Mubarak resigns, military claims power in Egypt

<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><meta charSet="utf-8"/><meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=1.0, width=device-width"/><meta name="robots" content="index,follow"/><meta name="googlebot" content="index,follow"/><meta name="description" content="Massive demonstrations and a growing strike wave forced the Friday resignation of Hosni Mubarak. While millions celebrated his ouster, power has been claimed by the military."/><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/><meta name="twitter:site" content="@WSWS_Updates"/><meta property="og:title" content="Mubarak resigns, military claims power in Egypt"/><meta property="og:description" content="Massive demonstrations and a growing strike wave forced the Friday resignation of Hosni Mubarak. While millions celebrated his ouster, power has been claimed by the military."/><meta property="og:url" content="https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2011/02/egy2-f11.html"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="World Socialist Web Site"/><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2011/02/egy2-f11.html"/><title>Mubarak resigns, military claims power in Egypt - World Socialist Web Site</title><meta name="id" content="c9115c53-4585-4a75-999b-05dc7ac7dd94"/><meta name="language" content="en"/><meta name="keywords" content="ElBaradei, Cairo, Alexandria, Egypt, Mubarak, Suleiman"/><meta name="next-head-count" content="16"/><meta charSet="utf-8"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/css/nprogress.css"/><script type="text/javascript"> var _paq = window._paq || []; _paq.push(["setCookieDomain", "*.wsws.org"]); _paq.push(['trackVisibleContentImpressions']); _paq.push(['enableHeartBeatTimer']); (function() { var u="https://piwik.wsws.org/analytics/piwik/"; _paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', u+'matomo.php']); _paq.push(['setSiteId', '1']); var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; g.type='text/javascript'; g.async=true; g.defer=true; g.src=u+'matomo.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s); })(); </script><script type="text/javascript"> (function(w,d,t,u,n,a,m){w['MauticTrackingObject']=n; w[n]=w[n]||function(){(w[n].q=w[n].q||[]).push(arguments)},a=d.createElement(t), m=d.getElementsByTagName(t)[0];a.async=1;a.src=u;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','https://mautic.wsws.org/mtc.js','mt'); </script><script async="" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-121098080-1"></script><script type="text/javascript"> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'UA-121098080-1', { send_page_view: false, anonymize_ip: true }); </script><script type="text/javascript"> !function(t,e) { if (!e.documentMode) { var n = function() { (n.q = n.q || []).push(arguments) }; t.gsc = t.gsc || n; } }(window,document); </script><script type="text/javascript"> (function() { var host = 'wsws.org'; var element = document.createElement('script'); var firstScript = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; var url = 'https://cmp.inmobi.com'.concat('/choice/', 'JH3fNnZC0zWt-', '/', host, '/choice.js?tag_version=V3'); var uspTries = 0; var uspTriesLimit = 3; element.async = true; element.type = 'text/javascript'; element.src = url; firstScript.parentNode.insertBefore(element, firstScript); function makeStub() { var TCF_LOCATOR_NAME = '__tcfapiLocator'; var queue = []; var win = window; var cmpFrame; function addFrame() { var doc = win.document; var otherCMP = !!(win.frames[TCF_LOCATOR_NAME]); if (!otherCMP) { if (doc.body) { var iframe = doc.createElement('iframe'); iframe.style.cssText = 'display:none'; iframe.name = TCF_LOCATOR_NAME; doc.body.appendChild(iframe); } else { setTimeout(addFrame, 5); } } return !otherCMP; } function tcfAPIHandler() { var gdprApplies; var args = arguments; if (!args.length) { return queue; } else if (args[0] === 'setGdprApplies') { if ( args.length > 3 && args[2] === 2 && typeof args[3] === 'boolean' ) { gdprApplies = args[3]; if (typeof args[2] === 'function') { args[2]('set', true); } } } else if (args[0] === 'ping') { var retr = { gdprApplies: gdprApplies, cmpLoaded: false, cmpStatus: 'stub' }; if (typeof args[2] === 'function') { args[2](retr); } } else { if(args[0] === 'init' && typeof args[3] === 'object') { args[3] = Object.assign(args[3], { tag_version: 'V3' }); } queue.push(args); } } function postMessageEventHandler(event) { var msgIsString = typeof event.data === 'string'; var json = {}; try { if (msgIsString) { json = JSON.parse(event.data); } else { json = event.data; } } catch (ignore) {} var payload = json.__tcfapiCall; if (payload) { window.__tcfapi( payload.command, payload.version, function(retValue, success) { var returnMsg = { __tcfapiReturn: { returnValue: retValue, success: success, callId: payload.callId } }; if (msgIsString) { returnMsg = JSON.stringify(returnMsg); } if (event && event.source && event.source.postMessage) { event.source.postMessage(returnMsg, '*'); } }, payload.parameter ); } } while (win) { try { if (win.frames[TCF_LOCATOR_NAME]) { cmpFrame = win; break; } } catch (ignore) {} if (win === window.top) { break; } win = win.parent; } if (!cmpFrame) { addFrame(); win.__tcfapi = tcfAPIHandler; win.addEventListener('message', postMessageEventHandler, false); } }; makeStub(); function makeGppStub() { const CMP_ID = 10; const SUPPORTED_APIS = [ '2:tcfeuv2', '6:uspv1', '7:usnatv1', '8:usca', '9:usvav1', '10:uscov1', '11:usutv1', '12:usctv1' ]; window.__gpp_addFrame = function (n) { if (!window.frames[n]) { if (document.body) { var i = document.createElement("iframe"); i.style.cssText = "display:none"; i.name = n; document.body.appendChild(i); } else { window.setTimeout(window.__gpp_addFrame, 10, n); } } }; window.__gpp_stub = function () { var b = arguments; __gpp.queue = __gpp.queue || []; __gpp.events = __gpp.events || []; if (!b.length || (b.length == 1 && b[0] == "queue")) { return __gpp.queue; } if (b.length == 1 && b[0] == "events") { return __gpp.events; } var cmd = b[0]; var clb = b.length > 1 ? b[1] : null; var par = b.length > 2 ? b[2] : null; if (cmd === "ping") { clb( { gppVersion: "1.1", // must be “Version.Subversion”, current: “1.1” cmpStatus: "stub", // possible values: stub, loading, loaded, error cmpDisplayStatus: "hidden", // possible values: hidden, visible, disabled signalStatus: "not ready", // possible values: not ready, ready supportedAPIs: SUPPORTED_APIS, // list of supported APIs cmpId: CMP_ID, // IAB assigned CMP ID, may be 0 during stub/loading sectionList: [], applicableSections: [-1], gppString: "", parsedSections: {}, }, true ); } else if (cmd === "addEventListener") { if (!("lastId" in __gpp)) { __gpp.lastId = 0; } __gpp.lastId++; var lnr = __gpp.lastId; __gpp.events.push({ id: lnr, callback: clb, parameter: par, }); clb( { eventName: "listenerRegistered", listenerId: lnr, // Registered ID of the listener data: true, // positive signal pingData: { gppVersion: "1.1", // must be “Version.Subversion”, current: “1.1” cmpStatus: "stub", // possible values: stub, loading, loaded, error cmpDisplayStatus: "hidden", // possible values: hidden, visible, disabled signalStatus: "not ready", // possible values: not ready, ready supportedAPIs: SUPPORTED_APIS, // list of supported APIs cmpId: CMP_ID, // list of supported APIs sectionList: [], applicableSections: [-1], gppString: "", parsedSections: {}, }, }, true ); } else if (cmd === "removeEventListener") { var success = false; for (var i = 0; i < __gpp.events.length; i++) { if (__gpp.events[i].id == par) { __gpp.events.splice(i, 1); success = true; break; } } clb( { eventName: "listenerRemoved", listenerId: par, // Registered ID of the listener data: success, // status info pingData: { gppVersion: "1.1", // must be “Version.Subversion”, current: “1.1” cmpStatus: "stub", // possible values: stub, loading, loaded, error cmpDisplayStatus: "hidden", // possible values: hidden, visible, disabled signalStatus: "not ready", // possible values: not ready, ready supportedAPIs: SUPPORTED_APIS, // list of supported APIs cmpId: CMP_ID, // CMP ID sectionList: [], applicableSections: [-1], gppString: "", parsedSections: {}, }, }, true ); } else if (cmd === "hasSection") { clb(false, true); } else if (cmd === "getSection" || cmd === "getField") { clb(null, true); } //queue all other commands else { __gpp.queue.push([].slice.apply(b)); } }; window.__gpp_msghandler = function (event) { var msgIsString = typeof event.data === "string"; try { var json = msgIsString ? JSON.parse(event.data) : event.data; } catch (e) { var json = null; } if (typeof json === "object" && json !== null && "__gppCall" in json) { var i = json.__gppCall; window.__gpp( i.command, function (retValue, success) { var returnMsg = { __gppReturn: { returnValue: retValue, success: success, callId: i.callId, }, }; event.source.postMessage(msgIsString ? JSON.stringify(returnMsg) : returnMsg, "*"); }, "parameter" in i ? i.parameter : null, "version" in i ? i.version : "1.1" ); } }; if (!("__gpp" in window) || typeof window.__gpp !== "function") { window.__gpp = window.__gpp_stub; window.addEventListener("message", window.__gpp_msghandler, false); window.__gpp_addFrame("__gppLocator"); } }; makeGppStub(); var uspStubFunction = function() { var arg = arguments; if (typeof window.__uspapi !== uspStubFunction) { setTimeout(function() { if (typeof window.__uspapi !== 'undefined') { window.__uspapi.apply(window.__uspapi, arg); } }, 500); } }; var checkIfUspIsReady = function() { uspTries++; if (window.__uspapi === uspStubFunction && uspTries < uspTriesLimit) { console.warn('USP is not accessible'); } else { clearInterval(uspInterval); } }; if (typeof window.__uspapi === 'undefined') { window.__uspapi = uspStubFunction; var uspInterval = setInterval(checkIfUspIsReady, 6000); } })(); </script><link rel="preload" href="/_next/static/css/9f99d90987bb43af.css" as="style"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/_next/static/css/9f99d90987bb43af.css" data-n-g=""/><noscript data-n-css=""></noscript><script defer="" nomodule="" src="/_next/static/chunks/polyfills-5cd94c89d3acac5f.js"></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/webpack-f962eb33e34e2dbc.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/framework-3f6ca6aeff951304.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/main-44c556c415e0b01a.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/pages/_app-6915a01813c40d13.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/1350-b3d56d9126eca1e0.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/6391-b9f9ce76b0abdd6b.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/1674-c8ea272ffddabb63.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/3836-68ec2a2016aa1209.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/3255-0918ccf11f7313b0.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/4431-f2a82eb544d70f7c.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/4649-4e1d68df57025e05.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/6151-ecd6540231869dd1.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/4584-47078904d75ce335.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/3925-8f23ab0fb649e2f3.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/1021-40676decc7bf388a.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/pages/%5Blocale%5D/articles/%5B...path%5D-b85dfb17a515e4ba.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/bba5cf3e/_buildManifest.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/bba5cf3e/_ssgManifest.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/bba5cf3e/_middlewareManifest.js" defer=""></script></head><body><div id="__next" data-reactroot=""><div lang="en"><style> .topnav-enter { opacity: 0; } .topnav-enter .wsws-header { opacity: 0; } .topnav-enter.topnav-enter-active { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 200ms ease-out ; } .topnav-enter.topnav-enter-active .wsws-header { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 300ms ease-out; transition-delay: 200ms; } .topnav-exit { opacity: 1; } .topnav-exit .wsws-header { opacity: 1; } .topnav-exit.topnav-exit-active { opacity: 0; transition: opacity 250ms ease-in; } .topnav-exit.topnav-exit-active .wsws-header { opacity: 0; transition: opacity 250ms ease-in; } </style><style> .headroom { top: 0; left: 0; right: 0; zIndex: 1; z-index: 2147483647; } .headroom--unfixed { position: relative; // transform: translateY(0); transform: translateY(-100%); } .headroom--scrolled { transition: transform 200ms ease-in-out; } .headroom--unpinned { position: fixed; transform: translateY(-100%); } .headroom--pinned { position: fixed; transform: translateY(0%); } </style><div style="position:absolute" class="headroom-wrapper"><div class="headroom headroom--unfixed"><div class="dn-p bg-white w-100 shadow-2 bb b--black-10 pv1 _pv2-m"><div class="wsws-header mw9-m center"><section><div class="mw-75rem-m center"><div class="w-100 flex items-center ph3 ph4-m ph1-xl"><div class="dn-p flex items-center"><a class="db items-center-l f4 b lh-solid black no-underline pointer flex-l"><svg class="db dn-l" version="1.1" id="Layer_1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="12 12 24 24" style="width:1rem;enable-background:new 0 0 48 48" xml:space="preserve"><g id="menu-hamburger"><path d="M13,18.5c0,0.275,0.225,0.5,0.5,0.5h21c0.275,0,0.5-0.225,0.5-0.5v-3c0-0.275-0.225-0.5-0.5-0.5h-21 c-0.275,0-0.5,0.225-0.5,0.5V18.5z M13,25.5c0,0.275,0.225,0.5,0.5,0.5h21c0.275,0,0.5-0.225,0.5-0.5v-3c0-0.275-0.225-0.5-0.5-0.5 h-21c-0.275,0-0.5,0.225-0.5,0.5V25.5z M13,32.5c0,0.275,0.225,0.5,0.5,0.5h21c0.275,0,0.5-0.225,0.5-0.5v-3 c0-0.275-0.225-0.5-0.5-0.5h-21c-0.275,0-0.5,0.225-0.5,0.5V32.5z"></path></g></svg><svg class="dn db-l" version="1.1" id="Layer_1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="12 12 24 24" style="width:1rem;enable-background:new 0 0 48 48" xml:space="preserve"><g id="menu-hamburger"><path d="M13,18.5c0,0.275,0.225,0.5,0.5,0.5h21c0.275,0,0.5-0.225,0.5-0.5v-3c0-0.275-0.225-0.5-0.5-0.5h-21 c-0.275,0-0.5,0.225-0.5,0.5V18.5z M13,25.5c0,0.275,0.225,0.5,0.5,0.5h21c0.275,0,0.5-0.225,0.5-0.5v-3c0-0.275-0.225-0.5-0.5-0.5 h-21c-0.275,0-0.5,0.225-0.5,0.5V25.5z M13,32.5c0,0.275,0.225,0.5,0.5,0.5h21c0.275,0,0.5-0.225,0.5-0.5v-3 c0-0.275-0.225-0.5-0.5-0.5h-21c-0.275,0-0.5,0.225-0.5,0.5V32.5z"></path></g></svg><span class="dn _dib-xl ml2-l avenir f7 b lh-solid black ttu tracked-half">Menu</span></a><a class="dn _db-ns _flex-l items-center-l f4 b lh-solid black no-underline pointer ml3-ns ml4-m" href="/en/search"><svg class="db dn-l" version="1.1" id="Layer_1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="12 12 24 24" style="width:1rem;enable-background:new 0 0 48 48" xml:space="preserve"><g id="search"><path d="M35.602,32.755l-5.878-5.879c0.956-1.481,1.521-3.24,1.521-5.132c0-5.235-4.262-9.494-9.496-9.494 c-5.236,0-9.494,4.259-9.494,9.494c0,5.236,4.258,9.495,9.494,9.495c1.891,0,3.649-0.562,5.132-1.519l5.878,5.878 c0.195,0.196,0.518,0.196,0.712,0l2.132-2.132C35.799,33.271,35.799,32.951,35.602,32.755z M15.269,21.744 c0-3.571,2.906-6.479,6.479-6.479c3.573,0,6.479,2.907,6.479,6.479c0,3.573-2.905,6.479-6.479,6.479 C18.176,28.224,15.269,25.317,15.269,21.744z"></path></g></svg><svg class="dn db-l" version="1.1" id="Layer_1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="12 12 24 24" style="width:1rem;enable-background:new 0 0 48 48" xml:space="preserve"><g id="search"><path d="M35.602,32.755l-5.878-5.879c0.956-1.481,1.521-3.24,1.521-5.132c0-5.235-4.262-9.494-9.496-9.494 c-5.236,0-9.494,4.259-9.494,9.494c0,5.236,4.258,9.495,9.494,9.495c1.891,0,3.649-0.562,5.132-1.519l5.878,5.878 c0.195,0.196,0.518,0.196,0.712,0l2.132-2.132C35.799,33.271,35.799,32.951,35.602,32.755z M15.269,21.744 c0-3.571,2.906-6.479,6.479-6.479c3.573,0,6.479,2.907,6.479,6.479c0,3.573-2.905,6.479-6.479,6.479 C18.176,28.224,15.269,25.317,15.269,21.744z"></path></g></svg><span class="dn dib-xl ml2-l avenir f7 b lh-solid black ttu tracked-half">Search</span></a></div><div class="w-100 flex flex-column flex-row-p items-center pv3 pv3-p ph3 ph4-m ph0-p"><a class="db no-underline " href="/en"><img class="db dn-m _pb1" src="/static/img/wswslogo4red.png" style="max-height:1.0rem"/><img class="dn db-m dn-l" src="/static/img/wswslogo4red.png" style="max-height:1.0rem"/><img class="dn db-l" src="/static/img/wswslogo4red.png" style="max-height:1.0rem"/></a></div><div class="dn-p flex items-center"><a class="dn _db-ns _flex-l items-center-l f4 b lh-solid black no-underline pointer"><svg class="db dn-l _hover-dark-red" version="1.1" id="Layer_1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="12 12 24 24" style="width:1rem;enable-background:new 0 0 48 48" xml:space="preserve"><g id="clock"><path d="M24,12c-6.617,0-12,5.383-12,12s5.383,12,12,12c6.617,0,12-5.383,12-12S30.617,12,24,12z M24,33c-4.971,0-9-4.029-9-9 s4.029-9,9-9c4.971,0,9,4.029,9,9S28.971,33,24,33z M25,22.277v-4.762C25,17.24,24.758,17,24.483,17h-0.982 c-0.274,0-0.5,0.24-0.5,0.516L23,22.277C22.7,22.452,22.452,22.7,22.277,23H19.5c-0.275,0-0.5,0.273-0.5,0.548V24.5 c0,0.275,0.225,0.5,0.5,0.5h2.777c0.346,0.595,0.984,1,1.723,1c1.105,0,2-0.896,2-2C26,23.262,25.595,22.624,25,22.277z"></path></g></svg><svg class="dn db-l _hover-dark-red" version="1.1" id="Layer_1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="12 12 24 24" style="width:1rem;enable-background:new 0 0 48 48" xml:space="preserve"><g id="clock"><path d="M24,12c-6.617,0-12,5.383-12,12s5.383,12,12,12c6.617,0,12-5.383,12-12S30.617,12,24,12z M24,33c-4.971,0-9-4.029-9-9 s4.029-9,9-9c4.971,0,9,4.029,9,9S28.971,33,24,33z M25,22.277v-4.762C25,17.24,24.758,17,24.483,17h-0.982 c-0.274,0-0.5,0.24-0.5,0.516L23,22.277C22.7,22.452,22.452,22.7,22.277,23H19.5c-0.275,0-0.5,0.273-0.5,0.548V24.5 c0,0.275,0.225,0.5,0.5,0.5h2.777c0.346,0.595,0.984,1,1.723,1c1.105,0,2-0.896,2-2C26,23.262,25.595,22.624,25,22.277z"></path></g></svg><span class="dn dib-xl ml2-xl avenir f7 b ttu tracked-half nowrap">Latest</span></a><a class="db items-center-l f4 b lh-solid black no-underline pointer ml3-ns ml4-m flex-l" href="/en/profile"><svg class="db dn-l _hover-dark-red" version="1.1" id="Layer_1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="4 4 24 24" style="width:1rem;enable-background:new 0 0 48 48" xml:space="preserve"><g id="user-rounded"><path d="M16,4A12,12,0,1,0,28,16,12.01312,12.01312,0,0,0,16,4ZM12,14.18628V12a4,4,0,0,1,8,0v2.18628a.67538.67538,0,0,1,.18378.76245l-.36756,1.10254a1.491,1.491,0,0,1-.93255.87939L18.719,18.24805A1.99992,1.99992,0,0,1,16.73444,20H15.26556a1.99992,1.99992,0,0,1-1.98455-1.752l-.16468-1.31739a1.491,1.491,0,0,1-.93255-.87939l-.36756-1.10254A.67538.67538,0,0,1,12,14.18628ZM16,25a8.97812,8.97812,0,0,1-6.85107-3.178,1.98667,1.98667,0,0,1,.70416-.91919l1.78656-1.25049A3.99566,3.99566,0,0,0,15.26562,22h1.46876a3.99566,3.99566,0,0,0,3.626-2.34766l1.78656,1.25049a1.98621,1.98621,0,0,1,.70423.91919A8.97828,8.97828,0,0,1,16,25Z"></path></g></svg><svg class="dn db-l _hover-dark-red" version="1.1" id="Layer_1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="4 4 24 24" style="width:1rem;enable-background:new 0 0 48 48" xml:space="preserve"><g id="user-rounded"><path d="M16,4A12,12,0,1,0,28,16,12.01312,12.01312,0,0,0,16,4ZM12,14.18628V12a4,4,0,0,1,8,0v2.18628a.67538.67538,0,0,1,.18378.76245l-.36756,1.10254a1.491,1.491,0,0,1-.93255.87939L18.719,18.24805A1.99992,1.99992,0,0,1,16.73444,20H15.26556a1.99992,1.99992,0,0,1-1.98455-1.752l-.16468-1.31739a1.491,1.491,0,0,1-.93255-.87939l-.36756-1.10254A.67538.67538,0,0,1,12,14.18628ZM16,25a8.97812,8.97812,0,0,1-6.85107-3.178,1.98667,1.98667,0,0,1,.70416-.91919l1.78656-1.25049A3.99566,3.99566,0,0,0,15.26562,22h1.46876a3.99566,3.99566,0,0,0,3.626-2.34766l1.78656,1.25049a1.98621,1.98621,0,0,1,.70423.91919A8.97828,8.97828,0,0,1,16,25Z"></path></g></svg><span class="dn _dib-xl ml2-xl avenir f7 b ttu tracked-half">Profile</span></a></div></div></div></section></div></div></div></div><div class="z-max bg-white relative bt bw1 bn-p shadow-1 shadow-0-p"><div class="_bb b--black-10 "><div class="wsws-header bb bn-m bn-p b--black-10"><section><div class="dn-p mw-75rem-l center relative"><div class="dn db-m absolute top-1 left-1"><div class="avenir f7 f6-l lh-solid black _hover-dark-red nowrap _pt1 _pt2-l _mt1 _mt2-m no-underline pointer _pa2 _ba _b--black-10 _br2"><div class="dib w-auto flex items-center"><svg class="dib mr1" version="1.1" id="Layer_1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="12 12 24 24" style="width:0.75rem;fill:#000;enable-background:new 0 0 48 48" xml:space="preserve"><g id="globe"><path d="M24.253,16.074c-0.281,0.143-0.464,0.462-0.688,0.673c-0.217,0.046-0.426-0.029-0.565-0.202 c0.022,0.418-0.536,0.677-0.645,1.109c0.7,0.469,1.792,0.47,2.595,0.644C24.906,17.547,24.262,16.87,24.253,16.074z M24,12.417c-6.397,0-11.583,5.187-11.583,11.583S17.603,35.583,24,35.583S35.583,30.396,35.583,24S30.397,12.417,24,12.417 z M30.33,31.812c-1.025,1.122-2.896,2.225-4.438,2.188c-0.307-0.389,0.022-0.541,0.035-0.895c-0.833-0.174-1.319-0.93-1.745-1.598 c-0.134-0.843,1.017-1.558,0.708-2.255c-0.547,0.073-1.102-0.064-1.535-0.412c-0.219-0.175-0.399-0.396-0.539-0.638 c-0.328-0.166-0.668-0.307-1.01-0.441c-1.07-0.423-2.235-0.802-3.042-1.667c0.066-0.804-0.399-1.24-0.92-1.763 c-0.547-0.548-0.289-0.974-0.535-1.693c-0.166-0.484-0.429-0.883-0.394-1.41c0.035-0.517,0.154-1.021,0.338-1.505 c0.35-0.923,0.854-1.767,0.944-2.771c0.071-0.42-0.607-0.539-0.089-1.027c0.547-0.516,1.23-1.092,2.027-1.092 c0.406,0,0.625,0.208,1.022,0.11c0.382-0.094,0.773-0.157,1.162-0.218c0.797-0.123,1.578-0.273,2.229-0.783L24.604,14h0.627 l0.056-0.055c0.883,0.731,3.048,0.447,2.754,2.103l-0.026,0.136c-0.75,0.059-1.448-0.047-2.159-0.294 c-0.011,0.286,0.042,0.604-0.029,0.886c1.152,0.66,2.66,1.155,3.244,2.46c-0.495,0.621-1.124,0.341-1.791,0.341 c-0.215,0.236-0.293,0.414-0.209,0.731c-0.539,0.273-1.04,0.562-1.21,1.18c-0.089,0.322-0.024,0.756-0.145,1.052 c-0.166,0.406-0.611,0.653-0.781,1.072c-0.048,0.554,0.255,1.025-0.264,1.466c-0.801-0.002-0.87-0.648-1.479-0.85 c-0.543-0.178-1.171-0.025-1.733-0.135c-0.758,0.292-0.681,2.246,0.384,1.878c0.491-0.17,0.531-0.538,1.16-0.416 c0.514,0.261,0.21,0.859,0.166,1.271c0.334,0.201,0.831,0.065,1.034,0.489c0.044,0.273-0.102,0.8,0.064,1.024 c0.368,0.59,1.529-0.381,1.833-0.486c0.882-0.305,1.877-0.21,2.794-0.248c0.691,0.545,1.792,0.267,2.392,0.973 c0.406-0.068,0.734-0.298,1.098,0.037C32.246,29.955,31.25,30.928,30.33,31.812z"></path></g></svg><span class="dib _b _ttu _tracked-quarter v-mid _pv1">English</span><svg class="dib ml1" version="1.1" id="Layer_1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="12 12 24 24" style="width:0.625rem;fill:#000;enable-background:new 0 0 48 48" xml:space="preserve"><g id="chevron-down"><path d="M24,31.17L13.507,20.677l3.672-3.672L24,23.816L30.816,17l3.676,3.676L24,31.17z"></path></g></svg></div></div></div><div class="dn db-m absolute top-1 right-1"><div class="avenir f7 f6-l lh-solid black _hover-dark-red nowrap _pt1 _pt2-l _mt1 _mt2-m no-underline pointer _pa2 _ba _b--black-10 _br2"><a class="no-underline underline-hover pointer" href="/en/special/pages/contact.html">Contact</a><span class="dib black-20 mh2">|</span><a class="no-underline underline-hover pointer" href="/en/special/pages/icfi/wsws.html">About</a><span class="dib black-20 mh2">|</span><a class="relative no-underline underline-hover pointer" title="Profile" style="top:3px" href="/en/profile"><svg version="1.1" id="Layer_1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="4 4 24 24" style="width:1rem;enable-background:new 0 0 48 48" xml:space="preserve"><g id="user-rounded"><path d="M16,4A12,12,0,1,0,28,16,12.01312,12.01312,0,0,0,16,4ZM12,14.18628V12a4,4,0,0,1,8,0v2.18628a.67538.67538,0,0,1,.18378.76245l-.36756,1.10254a1.491,1.491,0,0,1-.93255.87939L18.719,18.24805A1.99992,1.99992,0,0,1,16.73444,20H15.26556a1.99992,1.99992,0,0,1-1.98455-1.752l-.16468-1.31739a1.491,1.491,0,0,1-.93255-.87939l-.36756-1.10254A.67538.67538,0,0,1,12,14.18628ZM16,25a8.97812,8.97812,0,0,1-6.85107-3.178,1.98667,1.98667,0,0,1,.70416-.91919l1.78656-1.25049A3.99566,3.99566,0,0,0,15.26562,22h1.46876a3.99566,3.99566,0,0,0,3.626-2.34766l1.78656,1.25049a1.98621,1.98621,0,0,1,.70423.91919A8.97828,8.97828,0,0,1,16,25Z"></path></g></svg></a></div></div></div><div class="mw-75rem-m center pv2-m"><div class="dn _db dn-m pv2 ph3 bb b--black-10 tc"><a class="db avenir f8 f7-ns f6-m f5-l lh-solid black-70 ttu nowrap overflow-hidden no-underline" href="/en/special/pages/icfi/about.html"><span>International Committee of the Fourth International (ICFI)</span></a></div><div class="w-100 flex items-center ph3 ph4-m ph1-xl"><div class="dn-p flex items-center"><a class="db items-center-l f4 b lh-solid black no-underline pointer dn-m"><svg class="db dn-l" version="1.1" id="Layer_1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="12 12 24 24" style="width:1rem;enable-background:new 0 0 48 48" xml:space="preserve"><g id="menu-hamburger"><path d="M13,18.5c0,0.275,0.225,0.5,0.5,0.5h21c0.275,0,0.5-0.225,0.5-0.5v-3c0-0.275-0.225-0.5-0.5-0.5h-21 c-0.275,0-0.5,0.225-0.5,0.5V18.5z M13,25.5c0,0.275,0.225,0.5,0.5,0.5h21c0.275,0,0.5-0.225,0.5-0.5v-3c0-0.275-0.225-0.5-0.5-0.5 h-21c-0.275,0-0.5,0.225-0.5,0.5V25.5z M13,32.5c0,0.275,0.225,0.5,0.5,0.5h21c0.275,0,0.5-0.225,0.5-0.5v-3 c0-0.275-0.225-0.5-0.5-0.5h-21c-0.275,0-0.5,0.225-0.5,0.5V32.5z"></path></g></svg><svg class="dn db-l" version="1.1" id="Layer_1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="12 12 24 24" style="width:1.25rem;enable-background:new 0 0 48 48" xml:space="preserve"><g id="menu-hamburger"><path d="M13,18.5c0,0.275,0.225,0.5,0.5,0.5h21c0.275,0,0.5-0.225,0.5-0.5v-3c0-0.275-0.225-0.5-0.5-0.5h-21 c-0.275,0-0.5,0.225-0.5,0.5V18.5z M13,25.5c0,0.275,0.225,0.5,0.5,0.5h21c0.275,0,0.5-0.225,0.5-0.5v-3c0-0.275-0.225-0.5-0.5-0.5 h-21c-0.275,0-0.5,0.225-0.5,0.5V25.5z M13,32.5c0,0.275,0.225,0.5,0.5,0.5h21c0.275,0,0.5-0.225,0.5-0.5v-3 c0-0.275-0.225-0.5-0.5-0.5h-21c-0.275,0-0.5,0.225-0.5,0.5V32.5z"></path></g></svg><span class="dn _dib-xl ml2-l avenir f7 b lh-solid black ttu tracked-half">Menu</span></a><a class="dn _db-ns _flex-l items-center-l f4 b lh-solid black no-underline pointer ml3-ns ml4-m" href="/en/search"><svg class="db dn-l" version="1.1" id="Layer_1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="12 12 24 24" style="width:1rem;enable-background:new 0 0 48 48" xml:space="preserve"><g id="search"><path d="M35.602,32.755l-5.878-5.879c0.956-1.481,1.521-3.24,1.521-5.132c0-5.235-4.262-9.494-9.496-9.494 c-5.236,0-9.494,4.259-9.494,9.494c0,5.236,4.258,9.495,9.494,9.495c1.891,0,3.649-0.562,5.132-1.519l5.878,5.878 c0.195,0.196,0.518,0.196,0.712,0l2.132-2.132C35.799,33.271,35.799,32.951,35.602,32.755z M15.269,21.744 c0-3.571,2.906-6.479,6.479-6.479c3.573,0,6.479,2.907,6.479,6.479c0,3.573-2.905,6.479-6.479,6.479 C18.176,28.224,15.269,25.317,15.269,21.744z"></path></g></svg><svg class="dn db-l" version="1.1" id="Layer_1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="12 12 24 24" style="width:1.25rem;enable-background:new 0 0 48 48" xml:space="preserve"><g id="search"><path d="M35.602,32.755l-5.878-5.879c0.956-1.481,1.521-3.24,1.521-5.132c0-5.235-4.262-9.494-9.496-9.494 c-5.236,0-9.494,4.259-9.494,9.494c0,5.236,4.258,9.495,9.494,9.495c1.891,0,3.649-0.562,5.132-1.519l5.878,5.878 c0.195,0.196,0.518,0.196,0.712,0l2.132-2.132C35.799,33.271,35.799,32.951,35.602,32.755z M15.269,21.744 c0-3.571,2.906-6.479,6.479-6.479c3.573,0,6.479,2.907,6.479,6.479c0,3.573-2.905,6.479-6.479,6.479 C18.176,28.224,15.269,25.317,15.269,21.744z"></path></g></svg><span class="dn dib-xl ml2-l avenir f7 b lh-solid black ttu tracked-half">Search</span></a></div><div class="w-100 flex flex-column flex-row-p items-center pv3 pv3-p ph3 ph4-m ph0-p"><a class="dn db-m avenir f8 f7-ns f6-m f5-l black-70 lh-solid nowrap pb1 mb1 mb2-m overflow-hidden no-underline" href="/en/special/pages/icfi/about.html"><span>International Committee of the Fourth International (ICFI)</span></a><a class="db no-underline pv1 pv0-m" href="/en"><img class="db dn-m _pb1" src="/static/img/wswslogo4red.png" style="max-height:1.25rem"/><img class="dn db-m dn-l" src="/static/img/wswslogo4red.png" style="max-height:1.5rem"/><img class="dn db-l" src="/static/img/wswslogo4red.png" style="max-height:2rem"/></a></div><div class="dn-p flex items-center"><a class="dn _db-ns _flex-l items-center-l f4 b lh-solid black no-underline pointer"><svg class="db dn-l _hover-dark-red" version="1.1" id="Layer_1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="12 12 24 24" style="width:1rem;enable-background:new 0 0 48 48" xml:space="preserve"><g id="clock"><path d="M24,12c-6.617,0-12,5.383-12,12s5.383,12,12,12c6.617,0,12-5.383,12-12S30.617,12,24,12z M24,33c-4.971,0-9-4.029-9-9 s4.029-9,9-9c4.971,0,9,4.029,9,9S28.971,33,24,33z M25,22.277v-4.762C25,17.24,24.758,17,24.483,17h-0.982 c-0.274,0-0.5,0.24-0.5,0.516L23,22.277C22.7,22.452,22.452,22.7,22.277,23H19.5c-0.275,0-0.5,0.273-0.5,0.548V24.5 c0,0.275,0.225,0.5,0.5,0.5h2.777c0.346,0.595,0.984,1,1.723,1c1.105,0,2-0.896,2-2C26,23.262,25.595,22.624,25,22.277z"></path></g></svg><svg class="dn db-l _hover-dark-red" version="1.1" id="Layer_1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="12 12 24 24" style="width:1.25rem;enable-background:new 0 0 48 48" xml:space="preserve"><g id="clock"><path d="M24,12c-6.617,0-12,5.383-12,12s5.383,12,12,12c6.617,0,12-5.383,12-12S30.617,12,24,12z M24,33c-4.971,0-9-4.029-9-9 s4.029-9,9-9c4.971,0,9,4.029,9,9S28.971,33,24,33z M25,22.277v-4.762C25,17.24,24.758,17,24.483,17h-0.982 c-0.274,0-0.5,0.24-0.5,0.516L23,22.277C22.7,22.452,22.452,22.7,22.277,23H19.5c-0.275,0-0.5,0.273-0.5,0.548V24.5 c0,0.275,0.225,0.5,0.5,0.5h2.777c0.346,0.595,0.984,1,1.723,1c1.105,0,2-0.896,2-2C26,23.262,25.595,22.624,25,22.277z"></path></g></svg><span class="dn dib-xl ml2-xl avenir f7 b ttu tracked-half nowrap">Latest</span></a><a class="db items-center-l f4 b lh-solid black no-underline pointer ml3-ns ml4-m dn-m" href="/en/profile"><svg class="db dn-l _hover-dark-red" version="1.1" id="Layer_1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="4 4 24 24" style="width:1rem;enable-background:new 0 0 48 48" xml:space="preserve"><g id="user-rounded"><path d="M16,4A12,12,0,1,0,28,16,12.01312,12.01312,0,0,0,16,4ZM12,14.18628V12a4,4,0,0,1,8,0v2.18628a.67538.67538,0,0,1,.18378.76245l-.36756,1.10254a1.491,1.491,0,0,1-.93255.87939L18.719,18.24805A1.99992,1.99992,0,0,1,16.73444,20H15.26556a1.99992,1.99992,0,0,1-1.98455-1.752l-.16468-1.31739a1.491,1.491,0,0,1-.93255-.87939l-.36756-1.10254A.67538.67538,0,0,1,12,14.18628ZM16,25a8.97812,8.97812,0,0,1-6.85107-3.178,1.98667,1.98667,0,0,1,.70416-.91919l1.78656-1.25049A3.99566,3.99566,0,0,0,15.26562,22h1.46876a3.99566,3.99566,0,0,0,3.626-2.34766l1.78656,1.25049a1.98621,1.98621,0,0,1,.70423.91919A8.97828,8.97828,0,0,1,16,25Z"></path></g></svg><svg class="dn db-l _hover-dark-red" version="1.1" id="Layer_1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="4 4 24 24" style="width:1.25rem;enable-background:new 0 0 48 48" xml:space="preserve"><g id="user-rounded"><path d="M16,4A12,12,0,1,0,28,16,12.01312,12.01312,0,0,0,16,4ZM12,14.18628V12a4,4,0,0,1,8,0v2.18628a.67538.67538,0,0,1,.18378.76245l-.36756,1.10254a1.491,1.491,0,0,1-.93255.87939L18.719,18.24805A1.99992,1.99992,0,0,1,16.73444,20H15.26556a1.99992,1.99992,0,0,1-1.98455-1.752l-.16468-1.31739a1.491,1.491,0,0,1-.93255-.87939l-.36756-1.10254A.67538.67538,0,0,1,12,14.18628ZM16,25a8.97812,8.97812,0,0,1-6.85107-3.178,1.98667,1.98667,0,0,1,.70416-.91919l1.78656-1.25049A3.99566,3.99566,0,0,0,15.26562,22h1.46876a3.99566,3.99566,0,0,0,3.626-2.34766l1.78656,1.25049a1.98621,1.98621,0,0,1,.70423.91919A8.97828,8.97828,0,0,1,16,25Z"></path></g></svg><span class="dn _dib-xl ml2-xl avenir f7 b ttu tracked-half">Profile</span></a></div></div></div><div class="dn db-m dn-p bt bb-m b--black-10 _ph3-ns _ph4-m"><nav class="dn db-m relative flex justify-center w-100 tc _pv1 b"><ul class="list flex avenir pv0 _ph2 ph0 ma0 nowrap _bl b--black-10" style="font-size:0"><li class="dib flex f7 f6-ns lh-solid"><a class="relative dib pv2 ph3 no-underline underline-hover pointer" title="Menu" style="top:8px"><svg version="1.1" id="Layer_1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="12 12 24 24" style="width:1rem;enable-background:new 0 0 48 48" xml:space="preserve"><g id="menu-hamburger"><path d="M13,18.5c0,0.275,0.225,0.5,0.5,0.5h21c0.275,0,0.5-0.225,0.5-0.5v-3c0-0.275-0.225-0.5-0.5-0.5h-21 c-0.275,0-0.5,0.225-0.5,0.5V18.5z M13,25.5c0,0.275,0.225,0.5,0.5,0.5h21c0.275,0,0.5-0.225,0.5-0.5v-3c0-0.275-0.225-0.5-0.5-0.5 h-21c-0.275,0-0.5,0.225-0.5,0.5V25.5z M13,32.5c0,0.275,0.225,0.5,0.5,0.5h21c0.275,0,0.5-0.225,0.5-0.5v-3 c0-0.275-0.225-0.5-0.5-0.5h-21c-0.275,0-0.5,0.225-0.5,0.5V32.5z"></path></g></svg></a></li><li class="dib flex f7 f6-ns lh-solid _mr2"><div class="bg-black-20 mv2" style="width:1px;height:2rem"></div><a class="relative dib pv2 ph3 no-underline underline-hover pointer" title="Latest" style="top:8px" href="/en/archive/recent"><svg version="1.1" id="Layer_1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="12 12 24 24" style="width:1rem;enable-background:new 0 0 48 48" xml:space="preserve"><g id="clock"><path d="M24,12c-6.617,0-12,5.383-12,12s5.383,12,12,12c6.617,0,12-5.383,12-12S30.617,12,24,12z M24,33c-4.971,0-9-4.029-9-9 s4.029-9,9-9c4.971,0,9,4.029,9,9S28.971,33,24,33z M25,22.277v-4.762C25,17.24,24.758,17,24.483,17h-0.982 c-0.274,0-0.5,0.24-0.5,0.516L23,22.277C22.7,22.452,22.452,22.7,22.277,23H19.5c-0.275,0-0.5,0.273-0.5,0.548V24.5 c0,0.275,0.225,0.5,0.5,0.5h2.777c0.346,0.595,0.984,1,1.723,1c1.105,0,2-0.896,2-2C26,23.262,25.595,22.624,25,22.277z"></path></g></svg></a><div class="bg-black-20 mv2" style="width:1px;height:2rem"></div></li></ul><div class="relative overflow-hidden"><div class="absolute left-0 top-0 z-max pv2 ph1 tl db" style="left:-2px;min-width:1rem;height:100%;background:linear-gradient(270deg, rgba(255,255,255,0), rgba(255,255,255,1) 100%)"></div><ul class="relative z-0 list avenir flex _bl b--black-10 pv0 ph2 ma0 nowrap overflow-x-scroll overflow-y-hidden scrollbar-width-none scroll-touch" style="height:3rem;font-size:0"><li class="dib f7 f6-ns _b lh-solid pv1"><a class="dib pa2 no-underline underline-hover pointer" href="/en/topics/site_area/perspectives"><span class="dib pv1">Perspectives</span></a></li><li class="dib f7 f6-ns _b lh-solid pv1"><a class="dib pa2 no-underline underline-hover pointer" href="/en/topics/region/namerica"><span class="dib pv1">World</span></a></li><li class="dib f7 f6-ns _b lh-solid pv1"><a class="dib pa2 no-underline underline-hover pointer" href="/en/topics/site_area/workers"><span class="dib pv1">Global class struggle</span></a></li><li class="dib f7 f6-ns _b lh-solid pv1"><a class="dib pa2 no-underline underline-hover pointer" href="/en/topics/event/coronavirus"><span class="dib pv1">Pandemic</span></a></li><li class="dib f7 f6-ns _b lh-solid pv1"><a class="dib pa2 no-underline underline-hover pointer" href="/en/topics/site_area/arts"><span class="dib pv1">Arts & Culture</span></a></li><li class="dib f7 f6-ns _b lh-solid pv1"><a class="dib pa2 no-underline underline-hover pointer" href="/en/topics/site_area/history"><span class="dib pv1">History</span></a></li><li class="dib f7 f6-ns _b lh-solid pv1"><a class="dib pa2 no-underline underline-hover pointer" href="/en/topics/socialIssuesCategory/ineq-us"><span class="dib pv1">Capitalism & Inequality</span></a></li><li class="dib f7 f6-ns _b lh-solid pv1"><a class="dib pa2 no-underline underline-hover pointer" href="/en/topics/militarismCategory/us-milit"><span class="dib pv1">Anti-Imperialism</span></a></li><li class="dib f7 f6-ns _b lh-solid pv1"><a class="dib pa2 no-underline underline-hover pointer" href="/en/topics/site_area/videos"><span class="dib pv1">Videos</span></a></li><li class="dib f7 f6-ns _b lh-solid pv1"><a class="dib pa2 no-underline underline-hover pointer" href="/en/special/podcast"><span class="dib pv1">Podcast</span></a></li><li class="dib f7 f6-ns _b lh-solid pv1"><a class="dib pa2 no-underline underline-hover pointer" href="/en/special/pages/library.html"><span class="dib pv1">Marxist Library</span></a></li>); }</ul><div class="absolute right-0 top-0 z-max pointer pv2 ph1 tr db" style="right:-2px;min-width:1rem;height:100%;background:linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(255,255,255,0), rgba(255,255,255,1) 100%)"></div></div><ul class="list flex avenir pv0 _ph2 ph0 ma0 nowrap _bl b--black-10" style="font-size:0"><li class="dib flex f7 f6-ns lh-solid"><div class="bg-black-20 mv2" style="width:1px;height:2rem"></div><a class="relative dib pv2 ph3 no-underline underline-hover pointer" title="Search" style="top:8px" href="/en/search"><svg version="1.1" id="Layer_1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="12 12 24 24" style="width:1rem;enable-background:new 0 0 48 48" xml:space="preserve"><g id="search"><path d="M35.602,32.755l-5.878-5.879c0.956-1.481,1.521-3.24,1.521-5.132c0-5.235-4.262-9.494-9.496-9.494 c-5.236,0-9.494,4.259-9.494,9.494c0,5.236,4.258,9.495,9.494,9.495c1.891,0,3.649-0.562,5.132-1.519l5.878,5.878 c0.195,0.196,0.518,0.196,0.712,0l2.132-2.132C35.799,33.271,35.799,32.951,35.602,32.755z M15.269,21.744 c0-3.571,2.906-6.479,6.479-6.479c3.573,0,6.479,2.907,6.479,6.479c0,3.573-2.905,6.479-6.479,6.479 C18.176,28.224,15.269,25.317,15.269,21.744z"></path></g></svg></a></li></ul></nav><style> .subnav-enter { opacity: 0; height: 0; } .subnav-enter .content { opacity: 0; } .subnav-enter.subnav-enter-active { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 200ms ease-out; height: 40rem; transition: height 200ms ease-out; } .subnav-enter.subnav-enter-active .content { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 300ms ease-out; transition-delay: 200ms; } .subnav-exit { opacity: 1; height: 40rem; } .subnav-exit .content { opacity: 1; } .subnav-exit.subnav-exit-active { opacity: 0; transition: opacity 250ms ease-in; height: 0; transition: height 250ms ease-in; } .subnav-exit.subnav-exit-active .content { opacity: 0; transition: opacity 250ms ease-in; } @media screen and (min-width: 48em) { .subnav-enter.subnav-enter-active, .subnav-exit { height: 30rem; } } @media screen and (min-width: 64em) { .subnav-enter.subnav-enter-active, .subnav-exit { height: 20rem; } } </style></div></section></div></div></div><style> .menu { -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch; } .menu-enter { left: -20rem; } .menu-enter.menu-enter-active { left: 0; transition: left 200ms ease-out ; } .menu-exit { left: 0; } .menu-exit.menu-exit-active { left: -20rem; transition: left 200ms ease-in; /*transition-delay: 300ms;*/ } .right { -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch; } .right-enter { right: -20rem; } .right-enter.right-enter-active { right: 0; transition: right 200ms ease-out ; } .right-exit { right: 0; } .right-exit.right-exit-active { right: -20rem; transition: right 200ms ease-in; /*transition-delay: 300ms;*/ } .webkit-overflow-scrolling { -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch; } /* .menu-enter .collections { opacity: 0; } .menu-enter.menu-enter-active .collections { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 200ms ease-out; transition-delay: 300ms; } .menu-exit .collections { opacity: 1; } .menu-exit.menu-exit-active .collections { opacity: 0; transition: opacity 200ms ease-in; } */ /* @media screen and (min-width: 48em) { .menu-enter.menu-enter-active, .menu-exit { height: 32rem; } } */ .get-involved-link { box-shadow: inset 0 -2px 0 #ff4136; } .get-involved-link:hover { background: #ff4136; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out; } </style><div></div><div></div><div class="dn db-m dn-p _ph2 _ph4-ns"><div class="_mw6 _mw-75rem-m center _mt2 mb2 _mt3-ns _mb0-ns _br2 tc" style="background:#f7f7f7"><div class="relative z-0 _flex-m justify-center avenir f7 ttu tracked-half lh-title nowrap overflow-hidden"><div class="absolute left-0 top-0 z-max pv3 ph2tl db" style="left:-2px;min-width:1rem;height:100%;background:linear-gradient(270deg, rgba(247,247,247,0), rgba(247,247,247,1) 100%)"></div><ul class="list pa0 ma0 nowrap overflow-x-scroll overflow-y-hidden scrollbar-width-none scroll-touch" style="height:3rem"><li class="dib pv3 pl3 ph3-ns nowrap"><a class="no-underline underline-hover pointer" href="/en/special/pages/icfi/about.html">Fourth International</a></li><li class="dib pv3 pl3 ph3-ns nowrap"><a class="no-underline underline-hover pointer" href="/en/special/pages/sep">Socialist Equality Party</a></li><li class="dib pv3 pl3 ph3-ns nowrap"><a class="no-underline underline-hover pointer" href="/en/special/pages/iysse/about.html">IYSSE</a></li><li class="dib pv3 pl3 ph3-ns nowrap"><a class="no-underline underline-hover pointer" href="/en/special/pages/icfi/wsws.html">About the WSWS</a></li><li class="dib pv3 pl3 ph3-ns nowrap"><a class="no-underline underline-hover pointer" href="/en/special/pages/contact.html">Contact</a></li><li class="dib pv3 pl3 ph3-ns nowrap"><a class="no-underline underline-hover pointer" href="/en/special/pages/donate.html">Donate</a></li></ul><div class="absolute right-0 top-0 z-max pointer pv3 ph2 tr db" style="right:-2px;min-width:1rem;height:100%;background:linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(247,247,247,0), rgba(247,247,247,1) 100%)"></div></div></div></div><div class="dn-p"></div><main class="relative" style="min-height:100vH"><section class="article ph3 ph4-m mt3 mt4-m _mt5-xl"><article id="article" class=""><style> .header-content { padding: 0; } /* 768px and more */ @media screen and (min-width: 48em) { .header-content { padding: 0; } } /* 1024px and more */ @media screen and (min-width: 64em) { .header-content { padding: 0 6rem 0 6rem; } } /* 1280px and more */ @media screen and (min-width: 80em) { .header-content { padding: 0 8rem 0 8rem; } } </style><header class=""><div class="absolute top-0 left-0 w-30 _bt bw1"></div><div class="georgia _avenir mw6-ns mw7-l center pv3-ns pv4-l _pt4-l _pb4-l"><h2 class="f2-p _balance-text f3 f2-ns f1-l lh-title ma0" style="line-height:1.2em">Mubarak resigns, military claims power in Egypt</h2></div><div class="mw6-ns mw7-l center"><h5 class="avenir lh-title bb b--black-10 bn-p pb3 ma0 mt3"><div class="f7 f6-ns f5-l b"><span><a class="no-underline underline-hover" href="/en/authors/Tom-Eley">Tom Eley</a></span></div><div class="f7 normal black-60 mt1"><span class="relative" style="top:1px"><svg class="relative dib mr1" version="1.1" id="Layer_1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="12 12 24 24" style="width:0.9em;fill:currentColor;enable-background:new 0 0 48 48" xml:space="preserve"><g id="clock"><path d="M24,12c-6.617,0-12,5.383-12,12s5.383,12,12,12c6.617,0,12-5.383,12-12S30.617,12,24,12z M24,33c-4.971,0-9-4.029-9-9 s4.029-9,9-9c4.971,0,9,4.029,9,9S28.971,33,24,33z M25,22.277v-4.762C25,17.24,24.758,17,24.483,17h-0.982 c-0.274,0-0.5,0.24-0.5,0.516L23,22.277C22.7,22.452,22.452,22.7,22.277,23H19.5c-0.275,0-0.5,0.273-0.5,0.548V24.5 c0,0.275,0.225,0.5,0.5,0.5h2.777c0.346,0.595,0.984,1,1.723,1c1.105,0,2-0.896,2-2C26,23.262,25.595,22.624,25,22.277z"></path></g></svg></span><time dateTime="2011-02-11T05:00:00.000Z">11 February 2011</time></div></h5></div></header><section class="relative mw-75rem-m center mt3 mt4-m _mt5-xl" itemProp="articleBody"><ul class="dn-p flex flex-column-m db-m list absolute-m left-0 top-2 z-1 mw6 center tc ba b--black-20 pl0 mb3 mb0-m" style="font-size:0"><li class="dib db-m w-20 w-100-m"><a class="db _pa3 hover-bg-black-10 tc" href="https://facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsws.org%2Fen%2Farticles%2F2011%2F02%2Fegy2-f11.html&t=Mubarak%20resigns%2C%20military%20claims%20power%20in%20Egypt" target="_blank" title="Share via Facebook" styyle="[object Object]"><svg class="db center pa2 pa3-m _pa2-m" width="1.25rem" data-icon="facebook" viewBox="0 0 32 32" style="width:1.25rem;fill:#000"><title>facebook icon</title><path d="M8 12 L13 12 L13 8 C13 2 17 1 24 2 L24 7 C20 7 19 7 19 10 L19 12 L24 12 L23 18 L19 18 L19 30 L13 30 L13 18 L8 18 z"></path></svg></a></li><li class="dib db-m w-20 w-100-m bl bl-0-m bt-m b--black-20"><a class="db _pa3 hover-bg-black-10" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?original_referer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsws.org%2Fen%2Farticles%2F2011%2F02%2Fegy2-f11.html&text=Mubarak%20resigns%2C%20military%20claims%20power%20in%20Egypt&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsws.org%2Fen%2Farticles%2F2011%2F02%2Fegy2-f11.html" target="_blank" title="Share via Twitter" styyle="[object Object]"><svg class="db center pa2 pa3-m _pa2-m" data-icon="twitter" width="1.25rem" viewBox="0 0 32 32" style="width:1.25rem;fill:#000"><path d="M2 4 C6 8 10 12 15 11 A6 6 0 0 1 22 4 A6 6 0 0 1 26 6 A8 8 0 0 0 31 4 A8 8 0 0 1 28 8 A8 8 0 0 0 32 7 A8 8 0 0 1 28 11 A18 18 0 0 1 10 30 A18 18 0 0 1 0 27 A12 12 0 0 0 8 24 A8 8 0 0 1 3 20 A8 8 0 0 0 6 19.5 A8 8 0 0 1 0 12 A8 8 0 0 0 3 13 A8 8 0 0 1 2 4"></path></svg></a></li><li class="dib db-m w-20 w-100-m bl bl-0-m bt-m b--black-20"><a class="db _pa3 hover-bg-black-10" href="whatsapp://send?text=Mubarak%20resigns%2C%20military%20claims%20power%20in%20Egypt - https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsws.org%2Fen%2Farticles%2F2011%2F02%2Fegy2-f11.html" target="_blank" title="Share via Whatsapp"><svg class="db center pa2 pa3-m _pa2-m" data-icon="whatsapp" width="1.25rem" viewBox="0 0 24 24" style="width:1.25rem;fill:#000"><path d="M.057 24l1.687-6.163c-1.041-1.804-1.588-3.849-1.587-5.946.003-6.556 5.338-11.891 11.893-11.891 3.181.001 6.167 1.24 8.413 3.488 2.245 2.248 3.481 5.236 3.48 8.414-.003 6.557-5.338 11.892-11.893 11.892-1.99-.001-3.951-.5-5.688-1.448l-6.305 1.654zm6.597-3.807c1.676.995 3.276 1.591 5.392 1.592 5.448 0 9.886-4.434 9.889-9.885.002-5.462-4.415-9.89-9.881-9.892-5.452 0-9.887 4.434-9.889 9.884-.001 2.225.651 3.891 1.746 5.634l-.999 3.648 3.742-.981zm11.387-5.464c-.074-.124-.272-.198-.57-.347-.297-.149-1.758-.868-2.031-.967-.272-.099-.47-.149-.669.149-.198.297-.768.967-.941 1.165-.173.198-.347.223-.644.074-.297-.149-1.255-.462-2.39-1.475-.883-.788-1.48-1.761-1.653-2.059-.173-.297-.018-.458.13-.606.134-.133.297-.347.446-.521.151-.172.2-.296.3-.495.099-.198.05-.372-.025-.521-.075-.148-.669-1.611-.916-2.206-.242-.579-.487-.501-.669-.51l-.57-.01c-.198 0-.52.074-.792.372s-1.04 1.016-1.04 2.479 1.065 2.876 1.213 3.074c.149.198 2.095 3.2 5.076 4.487.709.306 1.263.489 1.694.626.712.226 1.36.194 1.872.118.571-.085 1.758-.719 2.006-1.413.248-.695.248-1.29.173-1.414z"></path></svg></a></li><li class="dib db-m w-20 w-100-m bl bl-0-m bt-m b--black-20"><a class="db _pa3 hover-bg-black-10" href="https://t.me/share/url?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsws.org%2Fen%2Farticles%2F2011%2F02%2Fegy2-f11.html&text=Mubarak%20resigns%2C%20military%20claims%20power%20in%20Egypt" target="_blank" title="Share via Telegram"><svg class="db center pa2 pa3-m _pa2-m" data-icon="telegram" width="1.25rem" viewBox="200 200 600 600" style="width:1.25rem;fill:#000"><path d="M226.328419,494.722069 C372.088573,431.216685 469.284839,389.350049 517.917216,369.122161 C656.772535,311.36743 685.625481,301.334815 704.431427,301.003532 C708.567621,300.93067 717.815839,301.955743 723.806446,306.816707 C728.864797,310.92121 730.256552,316.46581 730.922551,320.357329 C731.588551,324.248848 732.417879,333.113828 731.758626,340.040666 C724.234007,419.102486 691.675104,610.964674 675.110982,699.515267 C668.10208,736.984342 654.301336,749.547532 640.940618,750.777006 C611.904684,753.448938 589.856115,731.588035 561.733393,713.153237 C517.726886,684.306416 492.866009,666.349181 450.150074,638.200013 C400.78442,605.66878 432.786119,587.789048 460.919462,558.568563 C468.282091,550.921423 596.21508,434.556479 598.691227,424.000355 C599.00091,422.680135 599.288312,417.758981 596.36474,415.160431 C593.441168,412.561881 589.126229,413.450484 586.012448,414.157198 C581.598758,415.158943 511.297793,461.625274 375.109553,553.556189 C355.154858,567.258623 337.080515,573.934908 320.886524,573.585046 C303.033948,573.199351 268.692754,563.490928 243.163606,555.192408 C211.851067,545.013936 186.964484,539.632504 189.131547,522.346309 C190.260287,513.342589 202.659244,504.134509 226.328419,494.722069 Z"></path></svg></a></li><li class="dib db-m w-20 w-100-m bl bl-0-m bt-m b--black-20"><a class="db _pa3 hover-bg-black-10" href="mailto:?subject=Mubarak%20resigns%2C%20military%20claims%20power%20in%20Egypt&body=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsws.org%2Fen%2Farticles%2F2011%2F02%2Fegy2-f11.html" target="_blank" title="Share via email"><svg class="db center pa2 pa3-m _pa2-m" version="1.1" id="Layer_1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="10 10 26 26" style="width:1.25rem;enable-background:new 0 0 48 48" xml:space="preserve"><g id="envelope"><path d="M24,28L12,16h24L24,28z M24,30l-5-5l-7,7h24l-7-7L24,30z M30,24l6,6V18L30,24z M12,18v12l6-6L12,18z"></path></g></svg></a></li><li class="dib db-m w-20 w-100-m bl bl-0-m bt-m b--black-20"><a class="db _pa3 hover-bg-black-10" href="https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2011/02/egy2-f11.pdf" target="_blank" title="Download as leaflet"><svg class="db center pa2 pa3-m _pa2-m" data-icon="pdf" width="1.25rem" viewBox="0 0 550.801 550.801" style="width:1.25rem;fill:#000"><g><path d="M160.381,282.225c0-14.832-10.299-23.684-28.474-23.684c-7.414,0-12.437,0.715-15.071,1.432V307.6 c3.114,0.707,6.942,0.949,12.192,0.949C148.419,308.549,160.381,298.74,160.381,282.225z"></path><path d="M272.875,259.019c-8.145,0-13.397,0.717-16.519,1.435v105.523c3.116,0.729,8.142,0.729,12.69,0.729 c33.017,0.231,54.554-17.946,54.554-56.474C323.842,276.719,304.215,259.019,272.875,259.019z"></path><path d="M488.426,197.019H475.2v-63.816c0-0.398-0.063-0.799-0.116-1.202c-0.021-2.534-0.827-5.023-2.562-6.995L366.325,3.694 c-0.032-0.031-0.063-0.042-0.085-0.076c-0.633-0.707-1.371-1.295-2.151-1.804c-0.231-0.155-0.464-0.285-0.706-0.419 c-0.676-0.369-1.393-0.675-2.131-0.896c-0.2-0.056-0.38-0.138-0.58-0.19C359.87,0.119,359.037,0,358.193,0H97.2 c-11.918,0-21.6,9.693-21.6,21.601v175.413H62.377c-17.049,0-30.873,13.818-30.873,30.873v160.545 c0,17.043,13.824,30.87,30.873,30.87h13.224V529.2c0,11.907,9.682,21.601,21.6,21.601h356.4c11.907,0,21.6-9.693,21.6-21.601 V419.302h13.226c17.044,0,30.871-13.827,30.871-30.87v-160.54C519.297,210.838,505.47,197.019,488.426,197.019z M97.2,21.605 h250.193v110.513c0,5.967,4.841,10.8,10.8,10.8h95.407v54.108H97.2V21.605z M362.359,309.023c0,30.876-11.243,52.165-26.82,65.333 c-16.971,14.117-42.82,20.814-74.396,20.814c-18.9,0-32.297-1.197-41.401-2.389V234.365c13.399-2.149,30.878-3.346,49.304-3.346 c30.612,0,50.478,5.508,66.039,17.226C351.828,260.69,362.359,280.547,362.359,309.023z M80.7,393.499V234.365 c11.241-1.904,27.042-3.346,49.296-3.346c22.491,0,38.527,4.308,49.291,12.928c10.292,8.131,17.215,21.534,17.215,37.328 c0,15.799-5.25,29.198-14.829,38.285c-12.442,11.728-30.865,16.996-52.407,16.996c-4.778,0-9.1-0.243-12.435-0.723v57.67H80.7 V393.499z M453.601,523.353H97.2V419.302h356.4V523.353z M484.898,262.127h-61.989v36.851h57.913v29.674h-57.913v64.848h-36.593 V232.216h98.582V262.127z"></path></g></svg></a></li><li class="dib db-m w-20 w-100-m bl bl-0-m bt-m b--black-20"><a class="db _pa3 hover-bg-black-10" href="#" style="fill:#000" title="Add to reading list"><svg class="db center pa2 pa3-m _pa2-m" version="1.1" id="Layer_1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="10 10 26 26" style="width:1.25rem;enable-background:new 0 0 48 48" xml:space="preserve"><g id="bookmark"><path d="M31.5,12h-14c-0.275,0-0.5,0.225-0.5,0.5v22.875c0,0.274,0.28,0.353,0.475,0.158l7.086-6.283l6.908,6.172 C31.663,35.616,32,35.578,32,35.125V12.5C32,12.225,31.775,12,31.5,12z"></path></g></svg></a></li></ul><div class="mw6-ns mw7-l center"><style> .body { padding: 0; } .content > h4 { /* font-family: 'avenir next', avenir, sans-serif; */ font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.5rem; line-height: 1.25; margin: 3rem 0 2rem 0; } .content > h6 { /* font-family: 'avenir next', avenir, sans-serif; */ font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.25rem; line-height: 1.25; margin: 3rem 0 2rem 0; } .content > p { /* max-width: 30em; */ margin: 0 0 1.5rem 0; } .content > ol > li, .content > ul > li { margin: 0 0 1.5rem 0; } .content > p a { color: #000; text-decoration: none; box-shadow: inset 0 -7px 0 #b4e7f8; box-shadow: inset 0 -2px 0 #99ccff; box-shadow: inset 0 -1px 0 #999; transition: background-color 350ms ease-out, box-shadow 200ms ease-out, color 200ms ease-out; } .content > p a:hover { box-shadow: inset 0 -1px 0 #e7040f; color: #e7040f; } .content > blockquote { padding: 0 2rem; margin: 2rem 0; border-left: 2px solid #dfdfdf; } .content > blockquote > p { font-size: 1rem; color: rgba(0,0,0,0.8); margin: 0 0 1rem 0; max-width: 40em; } .content > figure { margin: 2rem 0; } .content > .imageFull, .content > .imageLeft, .content > .imageRight { margin: 2rem 0; } .content > .imageFull > img, .content > .imageLeft > img, .content > .imageRight > img { display: block; margin: 0 auto; } .content > .imageFull > span, .content > .imageLeft > span, .content > .imageRight > span { display: block; /* font-family: Source Sans Pro,sans-serif; */ font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: .875rem; line-height: 1.25; color: rgba(0,0,0,.6); text-align: center; padding-top: 1rem; padding-left: 1rem; padding-right: 1rem; } .content > .aside-left { float: left; margin: 1rem 2rem 2rem -4rem; float: none; margin: 2rem 0; } .content > .aside-right { float: right; margin: 1rem -4rem 2rem 2rem; float: none; margin: 2rem 0; } .content > .aside-40 { width: 40%; width: 100%; /* padding: 0 25%; */ /* background: #000; */ box-sizing: border-box; } .content > .extra { max-width: 30em; width: 100%; margin: 2rem 0 2rem 0; } .footnotes { font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.4; padding-left: 2rem; } /* 768px and more */ @media screen and (min-width: 48em) { .body { padding: 0 4rem; padding: 0 6rem; padding: 0; } /* .content > figure, */ .content > .ad { margin: 2rem -4rem; margin: 2rem 2rem 2rem -4rem; margin: 2rem -4rem; margin: 2rem 0; } .content > .aside-left { float: left; margin: 1rem 2rem 2rem -4rem; } .content > .aside-right { float: right; margin: 1rem -4rem 2rem 2rem; } .content > .aside-40 { width: 50%; padding: 0; } } /* 1024px and more */ @media screen and (min-width: 64em) { .body { padding: 0 24rem 0 4rem; padding: 0 10rem; padding: 0 16rem 0 4rem; padding: 0 10rem 0 10rem; padding: 0; } .content > h4 { font-size: 1.75rem; } .content > h6 { font-size: 1.5rem; line-height: 1.25; } .content > p { font-size: 1.125rem; font-size: 1.25rem; line-height: 1.5; } /* .content > figure, */ .content > .ad { margin: 2rem -4rem; } .content > .aside-40 { width: 40%; } .content > .extra { float: right; width: 20rem; margin: 1rem -24rem 0 0; margin: 0.5rem -4rem 1rem 2rem; margin: 0.5rem -8rem 1rem 2rem; } } /* 1280px and more */ @media screen and (min-width: 80em) { .body { padding: 0 10rem; padding: 0 18rem 0 18rem; padding: 0; } .content > p { max-width: 34em; } /* .content > figure { margin: 2rem 2rem 2rem -6rem; margin: 2rem 0 2rem 0; } */ .content > .extra { max-width: 34em; margin: 2rem -26rem 0 0; margin: 0.5rem -4rem 1rem 2rem; margin: 0.5rem -16rem 1rem 2rem; } } /* 1600px and more */ /* @media screen and (min-width: 100em) { .body { padding: 0 16rem; padding: 0 28rem 0 4rem; padding: 0; } .content > p { max-width: 34em; } .content > .extra { max-width: 34em; margin: 2rem -26rem 0 0; margin: 0.5rem -4rem 1rem 2rem; margin: 0.5rem -28rem 1rem 2rem; } } */ @media print { .content > p { margin-bottom: 1rem; } .content > ol > li, .content > ul > li { margin-bottom: 1rem; } .footnotes { font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 0.75rem; line-height: 1.2; } } </style><div class="body relative"><div class="content georgia _avenir f5 f4-m f4-l f5-p lh-copy _measure-wide"><p>At about 6 p.m. on Friday, Egyptian Vice President Omar Suleiman went on national television and issued a brief statement saying that President Hosni Mubarak, who for 30 years ruled Egypt as a dictator, had resigned and left a group of top generals, the Armed Forces Supreme Council, in charge of the nation.</p> <p> </p> <p>Egypt erupted in jubilation on word of Mubarak’s resignation. A crowd numbering in the millions and spreading out for kilometers in all directions from Cairo’s Tahrir Square broke out into singing, dancing, and tears of joy. Similar scenes took place across Egypt, including at a demonstration of hundreds of thousands in Alexandria.</p> <p> </p> <p>Mubarak’s departure came after 18 days of demonstrations and strikes that had waxed and waned, but that had generally grown in size and scope in spite of the brutal oppression of the regime. At this stage in the revolution, at least 300 have been killed―the real number is doubtless far higher―and thousands have been arrested and “disappeared”.</p> <p>The decisive moment came Wednesday and Thursday, when the Egyptian working class moved to the forefront, partially or completely shutting down every sector of the economy.</p> <p> </p> <p>The strike wave propelled the Egyptian military to finally move against Mubarak. Up until then, the Obama administration backed Mubarak, fearful that his removal would only spread the revolutionary contagion beyond Egypt and set the stage for a showdown between the Egyptian workers and the military, which will be neither willing nor able to address the social and democratic grievances of the masses.</p> <p> </p> <p>There had been many indications that in his televised Thursday evening speech Mubarak would announce his resignation. Earlier in the day the nation’s supreme military council convened before television cameras, in the conspicuous absence of Mubarak and Suleiman, and issued a document titled “Communiqué #1” that suggested a coup d'état had taken place. The same day a general appeared in Tahrir Square and told demonstrators their demands would be met.</p><aside data-track-content="true" data-content-name="33% of article" data-content-piece="/en/articles/2011/02/egy2-f11.html"></aside><aside class="dn-p relative mv4 _bt _bb" style="width:100vW;left:50%;right:50%;margin-left:-50vW;margin-right:-50vW"><div type="custom-code" class=""><aside class="ph3 ph4-m mb3 mb0-ns"><a class="db avenir f6 lh-title pa1 br2 tc mw6 mw7-l bg-black-05 mt3 center" href="/en/special/pages/donate.html?utm_source=wsws&utm_medium=in-article-ad&utm_campaign=in-article-ad-nyfund-eb-02-16-2025"><div><img class="" src="https://www.wsws.org/asset/8d74002e-1da7-4943-9351-6c71083a8c51?rendition=image1280"/></div></a></aside></div></aside> <p>Meanwhile, in the US, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Director Leon Panetta told Congress he expected Mubarak would step down later in the day.</p> <p> </p> <p>When Mubarak appeared on television Thursday night and provocatively insisted he would serve out his term, while delegating additional authority to Suleiman, formerly the nation’s top intelligence official and a close collaborator with the US and Israel, the stage was set for a social explosion.</p> <p> </p> <p>Up until he made his announcement, it was unclear whether or not Mubarak would resign. In the morning, the military council issued another statement, “Communiqué #2,” supporting the dictator’s speech of the night earlier. The document indicated the military would maintain its allegiance to Mubarak indefinitely. The Obama administration once again refused to publicly call for Mubarak’s resignation.</p> <p> </p> <p>But Mubarak’s speech only deepened the resolve of the population. Friday’s demonstration centered in Tahrir Square was the largest to date. Demonstrations erupted elsewhere in Cairo, Egypt’s capital and largest city, including around Mubarak’s palace and the headquarters of the hated state television network. In the afternoon it was reported that Mubarak and his family had left the city for his Red Sea palace at Sharm el-Sheikh.</p> <p>Heavily armed contingents of the Egyptian military were stationed throughout the city, raising the specter of a bloody confrontation, but as the day wore on fraternization between demonstrators and rank-and-file soldiers increased.</p> <p> </p> <aside data-track-content="true" data-content-name="66% of article" data-content-piece="/en/articles/2011/02/egy2-f11.html"></aside><aside class="dn-p relative mv4 _bt _bb" style="width:100vW;left:50%;right:50%;margin-left:-50vW;margin-right:-50vW"><div type="custom-code" class=""><aside class="ph3 ph4-m mb3 mb0-ns"><a class="db avenir f6 lh-title pa1 br2 tc mw6 mw7-l bg-black-05 mt3 center" href="/en/special/pages/freebogdan.html"><div><img class="dn db-m" src="https://www.wsws.org/asset/a267e9a9-a360-4724-b0af-db66239b3337?rendition=image1280&v=2"/><img class="db dn-m" src="https://www.wsws.org/asset/306a06b9-8d68-48fc-a905-ae307559f40f?rendition=image1280&v=2"/></div></a></aside></div></aside><p>Alexandria, Egypt’s second largest city, also saw its largest protest on Friday, a demonstration that numbered in the hundreds of thousands and snaked along the Mediterranean coastline for kilometers. Mubarak’s Alexandria palace also became a focal point of the demonstration.</p> <p> </p> <p>In the industrial city of Suez, a crowd estimated in the tens of thousands massed around ten government buildings. In the Sinai, the town of El-Arish was the scene of armed clashes between demonstrators and police. Police fired guns, and demonstrators responded by throwing firebombs and setting police cars alight. The governor of a southern Egyptian province was forced to flee the region in the face of violent protests in the morning.</p> <p>It is believed that Mubarak’s cabinet has been or soon will be disbanded, as have both the upper and lower house of parliament. It appears that Suleiman, the favored heir of both the US and Israel, will not assume the presidency. The ruling National Democratic Party also showed signs of dissolution, with its chairman announcing his resignation minutes before Mubarak’s resignation was announced.</p> <p>Little is known at this point what steps the military regime will take. A “Communiqué #3” issued by the military command after Mubarak’s resignation said only that it was “studying” how it could meet the demands of the population. It did not lift the state of emergency that has governed the country uninterruptedly for decades, saying that it would only be lifted after the current protests had ended.</p> <p>The main opposition figures and parties, including both Mohammed El Baradei and the Muslim Brotherhood―which have worked systematically to contain protests―have insisted that the military be brought into any government. As late as Thursday night, a desperate El Baradei pleaded for the military to intervene to prevent the deepening of the revolution. "The army must save the country now," he said after Mubarak’s speech on Thursday night. “I call on the Egyptian army to immediately interfere to rescue Egypt. The credibility of the army is on the line."</p> <p>After Mubarak departed, El Baradei declared victory. “The country has been liberated after decades of repression,” he said.</p> <p>There is in fact not the slightest possibility that a military-backed government will meet the demands of the Egyptian masses―for jobs, good wages, and housing. The Egyptian military government is itself profoundly committed to the existing order. Its leading figures are deeply integrated into the business enterprises, and it has been for more than three decades the basic guarantor of the Mubarak regime.</p> <p>The military’s assumption of power, with the backing of the Obama administration and bourgeois political forces like El Baradei and the Muslim Brotherhood, can only set the stage for a new phase in the revolution.</p> <p> </p><aside data-track-content="true" data-content-name="100% of article" data-content-piece="/en/articles/2011/02/egy2-f11.html"></aside><aside class="dn-p relative mv4 _bt _bb" style="width:100vW;left:50%;right:50%;margin-left:-50vW;margin-right:-50vW"><div class="mw6 mw7-l center ph3 ph0-m avenir"><div class="cf bg-black-05 pa3 pa4-m br3"><div class="center w-100 "><div class="lh-title ph4-l mh3-l f4 f3-ns b black mb3"><span type="text-line">Sign up for the WSWS email newsletter</span></div><div><div class="_bg-black-05 _pa3 _pa4-ns" data-track-content="true" data-content-name="Mautic form 133" data-content-piece="/en/articles/2011/02/egy2-f11.html"><style type="text/css"> .mauticform_wrapper { margin: 0 auto; white-space: normal; -webkit-user-modify: read-only; } .mauticform_wrapper > form { font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.2em; } .mauticform_wrapper > form h3 { height: auto; font-size: 24px; color: #000; line-height: 1.1em; background: none; padding: 0; margin-top: 0; } #form .mauticform_wrapper > form .mauticform-checkboxgrp-row { display: flex; margin: 8px 0 8px 0; } .mauticform_wrapper > form .mauticform-checkboxgrp-label { width: 100%; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.5em; color: #393C43; } .mauticform_wrapper > form .mauticform-checkboxgrp-checkbox { width: 1.5rem; height: 1.5rem; font-size: 1rem; accent-color: #EC143B; margin: 0 12px 0 0; transform: scale(1.0); } .mauticform_wrapper > form .mauticform-button-wrapper { margin-bottom: 0; } .mauticform_wrapper > form .mauticform-button-wrapper .mauticform-button.btn-default { width: 100%; color: #fff; padding: 16px 24px; background: #CC0000; border: #cCC0000; font-size: 1rem; } .mauticform_wrapper > form .mauticform-label { font-size: 1rem; display: block; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 8px; color: #050404; } .mauticform_wrapper > form .mauticform-input, .mauticform_wrapper > form .mauticform-selectbox, .mauticform_wrapper > form .mauticform-textarea { font-size: 1rem; padding: 8px; } .mauticform_wrapper > form .mauticform-input, .mauticform_wrapper > form .mauticform-selectbox { height: 40px; } .mauticform_wrapper > form .mauticform-message { font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.5em; } .mauticform_wrapper > form .mauticform-errormsg { font-size: 1rem; margin-top: 8px; } @media screen and (min-width: 48em) { .mauticform_wrapper > form .mauticform-checkboxgrp-label { font-size: 1.125rem; } .mauticform_wrapper > form .mauticform-button-wrapper .mauticform-button.btn-default { font-size: 1.125rem; } .mauticform_wrapper > form .mauticform-input, .mauticform_wrapper > form .mauticform-selectbox, .mauticform_wrapper > form .mauticform-textarea { padding: 14px; } .mauticform_wrapper > form .mauticform-input, .mauticform_wrapper > form .mauticform-selectbox { height: 48px; } } </style><div></div></div></div></div></div></div></aside></div><div class="pt1 pt2-m"><div class="dn-p _flex-ns flex-m mt4" styyle="[object Object]"><div class="w-20-m pr4-m mt3 mt0-m"><a class="db avenir f7 b black hover-black ttu tracked-half tc bg-black-05 pa3 br2 no-underline pointer grow" href="/en"><svg class="db center" version="1.1" id="Layer_1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="10 10 26 26" style="width:1rem;enable-background:new 0 0 48 48" xml:space="preserve"><g id="home"><polygon points="31,19.05 31,13 28,13 28,16.082 24.517,12.628 24.515,12.58 12.033,25 16,25 16,36 22,36 22,30 27,30 27,36 33,36 33,25 37,25"></polygon></g></svg></a></div><div class="w-50-m pr4-m mt3 mt0-m"><a class="db avenir f7 b white hover-white ttu tracked-half tc bg-blue bg-dark-red pa3 br2 no-underline pointer grow" href="/en/special/pages/contact.html"><span>Contact us</span></a></div><div class="w-50-m pr4-m mt3 mt0-m"></div></div><section class="dn-p related cf -center _ph5-ns _ph6-m _ph6-l mt4 mb4"><div class="_dib dn bb"><span class="dib avenir ttu b lh-solid pv2" style="font-size:0.75rem;letter-spacing:0.05em">Related Topics</span></div><div class="avenir f5 i lh-copy mb3">Find out more about these topics:</div><div class="_mt4"><a class="dib avenir f7 b lh-solid tracked-half black-80 hover-black _hover-bg-black-80 no-underline ba bw1 br2 b--black-80 pa2 mr3 mb3 grow" href="/en/topics/continent/africa">Africa</a><a class="dib avenir f7 b lh-solid tracked-half black-80 hover-black _hover-bg-black-80 no-underline ba bw1 br2 b--black-80 pa2 mr3 mb3 grow" href="/en/topics/country/egypt">Egypt</a><a class="dib avenir f7 b lh-solid tracked-half black-80 hover-black _hover-bg-black-80 no-underline ba bw1 br2 b--black-80 pa2 mr3 mb3 grow" href="/en/topics/event/2011-egypt-revolution">The 2011 Egyptian Revolution</a></div></section></div><section class="dn-p w-100" id="comments" name="comments"><style> .comments { width: 20rem; -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch; } .comments-enter { right: -20rem; } .comments-enter.comments-enter-active { right: 0; transition: right 200ms ease-out ; } .comments-exit { right: 0; } .comments-exit.comments-exit-active { right: -20rem; transition: right 200ms ease-in; } @media screen and (min-width: 48em) { .comments { width: 27rem; } .comments-enter { right: -27rem; } .comments-exit.comments-exit-active { right: -27rem; } } @media screen and (min-width: 64em) { .comments { width: 32rem; } .comments-enter { right: -32rem; } .comments-exit.comments-exit-active { right: -32rem; } } </style></section></div></div></section></article></section><section id="index" class="dn-p"><div class="mw-75rem-l center avenir f6 ttu tracked pa3 bg-black-05 tc pointer ma4">Loading</div></section><noscript><img src="https://piwik.wsws.org/analytics/piwik/piwik.php?idsite=1&rec=1" style="border:0" alt=""/></noscript></main><footer class="mt5 mt3-p ph3 ph4-m"><div class="mw6-ns mw7-m _mw8-l mw-75rem-l _mw-100rem-xxl center bt pt4 pt3-p"><div class="dn-p pt4 tc"><a class="dib white hover-white br-100 pa2 mh2" href="https://www.facebook.com/wsws.org" target="_blank" style="width:2rem;height:2rem;background:#415086"><svg id="iconset-facebook" viewBox="0 0 18 18" width="100%" height="100%" style="fill:currentColor"><path d="M7.003 17l-.006-7H4l.006-3h2.997V4.995C7.003 2.408 8.457 1 10.808 1c1.126 0 1.91.082 2.192.12v2.877h-1.447c-1.278 0-1.526.597-1.526 1.472V7h2.866l-.403 3h-2.47l.007 7H7.003z"></path></svg></a><a class="dib white hover-white br-100 bg-black pa2 mh2" href="https://twitter.com/WSWS_Updates" target="_blank" style="width:2rem;height:2rem;background:#00A6E4"><svg id="iconset-twitter" viewBox="0 0 18 18" width="100%" height="100%" style="fill:currentColor"><path d="M12.077 2c-1.812 0-3.282 1.582-3.282 3.534 0 .277.03.547.085.806-2.728-.148-5.147-1.555-6.766-3.693a3.727 3.727 0 0 0-.445 1.777c0 1.226.58 2.308 1.46 2.942a3.093 3.093 0 0 1-1.49-.443v.045c0 1.712 1.13 3.14 2.634 3.465a3.07 3.07 0 0 1-1.483.06c.42 1.407 1.632 2.427 3.07 2.457-1.124.946-2.54 1.51-4.077 1.51A6.22 6.22 0 0 1 1 14.413 8.818 8.818 0 0 0 6.032 16c6.038 0 9.34-5.385 9.34-10.056 0-.153-.004-.306-.01-.457A6.98 6.98 0 0 0 17 3.657a6.2 6.2 0 0 1-1.885.557 3.51 3.51 0 0 0 1.443-1.956c-.634.405-1.337.7-2.085.858C13.875 2.43 13.023 2 12.077 2"></path></svg></a><a class="dib white hover-white br-100 bg-black pa2 mh2" href="https://www.instagram.com/worldsocialistwebsite/" target="_blank" style="width:2rem;height:2rem;background:#DA2B73"><svg id="iconset-instagram" viewBox="0 0 18 18" width="100%" height="100%" style="fill:currentColor"><path d="M9 .5H5.5c-1 0-1.5.3-2 .5-.6.2-1 .5-1.5 1-.5.4-.8 1-1 1.5-.2.5-.4 1-.4 2v7.2c0 1 .2 1.5.4 2 .2.6.5 1 1 1.5.4.6 1 1 1.5 1 .5.3 1 .5 2 .5h7.1c1 0 1.5-.2 2-.4.6 0 1-.4 1.5-1 .6-.3 1-.8 1-1.4.3-.5.5-1 .5-2V9 5.6c0-1-.2-1.5-.4-2 0-.6-.4-1-1-1.5-.3-.5-.8-.8-1.4-1-.5-.2-1-.4-2-.4H9M9 2h3.5l1.6.4c.5.2.7.4 1 .7l.7 1 .3 1.6v7c0 .8-.2 1.3-.3 1.6-.2.5-.4.7-.7 1-.3.3-.5.5-1 .7l-1.5.3H5.6c-.8 0-1.3-.2-1.6-.3L3 15l-.6-1-.3-1.5V9 5.7L2.5 4 3 3l1-.6L5.6 2H9"></path><path d="M9 11.8c-1.5 0-2.8-1.3-2.8-2.8 0-1.6 1.3-2.8 2.8-2.8 1.6 0 3 1.2 3 2.8 0 1.5-1.4 2.8-3 2.8m0-7C6.6 4.7 4.7 6.5 4.7 9c0 2.4 2 4.3 4.3 4.3 2.5 0 4.4-2 4.4-4.3 0-2.4-2-4.3-4.4-4.3M14.6 4.5c0 .6-.5 1-1 1-.6 0-1-.4-1-1 0-.5.4-1 1-1 .5 0 1 .5 1 1"></path></svg></a><a class="dib white hover-white br-100 bg-black pa2 mh2" href="https://www.youtube.com/SEPupload" target="_blank" style="width:2rem;height:2rem;background:#CE1312"><svg id="iconset-youtube" viewBox="0 0 18 18" width="100%" height="100%" style="fill:currentColor"><path d="M7 11V6l5 2.5L7 11zm9.8-5.6s0-1-.6-1.6c-.6-.6-1.3-.6-1.6-.6C12.4 3 9 3 9 3s-3.4 0-5.6.2c-.3 0-1 0-1.6.6-.5.5-.6 1.6-.6 1.6S1 6.6 1 8v1c0 1.4.2 2.6.2 2.6s0 1 .6 1.6c.6.6 1.4.6 1.8.6C4.8 14 9 14 9 14s3.4 0 5.6-.2c.3 0 1 0 1.6-.6.5-.5.6-1.6.6-1.6s.2-1.2.2-2.5V8c0-1.4-.2-2.6-.2-2.6z"></path></svg></a><a class="dib white hover-white br-100 bg-black pa2 mh2" href="https://www.wsws.org/rss/en.xml" target="_blank" style="width:2rem;height:2rem;background:#ff6600"><svg id="iconset-rss" viewBox="0 0 18 18" width="100%" height="100%" style="fill:currentColor"><path d="M2.4 12.7c1.3 0 2.4 1 2.4 2.4s-1 2.4-2.4 2.4C1 17.4 0 16.4 0 15c0-1.2 1-2.3 2.4-2.3"></path><path d="M0 6.7v3c4.3 0 7.8 3.5 7.8 7.7h3C11 11.4 6 6.7 0 6.7m0-6v3c7.7 0 14 6 14 13.7h3C17 8.2 9.5.6 0 .6"></path></svg></a><a class="dib white hover-white br-100 bg-black pa2 mh2" href="https://www.wsws.org/en/special/podcast.html" target="_blank" style="width:2rem;height:2rem;background:#bd3fe1"><svg id="iconset-podcast" viewBox="10 10 28 28" width="100%" height="100%" style="fill:currentColor"><path d="M30.85,22c0,0.667-0.097,1.328-0.289,1.963c-0.051,0.168-0.186,0.298-0.357,0.341c-0.04,0.01-0.081,0.015-0.122,0.015 c-0.131,0-0.259-0.052-0.354-0.146l-0.588-0.589c-0.123-0.123-0.173-0.301-0.133-0.471c0.097-0.403,0.142-0.757,0.142-1.112 c0-2.84-2.31-5.149-5.15-5.149S18.85,19.16,18.85,22c0,0.355,0.045,0.709,0.142,1.112c0.041,0.17-0.01,0.348-0.133,0.471 l-0.588,0.589c-0.095,0.095-0.223,0.146-0.354,0.146c-0.041,0-0.082-0.005-0.122-0.015c-0.171-0.043-0.306-0.173-0.357-0.341 C17.247,23.328,17.15,22.667,17.15,22c0-3.777,3.073-6.851,6.85-6.851S30.85,18.223,30.85,22z M24,11.149 c-5.983,0-10.85,4.867-10.85,10.851c0,1.766,0.445,3.528,1.287,5.096c0.075,0.14,0.211,0.235,0.367,0.259 c0.024,0.003,0.049,0.005,0.073,0.005c0.131,0,0.259-0.052,0.354-0.146l0.513-0.513c0.153-0.152,0.19-0.387,0.092-0.579 C15.191,24.848,14.85,23.423,14.85,22c0-5.045,4.104-9.149,9.15-9.149s9.15,4.104,9.15,9.149c0,1.423-0.341,2.848-0.986,4.121 c-0.098,0.192-0.061,0.427,0.092,0.579l0.513,0.513c0.095,0.095,0.222,0.146,0.354,0.146c0.024,0,0.049-0.002,0.073-0.005 c0.156-0.023,0.292-0.119,0.367-0.259c0.842-1.567,1.287-3.33,1.287-5.096C34.85,16.017,29.983,11.149,24,11.149z M25,26h-2 c-1.105,0-2,0.896-2,2l1,6c0,0,0.292,2,2,2s2-2,2-2l1-6C27,26.896,26.105,26,25,26z M24,19c-1.657,0-3,1.343-3,3s1.343,3,3,3 s3-1.343,3-3S25.657,19,24,19z"></path></svg></a><a class="dib white hover-white br-100 bg-black pa2 mh2" href="https://www.wsws.org/en/special/newsletter.html" target="_blank" style="width:2rem;height:2rem;background:#666"><svg id="iconset-newsletter" viewBox="10 10 28 28" width="100%" height="100%" style="fill:currentColor"><path d="M24,28L12,16h24L24,28z M24,30l-5-5l-7,7h24l-7-7L24,30z M30,24l6,6V18L30,24z M12,18v12l6-6L12,18z"></path></svg></a></div><div class="pa4 pa0-p"><small class="avenir f6 db tc">© 1998-2025 World Socialist Web Site. All rights reserved.</small><div class="dn-p avenir lh-copy tc mt3"><a title="Home" class="f6 dib ph2 link _white-60 dim pointer" href="/en">Home</a><a title="About" class="f6 dib ph2 link _white-60 dim pointer" href="/en/special/pages/icfi/wsws.html">About</a><a title="Contact" class="f6 dib ph2 link _white-60 dim pointer" href="/en/special/pages/contact.html">Contact</a><a title="Privacy Statement" class="f6 dib ph2 link _white-60 dim pointer" href="/en/special/privacy.html">Privacy Statement</a><a title="Privacy Settings" class="f6 dib ph2 link _white-60 dim pointer">Privacy Settings</a></div></div></div></footer></div></div><div id="modal"></div><script id="__NEXT_DATA__" type="application/json">{"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"page":{"id":"c9115c53-4585-4a75-999b-05dc7ac7dd94","type":"article","path":"/en/articles/2011/02/egy2-f11.html","language":"en","title":"Mubarak resigns, military claims power in Egypt","overline":"","underline":"","authors":["Tom Eley"],"authorPages":[{"featuredImages":[],"channels":null,"name":null,"title":null,"description":null}],"published":1297400400,"modified":1609244478,"keywords":["ElBaradei","Cairo","Alexandria","Egypt","Mubarak","Suleiman"],"description":"Massive demonstrations and a growing strike wave forced the Friday resignation of Hosni Mubarak. While millions celebrated his ouster, power has been claimed by the military.","template":"","comments":false,"liveUpdates":null,"showUpdated":null,"lastUpdated":1609244478,"hidePhotos":false,"contentData":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","content":null,"attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":[{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":"At about 6 p.m. on Friday, Egyptian Vice President Omar Suleiman went on national television and issued a brief statement saying that President Hosni Mubarak, who for 30 years ruled Egypt as a dictator, had resigned and left a group of top generals, the Armed Forces Supreme Council, in charge of the nation.","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null}]},{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":" ","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","content":null,"attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":[{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":" ","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null}]},{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":" ","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","content":null,"attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":[{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":"Egypt erupted in jubilation on word of Mubarak’s resignation. A crowd numbering in the millions and spreading out for kilometers in all directions from Cairo’s Tahrir Square broke out into singing, dancing, and tears of joy. Similar scenes took place across Egypt, including at a demonstration of hundreds of thousands in Alexandria.","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null}]},{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":" ","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","content":null,"attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":[{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":" ","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null}]},{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":" ","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","content":null,"attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":[{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":"Mubarak’s departure came after 18 days of demonstrations and strikes that had waxed and waned, but that had generally grown in size and scope in spite of the brutal oppression of the regime. At this stage in the revolution, at least 300 have been killed―the real number is doubtless far higher―and thousands have been arrested and “disappeared”.","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null}]},{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":" ","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","content":null,"attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":[{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":"The decisive moment came Wednesday and Thursday, when the Egyptian working class moved to the forefront, partially or completely shutting down every sector of the economy.","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null}]},{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":" ","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","content":null,"attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":[{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":" ","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null}]},{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":" ","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","content":null,"attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":[{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":"The strike wave propelled the Egyptian military to finally move against Mubarak. Up until then, the Obama administration backed Mubarak, fearful that his removal would only spread the revolutionary contagion beyond Egypt and set the stage for a showdown between the Egyptian workers and the military, which will be neither willing nor able to address the social and democratic grievances of the masses.","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null}]},{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":" ","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","content":null,"attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":[{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":" ","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null}]},{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":" ","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","content":null,"attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":[{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":"There had been many indications that in his televised Thursday evening speech Mubarak would announce his resignation. Earlier in the day the nation’s supreme military council convened before television cameras, in the conspicuous absence of Mubarak and Suleiman, and issued a document titled “Communiqué #1” that suggested a coup d'état had taken place. The same day a general appeared in Tahrir Square and told demonstrators their demands would be met.","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null}]},{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":" ","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","content":null,"attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":[{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":"Meanwhile, in the US, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Director Leon Panetta told Congress he expected Mubarak would step down later in the day.","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null}]},{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":" ","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","content":null,"attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":[{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":" ","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null}]},{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":" ","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","content":null,"attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":[{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":"When Mubarak appeared on television Thursday night and provocatively insisted he would serve out his term, while delegating additional authority to Suleiman, formerly the nation’s top intelligence official and a close collaborator with the US and Israel, the stage was set for a social explosion.","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null}]},{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":" ","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","content":null,"attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":[{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":" ","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null}]},{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":" ","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","content":null,"attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":[{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":"Up until he made his announcement, it was unclear whether or not Mubarak would resign. In the morning, the military council issued another statement, “Communiqué #2,” supporting the dictator’s speech of the night earlier. The document indicated the military would maintain its allegiance to Mubarak indefinitely. The Obama administration once again refused to publicly call for Mubarak’s resignation.","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null}]},{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":" ","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","content":null,"attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":[{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":" ","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null}]},{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":" ","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","content":null,"attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":[{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":"But Mubarak’s speech only deepened the resolve of the population. Friday’s demonstration centered in Tahrir Square was the largest to date. Demonstrations erupted elsewhere in Cairo, Egypt’s capital and largest city, including around Mubarak’s palace and the headquarters of the hated state television network. In the afternoon it was reported that Mubarak and his family had left the city for his Red Sea palace at Sharm el-Sheikh.","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null}]},{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":" ","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","content":null,"attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":[{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":"Heavily armed contingents of the Egyptian military were stationed throughout the city, raising the specter of a bloody confrontation, but as the day wore on fraternization between demonstrators and rank-and-file soldiers increased.","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null}]},{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":" ","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","content":null,"attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":[{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":" ","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null}]},{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":" ","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","content":null,"attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":[{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":"Alexandria, Egypt’s second largest city, also saw its largest protest on Friday, a demonstration that numbered in the hundreds of thousands and snaked along the Mediterranean coastline for kilometers. Mubarak’s Alexandria palace also became a focal point of the demonstration.","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null}]},{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":" ","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","content":null,"attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":[{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":" ","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null}]},{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":" ","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","content":null,"attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":[{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":"In the industrial city of Suez, a crowd estimated in the tens of thousands massed around ten government buildings. In the Sinai, the town of El-Arish was the scene of armed clashes between demonstrators and police. Police fired guns, and demonstrators responded by throwing firebombs and setting police cars alight. The governor of a southern Egyptian province was forced to flee the region in the face of violent protests in the morning.","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null}]},{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":" ","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","content":null,"attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":[{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":"It is believed that Mubarak’s cabinet has been or soon will be disbanded, as have both the upper and lower house of parliament. It appears that Suleiman, the favored heir of both the US and Israel, will not assume the presidency. The ruling National Democratic Party also showed signs of dissolution, with its chairman announcing his resignation minutes before Mubarak’s resignation was announced.","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null}]},{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":" ","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","content":null,"attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":[{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":"Little is known at this point what steps the military regime will take. A “Communiqué #3” issued by the military command after Mubarak’s resignation said only that it was “studying” how it could meet the demands of the population. It did not lift the state of emergency that has governed the country uninterruptedly for decades, saying that it would only be lifted after the current protests had ended.","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null}]},{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":" ","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","content":null,"attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":[{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":"The main opposition figures and parties, including both Mohammed El Baradei and the Muslim Brotherhood―which have worked systematically to contain protests―have insisted that the military be brought into any government. As late as Thursday night, a desperate El Baradei pleaded for the military to intervene to prevent the deepening of the revolution. \"The army must save the country now,\" he said after Mubarak’s speech on Thursday night. “I call on the Egyptian army to immediately interfere to rescue Egypt. The credibility of the army is on the line.\"","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null}]},{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":" ","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","content":null,"attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":[{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":"After Mubarak departed, El Baradei declared victory. “The country has been liberated after decades of repression,” he said.","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null}]},{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":" ","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","content":null,"attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":[{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":"There is in fact not the slightest possibility that a military-backed government will meet the demands of the Egyptian masses―for jobs, good wages, and housing. The Egyptian military government is itself profoundly committed to the existing order. Its leading figures are deeply integrated into the business enterprises, and it has been for more than three decades the basic guarantor of the Mubarak regime.","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null}]},{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":" ","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","content":null,"attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":[{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":"The military’s assumption of power, with the backing of the Obama administration and bourgeois political forces like El Baradei and the Muslim Brotherhood, can only set the stage for a new phase in the revolution.","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null}]},{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":" ","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","content":null,"attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":[{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":" ","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null}]}],"contentAssets":[],"relatedAssets":[],"featuredImages":[],"socialTitles":null,"socialDescriptions":null,"socialFeaturedImages":[],"topics":[{"id":"9365c8e8-ebac-4430-bde4-df6735ebc7bb","name":"africa","path":"/topics/continent/africa","title":"Africa","description":"","hidden":false},{"id":"101951a2-b59a-4582-b490-2886183ae79e","name":"egypt","path":"/topics/country/egypt","title":"Egypt","description":"null","hidden":false},{"id":"8f670b47-c1ca-4ffa-b629-b0d0d69f8410","name":"2011-egypt-revolution","path":"/topics/event/2011-egypt-revolution","title":"The 2011 Egyptian Revolution","description":"","hidden":false}],"collections":[],"campaignAds":[{"id":"39903a96-144b-4db7-a3ee-28bbe85fddec","name":"39903a96-144b-4db7-a3ee-28bbe85fddec","position":"bottom","content":"\u003cplaceholder type=\"custom-code\" class=\"\"\u003e\u003caside class=\"ph3 ph4-m mb3 mb0-ns\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"/en/special/pages/donate.html?utm_source=wsws\u0026utm_medium=in-article-ad\u0026utm_campaign=in-article-ad-nyfund-eb-02-16-2025\" class=\"db avenir f6 lh-title pa1 br2 tc mw6 mw7-l bg-black-05 mt3 center\"\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cimg class=\"\" src=\"https://www.wsws.org/asset/8d74002e-1da7-4943-9351-6c71083a8c51?rendition=image1280\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/aside\u003e\u003c/placeholder\u003e","contentData":[{"type":"element","tagName":"placeholder","content":null,"attributes":[{"key":"type","value":"custom-code"},{"key":"class","value":""}],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"aside","content":null,"attributes":[{"key":"class","value":"ph3 ph4-m mb3 mb0-ns"}],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"a","content":null,"attributes":[{"key":"href","value":"/en/special/pages/donate.html?utm_source=wsws\u0026utm_medium=in-article-ad\u0026utm_campaign=in-article-ad-nyfund-eb-02-16-2025"},{"key":"class","value":"db avenir f6 lh-title pa1 br2 tc mw6 mw7-l bg-black-05 mt3 center"}],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"div","content":null,"attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"img","content":null,"attributes":[{"key":"class","value":""},{"key":"src","value":"https://www.wsws.org/asset/8d74002e-1da7-4943-9351-6c71083a8c51?rendition=image1280"}],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":[]}]}]}]}]}]},{"id":"efbc15ec-2e17-45fb-967e-6c7e2a6cb3ff","name":"efbc15ec-2e17-45fb-967e-6c7e2a6cb3ff","position":"bottom","content":"\u003cplaceholder type=\"custom-code\" class=\"\"\u003e\u003caside class=\"ph3 ph4-m mb3 mb0-ns\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"/en/special/pages/freebogdan.html\" class=\"db avenir f6 lh-title pa1 br2 tc mw6 mw7-l bg-black-05 mt3 center\"\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cimg class=\"dn db-m\" src=\"https://www.wsws.org/asset/a267e9a9-a360-4724-b0af-db66239b3337?rendition=image1280\u0026v=2\"\u003e\u003cimg class=\"db dn-m\" src=\"https://www.wsws.org/asset/306a06b9-8d68-48fc-a905-ae307559f40f?rendition=image1280\u0026v=2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/aside\u003e\u003c/placeholder\u003e","contentData":[{"type":"element","tagName":"placeholder","content":null,"attributes":[{"key":"type","value":"custom-code"},{"key":"class","value":""}],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"aside","content":null,"attributes":[{"key":"class","value":"ph3 ph4-m mb3 mb0-ns"}],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"a","content":null,"attributes":[{"key":"href","value":"/en/special/pages/freebogdan.html"},{"key":"class","value":"db avenir f6 lh-title pa1 br2 tc mw6 mw7-l bg-black-05 mt3 center"}],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"div","content":null,"attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"img","content":null,"attributes":[{"key":"class","value":"dn db-m"},{"key":"src","value":"https://www.wsws.org/asset/a267e9a9-a360-4724-b0af-db66239b3337?rendition=image1280\u0026v=2"}],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":[]},{"type":"element","tagName":"img","content":null,"attributes":[{"key":"class","value":"db dn-m"},{"key":"src","value":"https://www.wsws.org/asset/306a06b9-8d68-48fc-a905-ae307559f40f?rendition=image1280\u0026v=2"}],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":[]}]}]}]}]}]},{"id":"205da771-8a3c-49a5-ab06-94378d4b900d","name":"wsws newsletter","position":"bottom","content":"\u003cplaceholder type=\"page-article-inline-mautic-form\" design=\"\" description=\"false\" heading=\"true\"\u003e\u003cplaceholder type=\"text-line\"\u003eSign up for the WSWS email newsletter\u003c/placeholder\u003e\u003cplaceholder type=\"text-block\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSome content\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/placeholder\u003e\u003cplaceholder type=\"mautic-form\" form-id=\"133\" html-id=\"\"\u003e\u003c/placeholder\u003e\u003c/placeholder\u003e","contentData":[{"type":"element","tagName":"placeholder","content":null,"attributes":[{"key":"type","value":"page-article-inline-mautic-form"},{"key":"design","value":""},{"key":"description","value":"false"},{"key":"heading","value":"true"}],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"placeholder","content":null,"attributes":[{"key":"type","value":"text-line"}],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":[{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":"Sign up for the WSWS email newsletter","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"placeholder","content":null,"attributes":[{"key":"type","value":"text-block"}],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"p","content":null,"attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":[{"type":"text","tagName":null,"content":"Some content","attributes":[],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":null}]}]},{"type":"element","tagName":"placeholder","content":null,"attributes":[{"key":"type","value":"mautic-form"},{"key":"form-id","value":"133"},{"key":"html-id","value":""}],"data":[],"assets":[],"children":[]}]}]}],"bookAds":[{"id":"bookad-default","name":"default","items":[{"id":"bookaditem-why-study-the-russian-revolution-vol-i-\u0026-vol-ii","name":"Why Study the Russian Revolution Vol I \u0026 Vol II","author":"the ICFI","image_url":"https://mehring.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/wstrr_v1and2_front_cover_1.jpg","url":"https://mehring.com/product/why-study-the-russian-revolution-vol-i-vol-ii-2/"}]},{"id":"bookad-arts","name":"arts","items":[{"id":"bookaditem-the-truth-behind-the-bankruptcy-of-detroit","name":"The Truth Behind the Bankruptcy of Detroit","author":"the Socialist Equality Party","image_url":"https://mehring.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/truthdetroitfcover_300.jpg","url":"https://mehring.com/product/the-truth-behind-the-bankruptcy-of-detroit/"}]},{"id":"bookad-correspo","name":"correspo","items":[{"id":"bookaditem-the-historical-\u0026amp;-international-foundations-of-the-partei-fur-soziale-gleichheit","name":"The Historical \u0026amp; International Foundations of the Partei fur Soziale Gleichheit","author":"the Socialist Equality Party","image_url":"https://mehring.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/his_found_psg_300.jpg","url":"https://mehring.com/product/the-historical-international-foundations-of-the-partei-fur-soziale-gleichheit/"}]},{"id":"bookad-editorials","name":"editorials","items":[{"id":"bookaditem-castroism-and-the-politics-of-petty-bourgeois-nationalism","name":"Castroism and the Politics of Petty-Bourgeois Nationalism","author":"Bill Vann","image_url":"https://mehring.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/castroism-new300.jpg","url":"https://mehring.com/product/castroism-and-the-politics-of-petty-bourgeois-nationalism/"},{"id":"bookaditem-in-defense-of-leon-trotsky-(second-edition)","name":"In Defense of Leon Trotsky (second edition)","author":"David North","image_url":"https://mehring.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/idlt_300_5.jpg","url":"https://mehring.com/product/in-defense-of-leon-trotsky-second-edition/"}]},{"id":"bookad-history","name":"history","items":[{"id":"bookaditem-the-frankfurt-school,-postmodernism-and-the-politics-of-the-pseudo-left:-a-marxist-critique","name":"The Frankfurt School, Postmodernism and the Politics of the Pseudo-Left: A Marxist Critique","author":"David North","image_url":"https://mehring.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/frankfurt-school_300.jpg","url":"https://mehring.com/product/the-frankfurt-school-postmodernism-and-the-politics-of-the-pseudo-left-a-marxist-critique/"}]},{"id":"bookad-ic-archive","name":"ic-archive","items":[{"id":"bookaditem-the-heritage-we-defend:-a-contribution-to-the-history-of-the-fourth-international","name":"The Heritage We Defend: A Contribution to the History of the Fourth International","author":"David North","image_url":"https://mehring.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/heritage_2018.jpeg","url":"https://mehring.com/product/the-heritage-we-defend-30th-anniv-edition-a-contribution-to-the-history-of-the-fourth-international/"}]},{"id":"bookad-news","name":"news","items":[{"id":"bookaditem-the-tragedy-of-the-chinese-revolution","name":"The Tragedy of the Chinese Revolution","author":"Harold Isaacs","image_url":"https://mehring.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/tragedy_chinese_rev_300.jpg","url":"https://mehring.com/product/the-tragedy-of-the-chinese-revolution/"}]},{"id":"bookad-perspectives","name":"perspectives","items":[{"id":"bookaditem-a-quarter-century-of-war:-the-us-drive-for-global-hegemony-1990---2016","name":"A Quarter Century of War: The US Drive for Global Hegemony 1990 - 2016","author":"David North","image_url":"https://mehring.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/qcw-cover_300_3.jpg","url":"https://mehring.com/product/a-quarter-century-of-war-the-us-drive-for-global-hegemony-1990-2016/"}]},{"id":"bookad-philos","name":"philos","items":[{"id":"bookaditem-fundamental-problems-of-marxism","name":"Fundamental Problems of Marxism","author":"George V. Plekhanov","image_url":"https://mehring.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/fundamental_prob_300_1.jpg","url":"https://mehring.com/product/fundamental-problems-of-marxism/"}]},{"id":"bookad-science","name":"science","items":[{"id":"bookaditem-the-origin-of-the-family,-private-property-and-the-state","name":"The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State","author":"Frederick Engels","image_url":"https://mehring.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/origin_of_the_family_300.jpg","url":"https://mehring.com/product/the-origin-of-the-family-private-property-and-the-state/"}]},{"id":"bookad-workers","name":"workers","items":[{"id":"bookaditem-thirty-years-since-the-patco-strike","name":"Thirty Years Since the PATCO Strike","author":"Tom Mackaman","image_url":"https://mehring.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/patco_300.jpg","url":"https://mehring.com/product/thirty-years-since-the-patco-strike/"}]},{"id":"bookad-world","name":"world","items":[{"id":"bookaditem-the-historical-\u0026-international-foundations-of-the-sep,-sri-lanka","name":"The Historical \u0026 International Foundations of the SEP, Sri Lanka","author":"the Socialist Equality Party (Sri Lanka)","image_url":"https://mehring.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/sri_lankan_perspectives_300.jpg","url":"https://mehring.com/product/the-historical-international-foundations-of-the-socialist-equality-party-sri-lanka/"}]},{"id":"bookad-slsep","name":"slsep","items":[{"id":"bookaditem-the-historical-\u0026-international-foundations-of-the-sep,-sri-lanka","name":"The Historical \u0026 International Foundations of the SEP, Sri Lanka","author":"the Socialist Equality Party (Sri Lanka)","image_url":"https://mehring.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/sri_lankan_perspectives_300.jpg","url":"https://mehring.com/product/the-historical-international-foundations-of-the-socialist-equality-party-sri-lanka/"}]},{"id":"bookad-h-icfi","name":"h-icfi","items":[{"id":"bookaditem-the-gelfand-case","name":"The Gelfand Case","author":"Alan Gelfand","image_url":"https://mehring.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/gelfand_1_300.jpg","url":"https://mehring.com/product/the-gelfand-case-a-legal-history-of-the-exposure-of-us-government-agents-in-the-leadership-of-the-socialist-workers-party-vol-1/"}]},{"id":"bookad-mehring","name":"mehring","items":[{"id":"bookaditem-the-frankfurt-school,-postmodernism-and-the-politics-of-the-pseudo-left:-a-marxist-critique","name":"The Frankfurt School, Postmodernism and the Politics of the Pseudo-Left: A Marxist Critique","author":"David North","image_url":"https://mehring.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/frankfurt-school_300.jpg","url":"https://mehring.com/product/the-frankfurt-school-postmodernism-and-the-politics-of-the-pseudo-left-a-marxist-critique/"}]},{"id":"bookad-eu-right","name":"eu-right","items":[{"id":"bookaditem-why-are-they-back?-historical-falsification,-political-conspiracy,-and-the-return-of-fascism-in-germany","name":"Why Are They Back? Historical Falsification, Political Conspiracy, and the Return of Fascism in Germany","author":"Christoph Vandreier","image_url":"https://mehring.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/why_are_they_back300ppi.jpg","url":"https://mehring.com/product/why-are-they-back-historical-falsification-political-conspiracy-and-the-return-of-fascism-in-germany/"}]}],"legacyId":"c9115c53-4585-4a75-999b-05dc7ac7dd9E","visibleTopics":[{"id":"9365c8e8-ebac-4430-bde4-df6735ebc7bb","name":"africa","path":"/topics/continent/africa","title":"Africa","description":"","hidden":false},{"id":"101951a2-b59a-4582-b490-2886183ae79e","name":"egypt","path":"/topics/country/egypt","title":"Egypt","description":"null","hidden":false},{"id":"8f670b47-c1ca-4ffa-b629-b0d0d69f8410","name":"2011-egypt-revolution","path":"/topics/event/2011-egypt-revolution","title":"The 2011 Egyptian Revolution","description":"","hidden":false}],"collection":{"collectionType":null,"collectionAttributes":[],"asset":{},"attributes":{}}},"navs":[{"name":"topnav","items":[{"name":null,"title":"Perspectives","path":"/topics/site_area/perspectives","items":[],"classes":"dib"},{"name":null,"title":"World","path":"/topics/region/namerica","items":[],"classes":"dib"},{"name":null,"title":"Global class struggle","path":"/topics/site_area/workers","items":[],"classes":"dib"},{"name":null,"title":"Pandemic","path":"/topics/event/coronavirus","items":[],"classes":"dib"},{"name":null,"title":"Arts \u0026 Culture","path":"/topics/site_area/arts","items":[],"classes":"dib"},{"name":null,"title":"History","path":"/topics/site_area/history","items":[],"classes":"dib"},{"name":null,"title":"Capitalism \u0026 Inequality","path":"/topics/socialIssuesCategory/ineq-us","items":[],"classes":"dib"},{"name":null,"title":"Anti-Imperialism","path":"/topics/militarismCategory/us-milit","items":[],"classes":"dib"},{"name":null,"title":"Videos","path":"/en/topics/site_area/videos","items":[],"classes":"dib"},{"name":null,"title":"Podcast","path":"/en/special/podcast","items":[],"classes":"dib"},{"name":null,"title":"Marxist Library","path":"/en/special/pages/library.html","items":[],"classes":"dib"},{"name":"sep","title":"Socialist Equality Party","path":"/en/special/pages/sep/us/home.html","items":[],"classes":"dib"}]},{"name":"sepnav","items":[{"name":"sep","title":"Socialist Equality Party","path":"/en/special/pages/sep/us/home.html","items":[],"classes":"dib"},{"name":"icfi","title":"International Committee of the Fourth International","path":"/en/special/pages/icfi/about.html","items":[],"classes":"dib"},{"name":"history","title":"History of the Fourth International","path":"/en/special/pages/icfi/history.html","items":[],"classes":"dib"},{"name":"wsws","title":"About the WSWS","path":"/en/special/pages/icfi/wsws.html","items":[],"classes":"dib"},{"name":"iysse","title":"International Youth and Students for Social Equality","path":"/en/special/pages/iysse/about.html","items":[],"classes":"dib"}]},{"name":"oldhotnav","items":[{"name":null,"title":"2020 US elections","path":"/topics/internationalPoliticsCategory/govt-us","items":[],"classes":"dib"},{"name":null,"title":"Coronavirus pandemic","path":"/topics/event/coronavirus","items":[],"classes":"dib"},{"name":null,"title":"SEP (US) presidential campaign","path":"/en/special/pages/sep/us/elections.html","items":[],"classes":"dib"},{"name":null,"title":"Free Julian Assange!","path":"/en/topics/mediaCategory/free-assange","items":[],"classes":"dib"}]},{"name":"metanav","items":[{"name":"home","title":"Home","path":"/","items":null,"classes":null},{"name":"search","title":"Search","path":"/updates","items":null,"classes":null},{"name":"clock","title":"Updates","path":"/updates","items":null,"classes":null},{"name":"user","title":"Profile","path":"/profile","items":null,"classes":null}]},{"name":"mainnav","items":[{"name":null,"title":"News \u0026 Analysis","path":"/","items":[{"name":null,"title":"Politics","path":"/topics/site_area/politics","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"Perspective","path":"/topics/site_area/perspectives","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"Workers Struggles","path":"/topics/site_area/workers","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"Arts \u0026 Culture","path":"/topics/site_area/arts","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"History","path":"/topics/site_area/history","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"Economy","path":"/topics/site_area/world","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"Science","path":"/topics/site_area/science","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"Philosophy","path":"/topics/site_area/philos","classes":null}],"classes":"dib dn-m"},{"name":null,"title":"Perspectives","path":"/topics/site_area/perspectives","items":[{"name":null,"title":"Socialist strategy","path":"/topics/_beta/socialist-strategy","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"Perspectives","path":"/topics/site_area/perspectives","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"The politics of the pseudo-left","path":"/topics/internationalPoliticsCategory/pseudoleft","classes":null}],"classes":"dn dib-m"},{"name":null,"title":"World News","path":"/topics/site_area/news","items":[{"name":null,"title":"Socialist strategy","path":"/topics/_beta/socialist-strategy","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"Inequality and the social crisis","path":"/topics/_beta/international-class-struggle","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"War and geopolitical conflict","path":"/topics/_beta/international-class-struggle","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"The Fight Against Fascism","path":"/topics/internationalPoliticsCategory/fight-against-fascism","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"Immigrants and refugees","path":"/topics/economyCategory/eco-refu","classes":null}],"classes":"dn dib-xl"},{"name":null,"title":"Workers Struggles","path":"/topics/site_area/workers","items":[{"name":null,"title":"The Matamoros workers rebellion","path":"/topics/workersCategory/matamoros","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"Los Angeles teachers strike","path":"/topics/workersCategory/la-teachers","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"The “Yellow Vest” protests in France","path":"/topics/newsCategory/yellow-vest-protests","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"The fight against the GM plant closures","path":"/topics/workersCategory/gm-closures","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"The Struggle at UPS","path":"/topics/workersCategory/us-UPS","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"Autoworkers struggles","path":"/topics/workersCategory/na-auto","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"Education in the US","path":"/topics/educationCategory/Education-US","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"Amazon","path":"/topics/workersCategory/amazon","classes":null}],"classes":"dn dib-m"},{"name":null,"title":"Arts \u0026 Culture","path":"/topics/site_area/arts","items":[{"name":null,"title":"Film Reviews","path":"/topics/artsCategory/films","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"Film Festivals","path":"/topics/artsCategory/ffests","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"Interviews with Directors and Artists","path":"/topics/artsCategory/intviews","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"Book Reviews","path":"/topics/artsCategory/book","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"Art \u0026amp; Photographic Exhibitions","path":"/topics/artsCategory/exhibits","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"Music Reviews","path":"/topics/artsCategory/music","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"Theater and Dance","path":"/topics/artsCategory/theatre","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"Art \u0026amp; Socialism – Lectures \u0026amp; Essays","path":"/topics/artsCategory/essays","classes":null}],"classes":"dn dib-l"},{"name":null,"title":"History","path":"/topics/site_area/history","items":[{"name":null,"title":"The 1917 Russian Revolution","path":"/topics/_beta/1917-russian-revolution/","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"History of the Fourth International","path":"/topics/historyCategory/h-icfi/","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"Leon Trotsky","path":"/topics/historyCategory/h-trotsky/h","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"Fascism \u0026amp; the Holocaust","path":"/topics/historyCategory/h-fascm","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"US History","path":"/topics/historySubCategory/h-uslab","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"The American Revolution","path":"/topics/historyCategory/American_Revolution/","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"1998 Lectures: Marxism and the Fundamental Problems of the 20th Century","path":"/topics/historyCategory/iss-98","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"2005 Lectures: Marxism and the Foundation of the Fourth International","path":"/topics/icfiCategory/h-ss2005/","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"This Week in History","path":"/topics/historyCategory/twih","classes":null}],"classes":"dn dib-l"},{"name":null,"title":"Economy","path":"/topics/site_area/world","items":[{"name":null,"title":"World Economy","path":"/topics/site_area/world/","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"European Economy","path":"/topics/economyCategory/European_Economy","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"US Economy","path":"/topics/economyCategory/econ-us","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"Marxist political economy","path":"/topics/economyCategory/marxist-political-economy","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"Questions and replies on Marxist economics","path":"/topics/lettersCategory/eco-corr","classes":null}],"classes":"dn"},{"name":null,"title":"Science","path":"/topics/site_area/science","items":[{"name":null,"title":"Human Genetics \u0026amp; Evolution","path":"/topics/scienceCategory/sc-evol","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"The Internet","path":"/topics/scienceCategory/sc-net","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"Space Research \u0026amp; Astronomy","path":"/topics/scienceCategory/sc-astro","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"Climate Change","path":"/topics/scienceCategory/sc-clim","classes":null}],"classes":"dn"},{"name":null,"title":"Philosophy","path":"/topics/site_area/philos","items":[{"name":null,"title":"The Enlightenment","path":"/topics/philosophyCategory/enlightment","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"Existentialism and Post-modernism","path":"/topics/philosophyCategory/exist","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"Religion","path":"/topics/philosophyCategory/eco-reli","classes":null}],"classes":"dn"},{"name":null,"title":"more...","path":"","items":[{"name":null,"title":"Politics","path":"/topics/site_area/news","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"Arts \u0026 Culture","path":"/topics/site_area/arts","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"Economy","path":"/topics/site_area/world","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"Science","path":"/topics/site_area/science","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"History","path":"/topics/site_area/history","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"Philosophy","path":"/topics/site_area/philos","classes":null}],"classes":"dn dib-m dn-l"},{"name":null,"title":"more...","path":"","items":[{"name":null,"title":"Politics","path":"/topics/site_area/news","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"Economy","path":"/topics/site_area/world","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"Science","path":"/topics/site_area/science","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"Philosophy","path":"/topics/site_area/philos","classes":null}],"classes":"dn dib-l dn-xl"},{"name":null,"title":"more...","path":"","items":[{"name":null,"title":"Economy","path":"/topics/site_area/world","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"Science","path":"/topics/site_area/science","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"Philosophy","path":"/topics/site_area/philos","classes":null}],"classes":"dn dib-xl"}]},{"name":"hotnav","items":[{"name":null,"title":"Fourth International","path":"/en/special/pages/icfi/about.html","items":[],"classes":"dib"},{"name":null,"title":"Socialist Equality Party","path":"/en/special/pages/sep","items":[],"classes":"dib"},{"name":null,"title":"IYSSE","path":"/en/special/pages/iysse/about.html","items":[],"classes":"dib"},{"name":null,"title":"About the WSWS","path":"/en/special/pages/icfi/wsws.html","items":[],"classes":"dib"},{"name":null,"title":"Contact","path":"/en/special/pages/contact.html","items":[],"classes":"dib"},{"name":null,"title":"Donate","path":"/en/special/pages/donate.html","items":[],"classes":"dib"}]},{"name":"fullnav","items":[{"name":null,"title":"News \u0026 Commentary","path":null,"items":[{"name":null,"title":"Perspective","path":"/en/topics/site_area/perspectives","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"World","path":"/en/topics/region/namerica","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"Global Class Struggle","path":"/en/topics/site_area/workers","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"Pandemic","path":"/en/topics/event/coronavirus","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"Arts \u0026 Culture","path":"/en/topics/site_area/arts","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"History","path":"/en/topics/site_area/history","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"Capitalism \u0026 Inequality","path":"/en/topics/socialIssuesCategory/ineq-us","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"Anti-Imperialism","path":"/en/topics/militarismCategory/us-milit","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"Science","path":"/en/topics/site_area/science","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"Browse articles by country","path":"/en/topics/countries","classes":null}],"classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"Fourth International","path":null,"items":[{"name":null,"title":"International Committee of the Fourth International","path":"/en/special/pages/icfi/about.html","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"History of the Fourth International","path":"/en/special/pages/icfi/history.html","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"Socialist Equality Party","path":"/en/special/pages/sep","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"About the WSWS","path":"/en/special/pages/icfi/wsws.html","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"WSWS Chronology","path":"/en/special/pages/chronology.html","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"International Youth and Students for Social Equality","path":"/en/special/pages/iysse/about.html","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"Contact","path":"/en/special/pages/contact.html","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"Donate","path":"/en/special/pages/donate.html","classes":null}],"classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"Marxist Library","path":null,"items":[{"name":null,"title":"Browse online","path":"/en/special/pages/library.html","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"Mehring Books","path":"https://www.mehring.com/","classes":null}],"classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"","path":null,"items":[{"name":null,"title":"Monthly archive","path":"/en/archive/recent","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"Newsletter","path":"/en/special/pages/newsletter.html","classes":null},{"name":null,"title":"RSS Feeds","path":"/en/special/rssfeeds.html","classes":null}],"classes":null}]}]},"messages":{"website.title":"World Socialist Web Site","website.description":"Published by the International Committee of the Fourth International (ICFI)","website.tagline":"Marxist analysis, international working class struggles \u0026 the fight for socialism","website.publisher.long":"International Committee of the Fourth International","website.publisher.short":"ICFI","website.party.long":"Socialist Equality Party","website.party.short":"SEP","website.party.logo":"/img/sep-logo.png","website.iysse.long":"International Youth and Students for Social Equality","website.iysse.short":"IYSSE","website.dateLong":"D MMMM YYYY","website.dateLongTime":"D MMMM YYYY, h:mm A","website.dateShort":"DD/MM/YYYY","website.dateMonthYear":"MMMM YYYY","website.dateYearOnly":"YYYY","website.timezoneOffset":"-5","dates.months.long01":"January","dates.months.long02":"February","dates.months.long03":"March","dates.months.long04":"April","dates.months.long05":"May","dates.months.long06":"June","dates.months.long07":"July","dates.months.long08":"August","dates.months.long09":"September","dates.months.long10":"October","dates.months.long11":"November","dates.months.long12":"December","dates.months.short01":"Jan","dates.months.short02":"Feb","dates.months.short03":"Mar","dates.months.short04":"Apr","dates.months.short05":"May","dates.months.short06":"Jun","dates.months.short07":"Jul","dates.months.short08":"Aug","dates.months.short09":"Sep","dates.months.short10":"Oct","dates.months.short11":"Nov","dates.months.short12":"Dec","languages.en":"English","languages.it":"Italian","languages.de":"German","languages.fr":"French","languages.es":"Spanish","languages.ta":"Tamil","languages.si":"Sinhala","languages.ru":"Russian","languages.pt":"Portuguese","shared.show":"show","shared.hide":"hide","header.menu":"Menu","header.search":"Search","header.feed":"News Feed","navigation.partyShort":"SEP","navigation.partyLong":"Socialist Equality Party","navigation.partyPath":"/en/special/pages/sep","navigation.menu":"Menu","navigation.language":"Language","navigation.home":"Home","navigation.profile":"Profile","navigation.latest":"Latest","navigation.videos":"Videos","navigation.library":"Marxist Library","navigation.search":"Search","navigation.about":"About","navigation.contact":"Contact","navigation.donate":"Donate","navigation.imprint":"Imprint","navigation.privacyStatement":"Privacy Statement","navigation.privacySettings":"Privacy Settings","frontpage.topStories":"Top Stories","frontpage.mostRecent":"Most recent","frontpage.fullArchive":"All latest news","frontpage.otherLanguages":"Other languages","frontpage.trendingTopics":"Trending topics","frontpage.party":"Socialist Equality Party","frontpage.international":"Fourth International","frontpage.more":"More from the SEP and ICFI","perspective.title":"Perspective","perspective.more":"Ealier Perspectives","perspectivebox.title":"Perspective","index.perspective":"Perspective","index.commentary":"Commentary","index.mostrecent":"Most recent","index.mostread":"Most read","index.mostcommented":"Most commented","index.newin":"Other languages","article.relatedTopics":"Find out more about these topics:","article.furtherReading":"Read more","article.viewComments":"View {0} comments","article.contact":"Contact us","article.comments.zeroComments":"Comment","article.comments.oneComment":"View {num} comments","article.originalTranslation":"Article originally published in {0} on {1}","article.parts.part1":"Part 1","article.parts.part2":"Part 2","article.parts.part3":"Part 3","article.parts.part4":"Part 4","article.parts.part5":"Part 5","article.parts.part6":"Part 6","article.parts.part7":"Part 7","article.parts.part8":"Part 8","article.parts.part9":"Part 9","archive.title":"Archive","archive.description":"The archive lists all articles that have been posted on the \u003cem\u003eWorld Socialist Web Site\u003c/em\u003e by date.","archive.latest":"Latest articles","archive.monthly":"Browse by month:","archive.year":"year","archive.month":"month","archive.selectYear":"Select year","archive.selectMonth":"Select month","book.buyLogo":"/img/mehring-logo.png","book.buyText":"This book is available for purchase from Mehring Books. Get your copy today.","book.buyButton":"Purchase from Mehring Books","book.buyNow":"Buy now","profile.title":"My profile","profile.bookmarks.title":"My reading list","profile.bookmarks.description":"All our articles you've \u003cstrong\u003ebookmarked\u003c/strong\u003e in this browser will automatically appear here.","profile.history.title":"My reading history","profile.history.description":"All our articles you've \u003cstrong\u003evisited\u003c/strong\u003e in this browser will automatically appear here.","topics.title":"All topics","topics.latest":"Latest articles","topics.search.placeholder":"Search term","topics.search.moreOptions":"More options","topics.search.lessOptions":"Less options","topics.search.moreResults":"Show more","topics.search.resultStats":"Found {0} results","topics.search.noResults":"No articles found","topics.search.labels.title":"Title","topics.search.labels.description":"Description","topics.search.labels.author":"Author","topics.search.labels.date":"Date","topics.search.labels.type":"Type","topics.search.labels.country":"Country","topics.search.labels.perspectives":"Perspectives","topics.search.labels.statements":"Statements","topics.search.labels.videos":"Videos","topics.browseByCountry":"Browse articles by country","tools.followus":"Follow us","tools.share":"Share","tools.tools":"Tools","tools.updates":"Latest updates","tools.languages.intro":"The \u003cem\u003eWorld Socialist Web Site\u003c/em\u003e is available in\u003cbr /\u003e20 different languages. Select your prefered language from the list below.","sepweb.getInvolved":"Get involved","sepweb.donate":"Donate","sepweb.donateHash":"donate","sepweb.updates":"Get updates","sepweb.updatesHash":"newsletter","sepweb.volunteer":"Volunteer","sepweb.volunteerHash":"get-involved","sepweb.next":"Next"}},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/[locale]/articles/[...path]","query":{"locale":"en","path":["2011","02","egy2-f11.html"]},"buildId":"bba5cf3e","isFallback":false,"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}</script></body></html>

CINXE.COM

Mubarak resigns, military claims power in Egypt - World Socialist Web Site