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Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameretat" title="Ameretat – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ameretat" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_(%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AF)" title="امرداد (امشاسپند) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امرداد (امشاسپند)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%90%D7%93" title="אמורדאד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אמורדאד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88" title="アムルタート – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アムルタート" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameretat" title="Ameretat – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ameretat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordad" title="Mordad – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mordad" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameretat" title="Ameretat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ameretat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameretat" title="Ameretat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ameretat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Амрдод – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Амрдод" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%A2%85%E9%9B%B7%E5%A1%94%E7%89%B9" title="阿梅雷塔特 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿梅雷塔特" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Zoroastrianism" title="Category:Zoroastrianism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Faravahar" title="Faravahar"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/220px-Faravahar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/330px-Faravahar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/440px-Faravahar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Primary topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zarathustra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asha" title="Asha">Asha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vohu_Manah" title="Vohu Manah">Vohu Manah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persia/Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faravahar" title="Faravahar">Faravahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Divine entities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amesha_Spenta" title="Amesha Spenta">Amesha Spentas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazata" title="Yazata">Yazatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura" title="Ahura">Ahuras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daeva" title="Daeva">Daevas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fravashi" title="Fravashi">Fravashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angra_Mainyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Angra Mainyu">Angra Mainyu</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Scripture and worship</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_literature" title="Zoroastrian literature">Zoroastrian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashem_Vohu" title="Ashem Vohu">Ashem Vohu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahuna_Vairya" title="Ahuna Vairya">Ahuna Vairya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenghe_hatam" title="Yenghe hatam">Yenghe hatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airyaman_ishya" title="Airyaman ishya">Airyaman ishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_temple" title="Fire temple">Fire Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/101_Names_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="101 Names of God">101 Names of Ahura Mazda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adur_Burzen-Mihr" title="Adur Burzen-Mihr">Adur Burzen-Mihr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adur_Farnbag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adur Farnbag (page does not exist)">Adur Farnbag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adur_Gushnasp" title="Adur Gushnasp">Adur Gushnasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress_of_Kashmar" title="Cypress of Kashmar">Cypress of Kashmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gathas">Gathas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasna" title="Yasna">Yasna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vendidad" title="Vendidad">Vendidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visperad" title="Visperad">Visperad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasht" title="Yasht">Yashts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khordeh_Avesta" title="Khordeh Avesta">Khordeh Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rivayats" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rivayats">The Rivayats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab-Zohr" title="Ab-Zohr">Ab-Zohr</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Accounts and legends</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denkard" title="Denkard">Dēnkard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundahishn" title="Bundahishn">Bundahišn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Arda_Viraf" title="Book of Arda Viraf">Book of Arda Viraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamasp_Namag" title="Jamasp Namag">Book of Jamasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qissa-i_Sanjan" title="Qissa-i Sanjan">Story of Sanjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinvat_Bridge" title="Chinvat Bridge">Chinvat Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Frashokereti</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">History and culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdakism" title="Mazdakism">Mazdakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khurramites" title="Khurramites">Khurramites</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_calendar" title="Zoroastrian calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_festivals" title="Zoroastrian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navjote" title="Navjote">Initiation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kushti" title="Kushti">Kushti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedreh" title="Sedreh">Sedreh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_wedding" title="Zoroastrian wedding">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Silence" title="Tower of Silence">Burial</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Adherents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Afghanistan" title="Zoroastrianism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Armenia" title="Zoroastrianism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Zoroastrianism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrianism in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Sichuan" title="Zoroastrianism in Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_India" title="Zoroastrianism in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranis_(India)" title="Iranis (India)">Iranis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Iran" title="Zoroastrianism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq#Zoroastrianism" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrianism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsis" title="Parsis">Parsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_the_United_States" title="Zoroastrianism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrianism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Persecution of Zoroastrians</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Zoroastrianism" title="Criticism of Zoroastrianism">Criticism of Zoroastrianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_cosmology" title="Zoroastrian cosmology">Zoroastrian cosmology</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/20px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/40px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zoroastrianism_sidebar" title="Template:Zoroastrianism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zoroastrianism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Zoroastrianism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zoroastrianism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zoroastrianism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><span title="Avestan-language text"><i lang="ae">Ameretat</i></span></b> (<a href="/wiki/Avestan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Avestan language">Avestan</a>: <span lang="ae" dir="rtl">𐬀𐬨𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬁𐬙</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Avestan-language romanization"><i lang="ae-Latn">amər<sup>ə</sup>tāt</i></span>) is the <a href="/wiki/Avestan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Avestan language">Avestan language</a> name of the <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian</a> divinity/divine concept of <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">immortality</a>. Amerdad is the <a href="/wiki/Amesha_Spenta" title="Amesha Spenta">Amesha Spenta</a> of long life on earth and perpetuality in the hereafter. </p><p>The word <i><span title="Avestan-language text"><i lang="ae">amərətāt</i></span></i> is grammatically feminine and the divinity Amerdad is a female entity. Etymologically, Avestan <i><span title="Avestan-language text"><i lang="ae">amərətāt</i></span></i> derives from an <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Indo-Iranian</a> root and is linguistically related to <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic Sanskrit</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Amrita" title="Amrita">amṛtatva</a></i>. In <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Era">Sassanid Era</a> Zoroastrian tradition, Amerdad appears as <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> 𐭠𐭬𐭥𐭫𐭣𐭠𐭣 <i>Amurdad</i>, continuing in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">New Persian</a> as مرداد <i>Mordad</i> or <i>Amordad</i>. It is followed by Shehrevar. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_scripture">In scripture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ameretat&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: In scripture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Gathas">In the Gathas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ameretat&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In the Gathas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like the other <a href="/wiki/Amesha_Spenta" title="Amesha Spenta">Amesha Spentas</a> also, Ameretat is already attested in the <a href="/wiki/Gathas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gathas">Gathas</a>, the oldest texts of the Zoroastrianism and considered to have been composed by <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a> himself. And like most other principles, Ameretat is not unambiguously an entity in those hymns. Unlike four of the other Amesha Spentas, Ameretat does not have a standing epithet that in later Avesta texts becomes an element of her proper name. </p><p>Already in the Gathas, Ameretat is closely allied with <a href="/wiki/Haurvatat" title="Haurvatat">Haurvatat</a>, the Amesha Spenta of "Wholeness" and health. Addressing <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Yasna" title="Yasna">Yasna</a></i> 34.11, the prophet <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a> exclaims that "both Wholeness and Immortality are for sustenance" in the Kingdom of God. In the same verse, as also in <i>Yasna</i> 45.10 and 51.7, parallels are drawn between Ameretat and Haurvatat on the one hand and "endurance and strength" on the other. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Younger_Avesta">In the Younger Avesta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ameretat&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In the Younger Avesta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The relationship between Ameretat and Haurvatat is carried forward into the Younger Avesta (<i><a href="/wiki/Yasna" title="Yasna">Yasna</a></i> 1.2; 3.1; 4.1; 6.17; 7.26; 8.1 etc.; <i><a href="/wiki/Yasht" title="Yasht">Yasht</a></i> 1.15; 10.92). The Younger Avestan texts allude to their respective guardianships of plant life and water (comparable with the Gathic allusion to sustenence), but these identifications are only properly developed in later tradition (see below). These associations with also reflect the Zoroastrian cosmological model in which each of the Amesha Spentas is identified with one aspect of creation. </p><p>The antithetical counterpart of Ameretat is the demon (<i><a href="/wiki/Daeva" title="Daeva">daeva</a></i>) <i>Shud</i> "hunger", while Haurvatat's counterpart is <i>Tarshna</i> "thirst". Ameretat and Haurvatat are the only two Amesha Spentas who are not already assigned an antithetical counterpart in the Gathas. In the eschatological framework of <i>Yasht</i> 1.25, Ameretat and Haurvatat represent the reward of the righteous after death (<i>cf.</i> <a href="/wiki/Ashi" title="Ashi">Ashi</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ashavan" title="Ashavan">ashavan</a></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_tradition">In tradition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ameretat&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Bundahishn" title="Bundahishn">Bundahishn</a></i>, a Zoroastrian account of creation completed in the 12th century, Ameretat and Haurvatat appear—together with <a href="/wiki/Armaiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Armaiti">Spenta Armaiti</a> (MP: <i>Spendarmad</i>), the third female Amesha Spenta—on the left hand of Ahura Mazda (<i>Bundahishn</i> 26.8). Throughout Zoroastrian scripture and tradition, these three principles are most consistently identified with the creations that they represent: respectively plant life, water, and earth. </p><p>According to the cosmological legends of the <i>Bundahishn</i>, when <a href="/wiki/Angra_Mainyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Angra Mainyu">Angra Mainyu</a> (MP: Ahriman) withered the primordial plant, Ameretat crushed it to pulp and mixed it with water. <a href="/wiki/Tishtrya" title="Tishtrya">Tishtrya</a> then took the water and spread it over the world as rain, which in turn caused a multitude of other plants to grow up. </p><p>In the calendrical dedication of <i>Siroza</i> 1.7, Ameretat is invoked on the seventh day of each month together with the <i>Gaokarena</i> (the "White <a href="/wiki/Haoma" title="Haoma">Haoma</a>"). This Younger Avestan allusion to immortality is properly developed in <i>Bundahishn</i> 27.2, where White Haoma is considered to be the "death-dispelling chief of plants." From this White Haoma, the ambrosia of immortality will be prepared for the final renovation of the world (<i>Bd.</i> 19.13; 30.25). Other chapters have the nectar being created from Ameretat herself (e.g. <i>Bd.</i> 26.113). </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Denkard" title="Denkard"><i>Denkard's</i></a> recollection of lost Avestan texts, Zoroaster's <i>tan-gohr</i>, his material self, was under the protection of Ameretat and Haurvatat up until the prophet's conception. The divinities caused the rains to nourish the grass, which six white cows then ate. Upon drinking the milk from those cows, Zoroaster's mother absorbed his <i>tan-gohr</i>. (<i>Denkard</i> 7.2.19 <i>ff)</i> </p><p>Through the association with plants and water, Ameretat and Haurvatat are consequently identified with food and drink (<i>cf.</i> sustenance in the Gathas, above), and traditionally it was out of respect for these two Amesha Spentas that meals were to be taken in silence. In <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Arda_Viraf" title="Book of Arda Viraf">Book of Arda Viraz</a></i> 23.6-8, the righteous Viraz sees a man punished in hell "for consuming Hordad and Amurdad while unlawfully chattering while he chewed." </p><p>In the hierarchy of <a href="/wiki/Yazata" title="Yazata"><i>yazata</i>s</a>, Ameretat has <a href="/wiki/Rashnu" title="Rashnu">Rashnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arshtat" title="Arshtat">Arshtat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zam" title="Zam">Zam</a> as assistants or cooperators (<i>hamkars</i>). Rashnu and Arshtat both have roles in <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_eschatology" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian eschatology">Zoroastrian eschatology</a> while Zam is the divinity of the earth and nourisher of plants. </p><p>In the day-name and month-name dedications of the <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_calendar" title="Zoroastrian calendar">Zoroastrian calendar</a>, the seventh day of the month and fifth month of the year are named after Ameretat/<i>Amurdad</i>/<i>Mordad</i> and are under her protection. The <a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian calendar">Iranian civil calendar</a> of 1925 follows Zoroastrian month-naming conventions and hence also has <i>Mordad</i> as the fifth month of the year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_other_religions">In other religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ameretat&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In other religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Haurvatat-Ameretat (<a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahlavi script">Pahlavi</a> <i>hrwdʼd</i> <i>ʼmwrdʼd</i>) appears in <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian language</a> texts as <i>hrwwt mrwwt</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A relationship to <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> <i>hawrot</i> <i>mawrot</i> has been suggested but is not confirmed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> According to Islam tradition, Al-Quran mentions two entities sent to Babil (Babylon) named Harut and Marut, to test people faith because they teach witchcraft and sorcery. These entities stated that they were sent to test the faith of the people before teaching them. Muslim philologists recognized that Harut and Marut were not of Arabic origin, but it was left to Paul Lagarde, in his book "Gesammelte abhandlungen", to state his discovery that the Islamic Harut and Marut represented the Avestan Haurvatat and Ameretat<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ameretat&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBoyce1983" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Boyce" title="Mary Boyce">Boyce, Mary</a> (1983), "Amurdād", <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>, vol. 1, New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp. <span class="nowrap">997–</span>998</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Amurd%C4%81d&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E997-%3C%2Fspan%3E998&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmeretat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDhalla1938" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Maneckji_Nusserwanji_Dhalla" title="Maneckji Nusserwanji Dhalla">Dhalla, Maneckji N.</a> (1938), <i>History of Zoroastrianism</i>, New York: OUP, pp. <span class="nowrap">171–</span>172</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Zoroastrianism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E171-%3C%2Fspan%3E172&rft.pub=OUP&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Dhalla&rft.aufirst=Maneckji+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmeretat" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Zoroastrian-Iranian_calendar138" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zoroastrian_calendar" title="Template:Zoroastrian calendar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zoroastrian_calendar" title="Template talk:Zoroastrian calendar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zoroastrian_calendar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zoroastrian calendar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Zoroastrian-Iranian_calendar138" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_calendar" title="Zoroastrian calendar">Zoroastrian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian calendar">Iranian calendar</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Hormazd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vohu_Manah" title="Vohu Manah">Bahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asha" title="Asha">Ardibehest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshathra_Vairya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kshathra Vairya">Shehrevar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spenta_Armaiti" title="Spenta Armaiti">Aspandarmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khordad" title="Khordad">Khordad</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amardad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dadvah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dadvah (page does not exist)">Dae-Pa-Adar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atar" title="Atar">Adar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aban" title="Aban">Avan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hvare-khshaeta" title="Hvare-khshaeta">Khorshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah" title="Mah">Mohor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishtrya" title="Tishtrya">Tir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavaevodata" title="Gavaevodata">Gosh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dadvah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dadvah (page does not exist)">Dae-Pa-Meher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithra" title="Mithra">Meher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarosh">Srosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashnu" title="Rashnu">Rashne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fravashi" title="Fravashi">Fravardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verethragna" title="Verethragna">Behram</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C4%81man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rāman (page does not exist)">Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vata-Vayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Vata-Vayu">Govad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dadvah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dadvah (page does not exist)">Dae-Pa-Din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daena" title="Daena">Din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashi_Vanghuhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashi Vanghuhi">Ashishvangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashtad">Ashtad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asman" title="Asman">Asman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zam" title="Zam">Zamyad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manthra_Spenta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manthra Spenta (page does not exist)">Mahraspand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anagra_Raocha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anagra Raocha (page does not exist)">Aneran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Months</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fravashi" title="Fravashi">Fravardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asha" title="Asha">Ardibehest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khordad" title="Khordad">Khordad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishtrya" title="Tishtrya">Tir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spenta_Armaiti" title="Spenta Armaiti">Amardad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshathra_Vairya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kshathra Vairya">Shehrevar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithra" title="Mithra">Meher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aban" title="Aban">Avan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atar" title="Atar">Adar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dadvah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dadvah (page does not exist)">Dae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahman" title="Bahman">Bahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spenta_Armaiti" title="Spenta Armaiti">Aspandarmad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Festival" title="Festival">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gahanbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gahanbar">Gambhars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pateti" class="mw-redirect" title="Pateti">Pateti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khordad_Sal" title="Khordad Sal">Khordad Sal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zartosht_No-Diso" title="Zartosht No-Diso">Zartosht No-Diso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadeh" title="Sadeh">Sadeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_festivals#Name-day_feasts" title="Zoroastrian festivals">Jashe/Parab days</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farvardigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Farvardigan">Fravardigan (Mukhtad)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardibeheshtgan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ardibeheshtgan (page does not exist)">Ardibeheshtgan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khordadgan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khordadgan (page does not exist)">Khordadgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiregan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiregan">Tiragan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amordadegan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amordadegan (page does not exist)">Amordadegan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shahrivargan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shahrivargan (page does not exist)">Shahrivargan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehragan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehragan">Meheragan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abanegan" class="mw-redirect" title="Abanegan">Abanegan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azargan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azargan (page does not exist)">Azargan</a></li> <li>Daegan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahmanagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahmanagan">Bahmanagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepandarmazgan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepandarmazgan">Sepandarmazgan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/40px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/60px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/120px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Zoroastrianism" title="Category:Zoroastrianism">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ameretat&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output 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