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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Masuk log</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Opsi lainnya" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas pribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas pribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id"><span>Menyumbang</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Enzim" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buat akun baru</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Enzim" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologi_dan_sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologi_dan_sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologi dan sejarah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologi_dan_sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penggolongan_dan_penamaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penggolongan_dan_penamaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Penggolongan dan penamaan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penggolongan_dan_penamaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Struktur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Struktur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Struktur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Struktur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mekanisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mekanisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mekanisme</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mekanisme-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Mekanisme</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mekanisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kespesifikan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kespesifikan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Kespesifikan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kespesifikan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Model_"kunci_dan_gembok"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Model_"kunci_dan_gembok""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Model "kunci dan gembok"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Model_"kunci_dan_gembok"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Model_ketepatan_induksi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Model_ketepatan_induksi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Model ketepatan induksi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Model_ketepatan_induksi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mekanisme_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mekanisme_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Mekanisme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mekanisme_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stabilisasi_keadaan_transisi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stabilisasi_keadaan_transisi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Stabilisasi keadaan transisi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stabilisasi_keadaan_transisi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dinamika_dan_fungsi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dinamika_dan_fungsi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Dinamika dan fungsi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dinamika_dan_fungsi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modulasi_alosterik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modulasi_alosterik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Modulasi alosterik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modulasi_alosterik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kofaktor_dan_koenzim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kofaktor_dan_koenzim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Kofaktor dan koenzim</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kofaktor_dan_koenzim-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Kofaktor dan koenzim</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kofaktor_dan_koenzim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kofaktor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kofaktor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Kofaktor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kofaktor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Koenzim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Koenzim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Koenzim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Koenzim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Termodinamika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Termodinamika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Termodinamika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Termodinamika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kinetika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kinetika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Kinetika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kinetika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inhibisi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inhibisi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Inhibisi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inhibisi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fungsi_biologis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fungsi_biologis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Fungsi biologis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fungsi_biologis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kontrol_aktivitas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kontrol_aktivitas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Kontrol aktivitas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kontrol_aktivitas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keterlibatan_dalam_penyakit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keterlibatan_dalam_penyakit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Keterlibatan dalam penyakit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keterlibatan_dalam_penyakit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Lihat pula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Enzim</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 133 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-133" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">133 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiem" title="Ensiem – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ensiem" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzym" title="Enzym – Jerman (Swiss)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Enzym" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman (Swiss)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzima" title="Enzima – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Enzima" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%85" title="إنزيم – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إنزيم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%85" title="لونزيم – Arab Maroko" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لونزيم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%85" title="انزيم – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انزيم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%95" title="উৎসেচক – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="উৎসেচক" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzima" title="Enzima – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Enzima" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentl%C9%99r" title="Fermentlər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fermentlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%85" title="آنزیم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آنزیم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ферменттар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ферменттар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferments" title="Ferments – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Ferments" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensima" title="Ensima – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ensima" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Ферменты – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ферменты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Фэрмэнты – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Фэрмэнты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Ензим – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ензим" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AE" title="एंजाइम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="एंजाइम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B2%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B2%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="အဲဉ်းသုဲင် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အဲဉ်းသုဲင်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%95" title="উৎসেচক – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উৎসেচক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Enzim" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Enzim" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Enzim" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Enzim" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Ферменташ – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ферменташ" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Enzim" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ئەنزیم – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەنزیم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzym" title="Enzym – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Enzym" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensym" title="Ensym – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ensym" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzym" title="Enzym – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Enzym" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzym" title="Enzym – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Enzym" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CE%BD%CE%B6%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%BF" title="Ένζυμο – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ένζυμο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Enzyme" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzimo" title="Enzimo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Enzimo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzima" title="Enzima – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Enzima" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ens%C3%BC%C3%BCm" title="Ensüüm – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ensüüm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entzima" title="Entzima – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Entzima" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzima" title="Enzima – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Enzima" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%85" title="آنزیم – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آنزیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entsyymi" title="Entsyymi – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Entsyymi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kveiki" title="Kveiki – Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kveiki" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Enzyme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ens%C3%BC%C3%BCm" title="Ensüüm – Frisia Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ensüüm" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eins%C3%ADm" title="Einsím – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Einsím" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzima" title="Enzima – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Enzima" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ens%C3%ADma" title="Ensíma – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ensíma" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9D" title="אנזים – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנזים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="प्रकिण्व – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रकिण्व" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme – Hindi Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Enzyme" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Hindi Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Enzim" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anzim" title="Anzim – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Anzim" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Enzim" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BF" title="Ֆերմենտ – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆերմենտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyma" title="Enzyma – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Enzyma" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensima" title="Ensima – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Ensima" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Ферменташ – Ingushetia" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Ферменташ" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingushetia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzimo" title="Enzimo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Enzimo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ens%C3%ADm" title="Ensím – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ensím" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzima" title="Enzima – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Enzima" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%85%B5%E7%B4%A0" title="酵素 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="酵素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88nzim" title="Ènzim – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ènzim" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ფერმენტები – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფერმენტები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ферменттер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ферменттер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9A%A8%EC%86%8C" title="효소 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="효소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzym" title="Enzym – Dialek Kolsch" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Enzym" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Dialek Kolsch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enz%C3%AEm" title="Enzîm – Kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Enzîm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Фермент – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Фермент" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymum" title="Enzymum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Enzymum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ферментар – Lezghia" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Ферментар" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzimolojia" title="Enzimolojia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Enzimolojia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzym" title="Enzym – Limburgia" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Enzym" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzima" title="Enzima – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Enzima" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%8A" title="ເອນໄຊ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເອນໄຊ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentas" title="Fermentas – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fermentas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enz%C4%ABmi" title="Enzīmi – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Enzīmi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzima" title="Enzima – Malagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Enzima" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Ензим – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ензим" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF" title="രാസാഗ്നി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രാസാഗ്നി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Энзим – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Энзим" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95" title="उत्प्रेरक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="उत्प्रेरक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Enzim" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%87%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="အင်န်ဇိုင်း – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အင်န်ဇိုင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzym" title="Enzym – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Enzym" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AE" title="इन्जाइम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="इन्जाइम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzym" title="Enzym – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Enzym" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzym" title="Enzym – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Enzym" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzym" title="Enzym – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Enzym" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensime" title="Ensime – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Ensime" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Enzim" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam%27a_(Inzaayimii)" title="Nam'a (Inzaayimii) – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Nam'a (Inzaayimii)" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%AE" title="ਐੱਨਜ਼ਾਈਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐੱਨਜ਼ਾਈਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Enzyme" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymy" title="Enzymy – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Enzymy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85" title="انزائم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انزائم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85" title="انزايم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="انزايم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzima" title="Enzima – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Enzima" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huptana" title="Huptana – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Huptana" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzim%C4%83" title="Enzimă – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Enzimă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Ферменты – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ферменты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BC" title="Ензім – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ензім" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Энзим – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Энзим" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entsyma" title="Entsyma – Sami Utara" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Entsyma" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Sami Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Enzim" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B8" title="එන්සයිම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="එන්සයිම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Enzyme" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enz%C3%BDm" title="Enzým – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Enzým" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encim" title="Encim – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Encim" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiim" title="Ensiim – Somalia" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ensiim" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzima" title="Enzima – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Enzima" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Ензим – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ензим" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Enzyme" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nzim" title="Énzim – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Énzim" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzym" title="Enzym – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Enzym" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimeng%27enya" title="Kimeng'enya – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kimeng'enya" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="நொதியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நொதியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="ఎంజైము – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఎంజైము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%8C" title="เอนไซม์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอนไซม์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensima" title="Ensima – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ensima" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Enzim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Фермент – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Фермент" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ферментилер – Tuvinia" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Ферментилер" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Ферменти – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ферменти" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%81" title="خامرہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خامرہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentlar" title="Fermentlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fermentlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Enzyme" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inzime" title="Inzime – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Inzime" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensaym" title="Ensaym – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ensaym" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%85%B6" title="酶 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="酶" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Фермент – Kalmuk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Фермент" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmuk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9D" title="ענזים – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ענזים" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%85%B6" title="酶 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="酶" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A0%E2%81%BF-s%C3%B2%CD%98" title="Kàⁿ-sò͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kàⁿ-sò͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%85%B5%E7%B4%A0" title="酵素 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="酵素" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/INzwayiza" title="INzwayiza – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="INzwayiza" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8047#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Purine_Nucleoside_Phosphorylase.jpg/230px-Purine_Nucleoside_Phosphorylase.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Purine_Nucleoside_Phosphorylase.jpg/345px-Purine_Nucleoside_Phosphorylase.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Purine_Nucleoside_Phosphorylase.jpg/460px-Purine_Nucleoside_Phosphorylase.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Model komputer enzim <a href="/w/index.php?title=Purin_nukleosida_fosforilase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Purin nukleosida fosforilase (halaman belum tersedia)">purin nukleosida fosforilase</a> (PNPase)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:CatalysisScheme-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/CatalysisScheme-en.svg/292px-CatalysisScheme-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="292" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/CatalysisScheme-en.svg/438px-CatalysisScheme-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/CatalysisScheme-en.svg/584px-CatalysisScheme-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="418" /></a><figcaption>Diagram energi potensial reaksi kimia organik yang menunjukkan efek katalis pada suatu reaksi eksotermik hipotetis X + Y = Z.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Enzim</b> adalah <a href="/wiki/Biomolekul" title="Biomolekul">biomolekul</a> berupa <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> yang berfungsi sebagai <a href="/wiki/Katalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Katalis">katalis</a> (senyawa yang mempercepat proses reaksi tanpa habis bereaksi) dalam suatu <a href="/wiki/Reaksi_kimia" title="Reaksi kimia">reaksi kimia</a> <a href="/wiki/Senyawa_organik" title="Senyawa organik">organik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fungsi enzim sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biokatalisator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biokatalisator (halaman belum tersedia)">biokatalisator</a> suatu reaksi kimia. Energi yang diperlukan oleh enzim di dalam <a href="/wiki/Reaksi_kimia" title="Reaksi kimia">reaksi kimia</a> sangat kecil sehingga berfungsi menurunkan energi aktivasi.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul">Molekul</a> awal yang disebut <a href="/wiki/Substrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrat">substrat</a> akan dipercepat perubahannya menjadi molekul lain yang disebut produk. Semua proses biologis <a href="/wiki/Sel_(biologi)" title="Sel (biologi)">sel</a> memerlukan enzim agar dapat berlangsung dengan cukup cepat dalam suatu arah <a href="/wiki/Lintasan_metabolisme" title="Lintasan metabolisme">lintasan metabolisme</a>. </p><p>Enzim bekerja dengan cara bereaksi dengan <a href="/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul">molekul</a> substrat untuk menghasilkan senyawa <a href="/wiki/Intermediat" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediat">intermediat</a> melalui suatu reaksi kimia organik yang membutuhkan <a href="/wiki/Energi_aktivasi" title="Energi aktivasi">energi aktivasi</a> lebih rendah, sehingga percepatan reaksi kimia terjadi karena reaksi kimia dengan energi aktivasi lebih tinggi membutuhkan waktu lebih lama. Sebagai contoh: </p> <dl><dd>X + <i><b>C</b></i> → X<i><b>C</b></i> (1)</dd> <dd>Y + X<i><b>C</b></i> → XY<i><b>C</b></i> (2)</dd> <dd>XY<i><b>C</b></i> → <i><b>C</b></i>Z (3)</dd> <dd><i><b>C</b></i>Z → <i><b>C</b></i> + Z (4)</dd></dl> <p>Meskipun senyawa katalis dapat berubah pada reaksi awal, pada reaksi akhir molekul katalis akan kembali ke bentuk semula. </p><p>Sebagian besar enzim bekerja secara khas, yang artinya setiap jenis enzim hanya dapat bekerja pada satu macam <a href="/wiki/Senyawa_kimia" title="Senyawa kimia">senyawa</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Reaksi_kimia" title="Reaksi kimia">reaksi kimia</a>. Hal ini disebabkan perbedaan <a href="/wiki/Struktur_kimia" title="Struktur kimia">struktur kimia</a> tiap enzim yang bersifat tetap. Sebagai contoh, enzim <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%91-amilase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Α-amilase (halaman belum tersedia)">α-amilase</a> hanya dapat digunakan pada proses perombakan <a href="/wiki/Amilum" title="Amilum">pati</a> menjadi <a href="/wiki/Glukosa" title="Glukosa">glukosa</a>. </p><p>Kerja enzim dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor, terutama <a href="/wiki/Substrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrat">substrat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suhu" title="Suhu">suhu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keasaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Keasaman">keasaman</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kofaktor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kofaktor (halaman belum tersedia)">kofaktor</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Inhibitor" title="Inhibitor">inhibitor</a>. Tiap enzim memerlukan suhu dan <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> (tingkat keasaman) optimum yang berbeda-beda karena enzim adalah <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>, yang dapat mengalami perubahan bentuk jika suhu dan keasaman berubah. Di luar suhu atau <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> yang sesuai, enzim tidak dapat bekerja secara <a href="/wiki/Optimal" class="mw-redirect" title="Optimal">optimal</a> atau strukturnya akan mengalami kerusakan. Hal ini akan menyebabkan enzim kehilangan fungsinya sama sekali. Kerja enzim juga dipengaruhi oleh molekul lain. <a href="/wiki/Inhibitor_enzim" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibitor enzim">Inhibitor</a> adalah <a href="/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul">molekul</a> yang menurunkan aktivitas enzim, sedangkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aktivator_enzim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aktivator enzim (halaman belum tersedia)">aktivator</a> adalah yang meningkatkan aktivitas enzim. Banyak <a href="/wiki/Obat" title="Obat">obat</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Racun" title="Racun">racun</a> adalah inihibitor enzim. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologi_dan_sejarah">Etimologi dan sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enzim&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Etimologi dan sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enzim&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Etimologi dan sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Eduardbuchner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Eduardbuchner.jpg/180px-Eduardbuchner.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Eduardbuchner.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="356" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Buchner" title="Eduard Buchner">Eduard Buchner</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Setidaknya pada akhir abad ke-17 dan awal abad ke-18, beberapa proses yang melibatkan enzim telah diketahui, yaitu proses pencernaan <a href="/wiki/Daging" title="Daging">daging</a> oleh sekresi lambung<sup id="cite_ref-Reaumur1752_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reaumur1752-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan pemecahan <a href="/wiki/Amilum" title="Amilum">pati</a> menjadi <a href="/wiki/Gula" title="Gula">gula</a> oleh ekstrak tumbuhan serta <a href="/wiki/Ludah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludah">air liur</a> telah diketahui. Namun, mekanisme terjadinya proses-proses ini belum dikenali.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kimiawan Prancis, Anselme Payen, adalah ilmuwan pertama yang menemukan sebuah enzim, yaitu <a href="/wiki/Diastase" title="Diastase">diastase</a>, pada 1833. Berselang beberapa dasawarsa kemudian, Louis Pasteur yang sedang meneliti fermentasi gula menjadi <a href="/wiki/Etanol" title="Etanol">alkohol</a> dengan menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Ragi" title="Ragi">ragi</a>, menulis bahwa reaksi fermentasi ini disebabkan oleh "gaya dorong vital" yang terdapat dalam sel ragi, disebut sebagai "<a href="/wiki/Vitalisme" title="Vitalisme">ferment</a>", yang menurutnya hanya berfungsi dalam tubuh organisme hidup. Ia menulis bahwa "fermentasi alkohol adalah aksi yang berhubungan dengan kehidupan dan keteraturan sel-sel ragi, dan bukannya kematian ataupun membusuknya sel-sel tersebut."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada tahun 1878, ahli <a href="/wiki/Fisiologi" title="Fisiologi">fisiologi</a> Jerman <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_K%C3%BChne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Kühne (halaman belum tersedia)">Wilhelm Kühne</a> (1837–1900) pertama kali menggunakan istilah "<i>enzyme</i>", yang berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani" title="Bahasa Yunani">bahasa Yunani</a> <i>ενζυμον</i> yang berarti "dalam bahan pengembang" atau "dalam ragi", untuk menjelaskan proses ini. Kata "enzim" (<i>enzyme)</i> kelak digunakan untuk merujuk pada zat mati seperti <a href="/wiki/Pepsin" title="Pepsin">pepsin</a>, dan kata <i>ferment</i> digunakan untuk merujuk pada aktivitas kimiawi yang dihasilkan oleh organisme hidup. </p><p>Pada tahun 1897, <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Buchner" title="Eduard Buchner">Eduard Buchner</a> memulai rangkaian makalah ilmiahnya tentang ekstrak ragi. Dalam sejumlah eksperimen di <a href="/wiki/Universitas_Humboldt_Berlin" title="Universitas Humboldt Berlin">Universitas Berlin</a>, ia menemukan bahwa fermentasi gula oleh ekstrak ragi tetap berjalan sekalipun tidak ada sel ragi yang masih hidup di campuran.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia menamai enzim yang memicu fermentasi sukrosa ini sebagai "<i>zymase</i>" (<a href="/wiki/Zimase" title="Zimase">zimase</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 1907, ia menerima <a href="/wiki/Penghargaan_Nobel" title="Penghargaan Nobel">penghargaan Nobel</a> dalam bidang <a href="/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia">kimia</a> untuk "penemuan fermentasi tanpa sel". Tata nama enzim hingga kini mengikuti contoh Buchner, yaitu dengan akhiran <i>-ase</i> dan sesuai dengan reaksi yang dikatalisasi oleh enzim tersebut. Umumnya, akhiran <i>-ase</i> ditambahkan pada nama <a href="/wiki/Substrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrat">substrat</a> (zat yang direaksikan) enzim tersebut (contohnya: <a href="/wiki/Laktase" class="mw-redirect" title="Laktase">laktase</a>, merupakan enzim yang mengurai <a href="/wiki/Laktosa" title="Laktosa">laktosa</a>) ataupun pada jenis reaksi yang dikatalisasi (contoh: <a href="/wiki/DNA_polimerase" title="DNA polimerase">DNA polimerase</a> mengatalisasi reaksi <a href="/wiki/Polimerisasi" title="Polimerisasi">polimerisasi</a> terhadap DNA). </p><p>Penemuan bahwa enzim dapat bekerja di luar sel hidup mendorong penelitian sifat-sifat biokimianya, tetapi identitas kimia enzim belum diketahui. Sejumlah ilmuwan menemukan bahwa aktivitas enzim terkait protein, tetapi beberapa ilmuwan (seperti peraih Nobel <a href="/wiki/Richard_Willst%C3%A4tter" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Willstätter">Richard Willstätter</a>) berpendapat bahwa protein sendiri tidak mampu melakukan katalisis dan hanya bertindak sebagai pembawa enzim. Namun, pada tahun 1926, <a href="/wiki/James_B._Sumner" class="mw-redirect" title="James B. Sumner">James B. Sumner</a> berhasil mengkristalisasi enzim <a href="/w/index.php?title=Urease&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urease (halaman belum tersedia)">urease</a> dan menunjukkan bahwa enzim ini merupakan protein murni. Ia kemudian melakukan hal serupa terhadap enzim katalase pada 1937. Biokimiawan AS <a href="/wiki/John_Howard_Northrop" title="John Howard Northrop">John Howard Northrop</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Meredith_Stanley" class="mw-redirect" title="Wendell Meredith Stanley">Wendell Meredith Stanley</a> secara pasti menunjukkan bahwa protein murni dapat menjadi enzim, melalui penelitiannya terhadap enzim-enzim pencernaan, yaitu pepsin (1930), tripsin, dan kimotripsin. Sumner, Northrop, dan Wendel meraih penghargaan Nobel Kimia pada tahun 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dengan berhasilnya kristalisasi enzim, struktur enzim kemudian dapat dijabarkan melalui metode <a href="/wiki/Kristalografi_sinar-X" title="Kristalografi sinar-X">kristalografi sinar-X</a>. Hal ini pertama kali diterapkan terhadap <a href="/wiki/Lisozim" title="Lisozim">lisozim</a>, sebuah enzim yang ditemukan pada air mata, air ludah, dan putih telur, yang dapat memecah lapisan pelindung beberapa bakteri. Struktur enzim ini diuraikan oleh sekelompok ilmuwan yang diketuai oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Chilton_Phillips&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Chilton Phillips (halaman belum tersedia)">David Chilton Phillips</a> dan hasilnya diterbitkan pada 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Struktur rinci lisozim ini menandai permulaan bidang <a href="/wiki/Biologi_struktur" title="Biologi struktur">biologi struktur</a> serta dimulainya usaha untuk memahami cara kerja enzim dalam tingkat atom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penggolongan_dan_penamaan">Penggolongan dan penamaan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enzim&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Penggolongan dan penamaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enzim&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penggolongan dan penamaan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nama enzim sering kali diturunkan dari nama substrat ataupun reaksi kimia yang dikatalisasinya, menjadi sebuah nama dengan akhiran <i><b>-ase</b></i>. Contohnya adalah <a href="/wiki/Laktase" class="mw-redirect" title="Laktase">laktase</a> (menguraikan laktosa), <a href="/wiki/Alkohol_dehidrogenase" title="Alkohol dehidrogenase">alkohol dehidrogenase</a> (mengatalisis dehidrogenisasi/penghilangan hidrogen dari alkohol), dan <a href="/wiki/DNA_polimerase" title="DNA polimerase">DNA polimerase</a> (polimerisasi DNA). Enzim-enzim dengan struktur berbeda tetapi mengatalisis reaksi kimia yang sama disebut <a href="/wiki/Isoenzim" title="Isoenzim">isoenzim</a>. </p><p>Selain itu, <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Union_of_Biochemistry_and_Molecular_Biology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (halaman belum tersedia)">International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology</a> (IUBMB, Persatuan Biokimia dan Biologi Molekul Internasional) telah mengembangkan suatu tatanama untuk enzim, yang disebut sebagai <a href="/wiki/Nomor_EC" title="Nomor EC">nomor EC</a> (EC berasal dari <i>Enzyme Commission</i>/"Komisi Enzim"). Dalam tatanama ini, nama enzim diawali dengan "EC" dan diikuti dengan empat nomor yang menunjukkan penggolongan reaksi yang dikatalisis oleh enzim tersebut. Angka pertama menunjukan pengelompokan tingkat teratas (berdasarakan kesamaan yang paling umum), yang kemudian dibagi lagi menjadi kelompok-kelompok yang lebih kecil dan lebih spesifik, berdasarkan substrat, produk (hasil reaksi), atau mekanisme kimianya. Sebagai contoh, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heksokinase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heksokinase (halaman belum tersedia)">heksokinase</a> adalah EC 2.7.1.1, dengan EC 2 menunjukkan bahwa enzim tersebut termasuk kelompok transferase, EC 2.7 menunjukkan bahwa reaksi yang dikatalisisnya menambahkan sebuah gugus fosfat, EC 2.7.1 menunjukkan bahwa molekul penerima fosfat (yaitu <a href="/wiki/Heksosa" title="Heksosa">heksosa</a>) memiliki gugus alkohol, dan barulah EC 2.7.1.1 menunjukkan enzim heksokinase secara lengkap. Angka pertama berkisar antara EC 1 hingga EC 6, yaitu: </p> <ul><li>EC 1, <a href="/wiki/Oksidoreduktase" title="Oksidoreduktase">Oksidoreduktase</a>: kelompok enzim yang mengatalisis reaksi <a href="/wiki/Oksidasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Oksidasi">oksidasi</a>/reduksi.</li> <li>EC 2, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transferase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transferase (halaman belum tersedia)">Transferase</a>: memindahkan atau mentransfer <a href="/wiki/Gugus_fungsi" title="Gugus fungsi">gugus fungsi</a></li> <li>EC 3, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrolase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrolase (halaman belum tersedia)">Hidrolase</a>: mengatalisis <a href="/wiki/Hidrolisis" title="Hidrolisis">hidrolisis</a> (pemutusan menggunakan molekul air) terhadap berbagai ikatan kimia</li> <li>EC 4, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liase (halaman belum tersedia)">Liase</a>: pemutusan berbagai ikatan kimia selain melalui hidrolisis dan oksidasi</li> <li>EC 5, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isomerase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isomerase (halaman belum tersedia)">Isomerase</a>: mengatalisis <a href="/wiki/Isomer" title="Isomer">isomerisasi</a> sebuah molekul tunggal</li> <li>EC 6, <a href="/wiki/Ligase" title="Ligase">Ligase</a>: menggabungkan dua molekul dengan <a href="/wiki/Ikatan_kovalen" title="Ikatan kovalen">ikatan kovalen</a></li></ul> <p>Penamaan dengan sistem EC tidak menunjukkan kemiripan urutan asam amino dalam protein enzim. Misalnya, dua ligase dengan nomor EC yang sama, menunjukkan bahwa kedua ligase tersebut mengatalisis reaksi yang sama, tetapi dapat saja memiliki rantai asam amino yang sama sekali berbeda. Sejumlah basis data protein, seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pfam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pfam (halaman belum tersedia)">Pfam</a>, memiliki pengelompokan lain yang didasarkan kepada kemiripan urutan asam amino sehingga menghasilkan kelompok-kelompok protein yang berbeda dengan pengelompokan berdasarkan reaksi kimia yang dikatalisis enzim. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Struktur">Struktur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enzim&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Struktur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enzim&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Struktur"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/wiki/Struktur_protein" title="Struktur protein">Struktur protein</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Carbonic_anhydrase.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Carbonic_anhydrase.png/300px-Carbonic_anhydrase.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Carbonic_anhydrase.png/450px-Carbonic_anhydrase.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Carbonic_anhydrase.png/600px-Carbonic_anhydrase.png 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="558" /></a><figcaption>Diagram pita yang menunjukkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbonat_anhidrase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karbonat anhidrase (halaman belum tersedia)">karbonat anhidrase II</a>. Bola abu-abu adalah kofaktor <a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng">seng</a> yang berada pada tapak aktif.</figcaption></figure> <p>Enzim umumnya merupakan <a href="/wiki/Protein_globular" title="Protein globular">protein globular</a>, yang berdiri sendiri maupun menjadi bagian dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kompleks_protein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kompleks protein (halaman belum tersedia)">kompleks protein</a>. Aktivitas katalisis sebuah enzim ditentukan oleh strukturnya, dan struktur ini tergantung dari urutan asam-asam aminonya.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walaupun begitu, memprediksi secara efisien aktivitas enzim berdasarkan strukturnya saja masih merupakan persoalan yang belum terpecahkan, dan melibatkan ilmu enzimologi, biologi struktur, dan kimia komputasi.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ukuran enzim berkisar dari hanya 62 asam amino (<a href="/wiki/Monomer" title="Monomer">monomer</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=4-Oksalokrotonat_tautomerase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4-Oksalokrotonat tautomerase (halaman belum tersedia)">4-oksalokrotonat tautomerase</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sampai dengan lebih dari 2.500 (<a href="/wiki/Asam_lemak_sintase" title="Asam lemak sintase">asam lemak sintase</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enzim umumnya berukuran jauh lebih besar dari substratnya, dan hanya sebagian kecil (sekitar 3–4 <a href="/wiki/Asam_amino" title="Asam amino">asam amino</a>) dari keseluruhan struktur enzim yang secara langsung terlibat dalam katalisis, bagian ini disebut situs katalitik.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di dekat situs katalitik terdapat satu atau lebih <a href="/w/index.php?title=Situs_ikatan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Situs ikatan (halaman belum tersedia)">situs ikatan</a> yang asam-asam aminonya berfungsi mengarahkan orientasi molekul substrat. Gabungan situs katalitik dan situs ikatan disebut situs aktif. Bagian enzim yang selebihnya berfungsi menjaga orientasi persis serta dinamika situs aktif.<sup id="cite_ref-Suzuki_2015_7_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suzuki_2015_7-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Di sebagian enzim, tidak ada asam amino yang langsung terlibat dalam katalisis, tetapi enzim tersebut memiliki situs untuk mengikat dan mengarahkan <a href="/wiki/Kofaktor_(biokimia)" title="Kofaktor (biokimia)">kofaktor</a>, yang kemudian terlibat dalam katalisis.<sup id="cite_ref-Suzuki_2015_7_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suzuki_2015_7-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebagian enzim juga memiliki situs alosterik, yang dapat mengikat sebuah molekul kecil yang menyebabkan perubahan konformasi yang dapat menaikkan atau menurunkan aktivitas.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Terdapat pula sejumlah kecil katalis RNA, dengan yang paling umum merupakan <a href="/wiki/Ribosom" title="Ribosom">ribosom</a>; Jenis enzim ini dirujuk sebagai RNA-enzim ataupun <a href="/wiki/Ribozim" title="Ribozim">ribozim</a>.<span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:2.2</sup></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mekanisme">Mekanisme</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enzim&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Mekanisme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enzim&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Mekanisme"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/wiki/Katalisis_enzim" title="Katalisis enzim">Katalisis enzim</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kespesifikan">Kespesifikan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enzim&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Kespesifikan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enzim&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kespesifikan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Enzim biasanya sangat spesifik terhadap reaksi yang ia kataliskan maupun terhadap <a href="/wiki/Substrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrat">substrat</a> yang terlibat dalam reaksi. Bentuk, muatan dan katakteristik <a href="/wiki/Hidrofilik" title="Hidrofilik">hidrofilik</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hidrofobik" title="Hidrofobik">hidrofobik</a> enzim dan substrat bertanggung jawab terhadap kespesifikan ini. Enzim juga dapat menunjukkan tingkat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereospesifisitas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stereospesifisitas (halaman belum tersedia)">stereospesifisitas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regioselektivitas" title="Regioselektivitas">regioselektivitas</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemoselektivitas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemoselektivitas (halaman belum tersedia)">kemoselektivitas</a> yang sangat tinggi.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beberapa enzim yang menunjukkan akurasi dan kespesifikan tertinggi terlibat dalam pengkopian dan <a href="/wiki/Ekspresi_gen" title="Ekspresi gen">pengekspresian</a> <a href="/wiki/Genom" title="Genom">genom</a>. Enzim-enzim ini memiliki mekanisme "sistem pengecekan ulang". Enzim seperti <a href="/wiki/DNA_polimerase" title="DNA polimerase">DNA polimerase</a> mengatalisasi reaksi pada langkah pertama dan mengecek apakah produk reaksinya benar pada langkah kedua.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proses dwi-langkah ini menurunkan laju kesalahan dengan 1 kesalahan untuk setiap 100 juta reaksi pada polimerase <a href="/wiki/Mamalia" title="Mamalia">mamalia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mekanisme yang sama juga dapat ditemukan pada <a href="/wiki/RNA_polimerase" title="RNA polimerase">RNA polimerase</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aminoasil_tRNA_sintetase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aminoasil tRNA sintetase (halaman belum tersedia)">aminoasil tRNA sintetase</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan <a href="/wiki/Ribosom" title="Ribosom">ribosom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beberapa enzim yang menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Metabolit_sekunder" title="Metabolit sekunder">metabolit sekunder</a> dikatakan sebagai "tidak pilih-pilih", yakni bahwa ia dapat bekerja pada berbagai jenis substrat yang berbeda-beda. Diajukan bahwa kespesifikan substrat yang sangat luas ini sangat penting terhadap evolusi lintasan biosintetik yang baru.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Model_"kunci_dan_gembok""><span id="Model_.22kunci_dan_gembok.22"></span>Model "kunci dan gembok"</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enzim&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Model "kunci dan gembok"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enzim&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Model "kunci dan gembok""><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Enzim sangatlah spesifik. Pada tahun 1894, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Emil_Fischer" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermann Emil Fischer">Emil Fischer</a> mengajukan bahwa hal ini dikarenakan baik enzim dan substrat memiliki bentuk geometri yang saling memenuhi.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hal ini sering dirujuk sebagai model "Kunci dan Gembok". Manakala model ini menjelaskan kespesifikan enzim, ia gagal dalam menjelaskan stabilisasi keadaan transisi yang dicapai oleh enzim. Model ini telah dibuktikan tidak akurat, dan model ketepatan induksilah yang sekarang paling banyak diterima. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Model_ketepatan_induksi">Model ketepatan induksi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enzim&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Model ketepatan induksi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enzim&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Model ketepatan induksi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Induced_fit_diagram_id.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Induced_fit_diagram_id.svg/450px-Induced_fit_diagram_id.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Induced_fit_diagram_id.svg/675px-Induced_fit_diagram_id.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Induced_fit_diagram_id.svg/900px-Induced_fit_diagram_id.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="253" /></a><figcaption>Diagram yang menggambarkan hipotesis ketepatan induksi.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pada tahun 1958, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_E._Koshland,_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel E. Koshland, Jr. (halaman belum tersedia)">Daniel Koshland</a> mengajukan modifikasi model kunci dan gembok: oleh karena enzim memiliki struktur yang fleksibel, tapak aktif secara terus menerus berubah bentuknya sesuai dengan interaksi antara enzim dan substrat.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Akibatnya, substrat tidak berikatan dengan tapak aktif yang kaku. Orientasi <a href="/wiki/Rantai_samping" title="Rantai samping">rantai samping</a> asam amino berubah sesuai dengan substrat dan mengizinkan enzim untuk menjalankan fungsi katalitiknya. Pada beberapa kasus, misalnya glikosidase, molekul substrat juga berubah sedikit ketika ia memasuki tapak aktif.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tapak aktif akan terus berubah bentuknya sampai substrat terikat secara sepenuhnya, yang mana bentuk akhir dan muatan enzim ditentukan.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mekanisme_2">Mekanisme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enzim&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Mekanisme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enzim&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Mekanisme"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Enzim dapat bekerja dengan beberapa cara, yang kesemuaannya menurunkan ΔG<sup>‡</sup>:<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Menurunkan <a href="/wiki/Energi_aktivasi" title="Energi aktivasi">energi aktivasi</a> dengan menciptakan suatu lingkungan yang mana keadaan transisi terstabilisasi (contohnya mengubah bentuk substrat menjadi konformasi keadaan transisi ketika ia terikat dengan enzim.)</li> <li>Menurunkan energi keadaan transisi tanpa mengubah bentuk substrat dengan menciptakan lingkungan yang memiliki distribusi muatan yang berlawanan dengan keadaan transisi.</li> <li>Menyediakan lintasan reaksi alternatif. Contohnya bereaksi dengan substrat sementara waktu untuk membentuk kompleks Enzim-Substrat antara.</li> <li>Menurunkan perubahan entropi reaksi dengan menggiring substrat bersama pada orientasi yang tepat untuk bereaksi. Menariknya, efek entropi ini melibatkan destabilisasi keadaan dasar,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan kontribusinya terhadap katalis relatif kecil.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stabilisasi_keadaan_transisi">Stabilisasi keadaan transisi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enzim&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Stabilisasi keadaan transisi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enzim&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Stabilisasi keadaan transisi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pemahaman asal usul penurunan ΔG<sup>‡</sup> memerlukan pengetahuan bagaimana enzim dapat menghasilkan keadaan transisi reaksi yang lebih stabil dibandingkan dengan stabilitas keadaan transisi reaksi tanpa katalis. Cara yang paling efektif untuk mencapai stabilisasi yang besar adalah menggunakan efek elektrostatik, terutama pada lingkungan yang relatif polar yang diorientasikan ke distribusi muatan keadaan transisi.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lingkungan seperti ini tidak ada dapat ditemukan pada reaksi tanpa katalis di air. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dinamika_dan_fungsi">Dinamika dan fungsi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enzim&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Dinamika dan fungsi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enzim&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Dinamika dan fungsi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dinamika internal enzim berhubungan dengan mekanisme katalis enzim tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dinamika internal enzim adalah pergerakan bahagian struktur enzim, misalnya residu asam amino tunggal, sekelompok asam amino, ataupun bahwa keseluruhan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Domain_protein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Domain protein (halaman belum tersedia)">domain protein</a>. Pergerakan ini terjadi pada skala waktu yang bervariasi, berkisar dari beberapa femtodetik sampai dengan beberapa detik. Jaringan residu protein di seluruh struktur enzim dapat berkontribusi terhadap katalisis melalui gerak dinamik.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gerakan protein sangat vital, tetapi apakah vibrasi yang cepat atau lambat maupun pergerakan konformasi yang besar atau kecil yang lebih penting bergantung pada tipe reaksi yang terlibat. Namun, walaupun gerak ini sangat penting dalam hal pengikatan dan pelepasan substrat dan produk, adalah tidak jelas jika gerak ini membantu mempercepat langkah-langkah reaksi reaksi enzimatik ini.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penyingkapan ini juga memiliki implikasi yang luas dalam pemahaman efek alosterik dan pengembangan obat baru. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modulasi_alosterik">Modulasi alosterik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enzim&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Modulasi alosterik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enzim&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Modulasi alosterik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Enzim <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alosterik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alosterik (halaman belum tersedia)">alosterik</a> mengubah strukturnya sesuai dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Efektor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Efektor (halaman belum tersedia)">efektornya</a>. Modulasi ini dapat terjadi secara langsung, di mana efektor mengikat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tapak_ikat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tapak ikat (halaman belum tersedia)">tapak ikat</a> enzim secara lngsung, ataupun secara tidak langsung, di mana efektor mengikat protein atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Subunit_protein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subunit protein (halaman belum tersedia)">subunit protein</a> lain yang berinteraksi dengan enzim alosterik, sehingga memengaruhi aktivitas katalitiknya. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kofaktor_dan_koenzim">Kofaktor dan koenzim</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enzim&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Kofaktor dan koenzim" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enzim&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kofaktor dan koenzim"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kofaktor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kofaktor (halaman belum tersedia)">Kofaktor</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Koenzim" class="mw-redirect" title="Koenzim">Koenzim</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kofaktor">Kofaktor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enzim&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bagian: Kofaktor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enzim&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kofaktor"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beberapa enzim tidak memerlukan komponen tambahan untuk mencapai aktivitas penuhnya. Namun beberapa memerlukan pula molekul non-protein yang disebut kofaktor untuk berikatan dengan enzim dan menjadi aktif.<sup id="cite_ref-IUPAC_cofactor_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUPAC_cofactor-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kofaktor dapat berupa zat <a href="/wiki/Anorganik" class="mw-redirect" title="Anorganik">anorganik</a> (contohnya ion logam) ataupun zat <a href="/wiki/Senyawa_organik" title="Senyawa organik">organik</a> (contohnya <a href="/wiki/Flavin" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavin">flavin</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Heme" title="Heme">heme</a>). Kofaktor dapat berupa <i>gugus prostetik</i> yang mengikat dengan kuat, ataupun <i><a href="/wiki/Koenzim" class="mw-redirect" title="Koenzim">koenzim</a></i>, yang akan melepaskan diri dari tapak aktif enzim semasa reaksi. </p><p>Enzim yang memerlukan kofaktor namun tidak terdapat kofaktor yang terikat dengannya disebut sebagai <i>apoenzim</i> ataupun <i>apoprotein</i>. Apoenzim beserta dengan kofaktornya disebut <i>holoenzim</i> (bentuk aktif). Kebanyakan kofaktor tidak terikat secara kovalen dengan enzim, tetapi terikat dengan kuat. Namun, gugus prostetik organik dapat pula terikat secara kovalen (contohnya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiamina_pirofosfat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiamina pirofosfat (halaman belum tersedia)">tiamina pirofosfat</a> pada enzim <a href="/wiki/Piruvat_dehidrogenase" title="Piruvat dehidrogenase">piruvat dehidrogenase</a>). Istilah <i>holoenzim</i> juga dapat digunakan untuk merujuk pada enzim yang mengandung subunit protein berganda, seperti <a href="/wiki/DNA_polimerase" title="DNA polimerase">DNA polimerase</a>. Pada kasus ini, holoenzim adalah kompleks lengkap yang mengandung seluruh subunit yang diperlukan agar menjadi aktif. </p><p>Contoh enzim yang mengandung kofaktor adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbonat_anhidrase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karbonat anhidrase (halaman belum tersedia)">karbonat anhidrase</a>, dengan kofaktor <a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng">seng</a> terikat sebagai bagian dari tapak aktifnya.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Koenzim">Koenzim</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enzim&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bagian: Koenzim" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enzim&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Koenzim"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:NADH-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/NADH-3D-vdW.png/150px-NADH-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/NADH-3D-vdW.png/225px-NADH-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/NADH-3D-vdW.png/300px-NADH-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="986" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>Model pengisian ruang koenzim NADH</figcaption></figure> <p>Koenzim adalah kofaktor berupa molekul organik kecil yang mentranspor gugus kimia atau elektron dari satu enzim ke enzim lainnya.<sup id="cite_ref-IUPAC_cofactor_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUPAC_cofactor-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IUPAC_coenzyme_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUPAC_coenzyme-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contoh koenzim mencakup <a href="/wiki/Nikotinamida_adenina_dinukleotida" title="Nikotinamida adenina dinukleotida">NADH</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikotinamida_adenina_dinucleotida_fosfat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikotinamida adenina dinucleotida fosfat (halaman belum tersedia)">NADPH</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Adenosina_trifosfat" title="Adenosina trifosfat">adenosina trifosfat</a>. Gugus kimiawi yang dibawa mencakup ion <a href="/wiki/Hidrida" title="Hidrida">hidrida</a> (H<sup>–</sup>) yang dibawa oleh <a href="/wiki/Nikotinamida_adenina_dinukleotida" title="Nikotinamida adenina dinukleotida">NAD atau NADP<sup>+</sup></a>, gugus asetil yang dibawa oleh <a href="/wiki/Koenzim_A" title="Koenzim A">koenzim A</a>, formil, metenil, ataupun gugus metil yang dibawa oleh <a href="/wiki/Asam_folat" title="Asam folat">asam folat</a>, dan gugus metil yang dibawa oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=S-adenosilmetionina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-adenosilmetionina (halaman belum tersedia)">S-adenosilmetionina</a>. Beberapa koenzim seperti <a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">riboflavin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiamina" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiamina">tiamina</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Asam_folat" title="Asam folat">asam folat</a> adalah <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">vitamin</a>. </p><p>Oleh karena koenzim secara kimiawi berubah oleh aksi enzim, adalah dapat dikatakan koenzim merupakan substrat yang khusus, ataupun substrat sekunder. Sebagai contoh, sekitar 700 enzim diketahui menggunakan koenzim NADH.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regenerasi serta pemeliharaan konsentrasi koenzim terjadi dalam sel. Contohnya, NADPH diregenerasi melalui lintasan pentosa fosfat, dan <i>S</i>-adenosilmetionina melalui metionina adenosiltransferase. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Termodinamika">Termodinamika</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enzim&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Sunting bagian: Termodinamika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enzim&action=edit&section=15" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Termodinamika"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Carbonic_anhydrase_reaction_in_tissue.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Carbonic_anhydrase_reaction_in_tissue.svg/300px-Carbonic_anhydrase_reaction_in_tissue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Carbonic_anhydrase_reaction_in_tissue.svg/450px-Carbonic_anhydrase_reaction_in_tissue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Carbonic_anhydrase_reaction_in_tissue.svg/600px-Carbonic_anhydrase_reaction_in_tissue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>Tahapan-tahapan energi pada <a href="/wiki/Reaksi_kimia" title="Reaksi kimia">reaksi kimia</a>. Substrat memerlukan energi yang banyak untuk mencapai <a href="/wiki/Keadaan_transisi" title="Keadaan transisi">keadaan transisi</a>, yang akan kemudian berubah menjadi produk. Enzim menstabilisasi keadaan transisi, menurunkan energi yang diperlukan untuk menjadi produk.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Energi_aktivasi" title="Energi aktivasi">Energi aktivasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kesetimbangan_termodinamik" title="Kesetimbangan termodinamik">Kesetimbangan termodinamik</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Kesetimbangan_kimia" title="Kesetimbangan kimia">Kesetimbangan kimia</a></div> <p>Sebagai katalis, enzim tidak mengubah posisi kesetimbangan reaksi kimia. Biasanya reaksi akan berjalan ke arah yang sama dengan reaksi tanpa katalis. Perbedaannya adalah, reaksi enzimatik berjalan lebih cepat. Namun, tanpa keberadaan enzim, reaksi samping yang memungkinkan dapat terjadi dan menghasilkan produk yang berbeda. </p><p>Lebih lanjut, enzim dapat menggabungkan dua atau lebih reaksi, sehingga reaksi yang difavoritkan secara termodinamik dapat digunakan untuk mendorong reaksi yang tidak difavoritkan secara termodinamik. Sebagai contoh, hidrolsis <a href="/wiki/Adenosina_trifosfat" title="Adenosina trifosfat">ATP</a> sering kali menggunakan reaksi kimia lainnya untuk mendorong reaksi. </p><p>Enzim mengatalisasi reaksi maju dan balik secara seimbang. Enzim tidak mengubah kesetimbangan reaksi itu sendiri, tetapi hanya mempercepat reaksi saja. Sebagai contoh, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbonat_anhidrase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karbonat anhidrase (halaman belum tersedia)">karbonat anhidrase</a> mengatalisasi reaksinya ke dua arah bergantung pada konsentrasi reaktan. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {CO_{2}+H_{2}O{\xrightarrow {Karbonat\ anhidrase}}H_{2}CO_{3}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mi mathvariant="normal">K</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">h</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {CO_{2}+H_{2}O{\xrightarrow {Karbonat\ anhidrase}}H_{2}CO_{3}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/97a1c729a00cc72a142c20d0363179ac64ccf1af" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-top: -0.309ex; width:34.951ex; height:4.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {CO_{2}+H_{2}O{\xrightarrow {Karbonat\ anhidrase}}H_{2}CO_{3}} }"></span> (dalam jaringan tubuh; konsentrasi CO<sub>2</sub> yang tinggi)</dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {H_{2}CO_{3}{\xrightarrow {Karbonat\ anhidrase}}CO_{2}+H_{2}O} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mi mathvariant="normal">K</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">h</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {H_{2}CO_{3}{\xrightarrow {Karbonat\ anhidrase}}CO_{2}+H_{2}O} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5d7ff6f9d36e79c80b98cc80661c87a7a075b6a3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-top: -0.309ex; width:34.951ex; height:4.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {H_{2}CO_{3}{\xrightarrow {Karbonat\ anhidrase}}CO_{2}+H_{2}O} }"></span> (pada <a href="/wiki/Paru-paru" title="Paru-paru">paru-paru</a>; konsentrasi CO<sub>2</sub> yang rendah)</dd></dl> <p>Walaupun demikian, jika kesetimbangan tersebut sangat memfavoritkan satu arah reaksi, yakni reaksi yang sangat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eksergonik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eksergonik (halaman belum tersedia)">eksergonik</a>, reaksi itu akan menjadi ireversible. Pada kondisi demikian, enzim akan hanya mengatalisasi reaksi yang diijinkan secara termodinamik. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kinetika">Kinetika</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enzim&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Sunting bagian: Kinetika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enzim&action=edit&section=16" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kinetika"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Kinetika_enzim" title="Kinetika enzim">Kinetika enzim</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Simple_mechanism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Simple_mechanism.svg/300px-Simple_mechanism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Simple_mechanism.svg/450px-Simple_mechanism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Simple_mechanism.svg/600px-Simple_mechanism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="188" /></a><figcaption>Mekanisme reaksi enzimatik untuk sebuah subtrat tunggal. Enzim (E) mengikat substrat (S) dan menghasilkan produk (P).</figcaption></figure> <p>Kinetika enzim menginvestigasi bagaimana enzim mengikat substrat dengan mengubahnya menjadi produk. Data laju yang digunakan dalam analisis kinetika didapatkan dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asai_enzim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asai enzim (halaman belum tersedia)">asai enzim</a>. </p><p>Pada tahun 1902, Victor Henri<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mengajukan suatu teori kinetika enzim yang kuantitatif, tetapi data eksperimennya tidak berguna karena perhatian pada konsentrasi ion hidrogen pada saat itu masih belum dititikberatkan. Setelah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Lauritz_S%C3%B8rensen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Lauritz Sørensen (halaman belum tersedia)">Peter Lauritz Sørensen</a> menentukan skala pH logaritmik dan memperkenalkan konsep penyanggaan (<i>buffering</i>) pada tahun 1909,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> kimiawan Jerman <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonor_Michaelis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonor Michaelis (halaman belum tersedia)">Leonor Michaelis</a> dan murid bimbingan pascadokotoralnya yang berasal dari Kanada, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maud_Leonora_Menten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maud Leonora Menten (halaman belum tersedia)">Maud Leonora Menten</a>, mengulangi eksperimen Henri dan mengkonfirmasi persamaan Henri. Persamaan ini kemudian dikenal dengan nama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kinetika_Henri-Michaelis-Menten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kinetika Henri-Michaelis-Menten (halaman belum tersedia)">Kinetika Henri-Michaelis-Menten</a> (kadang-kadang juga hanya disebut kinetika Michaelis-Menten).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hasil kerja mereka kemudian dikembangkan lebih jauh oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Edward_Briggs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Edward Briggs (halaman belum tersedia)">G. E. Briggs</a> dan <a href="/wiki/J._B._S._Haldane" class="mw-redirect" title="J. B. S. Haldane">J. B. S. Haldane</a>. Penurunan persamaan kinetika yang diturunkan mereka masih digunakan secara meluas sampai sekarang .<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Salah satu kontribusi utama Henri pada kinetika enzim adalah memandang reaksi enzim sebagai dua tahapan. Pada tahap pertama, subtrat terikat ke enzim secara reversible, membentuk kompleks enzim-substrat. Kompleks ini kadang-kadang disebut sebagai kompleks Michaelis. Enzim kemudian mengatalisasi reaksi kimia dan melepaskan produk. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Michaelis-Menten_saturation_curve_of_an_enzyme_reaction.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Michaelis-Menten_saturation_curve_of_an_enzyme_reaction.svg/300px-Michaelis-Menten_saturation_curve_of_an_enzyme_reaction.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Michaelis-Menten_saturation_curve_of_an_enzyme_reaction.svg/450px-Michaelis-Menten_saturation_curve_of_an_enzyme_reaction.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Michaelis-Menten_saturation_curve_of_an_enzyme_reaction.svg/600px-Michaelis-Menten_saturation_curve_of_an_enzyme_reaction.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="841" data-file-height="588" /></a><figcaption>Kurva kejenuhan suatu reaksi enzim yang menunjukkan relasi antara konsentrasi substrat (S) dengan kelajuan (<i>v</i>).<b></b></figcaption></figure> <p>Enzim dapat mengatalisasi reaksi dengan kelajuan mencapai jutaan reaksi per detik. Sebagai contoh, tanpa keberadaan enzim, reaksi yang dikatalisasi oleh enzim <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orotidina_5%27-fosfat_dekarboksilase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orotidina 5'-fosfat dekarboksilase (halaman belum tersedia)">orotidina 5'-fosfat dekarboksilase</a> akan memerlukan waktu 78 juta tahun untuk mengubah 50% substrat menjadi produk. Namun, apabila enzim tersebut ditambahkan, proses ini hanya memerlukan waktu 25 milidetik.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laju reaksi bergantung pada kondisi larutan dan konsentrasi substrat. Kondisi-kondisi yang menyebabkan denaturasi protein seperti temperatur tinggi, konsentrasi garam yang tinggi, dan nilai pH yang terlalu tinggi atau terlalu rendah akan menghilangkan aktivitas enzim. Sedangkan peningkatan konsentrasi substrat cenderung meningkatkan aktivitasnya. Untuk menentukan kelajuan maksimum suatu reaksi enzimatik, konsentrasi substrat ditingkatkan sampai laju pembentukan produk yang terpantau menjadi konstan. Hal ini ditunjukkan oleh kurva kejenuhan di samping. Kejenuhan terjadi karena seiring dengan meningkatnya konsentrasi substrat, semakin banyak enzim bebas yang diubah menjadi kompleks substrate-enzim ES. Pada kelajuan yang maksimum (<i>V</i><sub>max</sub>), semua tapak aktif enzim akan berikatan dengan substrat, dan jumlah kompleks ES adalah sama dengan jumlah total enzim yang ada. Namun, <i>V</i><sub>max</sub> hanyalah salah satu konstanta kinetika enzim. Jumlah substrat yang diperlukan untuk mencapai nilai kelajuan reaksi tertentu jugalah penting. Hal ini diekspresikan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konstanta_Michaelis-Menten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konstanta Michaelis-Menten (halaman belum tersedia)">konstanta Michaelis-Menten</a> (<i>K</i><sub>m</sub>), yang merupakan konsentrasi substrat yang diperlukan oleh suatu enzim untuk mencapai setengah kelajuan maksimumnya. Setiap enzim memiliki nilai <i>K</i><sub>m</sub> yang berbeda-beda untuk suatu subtrat, dan ini dapat menunjukkan seberapa kuatnya pengikatan substrat ke enzim. Konstanta lainnya yang juga berguna adalah <i>k</i><sub>cat</sub>, yang merupakan jumlah molekul substrat yang dapat ditangani oleh satu tapak aktif per detik. </p><p>Efisiensi suatu enzim diekspresikan oleh <i>k</i><sub>cat</sub>/<i>K</i><sub>m</sub>. Ia juga disebut sebagai konstanta kespesifikan dan memasukkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetapan_kelajuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetapan kelajuan (halaman belum tersedia)">tetapan kelajuan</a> semua langkah reaksi. Karena konstanta kespesifikan mencermikan kemampuan katalitik dan afinitas, ia dapat digunakan untuk membandingkan enzim yang satu dengan enzim yang lain, ataupun enzim yang sama dengan substrat yang berbeda. Konstanta kespesifikan maksimum teoretis disebut limit difusi dan nilainya sekitar 10<sup>8</sup> sampai 10<sup>9</sup> (M<sup>−1</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>). Pada titik ini, setiap penumbukkan enzim dengan substratnya akan menyebabkan katalisis, dan laju pembentukan produk tidak dibatasi oleh laju reaksi, melainkan oleh laju difusi. Enzim dengan sifat demikian disebut <i>secara katalitik sempurna</i> ataupun <i>secara kinetika sempurna</i>. Contoh enzim yang memiliki sifat seperti ini adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbonat_anhidrase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karbonat anhidrase (halaman belum tersedia)">karbonat anhidrase</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asetilkolinesterase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asetilkolinesterase (halaman belum tersedia)">asetilkolinesterase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katalase" class="mw-redirect" title="Katalase">katalase</a>, fumarase, β-laktamase, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Superoksida_dismutase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superoksida dismutase (halaman belum tersedia)">superoksida dismutase</a>. </p><p>Kinetika Michaelis-Menten bergantung pada <a href="/wiki/Hukum_aksi_massa" title="Hukum aksi massa">hukum aksi massa</a>, yang diturunkan berdasarkan asumsi <a href="/wiki/Difusi" title="Difusi">difusi</a> bebas dan pertumbukan acak yang didorong secara termodinamik. Namun, banyak proses-proses biokimia dan seluler yang menyimpang dari kondisi ideal ini, disebabkan oleh kesesakan makromolekuler (<i>macromolecular crowding</i>), perpisahan fase enzim/substrat/produk, dan pergerakan molekul secara satu atau dua dimensi.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada situasi seperti ini, <a href="/wiki/Kinetika_Michaelis-Menten" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinetika Michaelis-Menten">kinetika Michaelis-Menten</a> <a href="/wiki/Fraktal" title="Fraktal">fraktal</a> dapat diterapkan.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beberapa enzim beroperasi dengan kinetika yang lebih cepat daripada laju difusi. Hal ini tampaknya sangat tidak mungkin. Beberapa mekanisme telah diajukan untuk menjelaskan fenomena ini. Beberapa protein dipercayai mempercepat katalisis dengan menarik substratnya dan melakukan pra-orientasi substrat menggunakan medan listrik dipolar. Model lainnya menggunakan penjelasan penerowongan kuantum mekanika, walaupun penjelasan ini masih kontroversial.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penerowongan kuantum untuk proton telah terpantau pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Triptamina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triptamina (halaman belum tersedia)">triptamina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inhibisi">Inhibisi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enzim&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Sunting bagian: Inhibisi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enzim&action=edit&section=17" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Inhibisi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Inhibition.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Inhibition.png/400px-Inhibition.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="534" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Inhibition.png/600px-Inhibition.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Inhibition.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="854" /></a><figcaption>Jenis-jenis inihibisi. Klasifikasi ini diperkenalkan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=W.W._Cleland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W.W. Cleland (halaman belum tersedia)">W.W. Cleland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Competitive_inhibition_id.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Competitive_inhibition_id.svg/400px-Competitive_inhibition_id.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Competitive_inhibition_id.svg/600px-Competitive_inhibition_id.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Competitive_inhibition_id.svg/800px-Competitive_inhibition_id.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption>Inhibitor kompetitif mengikat enzim secara reversibel, menghalangi pengikatan substrat. Di lain pihak, pengikatn substrat juga menghalangi pengikatan inhibitor. Substrat dan inhibitor berkompetisi satu sama lainnya.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Inhibitor_enzim" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibitor enzim">Inhibitor enzim</a></div> <p>Laju reaksi enzim dapat diturunkan menggunakan berbagai jenis <a href="/wiki/Inhibitor_enzim" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibitor enzim">inhibitor enzim</a>. </p> <dl><dt>Inhibisi kompetitif</dt></dl> <p>Pada inihibisi kompetitif, inhibitor dan substrat berkompetisi untuk berikatan dengan enzim. Seringkali inhibitor kompetitif memiliki struktur yang sangat mirip dengan substrat asli enzim. Sebagai contoh, <a href="/wiki/Metotreksat" title="Metotreksat">metotreksat</a> adalah inihibitor kompetitif untuk enzim <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihidrofolat_reduktase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dihidrofolat reduktase (halaman belum tersedia)">dihidrofolat reduktase</a>. Kemiripan antara struktur asam folat dengan obat ini ditunjukkan oleh gambar di samping bawah. Perhatikan bahwa pengikatan inhibitor tidaklah perlu terjadi pada tapak pengikatan substrat apabila pengikatan inihibitor mengubah konformasi enzim, sehingga menghalangi pengikatan substrat. Pada inhibisi kompetitif, kelajuan maksimal reaksi tidak berubah, tetapi memerlukan konsentrasi substrat yang lebih tinggi untuk mencapai kelajuan maksimal tersebut, sehingga meningkatkan K<sub>m</sub>. </p> <dl><dt>Inhibisi tak kompetitif</dt></dl> <p>Pada inhibisi tak kompetitif, inhibitor tidak dapat berikatan dengan enzim bebas, tetapi hanya dapat dengan komples ES. Kompleks EIS yang terbentuk kemudian menjadi tidak aktif. Jenis inhibisi ini sangat jarang, tetapi dapat terjadi pada enzim-enzim multimerik. </p> <dl><dt>Inhibisi non-kompetitif</dt></dl> <p>Inhibitor non-kompetitif dapat mengikat enzim pada saat yang sama substrat berikatan dengan enzim. Baik kompleks EI dan EIS tidak aktif. Karena inhibitor tidak dapat dilawan dengan peningkatan konsentrasi substrat, V<sub>max</sub> reaksi berubah. Namun, karena substrat masih dapat mengikat enzim, K<sub>m</sub> tetaplah sama. </p> <dl><dt>Inhibisi campuran</dt></dl> <p>Inhibisis jenis ini mirip dengan inhibisi non-kompetitif, kecuali kompleks EIS memiliki aktivitas enzimatik residual. </p><p>Pada banyak organisme, inhibitor dapat merupakan bagian dari mekanisme <a href="/wiki/Umpan_balik" title="Umpan balik">umpan balik</a>. Jika enzim memproduksi terlalu banyak produk, produk tersebut dapat berperan sebagai inhibitor bagi enzim tersebut. Hal ini akan menyebabkan produksi produk melambat atau berhenti. Bentuk umpan balik ini adalah umpan balik negatif. Enzim memiliki bentuk regulasi seperti ini sering kali multimerik dan mempunyai tapak ikat alosterik. Kurva substrat/kelajuan enzim ini tidak berbentuk hiperbola melainkan berbentuk S. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Methotrexate_and_folic_acid_compared.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Methotrexate_and_folic_acid_compared.png/400px-Methotrexate_and_folic_acid_compared.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Methotrexate_and_folic_acid_compared.png/600px-Methotrexate_and_folic_acid_compared.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Methotrexate_and_folic_acid_compared.png/800px-Methotrexate_and_folic_acid_compared.png 2x" data-file-width="2025" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>Koenzim asam folat (kiri) dan obat anti kanker metotreksat (kanan) memiliki struktur yang sangat mirip. Oleh sebab itu, metotreksat adalah inhibitor kompetitif bagi enzim yang menggunukan folat.</figcaption></figure> <p>Inhibitor ireversibel bereaksi dengan enzim dan membentuk aduk dengan protein. Inaktivasi ini bersifat ireversible. Inhibitor seperti ini contohnya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Efloritina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Efloritina (halaman belum tersedia)">efloritina</a>, obat yang digunakan untuk mengobati penyakit yang disebabkan oleh protozoa <i>African trypanosomiasis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Poulin_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poulin-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Penisilin" title="Penisilin">Penisilin</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">Aspirin</a> juga bekerja dengan cara yang sama. Senyawa obat ini terikat pada tapak aktif, dan enzim kemudian mengubah inhibitor menjadi bentuk aktif yang bereaksi secara ireversibel dengan satu atau lebih residu asam amino. </p> <dl><dt>Kegunaan inhibitor</dt></dl> <p>Oleh karena inhibitor menghambat fungsi enzim, inhibitor sering digunakan sebagai obat. Contohnya adalah inhibitor yang digunakan sebagai obat <a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">aspirin</a>. Aspirin menginhibisi enzim <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siklooksigenase-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siklooksigenase-1 (halaman belum tersedia)">COX-1</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siklooksigenase-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siklooksigenase-2 (halaman belum tersedia)">COX-2</a> yang memproduksi pembawa pesan peradangan <a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin" title="Prostaglandin">prostaglandin</a>, sehingga ia dapat menekan peradangan dan rasa sakit. Namun, banyak pula inhibitor enzim lainnya yang beracun. Sebagai contohnya, <a href="/wiki/Sianida" title="Sianida">sianida</a> yang merupakan inhibitor enzim ireversibel, akan bergabung dengan tembaga dan besi pada tapak aktif enzim <a href="/wiki/Sitokrom_c_oksidase" title="Sitokrom c oksidase">sitokrom c oksidase</a> dan mengeblok <a href="/wiki/Pernapasan_sel" class="mw-redirect" title="Pernapasan sel">pernapasan sel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fungsi_biologis">Fungsi biologis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enzim&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Sunting bagian: Fungsi biologis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enzim&action=edit&section=18" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Fungsi biologis"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Enzim mempunyai berbagai fungsi bioligis dalam tubuh organisme hidup. Enzim berperan dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transduksi_signal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transduksi signal (halaman belum tersedia)">transduksi signal</a> dan regulasi sel, sering kali melalui enzim <a href="/wiki/Kinase" title="Kinase">kinase</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Fosfatase" title="Fosfatase">fosfatase</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enzim juga berperan dalam menghasilkan pergerakan tubuh, dengan <a href="/wiki/Miosin" title="Miosin">miosin</a> menghidrolisis ATP untuk menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Kontraksi_otot" title="Kontraksi otot">kontraksi otot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ATPase lainnya dalam membran sel umumnya adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pompa_ion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pompa ion (halaman belum tersedia)">pompa ion</a> yang terlibat dalam <a href="/wiki/Transpor_aktif" title="Transpor aktif">transpor aktif</a>. Enzim juga terlibat dalam fungs-fungsi yang khas, seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lusiferase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lusiferase (halaman belum tersedia)">lusiferase</a> yang menghasilkan cahaya pada <a href="/wiki/Kunang-kunang" title="Kunang-kunang">kunang-kunang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Virus</a> juga mengandung enzim yang dapat menyerang sel, misalnya <a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV_integrase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV integrase (halaman belum tersedia)">HIV integrase</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Transkriptase_balik" title="Transkriptase balik">transkriptase balik</a>. </p><p>Salah satu fungsi penting enzim adalah pada <a href="/wiki/Sistem_pencernaan" title="Sistem pencernaan">sistem pencernaan</a> hewan. Enzim seperti <a href="/wiki/Amilase" title="Amilase">amilase</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Protease" title="Protease">protease</a> memecah molekul yang besar (seperti <a href="/wiki/Amilum" title="Amilum">pati</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>) menjadi molekul yang kecil, sehingga dapat diserap oleh usus. Molekul pati, sebagai contohnya, terlalu besar untuk diserap oleh usus, tetapi enzim akan menghidrolisis rantai pati menjadi molekul kecil seperti <a href="/wiki/Maltosa" title="Maltosa">maltosa</a>, yang akan dihidrolisis lebih jauh menjadi <a href="/wiki/Glukosa" title="Glukosa">glukosa</a>, sehingga dapat diserap. Enzim-enzim yang berbeda, mencerna zat-zat makanan yang berbeda pula. Pada <a href="/wiki/Hewan_pemamah_biak" title="Hewan pemamah biak">hewan pemamah biak</a>, mikroorganisme dalam perut hewan tersebut menghasilkan enzim <a href="/wiki/Selulase" title="Selulase">selulase</a> yang dapat mengurai sel dinding selulosa tanaman.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beberapa enzim dapat bekerja bersama dalam urutan tertentu, dan menghasilan <a href="/wiki/Lintasan_metabolisme" title="Lintasan metabolisme">lintasan metabolisme</a>. Dalam lintasan metabolisme, satu enzim akan membawa produk enzim lainnya sebagai substrat. Setelah reaksi katalitik terjadi, produk kemudian dihantarkan ke enzim lainnya. Kadang-kadang lebih dari satu enzim dapat mengatalisasi reaksi yang sama secara bersamaan. </p><p>Enzim menentukan langkah-langkah apa saja yang terjadi dalam lintasan metabolisme ini. Tanpa enzim, metabolisme tidak akan berjalan melalui langkah yang teratur ataupun tidak akan berjalan dengan cukup cepat untuk memenuhi kebutuhan sel. Dan sebenarnya, lintasan metabolisme seperti <a href="/wiki/Glikolisis" title="Glikolisis">glikolisis</a> tidak akan dapat terjadi tanpa enzim. Glukosa, contohnya, dapat bereaksi secara langsung dengan ATP, dan menjadi ter<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosforliasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fosforliasi (halaman belum tersedia)">fosforliasi</a> pada karbon-karbonnya secara acak. Tanpa keberadaan enzim, proses ini berjalan dengan sangat lambat. Namun, jika <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heksokinase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heksokinase (halaman belum tersedia)">heksokinase</a> ditambahkan, reaksi ini tetap berjalan, tetapi fosforilasi pada karbon 6 akan terjadi dengan sangat cepat, sedemikiannya produk <a href="/wiki/Glukosa-6-fosfat" title="Glukosa-6-fosfat">glukosa-6-fosfat</a> ditemukan sebagai produk utama. Oleh karena itu, jaringan lintasan metabolisme dalam tiap-tiap sel bergantung pada kumpulan enzim fungsional yang terdapat dalam sel tersebut. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kontrol_aktivitas">Kontrol aktivitas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enzim&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Sunting bagian: Kontrol aktivitas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enzim&action=edit&section=19" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kontrol aktivitas"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Terdapat lima cara utama aktivitas enzim dikontrol dalam sel. </p> <ol><li><b>Produksi enzim</b> (<a href="/wiki/Transkripsi_(genetik)" title="Transkripsi (genetik)">transkripsi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Translasi_(biologi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Translasi (biologi)">translasi</a> gen enzim) dapat ditingkatkan atau diturunkan bergantung pada respons sel terhadap perubahan lingkungan. Bentuk regulasi gen ini disebut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Induksi_dan_inhibisi_enzim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Induksi dan inhibisi enzim (halaman belum tersedia)">induksi dan inhibisi enzim</a>. Sebagai contohnya, bakteri dapat menjadi <a href="/wiki/Resistensi_antibiotik" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistensi antibiotik">resisten terhadap antibiotik</a> seperti <a href="/wiki/Penisilin" title="Penisilin">penisilin</a> karena enzim yang disebut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta-laktamase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beta-laktamase (halaman belum tersedia)">beta-laktamase</a> menginduksi hidrolisis cincin beta-laktam penisilin. Contoh lainnya adalah enzim dalam <a href="/wiki/Hati" title="Hati">hati</a> yang disebut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sitokrom_P450_oksidase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sitokrom P450 oksidase (halaman belum tersedia)">sitokrom P450 oksidase</a> yang penting dalam <a href="/wiki/Metabolisme_obat" title="Metabolisme obat">metabolisme obat</a>. Induksi atau inhibisi enzim ini dapat mengakibatkan <a href="/wiki/Interaksi_obat" title="Interaksi obat">interaksi obat</a>.</li> <li>Enzim dapat di<b>kompartemenkan</b>, dengan lintasan metabolisme yang berbeda-beda yang terjadi dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kompartemen_sel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kompartemen sel (halaman belum tersedia)">kompartemen sel</a> yang berbeda. Sebagai contoh, <a href="/wiki/Asam_lemak" title="Asam lemak">asam lemak</a> disintesis oleh sekelompok enzim dalam <a href="/wiki/Sitosol" title="Sitosol">sitosol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retikulum_endoplasma" title="Retikulum endoplasma">retikulum endoplasma</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aparat_golgi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aparat golgi (halaman belum tersedia)">aparat golgi</a>, dan digunakan oleh sekelompok enzim lainnya sebagai sumber energi dalam <a href="/wiki/Mitokondria" title="Mitokondria">mitokondria</a> melalui <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%92-oksidasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Β-oksidasi (halaman belum tersedia)">β-oksidasi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Enzim dapat diregulasi oleh <b><a href="/wiki/Inhibitor_enzim" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibitor enzim">inhibitor</a> dan aktivator</b>. Contohnya, produk akhir lintasan metabolisme sering kali merupakan inhibitor enzim pertama yang terlibat dalam lintasan metabolisme, sehingga ia dapat meregulasi jumlah produk akhir lintasan metabolisme tersebut. Mekanisme regulasi seperti ini disebut umpan balik negatif karena jumlah produk akhir diatur oleh konsentrasi produk itu sendiri. Mekanisme umpan balik negatif dapat secara efektif mengatur laju sintesis zat antara metabolit tergantung pada kebutuhan sel. Hal ini membantu alokasi bahan zat dan energi secara ekonomis dan menghindari pembuatan produk akhir yang berlebihan. Kontrol aksi enzimatik membantu menjaga <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostasis</a> organisme hidup.</li> <li>Enzim dapat diregulasi melalui <i><a href="/wiki/Modifikasi_pascatranslasi" title="Modifikasi pascatranslasi">modifikasi pascatranslasi</a></i>. Ia dapat meliputi <a href="/wiki/Fosforilasi" title="Fosforilasi">fosforilasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asam_miristat" title="Asam miristat">miristoilasi</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Glikosilasi" title="Glikosilasi">glikosilasi</a>. Contohnya, sebagai respon terhadap <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a>, fosforilasi banyak enzim termasuk <a href="/wiki/Glikogen_sintase" title="Glikogen sintase">glikogen sintase</a> membantu mengontrol sintesis ataupun degradasi <a href="/wiki/Glikogen" title="Glikogen">glikogen</a> dan mengizinkan sel merespons terhadap perubahan kadar <a href="/wiki/Gula_darah" class="mw-redirect" title="Gula darah">gula darah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contoh lain modifikasi pasca-translasional adalah pembelahan rantai polipeptida. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimotripsin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimotripsin (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimotripsin</a> yang merupakan <a href="/wiki/Protease" title="Protease">protease</a> pencernaan diproduksi dalam keadaan tidak aktif sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimotripsinogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimotripsinogen (halaman belum tersedia)">kimotripsinogen</a> di <a href="/wiki/Pankreas" title="Pankreas">pankreas</a>. Ia kemudian ditranspor ke dalam lambung di mana ia diaktivasi. Hal ini menghalangi enzim mencerna pankreas dan jaringan lainnya sebelum ia memasuki lambung. Jenis prekursor tak aktif ini dikenal sebagai <a href="/wiki/Zimogen" title="Zimogen">zimogen</a>.</li> <li>Beberapa enzim dapat menjadi <i>aktif ketika berada pada lingkungan yang berbeda</i>. Contohnya, <a href="/wiki/Hemaglutinin" title="Hemaglutinin">hemaglutinin</a> pada virus <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a> menjadi aktif dikarenakan kondisi asam lingkungan. Hal ini terjadi ketika virus terbawa ke dalam sel inang dan memasuki <a href="/wiki/Lisosom" title="Lisosom">lisosom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Keterlibatan_dalam_penyakit">Keterlibatan dalam penyakit</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enzim&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Sunting bagian: Keterlibatan dalam penyakit" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enzim&action=edit&section=20" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Keterlibatan dalam penyakit"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Phenylalanine_hydroxylase_brighter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Phenylalanine_hydroxylase_brighter.jpg/200px-Phenylalanine_hydroxylase_brighter.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Phenylalanine_hydroxylase_brighter.jpg/300px-Phenylalanine_hydroxylase_brighter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Phenylalanine_hydroxylase_brighter.jpg/400px-Phenylalanine_hydroxylase_brighter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="713" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenilalanina_hidroksilase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fenilalanina hidroksilase (halaman belum tersedia)">Fenilalanina hidroksilase</a>. Sumber: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=1KW0">PDB 1KW0</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Oleh karena kontrol aktivitas enzim yang ketat diperlukan untuk menjaga <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostasis</a>, malafungsi (mutasi, kelebihan produksi, kekurangan produksi ataupun delesi) enzim tunggal yang penting dapat menyebabkan <a href="/wiki/Penyakit_genetik" title="Penyakit genetik">penyakit genetik</a>. Pentingnya enzim ditunjukkan oleh fakta bahwa penyakit-penyakit mematikan dapat disebabkan oleh hanya mala fungsi satu enzim dari ribuan enzim yang ada dalam tubuh kita. </p><p>Salah satu contohnya adalah <a href="/wiki/Fenilketonuria" title="Fenilketonuria">fenilketonuria</a>. Mutasi asam amino tunggal pada enzim <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenilalania_hidroksilase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fenilalania hidroksilase (halaman belum tersedia)">fenilalania hidroksilase</a> yang mengatalisis langkah pertama degradasi <a href="/wiki/Fenilalanina" title="Fenilalanina">fenilalanina</a> mengakibatkan penumpukkan fenilalanina dan senyawa terkait. Hal ini dapat menyebabkan <a href="/wiki/Keterbelakangan_mental" class="mw-redirect" title="Keterbelakangan mental">keterbelakangan mental</a> jika ia tidak diobati.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contoh lainnya adalah mutasi silsilah nutfah (<i>germline mutation</i>) pada gen yang mengkode enzim <a href="/wiki/Reparasi_DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Reparasi DNA">reparasi DNA</a>. Ia dapat menyebakan sindrom penyakit kanker keturunan seperti <a href="/wiki/Xeroderma_pigmentosum" title="Xeroderma pigmentosum">xeroderma pigmentosum</a>. Kerusakan ada enzim ini dapat menyebabkan kanker karena kemampuan tubuh memperbaiki mutasi pada genom menjadi berkurang. Hal ini menyebabkan akumulasi mutasi dan mengakibatkan berkembangnya berbagai jenis kanker pada penderita. </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enzim&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat pula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enzim&action=edit&section=21" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat pula"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katalisis_enzim" title="Katalisis enzim">Katalisis enzim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Proteolysis_Map&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Proteolysis Map (halaman belum tersedia)">The Proteolysis Map</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biokatalisis_RNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biokatalisis RNA (halaman belum tersedia)">Biokatalisis RNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzim_SUMO" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzim SUMO">Enzim SUMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteomika" title="Proteomika">Proteomika</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Rekayasa_protein" title="Rekayasa protein">rekayasa protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzim_terimobilisasi" title="Enzim terimobilisasi">Enzim terimobilisasi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enzim&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enzim&action=edit&section=22" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2" style=""> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Smith AL (Ed); et al. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary0000unse_e9s4"><i>Oxford dictionary of biochemistry and molecular biology</i></a>. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-19-854768-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-19-854768-4">0-19-854768-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+dictionary+of+biochemistry+and+molecular+biology&rft.place=Oxford+%5BOxfordshire%5D&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-19-854768-4&rft.au=Smith+AL+%28Ed%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxforddictionary0000unse_e9s4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnzim" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Penggunaan_et_al._yang_eksplisit" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit">link</a>) Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Grisham, Charles M.; Reginald H. Garrett (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsbioc00garr"><i>Biochemistry</i></a>. Philadelphia: Saunders College Pub. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsbioc00garr/page/n435">426</a>–7. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-03-022318-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-03-022318-0">0-03-022318-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biochemistry&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=426-7&rft.pub=Saunders+College+Pub&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-03-022318-0&rft.au=Grisham%2C+Charles+M.%3B+Reginald+H.+Garrett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffundamentalsbioc00garr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnzim" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Susilawati dan Bachtiar, N. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.uin-suska.ac.id/26091/1/Buku%20Biologi%20Dasar%20Terintegrasi.pdf"><i>Biologi Dasar Terintegrasi</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Pekanbaru: Kreasi Edukasi. hlm. 72. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-602-6879-99-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-602-6879-99-8">978-602-6879-99-8</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415143329/http://repository.uin-suska.ac.id/26091/1/Buku%20Biologi%20Dasar%20Terintegrasi.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> dari versi asli tanggal 2021-04-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2021-01-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biologi+Dasar+Terintegrasi&rft.place=Pekanbaru&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Kreasi+Edukasi&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-602-6879-99-8&rft.au=Susilawati+dan+Bachtiar%2C+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.uin-suska.ac.id%2F26091%2F1%2FBuku%2520Biologi%2520Dasar%2520Terintegrasi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnzim" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reaumur1752-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reaumur1752_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Antoine_Ferchault_de_R%C3%A9aumur" title="René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur">de Réaumur, RAF</a> (1752). "Observations sur la digestion des oiseaux". <i>Histoire de l'academie royale des sciences</i>. <b>1752</b>: 266, 461.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Histoire+de+l%27academie+royale+des+sciences&rft.atitle=Observations+sur+la+digestion+des+oiseaux&rft.volume=1752&rft.pages=266%2C+461&rft.date=1752&rft.aulast=de+R%C3%A9aumur&rft.aufirst=RAF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnzim" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, H. S. (1904) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/Wil4Sci.html">A History of Science: in Five Volumes. Volume IV: Modern Development of the Chemical and Biological Sciences</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120509114830/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/Wil4Sci.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2012-05-09 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Harper and Brothers (New York) Accessed 4 April 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Dubos J. (1951). "Louis Pasteur: Free Lance of Science, Gollancz. Quoted in Manchester K. L. (1995) Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)—chance and the prepared mind". <i>Trends Biotechnol</i>. <b>13</b> (12): 511–5. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0167-7799%2800%2989014-9">10.1016/S0167-7799(00)89014-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8595136">8595136</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+Biotechnol&rft.atitle=Louis+Pasteur%3A+Free+Lance+of+Science%2C+Gollancz.+Quoted+in+Manchester+K.+L.+%281995%29+Louis+Pasteur+%281822%E2%80%931895%29%E2%80%94chance+and+the+prepared+mind&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=511-5&rft.date=1951&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0167-7799%2800%2989014-9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8595136&rft.au=Dubos+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnzim" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1907/buchner-bio.html">Nobel Laureate Biography of Eduard Buchner at http://nobelprize.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160629093844/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1907/buchner-bio.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2016-06-29 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Accessed 4 April 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1907/buchner-lecture.html">Text of Eduard Buchner's 1907 Nobel lecture at http://nobelprize.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170708144420/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1907/buchner-lecture.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2017-07-08 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Accessed 4 April 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1946/">1946 Nobel prize for Chemistry laureates at http://nobelprize.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905075056/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1946/">Diarsipkan</a> 2015-09-05 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Accessed 4 April 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Blake CC, Koenig DF, Mair GA, North AC, Phillips DC, Sarma VR. (1965). "Structure of hen egg-white lysozyme. A three-dimensional Fourier synthesis at 2 Angstrom resolution". <i>Nature</i>. <b>22</b> (206): 757–61. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F206757a0">10.1038/206757a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5891407">5891407</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Structure+of+hen+egg-white+lysozyme.+A+three-dimensional+Fourier+synthesis+at+2+Angstrom+resolution&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=206&rft.pages=757-61&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F206757a0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5891407&rft.au=Blake+CC%2C+Koenig+DF%2C+Mair+GA%2C+North+AC%2C+Phillips+DC%2C+Sarma+VR.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnzim" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Anfinsen CB (July 1973). "Principles that govern the folding of protein chains". <i>Science</i>. <b>181</b> (4096): 223–30. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973Sci...181..223A">1973Sci...181..223A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.181.4096.223">10.1126/science.181.4096.223</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4124164">4124164</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Principles+that+govern+the+folding+of+protein+chains&rft.volume=181&rft.issue=4096&rft.pages=223-30&rft.date=1973-07&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4124164&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.181.4096.223&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1973Sci...181..223A&rft.aulast=Anfinsen&rft.aufirst=CB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnzim" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Dunaway-Mariano D (November 2008). "Enzyme function discovery". <i>Structure</i>. <b>16</b> (11): 1599–600. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.str.2008.10.001">10.1016/j.str.2008.10.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19000810">19000810</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Structure&rft.atitle=Enzyme+function+discovery&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1599-600&rft.date=2008-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.str.2008.10.001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19000810&rft.aulast=Dunaway-Mariano&rft.aufirst=D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnzim" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Chen LH, Kenyon GL, Curtin F, Harayama S, Bembenek ME, Hajipour G, Whitman CP (September 1992). "4-Oxalocrotonate tautomerase, an enzyme composed of 62 amino acid residues per monomer". <i>The Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. <b>267</b> (25): 17716–21. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1339435">1339435</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry&rft.atitle=4-Oxalocrotonate+tautomerase%2C+an+enzyme+composed+of+62+amino+acid+residues+per+monomer&rft.volume=267&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=17716-21&rft.date=1992-09&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1339435&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=LH&rft.au=Kenyon%2C+GL&rft.au=Curtin%2C+F&rft.au=Harayama%2C+S&rft.au=Bembenek%2C+ME&rft.au=Hajipour%2C+G&rft.au=Whitman%2C+CP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnzim" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Smith S (December 1994). "The animal fatty acid synthase: one gene, one polypeptide, seven enzymes". <i>FASEB Journal</i>. <b>8</b> (15): 1248–59. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1096%2Ffasebj.8.15.8001737">10.1096/fasebj.8.15.8001737</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8001737">8001737</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FASEB+Journal&rft.atitle=The+animal+fatty+acid+synthase%3A+one+gene%2C+one+polypeptide%2C+seven+enzymes&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=1248-59&rft.date=1994-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1096%2Ffasebj.8.15.8001737&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8001737&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnzim" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130803032349/http://www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/CSA/">"The Catalytic Site Atlas"</a>. The European Bioinformatics Institute. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/CSA/">versi asli</a> tanggal 2013-08-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Catalytic+Site+Atlas&rft.pub=The+European+Bioinformatics+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ebi.ac.uk%2Fthornton-srv%2Fdatabases%2FCSA%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnzim" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suzuki_2015_7-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Suzuki_2015_7_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suzuki_2015_7_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Suzuki H (2015). "Chapter 7: Active Site Structure". <i>How Enzymes Work: From Structure to Function</i>. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. hlm. 117–140. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-981-4463-92-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-981-4463-92-8">978-981-4463-92-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7%3A+Active+Site+Structure&rft.btitle=How+Enzymes+Work%3A+From+Structure+to+Function&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+FL&rft.pages=117-140&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-981-4463-92-8&rft.au=Suzuki+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnzim" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Krauss G (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iAvu2XRLnfYC&q=enzyme+metabolic+pathways+feedback+regulation&pg=PA91">"The Regulations of Enzyme Activity"</a>. <i>Biochemistry of Signal Transduction and Regulation</i> (edisi ke-3rd). Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. hlm. 89–114. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9783527605767" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9783527605767">9783527605767</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Regulations+of+Enzyme+Activity&rft.btitle=Biochemistry+of+Signal+Transduction+and+Regulation&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.pages=89-114&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9783527605767&rft.au=Krauss+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiAvu2XRLnfYC%26q%3Denzyme%2Bmetabolic%2Bpathways%2Bfeedback%2Bregulation%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnzim" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Jaeger KE, Eggert T. (2004). "Enantioselective biocatalysis optimized by directed evolution". <i>Curr Opin Biotechnol</i>. <b>15</b> (4): 305–13. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.copbio.2004.06.007">10.1016/j.copbio.2004.06.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15358000">15358000</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Curr+Opin+Biotechnol.&rft.atitle=Enantioselective+biocatalysis+optimized+by+directed+evolution&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=305-13&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.copbio.2004.06.007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15358000&rft.au=Jaeger+KE%2C+Eggert+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnzim" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Shevelev IV, Hubscher U. (2002). "The 3' 5' exonucleases". <i>Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol</i>. <b>3</b> (5): 364–76. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrm804">10.1038/nrm804</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11988770">11988770</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nat+Rev+Mol+Cell+Biol.&rft.atitle=The+3%27+5%27+exonucleases&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=364-76&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrm804&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11988770&rft.au=Shevelev+IV%2C+Hubscher+U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnzim" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Tymoczko, John L.; Stryer Berg Tymoczko; Stryer, Lubert; Berg, Jeremy Mark (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biochemistrysupp0000stry"><i>Biochemistry</i></a>. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7167-4955-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7167-4955-6">0-7167-4955-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biochemistry&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=W.H.+Freeman&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7167-4955-6&rft.au=Tymoczko%2C+John+L.%3B+Stryer+Berg+Tymoczko%3B+Stryer%2C+Lubert%3B+Berg%2C+Jeremy+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiochemistrysupp0000stry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnzim" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Zenkin N, Yuzenkova Y, Severinov K. (2006). "Transcript-assisted transcriptional proofreading". <i>Science</i>. <b>313</b>: 518–20. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1127422">10.1126/science.1127422</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16873663">16873663</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science.&rft.atitle=Transcript-assisted+transcriptional+proofreading&rft.volume=313&rft.pages=518-20&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1127422&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16873663&rft.au=Zenkin+N%2C+Yuzenkova+Y%2C+Severinov+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnzim" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ibba M, Soll D. (2000). "Aminoacyl-tRNA synthesis". <i>Annu Rev Biochem</i>. <b>69</b>: 617–50. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.biochem.69.1.617">10.1146/annurev.biochem.69.1.617</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10966471">10966471</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annu+Rev+Biochem.&rft.atitle=Aminoacyl-tRNA+synthesis&rft.volume=69&rft.pages=617-50&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.biochem.69.1.617&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10966471&rft.au=Ibba+M%2C+Soll+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnzim" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Rodnina MV, Wintermeyer W. (2001). "Fidelity of aminoacyl-tRNA selection on the ribosome: kinetic and structural mechanisms". <i>Annu Rev Biochem</i>. <b>70</b>: 415–35. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.biochem.70.1.415">10.1146/annurev.biochem.70.1.415</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11395413">11395413</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annu+Rev+Biochem.&rft.atitle=Fidelity+of+aminoacyl-tRNA+selection+on+the+ribosome%3A+kinetic+and+structural+mechanisms&rft.volume=70&rft.pages=415-35&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.biochem.70.1.415&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11395413&rft.au=Rodnina+MV%2C+Wintermeyer+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnzim" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Firn, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061031063451/http://www-users.york.ac.uk/~drf1/rdf_sp1.htm">"The Screening Hypothesis - a new explanation of secondary product diversity and function"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-users.york.ac.uk/~drf1/rdf_sp1.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 2006-10-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2006-10-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Screening+Hypothesis+-+a+new+explanation+of+secondary+product+diversity+and+function&rft.aulast=Firn&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-users.york.ac.uk%2F~drf1%2Frdf_sp1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnzim" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Fischer E. (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k90736r/f364.chemindefer">"Einfluss der Configuration auf die Wirkung der Enzyme"</a>. <i>Ber. Dt. Chem. Ges</i>. <b>27</b>: 2985–93. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcber.18940270364">10.1002/cber.18940270364</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511082519/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k90736r/f364.chemindefer">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2011-05-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2009-04-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ber.+Dt.+Chem.+Ges.&rft.atitle=Einfluss+der+Configuration+auf+die+Wirkung+der+Enzyme&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=2985-93&rft.date=1894&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fcber.18940270364&rft.au=Fischer+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k90736r%2Ff364.chemindefer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnzim" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">line feed character di <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|journal=</code> pada posisi 9 (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#invisible_char" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Koshland D. E. (1958). "Application of a Theory of Enzyme Specificity to Protein Synthesis". <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci</i>. <b>44</b> (2): 98–104. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.44.2.98">10.1073/pnas.44.2.98</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16590179">16590179</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.&rft.atitle=Application+of+a+Theory+of+Enzyme+Specificity+to+Protein+Synthesis&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=98-104&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.44.2.98&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16590179&rft.au=Koshland+D.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnzim" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Vasella A, Davies GJ, Bohm M. (2002). "Glycosidase mechanisms". <i>Curr Opin Chem Biol</i>. <b>6</b> (5): 619–29. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1367-5931%2802%2900380-0">10.1016/S1367-5931(02)00380-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12413546">12413546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Curr+Opin+Chem+Biol.&rft.atitle=Glycosidase+mechanisms&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=619-29&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1367-5931%2802%2900380-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12413546&rft.au=Vasella+A%2C+Davies+GJ%2C+Bohm+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnzim" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Boyer, Rodney (2002) [2002]. "6". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conceptsinbioche0002boye"><i>Concepts in Biochemistry</i></a> (edisi ke-2nd). New York, Chichester, Weinheim, Brisbane, Singapore, Toronto.: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conceptsinbioche0002boye/page/137">137</a>–8. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-470-00379-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-470-00379-0">0-470-00379-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/51720783">51720783</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2007-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6&rft.btitle=Concepts+in+Biochemistry&rft.place=New+York%2C+Chichester%2C+Weinheim%2C+Brisbane%2C+Singapore%2C+Toronto.&rft.pages=137-8&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51720783&rft.isbn=0-470-00379-0&rft.aulast=Boyer&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconceptsinbioche0002boye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnzim" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Fersht, Alan (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/enzymestructurem0000fers_k2m7"><i>Enzyme structure and mechanism</i></a>. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/enzymestructurem0000fers_k2m7/page/50">50</a>–2. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7167-1615-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7167-1615-1">0-7167-1615-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enzyme+structure+and+mechanism&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=50-2&rft.pub=W.H.+Freeman&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-7167-1615-1&rft.au=Fersht%2C+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenzymestructurem0000fers_k2m7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnzim" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Jencks, William P. (1987). <i>Catalysis in chemistry and enzymology</i>. Mineola, N.Y: Dover. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-486-65460-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-486-65460-5">0-486-65460-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catalysis+in+chemistry+and+enzymology&rft.place=Mineola%2C+N.Y&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-486-65460-5&rft.au=Jencks%2C+William+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnzim" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Villa J, Strajbl M, Glennon TM, Sham YY, Chu ZT, Warshel A (2000). "How important are entropic contributions to enzyme catalysis?". <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A</i>. <b>97</b> (22): 11899–904. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.97.22.11899">10.1073/pnas.97.22.11899</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11050223">11050223</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&rft.atitle=How+important+are+entropic+contributions+to+enzyme+catalysis%3F&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=11899-904&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.97.22.11899&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11050223&rft.au=Villa+J%2C+Strajbl+M%2C+Glennon+TM%2C+Sham+YY%2C+Chu+ZT%2C+Warshel+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnzim" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Warshel A, Sharma PK, Kato M, Xiang Y, Liu H, Olsson MH (2006). "Electrostatic basis for enzyme catalysis". <i>Chem. Rev</i>. <b>106</b> (8): 3210–35. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr0503106">10.1021/cr0503106</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16895325">16895325</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chem.+Rev.&rft.atitle=Electrostatic+basis+for+enzyme+catalysis&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=3210-35&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcr0503106&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16895325&rft.au=Warshel+A%2C+Sharma+PK%2C+Kato+M%2C+Xiang+Y%2C+Liu+H%2C+Olsson+MH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnzim" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Eisenmesser EZ, Bosco DA, Akke M, Kern D (2002). "Enzyme dynamics during catalysis". <i>Science</i>. <b>295</b> (5559): 1520–3. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1066176">10.1126/science.1066176</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11859194">11859194</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Enzyme+dynamics+during+catalysis&rft.volume=295&rft.issue=5559&rft.pages=1520-3&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1066176&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11859194&rft.au=Eisenmesser+EZ%2C+Bosco+DA%2C+Akke+M%2C+Kern+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnzim" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Agarwal PK (2005). "Role of protein dynamics in reaction rate enhancement by enzymes". <i>J. Am. Chem. Soc</i>. <b>127</b> (43): 15248–56. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja055251s">10.1021/ja055251s</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16248667">16248667</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Am.+Chem.+Soc.&rft.atitle=Role+of+protein+dynamics+in+reaction+rate+enhancement+by+enzymes&rft.volume=127&rft.issue=43&rft.pages=15248-56&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja055251s&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16248667&rft.au=Agarwal+PK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnzim" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Eisenmesser EZ, Millet O, Labeikovsky W; et al. (2005). "Intrinsic dynamics of an enzyme underlies catalysis". <i>Nature</i>. <b>438</b> (7064): 117–21. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature04105">10.1038/nature04105</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16267559">16267559</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Intrinsic+dynamics+of+an+enzyme+underlies+catalysis&rft.volume=438&rft.issue=7064&rft.pages=117-21&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature04105&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16267559&rft.au=Eisenmesser+EZ%2C+Millet+O%2C+Labeikovsky+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnzim" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Penggunaan_et_al._yang_eksplisit" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit">link</a>) Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Yang LW, Bahar I (5 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.structure.org/content/article/abstract?uid=PIIS096921260500167X">"Coupling between catalytic site and collective dynamics: A requirement for mechanochemical activity of enzymes"</a>. <i>Structure</i>. <b>13</b>: 893–904. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.str.2005.03.015">10.1016/j.str.2005.03.015</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15939021">15939021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Structure&rft.atitle=Coupling+between+catalytic+site+and+collective+dynamics%3A+A+requirement+for+mechanochemical+activity+of+enzymes&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=893-904&rft.date=2005-06-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.str.2005.03.015&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15939021&rft.au=Yang+LW%2C+Bahar+I&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.structure.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Fabstract%3Fuid%3DPIIS096921260500167X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnzim" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pranala_mati" title="Wikipedia:Pranala mati"><span title=" pranala nonaktif sejak Januari 2021">pranala nonaktif permanen</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Agarwal PK, Billeter SR, Rajagopalan PT, Benkovic SJ, Hammes-Schiffer S. (5 March 2002). "Network of coupled promoting motions in enzyme catalysis". <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i>. <b>99</b>: 2794–9. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.052005999">10.1073/pnas.052005999</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11867722">11867722</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA.&rft.atitle=Network+of+coupled+promoting+motions+in+enzyme+catalysis&rft.volume=99&rft.pages=2794-9&rft.date=2002-03-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.052005999&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11867722&rft.au=Agarwal+PK%2C+Billeter+SR%2C+Rajagopalan+PT%2C+Benkovic+SJ%2C+Hammes-Schiffer+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnzim" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Agarwal PK, Geist A, Gorin A (2004). "Protein dynamics and enzymatic catalysis: investigating the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerization activity of cyclophilin A". <i>Biochemistry</i>. <b>43</b> (33): 10605–18. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fbi0495228">10.1021/bi0495228</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15311922">15311922</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biochemistry&rft.atitle=Protein+dynamics+and+enzymatic+catalysis%3A+investigating+the+peptidyl-prolyl+cis-trans+isomerization+activity+of+cyclophilin+A&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=33&rft.pages=10605-18&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fbi0495228&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15311922&rft.au=Agarwal+PK%2C+Geist+A%2C+Gorin+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnzim" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Tousignant A, Pelletier JN. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091130073740/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VRP-4D4JYMC-6&_coverDate=08%2F31%2F2004&_alid=465962916&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_qd=1&_cdi=6240&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=613585a6164baa38b4f6536d8da9170a">"Protein motions promote catalysis"</a>. <i>Chem Biol</i>. <b>11</b> (8): 1037–42. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chembiol.2004.06.007">10.1016/j.chembiol.2004.06.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15324804">15324804</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VRP-4D4JYMC-6&_coverDate=08%2F31%2F2004&_alid=465962916&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_qd=1&_cdi=6240&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=613585a6164baa38b4f6536d8da9170a">versi asli</a> tanggal 2009-11-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2009-04-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chem+Biol.&rft.atitle=Protein+motions+promote+catalysis&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1037-42&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.chembiol.2004.06.007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15324804&rft.au=Tousignant+A%2C+Pelletier+JN.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%3F_ob%3DArticleURL%26_udi%3DB6VRP-4D4JYMC-6%26_coverDate%3D08%252F31%252F2004%26_alid%3D465962916%26_rdoc%3D1%26_fmt%3D%26_orig%3Dsearch%26_qd%3D1%26_cdi%3D6240%26_sort%3Dd%26view%3Dc%26_acct%3DC000050221%26_version%3D1%26_urlVersion%3D0%26_userid%3D10%26md5%3D613585a6164baa38b4f6536d8da9170a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnzim" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Olsson MHM, Parson WW, Warshel A (2006). "Dynamical Contributions to Enzyme Catalysis: Critical Tests of A Popular Hypothesis". <i>Chem. Rev</i>. <b>106</b> (5): 1737–56. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr040427e">10.1021/cr040427e</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chem.+Rev.&rft.atitle=Dynamical+Contributions+to+Enzyme+Catalysis%3A+Critical+Tests+of+A+Popular+Hypothesis&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1737-56&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcr040427e&rft.au=Olsson+MHM%2C+Parson+WW%2C+Warshel+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnzim" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUPAC_cofactor-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IUPAC_cofactor_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUPAC_cofactor_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">de Bolster, M.W.G. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/bioinorg/CD.html#34">"Glossary of Terms Used in Bioinorganic Chemistry: Cofactor"</a>. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170121172848/http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/bioinorg/CD.html#34">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2017-01-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2007-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glossary+of+Terms+Used+in+Bioinorganic+Chemistry%3A+Cofactor&rft.pub=International+Union+of+Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=de+Bolster&rft.aufirst=M.W.G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chem.qmul.ac.uk%2Fiupac%2Fbioinorg%2FCD.html%2334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnzim" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Fisher Z, Hernandez Prada JA, Tu C, Duda D, Yoshioka C, An H, Govindasamy L, Silverman DN and McKenna R. (2005). "Structural and kinetic characterization of active-site histidine as a proton shuttle in catalysis by human carbonic anhydrase II". <i>Biochemistry</i>. <b>44</b> (4): 1097–115. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fbi0480279">10.1021/bi0480279</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15667203">15667203</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biochemistry.&rft.atitle=Structural+and+kinetic+characterization+of+active-site+histidine+as+a+proton+shuttle+in+catalysis+by+human+carbonic+anhydrase+II&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1097-115&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fbi0480279&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15667203&rft.au=Fisher+Z%2C+Hernandez+Prada+JA%2C+Tu+C%2C+Duda+D%2C+Yoshioka+C%2C+An+H%2C+Govindasamy+L%2C+Silverman+DN+and+McKenna+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnzim" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Wagner, Arthur L. 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Krieger Pub Co. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-88275-258-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-88275-258-8">0-88275-258-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vitamins+and+Coenzymes&rft.pub=Krieger+Pub+Co&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-88275-258-8&rft.au=Wagner%2C+Arthur+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvitaminscoenzyme0000wagn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnzim" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUPAC_coenzyme-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IUPAC_coenzyme_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">de Bolster, M.W.G. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2007-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glossary+of+Terms+Used+in+Bioinorganic+Chemistry%3A+Coenzyme&rft.pub=International+Union+of+Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=de+Bolster&rft.aufirst=M.W.G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chem.qmul.ac.uk%2Fiupac%2Fbioinorg%2FCD.html%2333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnzim" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brenda.uni-koeln.de/">BRENDA The Comprehensive Enzyme Information System</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211024816/http://www.brenda.uni-koeln.de/">Diarsipkan</a> 2008-12-11 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2009-05-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Biol+Chem.&rft.atitle=Infrared+evidence+of+cyanide+binding+to+iron+and+copper+sites+in+bovine+heart+cytochrome+c+oxidase.+Implications+regarding+oxygen+reduction&rft.volume=265&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=7945-58&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2159465&rft.au=Yoshikawa+S+and+Caughey+WS.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jbc.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F265%2F14%2F7945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnzim" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|day=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hunter T. (1995). "Protein kinases and phosphatases: the yin and yang of protein phosphorylation and signaling". <i>Cell</i>. <b>80</b> (2): 225–36. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0092-8674%2895%2990405-0">10.1016/0092-8674(95)90405-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7834742">7834742</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell.&rft.atitle=Protein+kinases+and+phosphatases%3A+the+yin+and+yang+of+protein+phosphorylation+and+signaling&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=225-36&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0092-8674%2895%2990405-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7834742&rft.au=Hunter+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnzim" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Berg JS, Powell BC, Cheney RE (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.molbiolcell.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11294886">"A millennial myosin census"</a>. <i>Mol. Biol. Cell</i>. <b>12</b> (4): 780–94. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC32266">32266</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11294886">11294886</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mol.+Biol.+Cell&rft.atitle=A+millennial+myosin+census&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=780-94&rft.date=2001&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC32266&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11294886&rft.au=Berg+JS%2C+Powell+BC%2C+Cheney+RE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.molbiolcell.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D11294886&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnzim" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|day=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Meighen EA (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=2030669">"Molecular biology of bacterial bioluminescence"</a>. <i>Microbiol. Rev</i>. <b>55</b> (1): 123–42. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC372803">372803</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2030669">2030669</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microbiol.+Rev.&rft.atitle=Molecular+biology+of+bacterial+bioluminescence&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=123-42&rft.date=1991&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC372803&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2030669&rft.au=Meighen+EA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmmbr.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D2030669&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnzim" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|day=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Mackie RI, White BA (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jds.fass.org/cgi/reprint/73/10/2971">"Recent advances in rumen microbial ecology and metabolism: potential impact on nutrient output"</a>. <i>J. Dairy Sci</i>. <b>73</b> (10): 2971–95. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2178174">2178174</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121185256/http://jds.fass.org/cgi/reprint/73/10/2971">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2008-11-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2009-05-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Dairy+Sci.&rft.atitle=Recent+advances+in+rumen+microbial+ecology+and+metabolism%3A+potential+impact+on+nutrient+output&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=2971-95&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2178174&rft.au=Mackie+RI%2C+White+BA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjds.fass.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F73%2F10%2F2971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnzim" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|day=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Faergeman NJ, Knudsen J (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biochemj.org/bj/323/0001/bj3230001.htm">"Role of long-chain fatty acyl-CoA esters in the regulation of metabolism and in cell signalling"</a>. <i>Biochem. J</i>. <b>323</b> (Pt 1): 1–12. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1218279">1218279</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9173866">9173866</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020922132312/http://www.biochemj.org/bj/323/0001/bj3230001.htm">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2002-09-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2009-05-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biochem.+J.&rft.atitle=Role+of+long-chain+fatty+acyl-CoA+esters+in+the+regulation+of+metabolism+and+in+cell+signalling&rft.volume=323&rft.issue=Pt+1&rft.pages=1-12&rft.date=1997&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1218279&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9173866&rft.au=Faergeman+NJ%2C+Knudsen+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biochemj.org%2Fbj%2F323%2F0001%2Fbj3230001.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnzim" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Doble B. W., Woodgett J. R. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jcs.biologists.org/cgi/content/full/116/7/1175">"GSK-3: tricks of the trade for a multi-tasking kinase"</a>. <i>J. Cell. Sci</i>. <b>116</b>: 1175–86. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjcs.00384">10.1242/jcs.00384</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12615961">12615961</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930043534/http://jcs.biologists.org/cgi/content/full/116/7/1175">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2007-09-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2009-05-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Cell.+Sci.&rft.atitle=GSK-3%3A+tricks+of+the+trade+for+a+multi-tasking+kinase&rft.volume=116&rft.pages=1175-86&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjcs.00384&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12615961&rft.au=Doble+B.+W.%2C+Woodgett+J.+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjcs.biologists.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F116%2F7%2F1175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnzim" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Carr C. M., Kim P. S. (2003). "A spring-loaded mechanism for the conformational change of influenza hemagglutinin". <i>Cell</i>. <b>73</b>: 823–32. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0092-8674%2893%2990260-W">10.1016/0092-8674(93)90260-W</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8500173">8500173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=A+spring-loaded+mechanism+for+the+conformational+change+of+influenza+hemagglutinin&rft.volume=73&rft.pages=823-32&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0092-8674%2893%2990260-W&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8500173&rft.au=Carr+C.+M.%2C+Kim+P.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnzim" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowSection&rid=gnd.section.234">Phenylketonuria: NCBI Genes and Disease</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090927134528/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowSection&rid=gnd.section.234">Diarsipkan</a> 2009-09-27 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Accessed 4 April 2007</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="new" title="Situs pengikatan (halaman belum tersedia)">Situs pengikatan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triad_katalitik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triad katalitik (halaman belum tersedia)">Triad katalitik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lubang_oksianion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lubang oksianion (halaman belum tersedia)">Lubang oksianion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pergaulan_enzim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pergaulan enzim (halaman belum tersedia)">Pergaulan enzim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enzim_sempurna_secara_katalitik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enzim sempurna secara katalitik (halaman belum tersedia)">Enzim sempurna secara katalitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koenzim" class="mw-redirect" title="Koenzim">Koenzim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofaktor_(biokimia)" title="Kofaktor (biokimia)">Kofaktor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katalisis_enzim" title="Katalisis enzim">Katalisis enzim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulasi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regulasi_alosterik" title="Regulasi alosterik">Regulasi alosterik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kooperativitas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kooperativitas (halaman belum tersedia)">Kooperativitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhibitor_enzim" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibitor enzim">Inhibitor enzim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Klasifikasi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nomor_EC" title="Nomor EC">Nomor EC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keluarga_besar_enzim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keluarga besar enzim (halaman belum tersedia)">Keluarga besar enzim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keluarga_enzim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keluarga enzim (halaman belum tersedia)">Keluarga enzim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_enzim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar enzim (halaman belum tersedia)">Daftar enzim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kinetika</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinetika_enzim" title="Kinetika enzim">Kinetika enzim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diagram_Eadie%E2%80%93Hofstee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diagram Eadie–Hofstee (halaman belum tersedia)">Diagram Eadie–Hofstee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurva_Hanes%E2%80%93Woolf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurva Hanes–Woolf (halaman belum tersedia)">Kurva Hanes–Woolf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurva_Lineweaver%E2%80%93Burk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurva Lineweaver–Burk (halaman belum tersedia)">Kurva Lineweaver–Burk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetika_Michaelis%E2%80%93Menten" title="Kinetika Michaelis–Menten">Kinetika Michaelis–Menten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tipe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zimogen" title="Zimogen">Zimogen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Angiotensinogen" title="Angiotensinogen">Angiotensinogen</a>  <b>·</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caspase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caspase (halaman belum tersedia)">Caspase</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Faktor_Hageman" title="Faktor Hageman">F12</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimotripsinogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimotripsinogen (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimotripsinogen</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Pepsinogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Pepsinogen">Pepsinogen</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proelastase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proelastase (halaman belum tersedia)">Proelastase</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prokarboksipolipeptidase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prokarboksipolipeptidase (halaman belum tersedia)">Prokarboksipolipeptidase</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prolipase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prolipase (halaman belum tersedia)">Prolipase</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tripsinogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tripsinogen (halaman belum tersedia)">Tripsinogen</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="PDC" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kompleks_piruvat_dehidrogenase" title="Kompleks piruvat dehidrogenase">PDC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Piruvat_dehidrogenase" title="Piruvat dehidrogenase">E1</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Koenzim" class="mw-redirect" title="Koenzim">Koenzim</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Koenzim-A_asetil" class="mw-redirect" title="Koenzim-A asetil">AcCoA</a>  <b>·</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Koenzim_A" title="Koenzim A">CoA</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Ubikuinon" title="Ubikuinon">CoQ<sub>10</sub></a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Flavin_adenina_dinukleotida" title="Flavin adenina dinukleotida">FAD</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Nikotinamida_adenina_dinukleotida" title="Nikotinamida adenina dinukleotida">NAD<sup>+</sup></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Enzim</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oksidoreduktase" title="Oksidoreduktase">EC 1</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alkohol_oksidoreduktase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alkohol oksidoreduktase (halaman belum tersedia)">.1</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=.1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".1 (halaman belum tersedia)">.1</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Alkohol_dehidrogenase" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alkohol_dehidrogenase" title="Alkohol dehidrogenase">Alkohol dehidrogenase</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Oksidoreduktase_alkohol:NAD%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="Oksidoreduktase alkohol:NAD+">.1 ADH</a>  <b>·</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Oksidoreduktase_alkohol:NADP%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="Oksidoreduktase alkohol:NADP+">.2 ALR</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Oksidoreduktase_alil-alkohol:NADP%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="Oksidoreduktase alil-alkohol:NADP+">.54 LAD</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Oksidoreduktase_aril-alkohol:NAD%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="Oksidoreduktase aril-alkohol:NAD+">.90 RAD</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Oksidoreduktase_aril-alkohol:NADP%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="Oksidoreduktase aril-alkohol:NADP+">.91 RAD</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Oksidoreduktase_perilil-alkohol:NAD%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="Oksidoreduktase perilil-alkohol:NAD+">.144 PAD</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Oksidoreduktase_koniferil-alkohol:NADP%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="Oksidoreduktase koniferil-alkohol:NADP+">.194 CAD</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Oksidoreduktase_sinamil-alkohol:NADP%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="Oksidoreduktase sinamil-alkohol:NADP+">.195 CAD</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <a href="/wiki/Oksidoreduktase_L-homoserina:NAD(P)%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="Oksidoreduktase L-homoserina:NAD(P)+">.3 HSD</a>  <b>·</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".4 (halaman belum tersedia)">.4</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".5 (halaman belum tersedia)">.5</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".6 (halaman belum tersedia)">.6</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".7 (halaman belum tersedia)">.7</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".8 (halaman belum tersedia)">.8</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".9 (halaman belum tersedia)">.9</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".10 (halaman belum tersedia)">.10</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.11&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".11 (halaman belum tersedia)">.11</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.12&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".12 (halaman belum tersedia)">.12</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.13&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".13 (halaman belum tersedia)">.13</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".14 (halaman belum tersedia)">.14</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.15&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".15 (halaman belum tersedia)">.15</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.16&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".16 (halaman belum tersedia)">.16</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.17&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".17 (halaman belum tersedia)">.17</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.18&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".18 (halaman belum tersedia)">.18</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.19&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".19 (halaman belum tersedia)">.19</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.20&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".20 (halaman belum tersedia)">.20</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.21&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".21 (halaman belum tersedia)">.21</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".22 (halaman belum tersedia)">.22</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.23&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".23 (halaman belum tersedia)">.23</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.24&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".24 (halaman belum tersedia)">.24</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.25&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".25 (halaman belum tersedia)">.25</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.26&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".26 (halaman belum tersedia)">.26</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Dehidrogenase_laktat" class="mw-redirect" title="Dehidrogenase laktat">.27 LDH</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/11-beta_hidroksisteroid_dehidrogenase" class="mw-redirect" title="11-beta hidroksisteroid dehidrogenase">.146 11β-HSD</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Dehidrogenase_15-hidroksiprostaglandin-D" class="mw-redirect" title="Dehidrogenase 15-hidroksiprostaglandin-D">.196 15-PGDH</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=.2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".2 (halaman belum tersedia)">.2</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Metanol_dehidrogenase" title="Metanol dehidrogenase">.7 MDH</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=.3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".3 (halaman belum tersedia)">.3</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=.1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".1 (halaman belum tersedia)">.1</a>  <b>·</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".2 (halaman belum tersedia)">.2</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Gluko-oksidase" class="mw-redirect" title="Gluko-oksidase">.4 GOX</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Oksidase_L-gulonolakton" class="mw-redirect" title="Oksidase L-gulonolakton">.8 GLO</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oksooksidoreduktase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oksooksidoreduktase (halaman belum tersedia)">.2</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id=".4" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=.4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".4 (halaman belum tersedia)">.4</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Dehidrogenase_piruvat" class="mw-redirect" title="Dehidrogenase piruvat">.1 PDH</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=.3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".3 (halaman belum tersedia)">.3</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id=".5" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=.5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".5 (halaman belum tersedia)">.5</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id=".1_SCCR" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oksidoreduktase_suksinat:kuinon" class="mw-redirect" title="Oksidoreduktase suksinat:kuinon">.1 SCCR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Dehidrogenase_suksinat" class="mw-redirect" title="Dehidrogenase suksinat">SQR</a>  <b>·</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Reduktase_fumarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduktase fumarat">QFR</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=.5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".5 (halaman belum tersedia)">.5</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id=".5" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=.5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".5 (halaman belum tersedia)">.5</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Oksidoreduktase_ETF-Q" class="mw-redirect" title="Oksidoreduktase ETF-Q">.1 ETF-QO</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=.6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".6 (halaman belum tersedia)">.6</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id=".5" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=.5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".5 (halaman belum tersedia)">.5</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id=".3_NADHD" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dehidrogenase_NADH" class="mw-redirect" title="Dehidrogenase NADH">.3 NADHD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=.9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".9 (halaman belum tersedia)">.9</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id=".3" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=.3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".3 (halaman belum tersedia)">.3</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Oksidase_CC" class="mw-redirect" title="Oksidase CC">.1 COX</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=.10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".10 (halaman belum tersedia)">.10</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id=".2" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=.2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".2 (halaman belum tersedia)">.2</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=.1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".1 (halaman belum tersedia)">.1</a>  <b>·</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Reduktase_UCC" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduktase UCC">.2 UCCR</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peroksidase" title="Peroksidase">.11</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id=".1" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=.1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".1 (halaman belum tersedia)">.1</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=.1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".1 (halaman belum tersedia)">.1</a>  <b>·</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".2 (halaman belum tersedia)">.2</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".3 (halaman belum tersedia)">.3</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".4 (halaman belum tersedia)">.4</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".5 (halaman belum tersedia)">.5</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".6 (halaman belum tersedia)">.6</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".7 (halaman belum tersedia)">.7</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Tiroid_peroksidase" title="Tiroid peroksidase">.8 TPO</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monooksigenase" title="Monooksigenase">.13</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hidroksilase" class="mw-redirect" title="Hidroksilase">.14</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=.13&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".13 (halaman belum tersedia)">.13</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Sitokrom_P450_2E1" title="Sitokrom P450 2E1">.n7 2E1</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=.14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".14 (halaman belum tersedia)">.14</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Sitokrom_P450_2D6" title="Sitokrom P450 2D6">.1 2D6</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=.16&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".16 (halaman belum tersedia)">.16</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id=".3" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=.3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".3 (halaman belum tersedia)">.3</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Seruloplasmin" title="Seruloplasmin">.1 CP</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transferase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transferase (halaman belum tersedia)">EC 2</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=.3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".3 (halaman belum tersedia)">.3</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id=".2" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=.2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".2 (halaman belum tersedia)">.2</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=.1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".1 (halaman belum tersedia)">.1</a>  <b>·</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Gamma_glutamil_transpeptidase" title="Gamma glutamil transpeptidase">.2 GGT</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=.4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".4 (halaman belum tersedia)">.4</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id=".1" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=.1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".1 (halaman belum tersedia)">.1</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Glusuronosiltransferase" class="mw-redirect" title="Glusuronosiltransferase">.17 UGT</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=.6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".6 (halaman belum tersedia)">.6</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id=".1" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=.1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".1 (halaman belum tersedia)">.1</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Transaminase_aspartat" class="mw-redirect" title="Transaminase aspartat">.1 AST</a>  <b>·</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Transaminase_alanina" class="mw-redirect" title="Transaminase alanina">.2 ALT</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kinase" title="Kinase">.7</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fosfotransferase" class="mw-redirect" title="Fosfotransferase">.1-.4</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=.1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".1 (halaman belum tersedia)">.1</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="PI3K" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kinase_fosfatidil_inositol-3" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinase fosfatidil inositol-3">PI3K</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=.137&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".137 (halaman belum tersedia)">.137</a>  <b>·</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.153&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".153 (halaman belum tersedia)">.153</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.154&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".154 (halaman belum tersedia)">.154</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=.2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".2 (halaman belum tersedia)">.2</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=.3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".3 (halaman belum tersedia)">.3</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=.1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".1 (halaman belum tersedia)">.1</a>  <b>·</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Kinase_kreatina" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinase kreatina">.2 CK</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=.4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".4 (halaman belum tersedia)">.4</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Difosfotransferase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Difosfotransferase (halaman belum tersedia)">.6</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nukleotiditransferase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nukleotiditransferase (halaman belum tersedia)">.7</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/DNA_polimerase" title="DNA polimerase">DNA</a>  <b>·</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Taq-polimerase" class="mw-redirect" title="Taq-polimerase">Taq</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transkriptase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transkriptase (halaman belum tersedia)">Transkriptase</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Telomerase" title="Telomerase">Telomerase</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein_kinase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protein kinase (halaman belum tersedia)">.10-.13</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kinase_tirosina" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinase tirosina">.10 TK</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=.1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".1 (halaman belum tersedia)">.1</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=.2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".2 (halaman belum tersedia)">.2</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Kinase_PT-6" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinase PT-6">PTK-6</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kinase_ST" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinase ST">.11 STK</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Kinase_ribosomal_s6" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinase ribosomal s6">.1 Rsk</a>  <b>·</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Kinase_piruvat_dehidrogenase" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinase piruvat dehidrogenase">.2 PDK</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".3 (halaman belum tersedia)">.3</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".4 (halaman belum tersedia)">.4</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".5 (halaman belum tersedia)">.5</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".6 (halaman belum tersedia)">.6</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".7 (halaman belum tersedia)">.7</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".8 (halaman belum tersedia)">.8</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".9 (halaman belum tersedia)">.9</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".10 (halaman belum tersedia)">.10</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.11&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".11 (halaman belum tersedia)">.11</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.12&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".12 (halaman belum tersedia)">.12</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.13&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".13 (halaman belum tersedia)">.13</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".14 (halaman belum tersedia)">.14</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.15&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".15 (halaman belum tersedia)">.15</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.16&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".16 (halaman belum tersedia)">.16</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.17_Kinase_DAP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".17 Kinase DAP (halaman belum tersedia)">DAPK</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.18&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".18 (halaman belum tersedia)">.18</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.19&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".19 (halaman belum tersedia)">.19</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.20&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".20 (halaman belum tersedia)">.20</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.21&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".21 (halaman belum tersedia)">.21</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Kinase_CD" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinase CD">.22 CDK</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Kinase_MAP" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinase MAP">.24 MAPK</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=.12&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".12 (halaman belum tersedia)">.12</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=.13&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".13 (halaman belum tersedia)">.13</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <a href="/wiki/Trombokinase" title="Trombokinase">F3</a>  <b>·</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Streptokinase" title="Streptokinase">Strepto</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glikosil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glikosil (halaman belum tersedia)">Glikosil</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrolase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrolase (halaman belum tersedia)">EC3</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esterase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Esterase (halaman belum tersedia)">.1</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=.1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".1 (halaman belum tersedia)">.1</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Lipase" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lipase" title="Lipase">Lipase</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Lipase_endotelial" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipase endotelial">.4 EL</a>  <b>·</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Lipoprotein_lipase" title="Lipoprotein lipase">.34 LPL</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosfolipase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fosfolipase (halaman belum tersedia)">Fosfo</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=.2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".2 (halaman belum tersedia)">.2</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=.3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".3 (halaman belum tersedia)">.3</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Fosfatidil_inositol_3-fosfatase" class="mw-redirect" title="Fosfatidil inositol 3-fosfatase">.67 PI3P</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <a href="/wiki/Pektinesterase" title="Pektinesterase">Pektin</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glikosilase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glikosilase (halaman belum tersedia)">.2</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id=".1" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glikosida_hidrolase" title="Glikosida hidrolase">.1</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Alfa-amilase" title="Alfa-amilase">.1 PA</a>  <b>·</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".2 (halaman belum tersedia)">.2</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".3 (halaman belum tersedia)">.3</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".4 (halaman belum tersedia)">.4</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".5 (halaman belum tersedia)">.5</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".6 (halaman belum tersedia)">.6</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".7 (halaman belum tersedia)">.7</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".8 (halaman belum tersedia)">.8</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".9 (halaman belum tersedia)">.9</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".10 (halaman belum tersedia)">.10</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.11&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".11 (halaman belum tersedia)">.11</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.12&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".12 (halaman belum tersedia)">.12</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.13&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".13 (halaman belum tersedia)">.13</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".14 (halaman belum tersedia)">.14</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.15&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".15 (halaman belum tersedia)">.15</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.16&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".16 (halaman belum tersedia)">.16</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.17&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".17 (halaman belum tersedia)">.17</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.18&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".18 (halaman belum tersedia)">.18</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.19&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".19 (halaman belum tersedia)">.19</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.20&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".20 (halaman belum tersedia)">.20</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.21&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".21 (halaman belum tersedia)">.21</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfa-galaktosidase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfa-galaktosidase (halaman belum tersedia)">.22 α-gal</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Beta-galaktosidase" title="Beta-galaktosidase">.23 β-gal</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Heparanase" title="Heparanase">.166 HPA</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrolase_eter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrolase eter (halaman belum tersedia)">.3</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protease" title="Protease">.4</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrolase_Peptidil-Asam_amino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrolase Peptidil-Asam amino (halaman belum tersedia)">.2</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Karboksipeptidase_A" title="Karboksipeptidase A">.1 CPA</a>  <b>·</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Karboksipeptidase_B" title="Karboksipeptidase B">.2 CPB</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Karboksipeptidase_glisina" class="mw-redirect" title="Karboksipeptidase glisina">.3 CPS</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eksopeptidase" title="Eksopeptidase">.11-.19</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aminopeptidase" title="Aminopeptidase">.11-15</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=.11&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".11 (halaman belum tersedia)">.11</a>  <b>·</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=.12&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".12 (halaman belum tersedia)">.12</a> (<a href="/wiki/Karboksipeptidase_A" title="Karboksipeptidase A">.2 CPA</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Karboksipeptidase_B" title="Karboksipeptidase B">.3 CPB</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Karboksipeptidase_lisina" class="mw-redirect" title="Karboksipeptidase lisina">.7 CPN</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Karboksipeptidase_glisina" class="mw-redirect" title="Karboksipeptidase glisina">.8 CPS</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Karboksipeptidase_alanina" class="mw-redirect" title="Karboksipeptidase alanina">.11 ACP</a>)  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dipeptidase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dipeptidase (halaman belum tersedia)">.13</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dipeptidil_peptidase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dipeptidil peptidase (halaman belum tersedia)">.14</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Angiotensin-convertase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angiotensin-convertase (halaman belum tersedia)">.15</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karboksipeptidase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karboksipeptidase (halaman belum tersedia)">.16-.18</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karboksipeptidase_serina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karboksipeptidase serina (halaman belum tersedia)">.16</a>  <b>·</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eksometalokarboksipeptidase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eksometalokarboksipeptidase (halaman belum tersedia)">.17</a> (<a href="/wiki/Karboksipeptidase_A" title="Karboksipeptidase A">.1 CPA</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Karboksipeptidase_B" title="Karboksipeptidase B">.2 CPB</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Karboksipeptidase_lisina" class="mw-redirect" title="Karboksipeptidase lisina">.3 CPN</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Karboksipeptidase_glisina" class="mw-redirect" title="Karboksipeptidase glisina">.4 CPS</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Karboksipeptidase_alanina" class="mw-redirect" title="Karboksipeptidase alanina">.6 ACP</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Karboksipeptidase_glisina" class="mw-redirect" title="Karboksipeptidase glisina">.9 CPS</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Karboksipeptidase_glutamat_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Karboksipeptidase glutamat II">.21 PSMA</a>)  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karboksipeptidase_sisteina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karboksipeptidase sisteina (halaman belum tersedia)">.18</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peptidase_omega&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peptidase omega (halaman belum tersedia)">.19</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Karboksipeptidase_glutamat_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Karboksipeptidase glutamat II">.8 PSMA</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endopeptidase" title="Endopeptidase">.21-.24</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serina_protease&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serina protease (halaman belum tersedia)">.21</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prokonvertin" title="Prokonvertin">FVII</a>  <b>·</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Protromboplastin_beta" title="Protromboplastin beta">FIX</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Protrombinase" title="Protrombinase">FX</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Faktor_PTA" title="Faktor PTA">FXI</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Faktor_Hageman" title="Faktor Hageman">FXII</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Faktor_komplemen_D" title="Faktor komplemen D">FD</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Protein_C" title="Protein C">PROC</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Trombin" title="Trombin">Trombin</a>)  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Protease_sistein" class="mw-redirect" title="Protease sistein">.22</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Protease_aspartat" title="Protease aspartat">.23</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Metaloprotease#Endometalopeptidase" title="Metaloprotease">.24</a> (<a href="/wiki/Atrolisin_A" title="Atrolisin A">.1 ALA</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Metaloproteinase_matriks-1" title="Metaloproteinase matriks-1">.7 MMP-1</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Metaloproteinase_matriks-3" title="Metaloproteinase matriks-3">.17 MMP-3/MMP-6</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Protein_BM-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein BM-1">.19 BMP-1</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Metaloproteinase_matriks-7" title="Metaloproteinase matriks-7">.23 MMP-7</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Metaloproteinase_matriks-2" title="Metaloproteinase matriks-2">.24 MMP-2/MMP-5</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Metaloproteinase_matriks-9" title="Metaloproteinase matriks-9">.35 MMP-9</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Sekretase" title="Sekretase">Sekretase</a>)</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrolase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrolase (halaman belum tersedia)">.5</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amidohidrolase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amidohidrolase (halaman belum tersedia)">.1</a>  <b>·</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amidohidrolase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amidohidrolase (halaman belum tersedia)">.2</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ureohidrolase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ureohidrolase (halaman belum tersedia)">.3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arginase" title="Arginase">ARG</a>)  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amidohidrolase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amidohidrolase (halaman belum tersedia)">.4</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amidohidrolase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amidohidrolase (halaman belum tersedia)">.5</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrolase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrolase (halaman belum tersedia)">.6</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrolase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrolase (halaman belum tersedia)">.7</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liase (halaman belum tersedia)">EC 4</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liase (halaman belum tersedia)">.1</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Liase_Karboksi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liase Karboksi (halaman belum tersedia)">.1</a>  <b>·</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liase_Aldehid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liase Aldehid (halaman belum tersedia)">.2</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liase_Asam_okso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liase Asam okso (halaman belum tersedia)">.3</a>)  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dehidratase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dehidratase (halaman belum tersedia)">.2</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liase (halaman belum tersedia)">.3</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Liase_amonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liase amonia (halaman belum tersedia)">.1</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liase_amidina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liase amidina (halaman belum tersedia)">.2</a>)  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liase (halaman belum tersedia)">.4</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liase (halaman belum tersedia)">.5</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liase (halaman belum tersedia)">.6</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isomerase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isomerase (halaman belum tersedia)">EC 5</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ligase" title="Ligase">EC 6</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/DNA_ligase" title="DNA ligase">DNA</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lainnya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Helikase" title="Helikase">Helikase</a>  <b>·</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Girase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Girase (halaman belum tersedia)">Girase</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvertase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konvertase (halaman belum tersedia)">Konvertase</a> (<a href="/wiki/Faktor_komplemen_B" title="Faktor komplemen B">C3/C5</a>)  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Permease" title="Permease">Permease</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sintase_ATP" class="mw-redirect" title="Sintase ATP">ATPase</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Transporter_glutamat" title="Transporter glutamat">EEAT</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Transporter_asam_lemak" title="Transporter asam lemak">FATP</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Transporter_glukosa" title="Transporter glukosa">GLUT</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Transporter_monokarboksilat" title="Transporter monokarboksilat">MCT</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Transporter_anion_organik" title="Transporter anion organik">OATP</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Transporter_natrium_glukosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Transporter natrium glukosa">SGLT</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Termogenin" title="Termogenin">UCP-1</a>)  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Aldolase" title="Aldolase">Aldolase</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Fosfatase" title="Fosfatase">Fosfatase</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Laktase" class="mw-redirect" title="Laktase">Laktase</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuklease&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuklease (halaman belum tersedia)">Nuklease</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Papain" title="Papain">Papain</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Faktor_komplemen_H" title="Faktor komplemen H">Rekonektin</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Renin" title="Renin">Renin</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Rennet" title="Rennet">Rennet</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Rubisco" title="Rubisco">Rubisco</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Selulase" title="Selulase">Selulase</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfatase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sulfatase (halaman belum tersedia)">Sulfatase</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Lihat pula: <a href="/wiki/Templat:Asam_amino" title="Templat:Asam amino">Asam amino</a>  <b>·</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Templat:Darah" title="Templat:Darah">Darah</a>  <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Templat:Hormon" title="Templat:Hormon">Hormon</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Biologi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#90EE90"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Biologi_nav" title="Templat:Biologi nav"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan_Templat:Biologi_nav" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Biologi nav"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Biologi_nav&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Biologi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi">Biologi</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#90EE90"><div> <ul><li>Pengantar (<a href="/wiki/Pengantar_genetika" title="Pengantar genetika">Genetika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pengantar_evolusi" title="Pengantar evolusi">Evolusi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garis_besar_biologi" title="Garis besar biologi">Garis besar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_biologi" title="Sejarah biologi">Sejarah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garis_waktu_biologi_dan_kimia_organik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garis waktu biologi dan kimia organik (halaman belum tersedia)">Garis waktu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indeks_artikel_biologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indeks artikel biologi (halaman belum tersedia)">Indeks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#90EE90;width:1%">Subdisiplin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomi" title="Anatomi">Anatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antropologi_biologis" title="Antropologi biologis">Antropologi biologis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiologi" title="Astrobiologi">Astrobiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biofisika" title="Biofisika">Biofisika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeografi" title="Biogeografi">Biogeografi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioinformatika" title="Bioinformatika">Bioinformatika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biokimia" title="Biokimia">Biokimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_evolusioner" title="Biologi evolusioner">Biologi evolusioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_kelautan" title="Biologi kelautan">Biologi kelautan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi_kimiawi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biologi kimiawi (halaman belum tersedia)">Biologi kimiawi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi_kognitif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biologi kognitif (halaman belum tersedia)">Biologi kognitif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_komputasi" title="Biologi komputasi">Biologi komputasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_konservasi" title="Biologi konservasi">Biologi konservasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_kuantum" title="Biologi kuantum">Biologi kuantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_manusia" title="Biologi manusia">Biologi manusia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi_matematikal_dan_teoretikal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biologi matematikal dan teoretikal (halaman belum tersedia)">Biologi matematikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_molekuler" title="Biologi molekuler">Biologi molekuler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_perkembangan" title="Biologi perkembangan">Biologi perkembangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_perkembangan_evolusioner" title="Biologi perkembangan evolusioner">Biologi perkembangan evolusioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_sel" title="Biologi sel">Biologi sel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_sintetis" title="Biologi sintetis">Biologi sintetis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_sistem" title="Biologi sistem">Biologi sistem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_struktur" title="Biologi struktur">Biologi struktur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomekanika" title="Biomekanika">Biomekanika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biostatistika" title="Biostatistika">Biostatistika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botani" title="Botani">Botani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekologi" title="Ekologi">Ekologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiologi" title="Epidemiologi">Epidemiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenetika" title="Epigenetika">Epigenetika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmakologi" title="Farmakologi">Farmakologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisiologi" title="Fisiologi">Fisiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika">Genetika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genomika" title="Genomika">Genomika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histologi" title="Histologi">Histologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imunologi" title="Imunologi">Imunologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_organik" title="Kimia organik">Kimia organik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronobiologi" title="Kronobiologi">Kronobiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipidologi" title="Lipidologi">Lipidologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikologi" title="Mikologi">Mikologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikrobiologi" title="Mikrobiologi">Mikrobiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikrobiologi_seluler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikrobiologi seluler (halaman belum tersedia)">Mikrobiologi seluler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanobioteknologi" title="Nanobioteknologi">Nanobioteknologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmu_saraf" title="Ilmu saraf">Neurosains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrisi" title="Nutrisi">Nutrisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontologi" title="Paleontologi">Paleontologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitologi" title="Parasitologi">Parasitologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patologi" title="Patologi">Patologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psikologi" title="Psikologi">Psikologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosiobiologi" title="Sosiobiologi">Sosiobiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistematika" title="Sistematika">Sistematika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toksikologi" title="Toksikologi">Toksikologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virologi" title="Virologi">Virologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoologi" title="Zoologi">Zoologi</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg/140px-Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg/210px-Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg/280px-Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1804" data-file-height="2856" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#90EE90;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organisasi_biologis" title="Organisasi biologis">Hierarki kehidupan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biosfer" title="Biosfer">Biosfer</a> >  <a href="/wiki/Ekosistem" title="Ekosistem">Ekosistem</a> > <a href="/wiki/Komunitas_(ekologi)" title="Komunitas (ekologi)">Komunitas</a> > <a href="/wiki/Populasi_(biologi)" title="Populasi (biologi)">Populasi</a> >  <a href="/wiki/Organisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisme">Organisme</a> > <a href="/wiki/Sistem_organ" title="Sistem organ">Sistem organ</a> > <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomi)" title="Organ (anatomi)">Organ</a> > <a href="/wiki/Jaringan" title="Jaringan">Jaringan</a> > <a href="/wiki/Sel_(biologi)" title="Sel (biologi)">Sel</a> > <a href="/wiki/Organel" title="Organel">Organel</a> > <a href="/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul">Molekul</a> (<a href="/wiki/Makromolekul" title="Makromolekul">Makromolekul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biomolekul" title="Biomolekul">Biomolekul</a>) > <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th 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