0"><bdi>978-90-04-17122-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Prayer%3A+The+First+to+the+Fifteenth+Century&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2008-10-02&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17122-0&rft.aulast=Hammerling&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFallen+angel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_N._Oswalt1986" class="citation book cs1">John N. Oswalt (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ldDLYd2AuAsC&pg=PA320">"The Book of Isaiah, Chapters 1–39"</a>. <i>The International Commentary on the Old Testament</i>. Eerdmans. p. 320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2529-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2529-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-2529-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Book+of+Isaiah%2C+Chapters+1%E2%80%9339&rft.btitle=The+International+Commentary+on+the+Old+Testament&rft.pages=320&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2529-2&rft.au=John+N.+Oswalt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DldDLYd2AuAsC%26pg%3DPA320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFallen+angel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaufmann Kohler <i>Heaven and Hell in Comparative Religion: With Special Reference to Dante's Divine Comedy</i> Macmillan original: Princeton University 1923 digitized: 2008 p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=smxPS7QRR5MC&dq=Patmore+pseudepigraphic&pg=PA78">Hector M. Patmore, <i>Adam, Satan, and the King of Tyre</i></a> (Brill 2012), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20722-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20722-6">978-90-04-20722-6</a>, pp. 76–78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Peterson, Ross Cole (editors), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TBFAAwAAQBAJ&dq=Petersen+modern+evangelical+commentary&pg=PA246"><i>Hermeneutics, Intertextuality and the Contemporary Meaning of Scripture</i> (Avondale Academic Press 2013</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-921817-99-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-921817-99-1">978-1-921817-99-1</a>), p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregory A. Boyd, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hj791_BeAF0C&q=first+fall&pg=PA138">God at War: The Bible & Spiritual Conflict</a></i>, InterVarsity Press 1997 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-1885-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-1885-3">978-0-8308-1885-3</a>, p. 138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patricia_Crone_p._4-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Patricia_Crone_p._4_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patricia_Crone_p._4_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Patricia Crone. The Book of Watchers in the Qurān, p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reed_2005_14,_15-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reed_2005_14,_15_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reed_2005_14,_15_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReed2005">Reed 2005</a>, pp. 14, 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Annette Yoshiko Reed <i>Fallen Angels and the History of Judaism and Christianity: The Reception of Enochic Literature</i> Cambridge University Press 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85378-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85378-1">978-0-521-85378-1</a> p. 149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David L Bradnick <i>Evil, Spirits, and Possession: An Emergentist Theology of the Demonic</i> Brill 2017 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35061-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35061-8">978-90-04-35061-8</a> p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Annette Yoshiko Reed <i>Fallen Angels and the History of Judaism and Christianity: The Reception of Enochic Literature</i> Cambridge University Press 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85378-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85378-1">978-0-521-85378-1</a> p. 163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Annette Yoshiko Reed <i>Fallen Angels and the History of Judaism and Christianity: The Reception of Enochic Literature</i> Cambridge University Press 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85378-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85378-1">978-0-521-85378-1</a> p. 162</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tim Hegedus <i>Early Christianity and Ancient Astrology</i> Peter Lang 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-7257-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-7257-7">978-0-8204-7257-7</a> p. 127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffrey Burton Russell <i>Satan: The Early Christian Tradition</i> Cornell University Press 1987 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9413-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9413-0">978-0-8014-9413-0</a> p. 130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip C. Almond <i>The Devil: A New Biography</i> I.B.Tauris 2014 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-488-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-488-4">978-0-85773-488-4</a> p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCharlesworth2010">Charlesworth 2010</a>, p. 149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2004">Schwartz 2004</a>, p. 108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/10177-lucifer">"Lucifer"</a>. Jewish Encyclopedia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lucifer&rft.pub=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F10177-lucifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFallen+angel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHay1871" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Hay_(bishop)" title="George Hay (bishop)">Hay, Rev. George</a> (1871). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Works of the Right Rev. Bishop Hay of Edinburgh/Volume 1/Chapter 4"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Works_of_the_Right_Rev._Bishop_Hay_of_Edinburgh/Volume_1/Chapter_4">"Chapter 4: On The Creation And Fall Of The Angels" </a></span>. <i>Works of the Right Rev. Bishop Hay of Edinburgh</i>. William Blackwood and Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+4%3A+On+The+Creation+And+Fall+Of+The+Angels&rft.btitle=Works+of+the+Right+Rev.+Bishop+Hay+of+Edinburgh&rft.pub=William+Blackwood+and+Sons&rft.date=1871&rft.aulast=Hay&rft.aufirst=Rev.+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFallen+angel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReed2005">Reed 2005</a>, p. 218</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patricia_Crone_p._5-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Patricia_Crone_p._5_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patricia Crone. The Book of Watchers in the Qurān, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_68-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David L Bradnick <i>Evil, Spirits, and Possession: An Emergentist Theology of the Demonic</i> Brill 2017 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35061-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35061-8">978-90-04-35061-8</a> p. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heinz_Schreckenberg_1992-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heinz_Schreckenberg_1992_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heinz Schreckenberg, Kurt Schubert, <i>Jewish Historiography and Iconography in Early and Medieval Christianity</i> (Van Gorcum, 1992, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-232-2653-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-232-2653-6">978-90-232-2653-6</a>), p. 253</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceD-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceD_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceD_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David L Bradnick <i>Evil, Spirits, and Possession: An Emergentist Theology of the Demonic</i> Brill 2017 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35061-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35061-8">978-90-04-35061-8</a> p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceE-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceE_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceE_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceE_71-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceE_71-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Joad Raymond <i>Milton's Angels: The Early-Modern Imagination</i> OUP Oxford 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956050-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956050-9">978-0-19-956050-9</a> p. 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceF-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceF_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceF_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David L Bradnick <i>Evil, Spirits, and Possession: An Emergentist Theology of the Demonic</i> Brill 2017 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35061-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35061-8">978-90-04-35061-8</a> p. 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David L Bradnick <i>Evil, Spirits, and Possession: An Emergentist Theology of the Demonic</i> Brill 2017 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35061-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35061-8">978-90-04-35061-8</a> p. 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffrey Burton Russell <i>Satan: The Early Christian Tradition</i> Cornell University Press 1987 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9413-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9413-0">978-0-8014-9413-0</a> p. 210</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David L Bradnick <i>Evil, Spirits, and Possession: An Emergentist Theology of the Demonic</i> Brill 2017 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35061-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35061-8">978-90-04-35061-8</a> p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceG-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceG_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceG_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Christoph Horn <i>Augustinus, De civitate dei</i> Oldenbourg Verlag 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-05-005040-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-05-005040-9">978-3-05-005040-9</a> p. 158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neil Forsyth <i>The Old Enemy: Satan and the Combat Myth</i> Princeton University Press 1989 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01474-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01474-6">978-0-691-01474-6</a> p. 405</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffrey Burton Russell <i>Satan: The Early Christian Tradition</i> Cornell University Press 1987 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9413-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9413-0">978-0-8014-9413-0</a> p. 211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David L Bradnick <i>Evil, Spirits, and Possession: An Emergentist Theology of the Demonic</i> Brill 2017 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35061-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35061-8">978-90-04-35061-8</a> p. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joad Raymond <i>Milton's Angels: The Early-Modern Imagination</i> OUP Oxford 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956050-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956050-9">978-0-19-956050-9</a> p. 72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span 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The Book of Watchers in the Qurān, p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/2/30/">Q2:30</a>, 50+ translations, islamawakened.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceH-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceH_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceH_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceH_115-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alberdina Houtman, Tamar Kadari, Marcel Poorthuis, Vered Tohar <i>Religious Stories in Transformation: Conflict, Revision and Reception</i> Brill 2016 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-33481-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-33481-6">978-90-04-33481-6</a> p. 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alberdina Houtman, Tamar Kadari, Marcel Poorthuis, Vered Tohar <i>Religious Stories in Transformation: Conflict, Revision and Reception</i> Brill 2016 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-33481-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-33481-6">978-90-04-33481-6</a> p. 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacques Waardenburg <i>Islam: Historical, Social, and Political Perspectives</i> Walter de Gruyter, 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-020094-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-020094-2">978-3-11-020094-2</a> p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Al-Tabari J. Cooper W.F. Madelung and A. Jones <i>The commentary on the Quran by Abu Jafar Muhammad B. Jarir al-Tabari being an abbridged translation of Jamil' al-bayan 'an ta'wil ay al-Qur'an</i> Oxford University Press Hakim Investment Holdings p. 239</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mahmoud M. Ayoub <i>Qur'an and Its Interpreters, The, Volume 1, Band 1</i> SUNY Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-9546-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-9546-9">978-0-7914-9546-9</a> p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceI-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceI_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceI_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alberdina Houtman, Tamar Kadari, Marcel Poorthuis, Vered Tohar <i>Religious Stories in Transformation: Conflict, Revision and Reception</i> Brill 2016 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-33481-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-33481-6">978-90-04-33481-6</a> p. 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alberdina Houtman, Tamar Kadari, Marcel Poorthuis, Vered Tohar <i>Religious Stories in Transformation: Conflict, Revision and Reception</i> Brill 2016 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-33481-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-33481-6">978-90-04-33481-6</a> p. 72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul van Geest, Marcel Poorthuis, Els Rose <i>Sanctifying Texts, Transforming Rituals: Encounters in Liturgical Studies</i> Brill 2017 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-34708-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-34708-3">978-90-04-34708-3</a> p. 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amira El-Zein <i>Islam, Arabs, and Intelligent World of the Jinn</i> Syracuse University Press 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-5070-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-5070-6">978-0-8156-5070-6</a> p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Burge <i>Angels in Islam: Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti's al-Haba'ik fi akhbar al-mala'ik</i> Routledge 2015 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-50474-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-50474-7">978-1-136-50474-7</a> p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amira El-Zein <i>Islam, Arabs, and the Intelligent World of the Jinn</i> Syracuse University Press 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-5070-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-5070-6">978-0-8156-5070-6</a> p. 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Reynolds, Gabriel Said. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23204">"Angels"</a>. In Fleet, Kate; <a href="/wiki/Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer" title="Gudrun Krämer">Krämer, Gudrun</a>; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; <a href="/wiki/Everett_K._Rowson" title="Everett K. Rowson">Rowson, Everett</a> (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (3rd ed.). Brill Online. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_23204">10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23204</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830">1873-9830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Angels&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_23204&rft.issn=1873-9830&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Gabriel+Said&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_23204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFallen+angel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hussein Abdul-Raof <i>Theological Approaches to Qur'anic Exegesis: A Practical Comparative-Contrastive Analysis</i> Routledge 2012 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-45991-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-45991-7">978-1-136-45991-7</a> p. 155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patricia Crone. The Book of Watchers in the Qurān, p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patricia Crone. The Book of Watchers in the Qurān, pp. 10–11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patricia Crone. The Book of Watchers in the Qurān, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Annette Yoshiko Reed <i>Fallen Angels and the Afterlives of Enochic Traditions in Early Islam</i> University of Pennsylvania 2015 p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alberdina Houtman, Tamar Kadari, Marcel Poorthuis, Vered Tohar <i>Religious Stories in Transformation: Conflict, Revision and Reception</i> Brill 2016 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-33481-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-33481-6">978-90-04-33481-6</a> p. 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wallace Fowlie <i>A Reading of Dante's Inferno</i> University of Chicago Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-25888-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-25888-1">978-0-226-25888-1</a> p. 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Milner <i>Literature, Culture and Society</i> Routledge 2017 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-94950-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-94950-2">978-1-134-94950-2</a> chapter 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biljana_Ježik_p._4-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Biljana_Ježik_p._4_135-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biljana_Ježik_p._4_135-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Biljana Ježik <i>The Fallen Angels in Milton's Paradise Lost</i> Osijek, 2014 p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Biljana Ježik <i>The Fallen Angels in Milton's Paradise Lost</i> Osijek, 2014 p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benjamin Myers <i>Milton's Theology of Freedom</i> Walter de Gruyter 2012 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-091937-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-091937-0">978-3-11-091937-0</a> pp. 54, 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benjamin Myers <i>Milton's Theology of Freedom</i> Walter de Gruyter 2012 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-091937-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-091937-0">978-3-11-091937-0</a> p. 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry F. Majewski <i>Paradigm & Parody: Images of Creativity in French Romanticism--Vigny, Hugo, Balzac, Gautier, Musset</i> University of Virginia Press 1989 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-1177-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-1177-9">978-0-8139-1177-9</a> p. 157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bamberger, Bernard J. (2006). <i>Fallen angels : soldiers of Satan's realm</i> (first paperback ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Jewish Publ. Soc. of America. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-0797-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-0797-2">978-0-8276-0797-2</a> p. 4</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fallen_angel&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2000" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Gary, ed. (2000). <i>Literature on Adam and Eve</i>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11600-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11600-9"><bdi>978-90-04-11600-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literature+on+Adam+and+Eve&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11600-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFallen+angel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBamberger2006" class="citation book cs1">Bamberger, Bernard J. (2006). <i>Fallen angels : soldiers of Satan's realm</i> (first paperback ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Jewish Publ. Soc. of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-0797-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-0797-2"><bdi>978-0-8276-0797-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fallen+angels+%3A+soldiers+of+Satan%27s+realm&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pa.&rft.edition=first+paperback&rft.pub=Jewish+Publ.+Soc.+of+America&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8276-0797-2&rft.aulast=Bamberger&rft.aufirst=Bernard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFallen+angel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharlesworth2010" class="citation book cs1">Charlesworth, James H., ed. (2010). <i>The Old Testament pseudepigrapha</i>. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59856-491-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59856-491-4"><bdi>978-1-59856-491-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+Testament+pseudepigrapha&rft.place=Peabody%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Hendrickson&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59856-491-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFallen+angel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Davidson" title="Gustav Davidson">Davidson, Gustav</a> (1994). <i>A dictionary of angels: including the fallen angels</i> (1st Free Press pbk. ed.). New York: Free Press. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-907052-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-907052-9"><bdi>978-0-02-907052-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+of+angels%3A+including+the+fallen+angels&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=111&rft.edition=1st+Free+Press+pbk.&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-02-907052-9&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Gustav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFallen+angel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDDD1998" class="citation book cs1">DDD, Karel van der Toorn, Bob Becking, Pieter W. van der Horst (1998). <i>Dictionary of deities and demons in the Bible (DDD)</i> (2., extensively rev. ed.). Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11119-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11119-6"><bdi>978-90-04-11119-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+deities+and+demons+in+the+Bible+%28DDD%29&rft.place=Leiden&rft.edition=2.%2C+extensively+rev.&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11119-6&rft.aulast=DDD&rft.aufirst=Karel+van+der+Toorn%2C+Bob+Becking%2C+Pieter+W.+van+der+Horst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFallen+angel" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglasMerrillSilva2011" class="citation book cs1">Douglas, James D.; Merrill, Chapin Tenney; Silva, Moisés, eds. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5gg4BifSJH8C"><i>Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary</i></a>. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-22983-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-22983-4"><bdi>978-0-310-22983-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zondervan+Illustrated+Bible+Dictionary&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Mich.&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-310-22983-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5gg4BifSJH8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFallen+angel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrlov2011" class="citation book cs1">Orlov, Andrei A. (2011). <i>Dark mirrors: Azazel and Satanael in early Jewish demonology</i>. Albany: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-3951-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-3951-8"><bdi>978-1-4384-3951-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dark+mirrors%3A+Azazel+and+Satanael+in+early+Jewish+demonology&rft.place=Albany&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-3951-8&rft.aulast=Orlov&rft.aufirst=Andrei+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFallen+angel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReed2005" class="citation book cs1">Reed, Annette Yoshiko (2005). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fallenangelshist00reed_736"><i>Fallen angels and the history of Judaism and Christianity : the reception of Enochic literature</i></a></span> (1. publ. ed.). Cambridge [u.a.]: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fallenangelshist00reed_736/page/n16">1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85378-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85378-1"><bdi>978-0-521-85378-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fallen+angels+and+the+history+of+Judaism+and+Christianity+%3A+the+reception+of+Enochic+literature&rft.place=Cambridge+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=1&rft.edition=1.+publ.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85378-1&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=Annette+Yoshiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffallenangelshist00reed_736&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFallen+angel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Schwartz" title="Howard Schwartz">Schwartz, Howard</a> (2004). <i>Tree of souls: The mythology of Judaism</i>. New York: Oxford U Pr. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508679-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508679-9"><bdi>978-0-19-508679-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tree+of+souls%3A+The+mythology+of+Judaism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+U+Pr&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-508679-9&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFallen+angel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2004" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Archie T. (2004). <i>The origin of evil spirits the reception of Genesis 6.1–4 in early Jewish literature</i>. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-148656-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-148656-2"><bdi>978-3-16-148656-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+origin+of+evil+spirits+the+reception+of+Genesis+6.1%E2%80%934+in+early+Jewish+literature&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-16-148656-2&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Archie+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFallen+angel" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fallen_angel&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshley2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_R._N._Ashley" title="Leonard R. N. Ashley">Ashley, Leonard R.N.</a> (September 2011). <i>The complete book of devils and demons</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Skyhorse_Pub." class="mw-redirect" title="Skyhorse Pub.">Skyhorse Pub.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61608-333-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61608-333-5"><bdi>978-1-61608-333-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+complete+book+of+devils+and+demons&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Pub.&rft.date=2011-09&rft.isbn=978-1-61608-333-5&rft.aulast=Ashley&rft.aufirst=Leonard+R.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFallen+angel" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fallen_angel&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fallen_angels" class="extiw" title="commons:Fallen angels"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Fallen angels</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01476d.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia: Angels</a>, see section "The Evil Angels"</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=24&letter=F&search=Fallen%20angel">Jewish Encyclopedia: Fall of Angels</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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theology">Systematic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bibliology" title="Bibliology">Scripture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inspiration" title="Biblical inspiration">Inspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_plenary_preservation" title="Verbal plenary preservation">Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Biblical studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">Exegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and 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href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_host" title="Heavenly host">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Angelic hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anthropology" title="Christian anthropology">Humanity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fallen angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil_in_Christianity" title="Devil in Christianity">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Soteriology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolution" title="Absolution">Absolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_(theology)" title="Adoption (theology)">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assurance_(theology)" title="Assurance (theology)">Assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement in Christianity">Atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effectual_calling" title="Effectual calling">Calling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_preservation_of_the_saints" title="Conditional preservation of the saints">Conditional security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinization_(Christian)" title="Divinization (Christian)">Divinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_in_Christianity" title="Election in Christianity">Election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_life_(Christianity)" title="Eternal life (Christianity)">Eternal life</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Extra_Ecclesiam_nulla_salus" title="Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus">extra Ecclesiam nulla salus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorification" title="Glorification">Glorification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">Grace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irresistible_grace" title="Irresistible grace">Irresistible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">Prevenient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imputed_righteousness" title="Imputed righteousness">Imputation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Means_of_grace" title="Means of grace">Means of grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monergism" title="Monergism">Monergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_(theology)" title="Mortification (theology)">Mortification</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ordo_salutis" title="Ordo salutis">Ordo salutis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_of_the_saints" title="Perseverance of the saints">Perseverance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapitulation_theory_of_atonement" title="Recapitulation theory of atonement">Recapitulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_(theology)" title="Reconciliation (theology)">Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemption_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Redemption in Christianity">Redemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regeneration_(theology)" title="Regeneration (theology)">Regeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance_in_Christianity" title="Repentance in Christianity">Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctification_in_Christianity" title="Sanctification in Christianity">Sanctification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synergism" title="Synergism">Synergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_with_Christ" title="Union with Christ">Union with Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blessing" title="Blessing">Blessing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hamartiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamartiology">Hamartiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam#The_New_Testament" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anthropology" title="Christian anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">The Fall</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Incurvatus_in_se" title="Incurvatus in se">Incurvatus in se</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occasion_of_sin" title="Occasion of sin">Occasion of sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">Total depravity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacrament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confession_(religion)" title="Confession (religion)">Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missiology" title="Missiology">Missiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Congregationalist_polity" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist polity">Congregational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_polity" title="Presbyterian polity">Presbyterian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">Bishop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_episcopate" title="Historical episcopate">Historical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarity" title="Conciliarity">Conciliarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinonia" title="Koinonia">Koinonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">Full communion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_discipline" title="Church discipline">Church discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunning" title="Shunning">Shunning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Eschatology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarianism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Pre-</a> / <a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Post-</a> / <a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">A-millennialism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_theology" title="Covenant theology">Covenant</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_Covenant_theology" title="New Covenant theology">New Covenant theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">End times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_Hell" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian views on Hell">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapture" title="Rapture">Rapture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mortalism" title="Christian mortalism">Soul sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">Tribulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">War in Heaven</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historical_theology" title="Historical theology">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of Christian theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patristics" title="Patristics">Patristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semipelagianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Semipelagianism">Semipelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Great Awakenings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Practical_theology" title="Practical theology">Practical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Biblical law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homiletics" title="Homiletics">Homiletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgics" title="Liturgics">Liturgics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missiology" title="Missiology">Missiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_theology" title="Pastoral theology">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">Polemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_theology" title="Public theology">Public</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christian_theology_by_tradition" title="Template:Christian theology by tradition">By tradition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><div id="Catholic_Church" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolution" title="Absolution">Absolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_dogmatic_theology" title="Catholic dogmatic theology">Dogmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulgence" title="Indulgence">Indulgences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">Infant baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariology of the Catholic Church">Mariology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priesthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartodecimanism" title="Quartodecimanism">Quartodecimanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_presence_of_Christ_in_the_Eucharist" title="Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist">Real presence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacerdotalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacerdotalism">Sacerdotalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacrament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Sainthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">Transubstantiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration#Roman_Catholic,_Orthodox" title="Veneration">Veneration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><div id="Eastern_Orthodox_Church" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="Eastern Orthodox theology">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataphatic_theology" title="Cataphatic theology">Cataphatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_(religion)" title="Economy (religion)">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essence%E2%80%93energies_distinction" title="Essence–energies distinction">Essence–energies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnomic_will" title="Gnomic will">Gnomic will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metousiosis" title="Metousiosis">Metousiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phronema" title="Phronema">Phronema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyletism" title="Phyletism">Phyletism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proskynesis" title="Proskynesis">Proskynesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobornost" title="Sobornost">Sobornost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphonia_(theology)" title="Symphonia (theology)">Symphonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabor_Light" title="Tabor Light">Tabor Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoria">Theoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><div id="Oriental_Orthodoxy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoenergism" title="Monoenergism">Monoenergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphthartodocetae" title="Aphthartodocetae">Aphthartodocetism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><div id="Protestantism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Protestant_theologian" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant theologian">Protestantism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestant_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant theology">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adiaphora#Adiaphora_in_Christianity" title="Adiaphora">Adiaphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Christian views on the Old Covenant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_theology" title="Covenant theology">Covenant theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supersessionism" title="Supersessionism">Supersessionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_theology" title="Evangelical theology">Evangelical theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five <i>solae</i></a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">Sola fide</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sola_gratia" title="Sola gratia">Sola gratia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">Sola scriptura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soli_Deo_gloria" title="Soli Deo gloria">Soli Deo gloria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solus_Christus" title="Solus Christus">Solus Christus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_ecclesiology" title="Protestant ecclesiology">Protestant ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">Priesthood of all believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_covenant" title="Church covenant">Church covenant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity#Protestantism" title="Salvation in Christianity">Protestant Soteriology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assurance_(theology)" title="Assurance (theology)">Assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_election" title="Conditional election">Conditional election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_preservation_of_the_saints" title="Conditional preservation of the saints">Conditional preservation of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">Prevenient grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">Total depravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglican_doctrine" title="Anglican doctrine">Anglican</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_theory" title="Branch theory">Branch theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_church" title="Broad church">Broad church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_churchmanship" title="Central churchmanship">Center church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_church" title="High church">High church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_church" title="Low church">Low church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Believer%27s_baptism" title="Believer's baptism">Believer's baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_baptism" title="Immersion baptism">Immersion baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Lutheran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_Lutheranism" title="Confessional Lutheranism">Confessional Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Catholic" title="Evangelical Catholic">Evangelical Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haugean_movement" title="Haugean movement">Haugean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loci_Theologici" class="mw-redirect" title="Loci Theologici">Loci Theologici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Lutheran orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_scholasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran scholasticism">Lutheran scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_the_Cross" title="Theology of the Cross">Theology of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_kingdoms_doctrine" title="Two kingdoms doctrine">Two kingdoms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">Baptism with the Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">Faith healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossolalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossolalia">Glossolalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed <span class="nobold">(Calvinist)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism" title="Christian reconstructionism">Christian reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_grace_theology" title="Free grace theology">Free Grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_salvation_controversy" title="Lordship salvation controversy">Lordship salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Calvinism" title="Predestination in Calvinism">Predestination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_theology" title="Wesleyan theology">Wesleyan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_perfection" title="Christian perfection">Christian perfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imparted_righteousness" title="Imparted righteousness">Imparted righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_work_of_grace" title="Second work of grace">Second work of grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Quadrilateral" title="Wesleyan Quadrilateral">Wesleyan Quadrilateral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_theology" title="Seventh-day Adventist theology">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Anabaptism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theology of Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Jewish_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Messianic Jewish theology">Messianic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Attributes of God in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_mercy" title="Divine mercy">Divine mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">Grace in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Love of God in Christianity">Love of God in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God" title="Love of God">Love of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnibenevolence" title="Omnibenevolence">Omnibenevolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">Omnipotence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipresence" title="Omnipresence">Omnipresence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">Omniscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Hell" title="Problem of Hell">Problem of Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christian_theologians" title="Lists of Christian theologians">Lists of Christian theologians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christian_theology" title="Outline of Christian theology">Outline of Christian theology</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/30px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Angels_in_Abrahamic_religions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Angels_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="Template:Angels in Abrahamic religions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Angels_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="Template talk:Angels in Abrahamic religions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Angels_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Angels in Abrahamic religions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Angels_in_Abrahamic_religions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a> in <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Judaism" title="Angels in Judaism">Angels in<br />Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uriel" title="Uriel">Uriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_of_the_Lord" title="Angel of the Lord">Angel of the Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_of_the_Presence" title="Angel of the Presence">Angel of the Presence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destroying_angel_(Bible)" title="Destroying angel (Bible)">Destroying Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azrael" title="Azrael">Azrael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_(angel)" title="Ariel (angel)">Ariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arariel" title="Arariel">Arariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azazel" title="Azazel">Azazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camael" title="Camael">Camael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiel" title="Cassiel">Cassiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobiel" title="Dobiel">Dobiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumah_(angel)" title="Dumah (angel)">Dumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisheth" title="Eisheth">Eisheth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadraniel" title="Hadraniel">Hadraniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haniel" title="Haniel">Haniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerahmeel_(archangel)" title="Jerahmeel (archangel)">Jerahmeel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jophiel" title="Jophiel">Jophiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushiel" title="Kushiel">Kushiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lailah_(angel)" title="Lailah (angel)">Lailah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastema" title="Mastema">Mastema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metatron" title="Metatron">Metatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuriel" title="Nuriel">Nuriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravuil" title="Pravuil">Pravuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raziel" title="Raziel">Raziel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachiel" title="Sachiel">Sachiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samael" title="Samael">Samael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samyaza" title="Samyaza">Samyaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalphon" title="Sandalphon">Sandalphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaphkiel" title="Zaphkiel">Tzaphqiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoel" title="Yahoel">Yahoel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zadkiel" title="Zadkiel">Zadkiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zerachiel" title="Zerachiel">Zerachiel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seraph" title="Seraph">Seraphim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_creatures_(Bible)" title="Living creatures (Bible)">Chayot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophanim" title="Ophanim">Ophanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherub" title="Cherub">Cherubim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashmal" title="Hashmal">Hashmallim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishim_(angel)" title="Ishim (angel)">Ishim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_God" title="Sons of God">Sons of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recording_angel" title="Recording angel">Recording angels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angels in<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaddon" title="Abaddon">Abaddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uriel" title="Uriel">Uriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_(angel)" title="Ariel (angel)">Ariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azazel" title="Azazel">Azazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sariel" title="Sariel">Sariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalphon" title="Sandalphon">Sandalphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raguel_(angel)" title="Raguel (angel)">Raguel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiel" title="Ramiel">Ramiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selaphiel" title="Selaphiel">Selaphiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barachiel" title="Barachiel">Barachiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jegudiel" title="Jegudiel">Jegudiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camael" title="Camael">Camael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_of_Portugal" title="Angel of Portugal">Guardian Angel of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerahmeel_(archangel)" title="Jerahmeel (archangel)">Jerahmeel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jophiel" title="Jophiel">Jophiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metatron" title="Metatron">Metatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samyaza" title="Samyaza">Samyaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravuil" title="Pravuil">Pravuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachiel" title="Sachiel">Sachiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zadkiel" title="Zadkiel">Zadkiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarathiel" title="Sarathiel">Sarathiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zerachiel" title="Zerachiel">Zerachiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanuel_(angel)" title="Phanuel (angel)">Phanuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aker_(angel)" title="Aker (angel)">Aker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabuthelon" title="Gabuthelon">Gabuthelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arphugitonos" title="Arphugitonos">Arphugitonos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beburos" title="Beburos">Beburos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebuleon" title="Zebuleon">Zebuleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_(angel)" title="Daniel (angel)">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerubiel" title="Kerubiel">Kerubiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokabiel" title="Kokabiel">Kokabiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushiel" title="Kushiel">Kushiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lailah_(angel)" title="Lailah (angel)">Leliel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_(angel)" title="Muriel (angel)">Muriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahaliah" title="Pahaliah">Pahaliah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seraphiel" title="Seraphiel">Seraphiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamsiel" title="Shamsiel">Shamsiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chazaqiel" title="Chazaqiel">Chazaqiel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seraph" title="Seraph">Seraphim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherub" title="Cherub">Cherubim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophanim" title="Ophanim">Ophanim</a>/<a href="/wiki/Throne_(angel)" title="Throne (angel)">Thrones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_(angel)" title="Dominion (angel)">Dominions</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Lordships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Powers</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Authorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Principalities</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watcher_(angel)" title="Watcher (angel)">Watchers</a>/<a href="/wiki/Guardian_angel" title="Guardian angel">Guardian angels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels in <br />Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Mikha'il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Jibra'il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Israfil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azrael" title="Azrael">Azra'il</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C5%AB%E1%B8%A5" title="Rūḥ">ar-Rūḥ</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azazil" title="Azazil">ʿAzāzīl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artiya%27il" title="Artiya'il">Artiya'il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darda%27il" title="Darda'il">Darda'il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumah_(angel)" title="Dumah (angel)">Dumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalqa%27il" title="Kalqa'il">Kalqa'il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futrus" title="Futrus">Futrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_(angel)" title="Habib (angel)">Ḥabīb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harut_and_Marut" title="Harut and Marut">Harut and Marut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maalik" title="Maalik">Mālik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munkar_and_Nakir" title="Munkar and Nakir">Munkar and Nakir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ri%E1%B8%8Dwan" title="Riḍwan">Riḍwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bearers_of_the_Throne" title="Bearers of the Throne">Mu'qarrabun</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Cherub" title="Cherub">Cherubim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seraph" title="Seraph">Seraphim</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabaniyah" title="Zabaniyah">Angels of Hell</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mu%27aqqibat" title="Mu'aqqibat">Hafaza</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Guardian_angel" title="Guardian angel">Guardian angel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiraman_Katibin" title="Kiraman Katibin">Recording angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81zi%27%C4%81t_and_N%C4%81shi%E1%B9%AD%C4%81t" title="Nāzi'āt and Nāshiṭāt">Nāzi'āt and Nāshiṭāt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uthra" title="Uthra">Uthras (angels) in <br />Mandaeism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yushamin" title="Yushamin">Yushamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abatur" title="Abatur">Abatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptahil" title="Ptahil">Ptahil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibil" title="Hibil">Hibil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shitil" title="Shitil">Shitil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anush_(Mandaeism)" title="Anush (Mandaeism)">Anush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Ziwa" title="Sam Ziwa">Sam Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manda_d-Hayyi" title="Manda d-Hayyi">Manda d-Hayyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilmai" title="Shilmai">Shilmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nidbai" title="Nidbai">Nidbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adathan_and_Yadathan" title="Adathan and Yadathan">Adathan and Yadathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yufin-Yufafin" title="Yufin-Yufafin">Yufin-Yufafin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfeil_and_Marfeil" title="Urfeil and Marfeil">Urfeil and Marfeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarwan" title="Tarwan">Tar and Tarwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihram" title="Bihram">Bihram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zihrun" title="Zihrun">Zihrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etinsib_Ziwa" title="Etinsib Ziwa">Etinsib Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nbat" title="Nbat">Nbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsab" title="Nsab">Nsab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gubran" title="Gubran">Gubran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihlun" title="Shihlun">Shihlun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yurba" title="Yurba">Yurba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukabar" title="Yukabar">Yukabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukashar" title="Yukashar">Yukashar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawar_Ziwa" title="Yawar Ziwa">Yawar Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simat_Hayyi" title="Simat Hayyi">Simat Hayyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saureil" title="Saureil">Saureil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uthra" title="Uthra">Niṭufta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupna" class="mw-redirect" title="Gupna">Gupna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziwa_(Aramaic)" title="Ziwa (Aramaic)">Ziwa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Moroni" title="Angel Moroni">Angel Moroni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_angels" title="Hierarchy of angels">Hierarchy of angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_host" title="Heavenly host">Heavenly host</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Archangels" title="Seven Archangels">Seven Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Angels%27_Messages" title="Three Angels' Messages">Three Angels' Messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watcher_(angel)" title="Watcher (angel)">Watcher</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fallen angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_angels_in_theology" title="List of angels in theology">List of angels in theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_angels_in_Ars_Paulina" title="List of angels in Ars Paulina">List of angels in Ars Paulina</a></li> <li>Ambiguous <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalkydri" title="Chalkydri">Chalkydri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elioud" title="Elioud">Elioud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephilim" title="Nephilim">Nephilim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teraphim" title="Teraphim">Teraphim</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_art" title="Angels in art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_angels_in_fiction" title="List of angels in fiction">List of angels in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_angels" title="List of films about angels">List of films about angels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fallen_angel&oldid=1257439271">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fallen_angel&oldid=1257439271</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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