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height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-id.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pencarian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Pencarian</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Telusuri Wikipedia" aria-label="Telusuri Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Istimewa:Pencarian"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Perkakas pribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tampilan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id" class=""><span>Menyumbang</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Penghambat+enzim" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan" class=""><span>Buat akun baru</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Penghambat+enzim" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Masuk log</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Opsi lainnya" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas pribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas pribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id"><span>Menyumbang</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Penghambat+enzim" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buat akun baru</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Penghambat+enzim" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Jenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Jenis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Jenis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Jenis</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Jenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Berdasarkan_kestabilan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Berdasarkan_kestabilan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Berdasarkan kestabilan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Berdasarkan_kestabilan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Berdasarkan_cara_mempengaruhi_reaksi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Berdasarkan_cara_mempengaruhi_reaksi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Berdasarkan cara mempengaruhi reaksi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Berdasarkan_cara_mempengaruhi_reaksi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aplikasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aplikasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Aplikasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aplikasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Lihat pula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Penghambat enzim</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 33 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AB%D8%A8%D8%B7_%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%85" title="مثبط إنزيم – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مثبط إنزيم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhibitor_enzima" title="Inhibitor enzima – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Inhibitor enzima" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhibidor_enzim%C3%A0tic" title="Inhibidor enzimàtic – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Inhibidor enzimàtic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhibice" title="Inhibice – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Inhibice" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyminhibitor" title="Enzyminhibitor – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Enzyminhibitor" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymhemmung" title="Enzymhemmung – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Enzymhemmung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B6%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Αναστολέας ενζύμου – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αναστολέας ενζύμου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor" title="Enzyme inhibitor – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Enzyme inhibitor" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhibidor_enzim%C3%A1tico" title="Inhibidor enzimático – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Inhibidor enzimático" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ens%C3%BC%C3%BCmiinhibiitor" title="Ensüümiinhibiitor – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ensüümiinhibiitor" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entzima-inhibitzaile" title="Entzima-inhibitzaile – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Entzima-inhibitzaile" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%85" title="بازدارنده آنزیم – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بازدارنده آنزیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhibiteur_enzymatique" title="Inhibiteur enzymatique – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Inhibiteur enzymatique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhibidor_encim%C3%A1tico" title="Inhibidor encimático – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Inhibidor encimático" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%99_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מעכבי אנזימים – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מעכבי אנזימים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inibitore_enzimatico" title="Inibitore enzimatico – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Inibitore enzimatico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%85%B5%E7%B4%A0%E9%98%BB%E5%AE%B3%E5%89%A4" title="酵素阻害剤 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="酵素阻害剤" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9A%A8%EC%86%8C_%EC%A0%80%ED%95%B4%EC%A0%9C" title="효소 저해제 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="효소 저해제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentu_inhibitors" title="Fermentu inhibitors – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fermentu inhibitors" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perencat_enzim" title="Perencat enzim – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perencat enzim" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhibitie_van_enzymen" title="Inhibitie van enzymen – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Inhibitie van enzymen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inibidor_enzim%C3%A1tico" title="Inibidor enzimático – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Inibidor enzimático" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhibitor_enzimatic" title="Inhibitor enzimatic – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Inhibitor enzimatic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Ингибирование ферментов – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ингибирование ферментов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhibicija_enzimskih_reakcija" title="Inhibicija enzimskih reakcija – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Inhibicija enzimskih reakcija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enz%C3%BDmov%C3%BD_inhib%C3%ADtor" title="Enzýmový inhibítor – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Enzýmový inhibítor" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encimski_inhibitor" title="Encimski inhibitor – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Encimski inhibitor" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frenuesi_i_enzim%C3%ABs" title="Frenuesi i enzimës – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Frenuesi i enzimës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhibitor_enzima" title="Inhibitor enzima – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Inhibitor enzima" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentatiw_ingibitor" title="Fermentatiw ingibitor – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Fermentatiw ingibitor" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzim_inhibit%C3%B6r%C3%BC" title="Enzim inhibitörü – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Enzim inhibitörü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%A5t_%E1%BB%A9c_ch%E1%BA%BF_enzym" title="Chất ức chế enzym – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chất ức chế enzym" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%85%B6%E6%8A%91%E5%88%B6%E5%89%82" title="酶抑制剂 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="酶抑制剂" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q427492#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Penghambat_enzim" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Halaman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan:Penghambat_enzim&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi (halaman belum tersedia) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Inhibitor_enzim&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibitor enzim">Inhibitor enzim</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><p><b>Penghambat enzim</b> adalah <a href="/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul">molekul</a> yang dapat menghambat bahkan menghentikan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reaksi_enzimatik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reaksi enzimatik (halaman belum tersedia)">reaksi enzimatik</a> dengan mengotori permukaan <a href="/wiki/Katalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Katalis">katalis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shanmugam_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shanmugam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jenis">Jenis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penghambat_enzim&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Jenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penghambat_enzim&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Jenis"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Berdasarkan_kestabilan">Berdasarkan kestabilan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penghambat_enzim&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Berdasarkan kestabilan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penghambat_enzim&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Berdasarkan kestabilan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Berdasarkan kestabilannya, inhibitor dibedakan menjadi <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inhibitor_reversible&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inhibitor reversible (halaman belum tersedia)">inhibitor reversible</a></i> dan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inhibitor_irreversible&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inhibitor irreversible (halaman belum tersedia)">inhibitor irreversible</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shanmugam_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shanmugam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Inhibitor reversible</i> adalah inhibitor yang <a href="/wiki/Reaksi_kimia" title="Reaksi kimia">reaksi kimianya</a> berjalan dua arah atau dapat balik dan bersifat tidak stabil, ketika inhibitor mengikat sisi aktif <a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">enzim</a>, maka inhibitor ini dapat dipisahkan lagi dari ikatannya.<sup id="cite_ref-Copeland_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Copeland-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><i>Inhibitor irreversible</i> adalah inhibitor yang reaksi kimianya berjalan satu arah, di mana setelah inhibitor mengikat enzim, inhibitor tidak dapat dipisahkan dan bersifat stabil.<sup id="cite_ref-Shanmugam_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shanmugam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irreversible inhibitor merupakan inhibitor yang merusak bentuk enzim secara permanen sehingga enzim tidak berfungsi. </p><p>Contoh inhibitor reversible adalah <a href="/wiki/EDTA" class="mw-redirect" title="EDTA">EDTA</a>, sedangkan contoh inhibitor irreversible adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMSF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMSF (halaman belum tersedia)">PMSF</a>. PMSF dapat berikatan <a href="/wiki/Kovalen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kovalen">kovalen</a> dengan kompleks enzim. EDTA merupakan senyawa inhibitor bagi enzim golongan <a href="/wiki/Protease" title="Protease">protease</a> logam karena kemampuannya dalam mengelat ion logam. PMSF biasanya digunakan dalam <a href="/wiki/Kelarutan" title="Kelarutan">kelarutan</a> protein untuk menonaktifkan protease yang mencerna <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Garg_&_Garg_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garg_&_Garg-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Berdasarkan_cara_mempengaruhi_reaksi">Berdasarkan cara mempengaruhi reaksi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penghambat_enzim&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Berdasarkan cara mempengaruhi reaksi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penghambat_enzim&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Berdasarkan cara mempengaruhi reaksi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Inhibitor reversible</i> dibedakan menjadi inhibitor kompetitif dan inhibitor non-kompetitif.<sup id="cite_ref-Lemke_&_Williams_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lemke_&_Williams-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inhibitor_kompetitif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inhibitor kompetitif (halaman belum tersedia)">Inhibitor kompetitif</a> adalah molekul penghambat yang bersaing dengan <a href="/wiki/Substrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrat">substrat</a> untuk mendapatkan sisi aktif enzim.<sup id="cite_ref-Shanmugam_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shanmugam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun setelah inhibitor menempati sisi aktif, enzim bebas dan produk tidak segera terbentuk, sehingga jumlah enzim atau kompleks enzim substrat berkurang.<sup id="cite_ref-Shanmugam_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shanmugam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penghambatan aktivitas enzim oleh inhibitor dicirikan dengan mengikat tetapan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michaelis_Menten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michaelis Menten (halaman belum tersedia)">Michaelis Menten</a> (konsentrasi substrat yang dibutuhkan untuk mencapai setengah kecepatan maksimum).<sup id="cite_ref-Shanmugam_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shanmugam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peningkatan konsentrasi substrat dapat mengatasi inhibitor kompetitif.<sup id="cite_ref-Shanmugam_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shanmugam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jika konsentrasi substrat tinggi, tempat pengikatan substrat ditempati oleh subtrat sehingga tidak ada molekul inhibitor yang dapat terikat.<sup id="cite_ref-Shanmugam_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shanmugam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oleh karena itu, inhibitor ini dapat meningkatkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Km_enzim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Km enzim (halaman belum tersedia)">Km enzim</a> akan tetapi tidak pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vmax&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vmax (halaman belum tersedia)">Vmax</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shanmugam_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shanmugam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inhibitor_non-kompetitif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inhibitor non-kompetitif (halaman belum tersedia)">Inhibitor non-kompetitif</a> adalah penghambat yang dapat berikatan dengan enzim maupun dengan kompleks enzim-substrat.<sup id="cite_ref-Shanmugam_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shanmugam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jika inhibitor menempel pada enzim, maka struktur sisi aktif enzim akan berubah namun substrat masih bisa menempel pada sisi aktif, tetapi kerja enzim tidak dapat terlaksana.<sup id="cite_ref-Shanmugam_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shanmugam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada inhibitor non-kompetitif, harga Vmax akan meningkat sementara harga Km tetap.<sup id="cite_ref-Shanmugam_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shanmugam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inhibitor_un-kompetitif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inhibitor un-kompetitif (halaman belum tersedia)">Inhibitor un-kompetitif</a> adalah inhibitor yang hanya dapat berikatan dengan komplesk enzim substrat tidak dengan enzim bebas.<sup id="cite_ref-Shanmugam_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shanmugam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hal ini membuat kompleks inhibitor-enzim substrat yang terbentuk kemudian menjadi tidak aktif.<sup id="cite_ref-Shanmugam_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shanmugam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kompleks inhibitor- enzim substrat disebut juga kompleks buntu yang hanya punya satu tujuan, yaitu untuk kembali ke kompleks enzim-substrat.<sup id="cite_ref-Shanmugam_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shanmugam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada inhibitor un-kompetitif, Vmax akan menurun dan Km akan menurun juga.<sup id="cite_ref-Shanmugam_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shanmugam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aplikasi">Aplikasi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penghambat_enzim&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Aplikasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penghambat_enzim&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Aplikasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inhibitor enzim baik yang bersifat reversible atau irreversible dapat digunakan untuk memperlambat laju kerusakan makanan terutama pada makanan mentah.<sup id="cite_ref-Fennema_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fennema-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Makanan mentah dapat rusak karena reaksi enzim dari <a href="/wiki/Mikroorganisme" title="Mikroorganisme">mikroorganisme</a> atau dari jaringan makanan itu sendiri.<sup id="cite_ref-Fennema_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fennema-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inhibitor enzim dapat menghambat kerja enzim sehingga masa simpan makanan bertambah lama.<sup id="cite_ref-Fennema_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fennema-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penghambat_enzim&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penghambat_enzim&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Shanmugam-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shanmugam_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shanmugam_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shanmugam_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shanmugam_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shanmugam_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shanmugam_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shanmugam_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shanmugam_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shanmugam_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shanmugam_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shanmugam_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shanmugam_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shanmugam_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shanmugam_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shanmugam_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shanmugam_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shanmugam S, Kumar TS, Selvam KP. 2010. <i>Laboratory Handbook on Biochemistry</i>. New Delhi: PHI Learning.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Copeland-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Copeland_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Copeland RA. 2013. <i>Evaluation of Enzyme Inhibitors in Drug Discovery: A Guide for Medicinal Chemists and Pharmacologists</i>. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garg_&_Garg-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Garg_&_Garg_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garg N & Garg A. 2010. <i>Textbook of Endodotics</i>. Ed ke-2. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lemke_&_Williams-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lemke_&_Williams_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lemke TL, Williams DA. 2013. <i>Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry</i>. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fennema-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fennema_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fennema_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fennema_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fennema OR. 1996. <i>Food Chemistry</i>. New York: Marcel Dekker.</span> </li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penghambat_enzim&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat pula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penghambat_enzim&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat pula"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">Protein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aktivator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aktivator (halaman belum tersedia)">Aktivator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Katalis">Katalis</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diperoleh dari "<a dir="ltr" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penghambat_enzim&oldid=26430668">https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penghambat_enzim&oldid=26430668</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Daftar_kategori" title="Istimewa:Daftar kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Protein" title="Kategori:Protein">Protein</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Enzim" title="Kategori:Enzim">Enzim</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Halaman ini terakhir diubah pada 18 Oktober 2024, pukul 02.30.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks tersedia di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Lisensi Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa Creative Commons</a>; ketentuan tambahan mungkin berlaku. 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