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<li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Company_of_Royal_Adventurers_Trading_into_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Company_of_Royal_Adventurers_Trading_into_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Company of Royal Adventurers Trading into Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Company_of_Royal_Adventurers_Trading_into_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_African_Company_of_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_African_Company_of_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Royal African Company of England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_African_Company_of_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slave_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slave_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Slave trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slave_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_activities_and_insolvency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_activities_and_insolvency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Later activities and insolvency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_activities_and_insolvency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Members_and_officials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Members_and_officials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Members and officials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Members_and_officials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_notable_investors_and_officials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_notable_investors_and_officials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>List of notable investors and officials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_notable_investors_and_officials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dissolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dissolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Dissolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dissolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_African_Company" title="Royal African Company – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Royal African Company" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Каралеўская Афрыканская кампанія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каралеўская Афрыканская кампанія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companyia_Reial_Africana" title="Companyia Reial Africana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Companyia Reial Africana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_African_Company" title="Royal African Company – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Royal African Company" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_African_Company" title="Royal African Company – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Royal African Company" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C4%9Da_Afrika_Kompanio" title="Reĝa Afrika Kompanio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Reĝa Afrika Kompanio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7" title="شرکت سلطنتی آفریقا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شرکت سلطنتی آفریقا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_African_Company" title="Royal African Company – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Royal African Company" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EC%97%B4_%EC%95%84%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B8_%EC%BB%B4%ED%8D%BC%EB%8B%88" title="로열 아프리칸 컴퍼니 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로열 아프리칸 컴퍼니" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_African_Company" title="Royal African Company – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Royal African Company" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_African_Company" title="Royal African Company – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Royal African Company" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E7%AB%8B%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E4%BC%9A%E7%A4%BE" title="王立アフリカ会社 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="王立アフリカ会社" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_African_Company" title="Royal African Company – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Royal African Company" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_African_Company" title="Royal African Company – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Royal African Company" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Королевская Африканская компания – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Королевская Африканская компания" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_African_Company" title="Royal African Company – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Royal African Company" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="บริษัทรอยัลแอฟริกัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บริษัทรอยัลแอฟริกัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraliyet_Afrika_%C5%9Eirketi" title="Kraliyet Afrika Şirketi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kraliyet Afrika Şirketi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="皇家非洲公司 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="皇家非洲公司" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English trading company</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Royal African Company</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Royal_African_Company.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Royal_African_Company.svg/220px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Royal_African_Company.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Royal_African_Company.svg/330px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Royal_African_Company.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Royal_African_Company.svg/440px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Royal_African_Company.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="918" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Coat of arms</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_African_Company_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Royal_African_Company_Flag.svg/220px-Royal_African_Company_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Royal_African_Company_Flag.svg/330px-Royal_African_Company_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Royal_African_Company_Flag.svg/440px-Royal_African_Company_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2344" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Company flag (c. 1665)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formerly</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Company of Royal Adventurers Trading to Africa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Private</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category">Mercantile trading</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1660<span class="noprint">; 364 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1660</span>)</span> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founders</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">House of Stuart</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a> merchants</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Defunct</th><td class="infobox-data">1752<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1752</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II of England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II of England</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaves</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Royal African Company</b> (<b>RAC</b>) was an English <a href="/wiki/Trading_company" title="Trading company">trading company</a> established in 1660 by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">House of Stuart</a> and <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a> merchants to trade along the <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West African</a> coast.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was overseen by the <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">Duke of York</a>, the brother of <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II of England</a>; the RAC was founded after Charles II ascended to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">English throne</a> in the 1660 <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">Stuart Restoration</a>, and he granted it a <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> on all English trade with Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the company's original purpose was to trade for <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gambia_River" title="Gambia River">Gambia River</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Prince_Rupert_of_the_Rhine" title="Prince Rupert of the Rhine">Prince Rupert of the Rhine</a> had identified gold deposits in the region during the <a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(England)" title="Interregnum (England)">Interregnum</a>, the RAC quickly began trading in slaves, who became its largest commodity. </p><p>Historians have estimated that the RAC shipped more African slaves to the Americas during the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a> than any other company. The RAC also dealt in other commodities such as <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a>, which were primarily sourced from the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(region)" title="Gold Coast (region)">Gold Coast region</a>. After <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III of England</a> rescinded the company's monopoly in 1697 under pressure from the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a>, the RAC became insolvent by 1708, though it survived in a state of much reduced activity until 1752, when its assets were transferred to the newly founded <a href="/wiki/African_Company_of_Merchants" title="African Company of Merchants">African Company of Merchants</a>, which lasted until 1821.<sup id="cite_ref-Jesus_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jesus-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_African_Company&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_African_Company&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the west coast of Africa the few Europeans lived in fortified <a href="/wiki/Factory_(trading_post)" title="Factory (trading post)">factories</a> (trading posts). They had no sovereignty over the land or its natives, and very little immunity to tropical diseases. The coastal tribes acted as intermediaries between them and the slave-hunters of the interior. There was little incentive for European men to explore up the rivers, and few of them did so. The atmosphere might have been one of quiet routine for the traders had there not been acute rivalries between the European powers; especially the Dutch, who made use of native allies against their rivals. Before the <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">Restoration</a>, the Dutch had been the main suppliers of slaves to the English West Indian plantations, but it was part of the policy of the English <a href="/wiki/Navigation_Acts" title="Navigation Acts">Navigation Acts</a> to oust them from this lucrative trade.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1676 and 1700, the value of gold exports from Africa was similar to the total value of slave exports. After the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Ryswick" title="Peace of Ryswick">Peace of Ryswick</a> in 1697, the price of slaves in Africa and the number of slaves exported doubled; from then, until trade diminished after 1807, slaves were clearly the most valuable export of Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Company_of_Royal_Adventurers_Trading_into_Africa">Company of Royal Adventurers Trading into Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_African_Company&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Company of Royal Adventurers Trading into Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1686-Guinea-elephant-and-castle-James-II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/1686-Guinea-elephant-and-castle-James-II.jpg/260px-1686-Guinea-elephant-and-castle-James-II.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/1686-Guinea-elephant-and-castle-James-II.jpg/390px-1686-Guinea-elephant-and-castle-James-II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/1686-Guinea-elephant-and-castle-James-II.jpg/520px-1686-Guinea-elephant-and-castle-James-II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption>1686 English <a href="/wiki/Guinea_(coin)" title="Guinea (coin)">guinea</a> showing the Royal African Company's symbol, an <a href="/wiki/Howdah#Elephant_and_castle_symbol" title="Howdah">elephant and castle</a>, under the bust of <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Originally known as the <b>Company of Royal Adventurers Trading into Africa</b>, by its <a href="/wiki/Charter" title="Charter">charter</a> issued on 18 December 1660 it was granted a <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> over <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">English</a> trade along the west coast of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, with the principal objective being the search for <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>. The company was to be run by a committee of six: the <a href="/wiki/Philip_Herbert,_5th_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="Philip Herbert, 5th Earl of Pembroke">Earl of Pembroke</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Craven,_1st_Earl_of_Craven_(1608%E2%80%931697)" title="William Craven, 1st Earl of Craven (1608–1697)">Lord Craven</a>, George Caveret, <a href="/wiki/Elisha_Leighton" title="Elisha Leighton">Ellis Leighton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Vermuyden" title="Cornelius Vermuyden">Cornelius Vermuyden</a>. In 1663, a new <a href="/wiki/Charter" title="Charter">charter</a> was obtained which also mentioned the trade in <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">slaves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the third English African Company, but it made a fresh start in the slave trade and there was only one factory of importance for it to take over from the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>, which had leased it as a calling-place on the sea-route round the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape</a>. This was <a href="/wiki/Fort_Amsterdam,_Ghana" title="Fort Amsterdam, Ghana">Cormantin</a>, a few miles east of the Dutch station of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Coast_Castle" title="Cape Coast Castle">Cape Coast Castle</a>, now in <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>. The 1663 charter prohibits others to trade in "redwood, elephants' teeth, negroes, slaves, hides, wax, guinea grains, or other commodities of those countries".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1663, as a prelude to the Dutch war, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Holmes_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Robert Holmes (Royal Navy officer)">Captain Holmes's</a> expedition captured or destroyed all the Dutch settlements on the coast, and in 1664, <a href="/wiki/Fort_James,_Ghana" title="Fort James, Ghana">Fort James</a> was founded on an island about twenty miles up the <a href="/wiki/Gambia_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia river">Gambia river</a>, as a new centre for English trade and power. This, however, was only the beginning of a series of captures and recaptures. In the same year, <a href="/wiki/Michiel_de_Ruyter" title="Michiel de Ruyter">de Ruyter</a> won back all the Dutch forts except Cape Coast Castle and also took Cormantin. In 1667, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Breda_(1667)" title="Treaty of Breda (1667)">Treaty of Breda</a> confirmed Cape Coast Castle to the English.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Forts served as staging and trading stations, and the company was responsible for seizing any English ships that attempted to operate in violation of its monopoly (known as interlopers). In the "prize court", the King received half of the proceeds and the company half from the seizure of these interlopers.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The company fell heavily into debt in 1667, during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Second Anglo-Dutch War">Second Anglo-Dutch War</a>. For several years after that, the company maintained some desultory trade, including licensing single-trip private traders, but its biggest effort was the creation in 1668 of the <b>Gambia Adventurers.</b><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This new company was separately subscribed and granted a ten-year licence for African trade north of the <a href="/wiki/Bight_of_Benin" title="Bight of Benin">Bight of Benin</a> with effect from 1 January 1669.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of 1678, the licence to the Gambia Adventurers expired and its Gambian trade was merged into the company.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_African_Company_of_England">Royal African Company of England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_African_Company&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Royal African Company of England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The African Company was ruined by its losses and surrendered its charter in 1672, to be followed by the still more ambitious <b>Royal African Company of England</b>. Its new charter was broader than the old one and included the right to set up forts and factories, maintain troops, and exercise <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> in West Africa, in pursuit of trade in "gold, silver, negroes, slaves, goods, wares and merchandises whatsoever".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until 1687, the company was very prosperous. It set up six forts on the Gold Coast, and another post at <a href="/wiki/Ouidah" title="Ouidah">Ouidah</a>, farther east on the Slave Coast, which became its principal centre for trade. Cape Coast Castle was strengthened and rose to be second in importance only to the Dutch factory at <a href="/wiki/Elmina" title="Elmina">Elmina</a>. Anglo-Dutch rivalry was, however, henceforward unimportant in the region and the Dutch were not strong enough to take aggressive measures here in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Third Anglo-Dutch War">Third Anglo-Dutch War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Slavery" title="Category:Slavery">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Shackles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/125px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/188px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/250px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="272" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_21st_century" title="Slavery in the 21st century">Contemporary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">Debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_buying" title="Bride buying">Bride buying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">Forced prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_servitude" title="Involuntary servitude">Involuntary servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peon" title="Peon">Peonage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour" title="Penal labour">Penal labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st-century jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">Historical</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_antiquity" title="Slavery in antiquity">Antiquity</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Slavery in ancient Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_law#Three_classes" title="Babylonian law">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Rome</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" title="Slavery in medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancillae" title="Ancillae">Ancillae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_slave_trade" title="Black Sea slave trade">Black Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Slavery in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholop" title="Kholop">Kholop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_slave_trade" title="Prague slave trade">Prague slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_serfdom" title="History of serfdom">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Russia" title="Serfdom in Russia">In Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">Emancipation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Thrall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_slave_trade" title="Genoese slave trade">Genoese slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_slave_trade" title="Venetian slave trade">Venetian slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_slave_trade" title="Balkan slave trade">Balkan slave trade</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">Muslim world</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_al-Andalus" title="Slavery in al-Andalus">Slavery in al-Andalus</a> ‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baqt" title="Baqt">Baqt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukataba" title="Mukataba">Contract of manumission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhara_slave_trade" title="Bukhara slave trade">Bukhara slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean slave trade">Crimean slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_slave_trade" title="Khazar slave trade">Khazar slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khivan_slave_trade" title="Khivan slave trade">Khivan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_on_the_Barbary_Coast" title="Slavery on the Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Baltimore" title="Sack of Baltimore">Sack of Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raid_of_Su%C3%B0uroy" title="Slave raid of Suðuroy">Slave raid of Suðuroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Turkish Abductions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_concubinage" title="Islamic views on concubinage">Concubinage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_concubinage_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of concubinage in the Muslim world">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_harem" title="Abbasid harem">Abbasid harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Imperial_Harem" title="Ottoman Imperial Harem">Ottoman Imperial Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_imperial_harem" title="Safavid imperial harem">Safavid imperial harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_harem" title="Qajar harem">Qajar harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarya" title="Jarya">Jarya</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cariye" title="Cariye">Cariye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odalisque" title="Odalisque">Odalisque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyan" title="Qiyan">Qiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-walad" title="Umm al-walad">Umm al-walad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian slave trade">Circassian slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate">Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate">Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgarian_slave_trade" title="Volga Bulgarian slave trade">Volga Bulgarian slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st century</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_slave_trade" title="Bristol slave trade">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade_to_Brazil" title="Atlantic slave trade to Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyages:_The_Trans-Atlantic_Slave_Trade_Database" title="Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage" title="Middle Passage">Middle Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantes_slave_trade" title="Nantes slave trade">Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_New_France" title="Slavery in New France">New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyarring" title="Panyarring">Panyarring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America" title="Slavery in colonial Spanish America">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Coast_of_West_Africa" title="Slave Coast of West Africa">Slave Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Thirteen colonies</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Topics and practice</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devshirme" title="Devshirme">Devshirme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">Corvée labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_slave" title="House slave">House slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_market" title="Slave market">Slave market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding" title="Slave raiding">Slave raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_children_in_the_military" title="History of children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_slavery" title="White slavery">White slavery</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Naval</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galley_slave" title="Galley slave">Galley slave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">Impressment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghaiing" title="Shanghaiing">Shanghaiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_ship" title="Slave ship">Slave ship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By country or region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_slave_trade" title="Red Sea slave trade">Red Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Zanzibar slave trade">Zanzibar slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Angola" title="Slavery in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Chad" title="Human trafficking in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Comoros" title="Slavery in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Ethiopia" title="Slavery in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mali" title="Slavery in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mauritania" title="Slavery in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Niger" title="Slavery in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Nigeria" title="Slavery in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Seychelles" title="Slavery in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Somalia" title="Slavery in Somalia">Somalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali slave trade">Somali slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_South_Africa" title="Slavery in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Sudan" title="Slavery in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Zanzibar" title="Slavery in Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Americas">North and South America</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Pre-Columbian_America" title="Slavery in Pre-Columbian America">Pre-Columbian America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec slavery">Aztec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery among the indigenous peoples of the Americas">Americas indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery among Native Americans in the United States">U.S. Natives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Female slavery in the United States">female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_slavery_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary slavery in the United States">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">partus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labor_in_the_United_States" title="Penal labor in the United States">prison labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_codes" title="Slave codes">Slave codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of the enslaved in the United States">Treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Slave trade in the United States">interregional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Human trafficking in the United States">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Bahamas" title="Slavery in the Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Canada" title="Slavery in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_and_French_Caribbean" title="Slavery in the British and French Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbados_Slave_Code" title="Barbados Slave Code">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Slavery in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Trinidad" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Latin_America" title="Slavery in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lei_%C3%81urea" title="Lei Áurea">Lei Áurea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Colombia" title="Slavery in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Cuba" title="Slavery in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Haiti" title="Slavery in Haiti">Haiti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restavek" title="Restavek">Restavek</a></li></ul></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomienda</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Asia" title="Slavery in Asia">East, Southeast, and South Asia</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Human trafficking in Southeast Asia">Human trafficking in Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bhutan" title="Slavery in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brunei" title="Slavery in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_China" title="Slavery in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booi_Aha" title="Booi Aha">Booi Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laogai" title="Laogai">Laogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">penal system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_India" title="Slavery in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage_in_India" title="Debt bondage in India">Debt bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukri_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Chukri System">Chukri System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Indonesia" title="Slavery in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Japan" title="Slavery in Japan">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">comfort women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Korea" title="Slavery in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwalliso" title="Kwalliso">Kwalliso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malaysia" title="Slavery in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Mongol_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Mongol Empire">Slavery in the Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Thailand" title="Slavery in Thailand">Thailand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_and_prostitution_in_South_Korea" title="United States military and prostitution in South Korea">Yankee princess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Vietnam" title="Slavery in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Oceania">Australia and Oceania</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Australia" title="Slavery in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Australia" title="Human trafficking in Australia">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding_in_Easter_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave raiding in Easter Island">Slave raiding in Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea">Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding_in_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackbirding in Polynesia">Blackbirding in Polynesia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Europe and North Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Europe" title="Sex trafficking in Europe">Sex trafficking in Europe</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Penal labour in the United Kingdom">Penal Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Britain" title="Slavery in Britain">Slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_slave_trade" title="Danish slave trade">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Germany in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malta" title="Slavery in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Poland" title="Slavery in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Portugal" title="Slavery in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Romania" title="Slavery in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Russia" title="Slavery in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Spain" title="Slavery in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_slave_trade" title="Swedish slave trade">Sweden</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>North Africa and West Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Afghanistan" title="Slavery in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Algeria" title="Slavery in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bahrain" title="Slavery in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Egypt" title="Slavery in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human trafficking in the Middle East">Human trafficking in the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iran" title="Slavery in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iraq" title="Slavery in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Jordan" title="Slavery in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Kuwait" title="Slavery in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Lebanon" title="Slavery in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Libya" title="Slavery in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Morocco" title="Slavery in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oman" title="Slavery in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Palestine" title="Slavery in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Slavery in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Syria" title="Slavery in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Tunisia" title="Slavery in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Qatar" title="Slavery in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Yemen" title="Slavery in Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_and_religion" title="Slavery and religion">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_slavery" title="The Bible and slavery">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_slavery" title="Christian views on slavery">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_slavery" title="Catholic Church and slavery">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_slavery" title="Mormonism and slavery">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_slavery" title="Jewish views on slavery">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Baháʼí Faith and slavery">Baháʼí Faith</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Opposition and resistance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Anti-Slavery_Conference_1889%E2%80%9390" title="Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90">Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Slavery_Commission" title="Temporary Slavery Commission">Temporary Slavery Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_Slavery_Convention" title="1926 Slavery Convention">1926 Slavery Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Committee of Experts on Slavery">Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery">Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Hoc_Committee_on_Slavery" title="Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery">Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_Convention_on_the_Abolition_of_Slavery" title="Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery">Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolitionists" title="List of abolitionists">Abolitionists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Slave_Trade_Convention" title="Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention">Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_International" title="Anti-Slavery International">Anti-Slavery International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Africa" title="Blockade of Africa">Blockade of Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa_Squadron" title="West Africa Squadron">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Slave_Trade_Patrol" title="African Slave Trade Patrol">U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">Colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compensated_emancipation" title="Compensated emancipation">Compensated emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">Manumission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_suit" title="Freedom suit">Freedom suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Songs of the Underground Railroad">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion" title="Slave rebellion">Slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act" title="Slave Trade Act">Slave Trade Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_international_law" title="Slavery in international law">International law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Third Servile War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_abolition_of_slavery_and_serfdom" title="Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom">Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolition_of_slave_trade_in_Persian_gulf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf (page does not exist)">Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3" class="extiw" title="fa:ممنوعیت تجارت برده در خلیج فارس">fa</a>]</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_at_common_law" title="Slavery at common law">Common law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">Indentured servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">Fugitive slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slave laws in the United States">laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Convention" title="Fugitive Slave Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slaves" title="List of slaves">List of slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slave_owners" title="List of slave owners">owners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_survivors_of_American_slavery" title="List of last survivors of American slavery">last survivors of American slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slavery-related_memorials_and_museums" title="List of slavery-related memorials and museums">List of slavery-related memorials and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States" title="Slave marriages in the United States">Slave marriages in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_narrative" title="Slave narrative">Slave narrative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Songs_of_the_United_States" title="Slave Songs of the United States">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_name" title="Slave name">Slave name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_catcher" title="Slave catcher">Slave catcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_patrol" title="Slave patrol">Slave patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Slave_Route_Project" title="The Slave Route Project">Slave Route Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States" title="Slave breeding in the United States">breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_in_the_United_States_involving_slavery" title="List of court cases in the United States involving slavery">court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_slavery" title="George Washington and slavery">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery" title="Thomas Jefferson and slavery">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_and_abolitionism" title="John Quincy Adams and abolitionism">J.Q. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_and_slavery" title="Abraham Lincoln and slavery">Lincoln</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_acres_and_a_mule" title="Forty acres and a mule">40 acres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_iron_bit" title="Slave iron bit">Iron bit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Forced_labour" title="Template:Forced labour"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Forced_labour" title="Template talk:Forced labour"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Forced_labour" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Forced labour"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slave_trade">Slave trade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_African_Company&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Slave trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1680s, the company was transporting about 5,000 enslaved people a year to markets primarily in the Caribbean across the Atlantic. Many were <a href="/wiki/Human_branding" title="Human branding">branded</a> with the letters "DoY", for its Governor, the <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">Duke of York</a>, who succeeded his brother on the throne in 1685, becoming King James II. Other slaves were branded with the company's initials, RAC, on their chests.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian William Pettigrew has stated that this company "shipped more enslaved African women, men and children to the Americas than any other single institution during the entire period of the transatlantic slave trade", and that investors in the company were fully aware of its activities and intended to profit from this exploitation.<sup id="cite_ref-Pettigrew_11_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pettigrew_11-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1672 and 1731, the Royal African Company transported 187,697 enslaved people on company-owned ships (653 voyages) to English colonies in the Americas. Of those transported, 38,497 enslaved people died en route.<sup id="cite_ref-VoyagesDB_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VoyagesDB-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The predecessor Company of Royal Adventurers (1662–1672) transported 26,925 enslaved people on company-owned ships (104 voyages), of whom 6,620 died during the passage.<sup id="cite_ref-VoyagesDB_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VoyagesDB-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_activities_and_insolvency">Later activities and insolvency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_African_Company&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Later activities and insolvency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1694 to 1700, the company was a major participant in the <a href="/wiki/Komenda_Wars" title="Komenda Wars">Komenda Wars</a> in the port city <a href="/wiki/Komenda-Edina-Eguafo-Abirem_(Ghana_parliament_constituency)" title="Komenda-Edina-Eguafo-Abirem (Ghana parliament constituency)">Komenda</a> in the Eguafo Kingdom in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>. The company allied with a merchant prince named <a href="/wiki/John_Cabess" title="John Cabess">John Cabess</a> and various neighbouring African kingdoms to depose the king of Eguafo and establish a permanent fort and factory in Komenda.<sup id="cite_ref-Law_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Law-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English took two French forts and lost them again, after which the French destroyed Fort James. The place appears to have been soon regained and in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Spanish_Succession" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Spanish Succession">War of Spanish Succession</a> to have been twice retaken by the French. In the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Utrecht" title="Peace of Utrecht">treaty of Utrecht</a> it remained English. The French wars caused considerable losses to the company.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1689, the company acknowledged that it had lost its monopoly with the end of royal power in the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a>, and it ceased issuing <a href="/wiki/Letters_of_marque" class="mw-redirect" title="Letters of marque">letters of marque</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Colston" title="Edward Colston">Edward Colston</a> transferred a large segment of his original shareholding to <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a> at the beginning of 1689, securing the new regime's favour.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To maintain the company and its infrastructure and end its monopoly, parliament passed the <a href="/wiki/Trade_with_Africa_Act_1697" title="Trade with Africa Act 1697">Trade with Africa Act 1697</a> (9 Will. 3 c. 26).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among other provisions, the Act opened the African trade to all English merchants who paid a ten per cent levy to the company on all goods exported from Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The company was unable to withstand competition on the terms imposed by the Act and in 1708 became insolvent, surviving until 1750 in a state of much reduced activity.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1709 <a href="/wiki/Charles_Davenant" title="Charles Davenant">Charles Davenant</a> published <i>Reflections upon the Constitution and Management of Trade to Africa</i>, in which he "reverted to his normal attitude of suspicion and outright hostility towards the Dutch."<sup id="cite_ref-Waddell286_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waddell286-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This pamphlet advocated renewing the Royal African Company's monopoly on slave trade on the basis that the Dutch competition "necessitated the maintenance of forts, which only a joint-stock company could afford."<sup id="cite_ref-Waddell286_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waddell286-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The company continued purchasing and transporting slaves until 1731, when it abandoned slaving in favour of <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> dust.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1668 to 1722, the Royal African Company provided gold to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mint" title="Royal Mint">English Mint</a>. Coins made with such gold are designed with an elephant below the bust of the king and/or queen. This gold also gave the coinage its name, the <a href="/wiki/Guinea_(British_coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinea (British coin)">guinea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Members_and_officials">Members and officials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_African_Company&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Members and officials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At its incorporation, the constitution of the company specified a Governor, Sub Governor, Deputy Governor and 24 Assistants.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Assistants (also called Members of the Court of Assistants) can be considered equivalent to a modern-day board of directors.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James Stuart, Duke of York</a>, the future King James II – Governor of the company from 1660 to 1688; who as king continued to be its chief stockholder.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Colston" title="Edward Colston">Edward Colston</a> (1636–1721), merchant, <a href="/wiki/Philanthropist" class="mw-redirect" title="Philanthropist">philanthropist</a>, and Member of Parliament, was a shareholder in the Royal African Company from 1680 to 1692; from 1689 to 1690 he was its Deputy Governor, a senior executive position, the basis on which he is described as a slave trader.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hayes_(mathematician)" title="Charles Hayes (mathematician)">Charles Hayes</a> (1678–1760), mathematician and chronologer, was sub-governor of the Royal African Company in 1752, when it was dissolved.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachy_Postlethwayt" title="Malachy Postlethwayt">Malachy Postlethwayt</a>, director<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and propagandist of the company.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_notable_investors_and_officials">List of notable investors and officials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_African_Company&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: List of notable investors and officials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a full list of officials and investors in 1672, when the new charter was granted, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_officials_and_shareholders_in_the_Royal_African_Company,_1672" title="List of officials and shareholders in the Royal African Company, 1672">List of officials and shareholders in the Royal African Company, 1672</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II of England</a><sup id="cite_ref-Colli2015_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colli2015-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Andros" title="Edmund Andros">Edmund Andros</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Banks,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Banks, 1st Baronet">Sir John Banks</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Bathurst_(courtier)" title="Benjamin Bathurst (courtier)">Benjamin Bathurst</a>, Deputy Governor of the Leeward Islands<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bennet,_1st_Earl_of_Arlington" title="Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of Arlington">Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of Arlington</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_2nd_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham">George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sir John Buckworth, 1622/3-1687<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Child" title="Josiah Child">Josiah Child</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Clayton_(Lord_Mayor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Clayton (Lord Mayor)">Sir Robert Clayton</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/George_Carteret" title="George Carteret">George Carteret</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cass" title="John Cass">John Cass</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Peter_Colleton" title="Peter Colleton">Peter Colleton</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury">Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Craven,_1st_Earl_of_Craven_(1608-1697)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Craven, 1st Earl of Craven (1608-1697)">Earl of Craven</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Lawrence Du Puy<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Dashwood" title="Samuel Dashwood">Samuel Dashwood</a><sup id="cite_ref-Colli2015_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colli2015-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ferdinand Gorges<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> grandson of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_Gorges" title="Ferdinando Gorges">Ferdinando Gorges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hawley,_1st_Baron_Hawley" title="Francis Hawley, 1st Baron Hawley">Francis, Lord Hawley</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">George Frideric Handel</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_(slave_ship)" title="Hannibal (slave ship)">Sir Jeffrey Jeffreys</a>, Commander of affairs of Leeward Isles in England 1690 – c. 1696, Assistant to the Royal African Company 1684–1686, 1692–1698<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lawrence_(lord_mayor)" title="John Lawrence (lord mayor)">Sir John Lawrence</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lawrence_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawrence-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Moore_(Lord_Mayor)" title="John Moore (Lord Mayor)">John Moore</a><sup id="cite_ref-Colli2015_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colli2015-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pepys" title="Samuel Pepys">Samuel Pepys</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Phipps_of_Cape_Coast_Castle" title="James Phipps of Cape Coast Castle">James Phipps of Cape Coast Castle</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Povey" title="Thomas Povey">Thomas Povey</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Prichard_(politician)" title="William Prichard (politician)">William Prichard</a><sup id="cite_ref-Colli2015_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colli2015-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Roberts" title="Gabriel Roberts">Gabriel Roberts</a><sup id="cite_ref-Colli2015_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colli2015-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Rupert_of_the_Rhine" title="Prince Rupert of the Rhine">Prince Rupert</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Rustat" title="Tobias Rustat">Tobias Rustat</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Aske_(merchant)" title="Robert Aske (merchant)">Robert Aske</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Shaw,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Shaw, 1st Baronet">Sir John Shaw, 1st Baronet</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Vyner,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Robert Vyner, 1st Baronet">Sir Robert Vyner, 1st Baronet</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Wren_(writer)" title="Matthew Wren (writer)">Matthew Wren</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dissolution">Dissolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_African_Company&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dissolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-kartographer-container thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 350px;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme" style="width: 350px; height: 150px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="350" data-height="150" data-zoom="7" data-lat="5.3" data-lon="-1.4" data-overlays="["_3341432b56ec9509b84a866e33ae8dc939164d1c"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/7/5.3/-1.4/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,7,5.3,-1.4,350x150.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Royal_African_Company&revid=1254622187&groups=_3341432b56ec9509b84a866e33ae8dc939164d1c" width="350" height="150" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,7,5.3,-1.4,350x150@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Royal_African_Company&revid=1254622187&groups=_3341432b56ec9509b84a866e33ae8dc939164d1c 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="thumbcaption">Map of Royal African Company factories transferred to the African Company of Merchants. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><span>This box: </span><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Map_of_Royal_African_Company_factories" title="Template:Map of Royal African Company factories"><span title="View this template">view</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Map_of_Royal_African_Company_factories&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Map of Royal African Company factories (page does not exist)"><span title="Discuss this template">talk</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Map_of_Royal_African_Company_factories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Map of Royal African Company factories"><span title="Edit this template">edit</span></a></li></ul></div></div></div></div> <p>The Royal African Company was dissolved by the <a href="/wiki/African_Company_Act_1750" title="African Company Act 1750">African Company Act 1750</a>, with its assets being transferred to the <a href="/wiki/African_Company_of_Merchants" title="African Company of Merchants">African Company of Merchants</a>. These principally consisted of nine trading posts on the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Factory_(trading_post)" title="Factory (trading post)">factories</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fort_William,_Ghana" title="Fort William, Ghana">Fort Anomabo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_James_(Ghana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort James (Ghana)">Fort James</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sekondi" title="Fort Sekondi">Fort Sekondi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Winneba" title="Fort Winneba">Fort Winneba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Apollonia" title="Fort Apollonia">Fort Apollonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Tantumquery" title="Fort Tantumquery">Fort Tantumquery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Metal_Cross" title="Fort Metal Cross">Fort Metal Cross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Komenda" title="Fort Komenda">Fort Komenda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Coast_Castle" title="Cape Coast Castle">Cape Coast Castle</a>, the last of which was the administrative centre.<sup id="cite_ref-Barbary_Captive_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barbary_Captive-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_African_Company&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/28px-Industry5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/42px-Industry5.svg.png 1.5x, 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/blackhistory/africa_caribbean/docs/charter_royal_african.htm">"The King Grants the Right to Trade in Africa"</a>. National Archives<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+King+Grants+the+Right+to+Trade+in+Africa&rft.pub=National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fpathways%2Fblackhistory%2Fafrica_caribbean%2Fdocs%2Fcharter_royal_african.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+African+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrington,_Charles1950" class="citation book cs1">Carrington, Charles (1950). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britishoversease0000carr"><i>The British Overseas: Exploits of a Nation of Shopkeepers</i></a></span>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britishoversease0000carr/page/217">217</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1083162">1083162</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Overseas%3A+Exploits+of+a+Nation+of+Shopkeepers&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1083162&rft.au=Carrington%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbritishoversease0000carr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+African+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jesus-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jesus_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJesus_College_Cambridge_Legacy_of_Slavery_Working_Party2019" class="citation report cs1">Jesus College Cambridge Legacy of Slavery Working Party (25 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210312114336/https://www.jesus.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/inline/files/legacy_slavery_working_party_interim_report_27_nov_2019%20%283%29.pdf">Jesus College Legacy of Slavery Working Party Interim Report (July-October 2019)</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). pp. 9–10. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jesus.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/inline/files/legacy_slavery_working_party_interim_report_27_nov_2019%20%283%29.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Jesus+College+Legacy+of+Slavery+Working+Party+Interim+Report+%28July-October+2019%29&rft.pages=9-10&rft.date=2019-11-25&rft.au=Jesus+College+Cambridge+Legacy+of+Slavery+Working+Party&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jesus.cam.ac.uk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Finline%2Ffiles%2Flegacy_slavery_working_party_interim_report_27_nov_2019%2520%25283%2529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+African+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clark-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clark_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clark_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clark_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clark_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clark_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1956" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Sir George (1956). <i>The Later Stuarts, 1660–1714</i>. The Oxford History of England: Oxford University Press. pp. 331–333. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-821702-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-821702-1"><bdi>0-19-821702-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Later+Stuarts%2C+1660%E2%80%931714&rft.place=The+Oxford+History+of+England&rft.pages=331-333&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1956&rft.isbn=0-19-821702-1&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Sir+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+African+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Note on the Relative Importance of Slaves and Gold in West African Exports. Author(s): Richard Bean. The Journal of African History, 1974, Vol. 15, No. 3 (1974), pp. 351-356. Cambridge University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/180664">https://www.jstor.org/stable/180664</a> Accessed Wed, 31 Jan 2024</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1999" class="citation book cs1">Davies, K. G. (Kenneth Gordon) (1999) [originally published in London by Longmans, Green & Co in 1957.]. <i>The Royal African Company</i>. London: Routledge/Thoemmes Press. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/041519072X" title="Special:BookSources/041519072X"><bdi>041519072X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42746420">42746420</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+African+Company&rft.place=London&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Routledge%2FThoemmes+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42746420&rft.isbn=041519072X&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=K.+G.+%28Kenneth+Gordon%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+African+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSainsbury1889" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Sainsbury, W Noel, ed. (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200811192526/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/colonial/america-west-indies/vol7/pp404-417"><i>America and West Indies: September 1672 - "Sept. 27. Westminster."</i></a>. Vol. 7, 1669–1674. Digitised by the Arts and Humanities Research Council. London: Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies; Originally published by Her Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. 404–417. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/colonial/america-west-indies/vol7/pp404-417">the original</a> on 11 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America+and+West+Indies%3A+September+1672+-+%22Sept.+27.+Westminster.%22&rft.place=London&rft.pages=404-417&rft.pub=Calendar+of+State+Papers+Colonial%2C+America+and+West+Indies%3B+Originally+published+by+Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1889&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fcal-state-papers%2Fcolonial%2Famerica-west-indies%2Fvol7%2Fpp404-417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+African+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZook1919" class="citation book cs1">Zook, George Frederick (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/companyofroyalad00zookrich"><i>The Company of Royal Adventurers Trading Into Africa</i></a>. Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Press of the New Era Printing Company. p. 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Company+of+Royal+Adventurers+Trading+Into+Africa&rft.place=Lancaster%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Press+of+the+New+Era+Printing+Company&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Zook&rft.aufirst=George+Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompanyofroyalad00zookrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+African+Company" class="Z3988"></span> also published as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Zook, George Frederick (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uEc_cG58dZQC">"The Company of Royal Adventurers Trading Into Africa"</a>. <i>The Journal of Negro History</i>. <b>4</b> (2): 155. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2713534">10.2307/2713534</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2713534">2713534</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:224831616">224831616</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Negro+History&rft.atitle=The+Company+of+Royal+Adventurers+Trading+Into+Africa&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=155&rft.date=1919&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A224831616%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2713534%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2713534&rft.aulast=Zook&rft.aufirst=George+Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuEc_cG58dZQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+African+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies,_Kenneth_Gordon1999" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Kenneth Gordon (1999). <i>The Royal African Company</i>. Routledge/Thoemmes Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w9sH0h391c8C&pg=PA106">106</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19077-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19077-0"><bdi>978-0-415-19077-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+African+Company&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Routledge%2FThoemmes+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-19077-0&rft.au=Davies%2C+Kenneth+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+African+Company" class="Z3988"></span>, originally published in London by Longmans, Green in 1957.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sometimes known as <b>The Gambian Merchants' Company</b>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZook1919">Zook 1919</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/companyofroyalad00zookrich/page/23">23</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies1999">Davies 1999</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w9sH0h391c8C&pg=PA215">215</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitson1999" class="citation book cs1">Kitson, Frank (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1065120539"><i>Prince Rupert : admiral and general-at-sea</i></a>. London: Constable. p. 238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-475800-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-475800-X"><bdi>0-09-475800-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1065120539">1065120539</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prince+Rupert+%3A+admiral+and+general-at-sea&rft.place=London&rft.pages=238&rft.pub=Constable&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1065120539&rft.isbn=0-09-475800-X&rft.aulast=Kitson&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1065120539&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+African+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSainsbury1889" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Sainsbury, W Noel, ed. (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200811192526/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/colonial/america-west-indies/vol7/pp404-417"><i>America and West Indies: September 1672 - "Sept. 27. Westminster."</i></a>. Vol. 7, 1669–1674. Digitised by the Arts and Humanities Research Council. London: Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies; Originally published by Her Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. 404–417. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/colonial/america-west-indies/vol7/pp404-417">the original</a> on 11 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America+and+West+Indies%3A+September+1672+-+%22Sept.+27.+Westminster.%22&rft.place=London&rft.pages=404-417&rft.pub=Calendar+of+State+Papers+Colonial%2C+America+and+West+Indies%3B+Originally+published+by+Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1889&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fcal-state-papers%2Fcolonial%2Famerica-west-indies%2Fvol7%2Fpp404-417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+African+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Micklethwait" title="John Micklethwait">Micklethwait, John</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Wooldridge" title="Adrian Wooldridge">Adrian Wooldridge</a>. <i>The Company: A Short History of a Revolutionary Idea</i>. New York: Modern Library, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-64249-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-64249-8">0-679-64249-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pettigrew_11-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pettigrew_11_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPettigrew2013" class="citation book cs1">Pettigrew, William Andrew (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8osqAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA11"><i>Freedom's Debt: The Royal African Company and the Politics of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1672–1752</i></a>. UNC Press Books. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781469611815" title="Special:BookSources/9781469611815"><bdi>9781469611815</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/879306121">879306121</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom%27s+Debt%3A+The+Royal+African+Company+and+the+Politics+of+the+Atlantic+Slave+Trade%2C+1672%E2%80%931752&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=UNC+Press+Books&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F879306121&rft.isbn=9781469611815&rft.aulast=Pettigrew&rft.aufirst=William+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8osqAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+African+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jesus.cam.ac.uk/articles/legacy-slavery-working-party-recommendations">"Legacy of Slavery Working Party recommendations"</a>. Jesus College, Cambridge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Legacy+of+Slavery+Working+Party+recommendations&rft.pub=Jesus+College%2C+Cambridge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jesus.cam.ac.uk%2Farticles%2Flegacy-slavery-working-party-recommendations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+African+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VoyagesDB-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VoyagesDB_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VoyagesDB_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slavevoyages.org/voyage/database/">"Voyages Database"</a>. <i>www.slavevoyages.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.slavevoyages.org&rft.atitle=Voyages+Database&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slavevoyages.org%2Fvoyage%2Fdatabase%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+African+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Law-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Law_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaw2007" class="citation journal cs1">Law, Robin (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0361541300009761/type/journal_article">"The Komenda Wars, 1694–1700: a Revised Narrative"</a>. <i>History in Africa</i>. <b>34</b>: 133–168. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhia.2007.0010">10.1353/hia.2007.0010</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0361-5413">0361-5413</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165858500">165858500</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+in+Africa&rft.atitle=The+Komenda+Wars%2C+1694%E2%80%931700%3A+a+Revised+Narrative&rft.volume=34&rft.pages=133-168&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165858500%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0361-5413&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fhia.2007.0010&rft.aulast=Law&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS0361541300009761%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+African+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies1999">Davies 1999</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w9sH0h391c8C&pg=PA123">123</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardiner2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Juliet_Gardiner" title="Juliet Gardiner">Gardiner, Juliet</a> (2000). <i>The History Today Who's Who In British History</i>. London: Collins & Brown Limited and Cima Books. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85585-876-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85585-876-2"><bdi>1-85585-876-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+Today+Who%27s+Who+In+British+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Collins+%26+Brown+Limited+and+Cima+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-85585-876-2&rft.aulast=Gardiner&rft.aufirst=Juliet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+African+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConn2023" class="citation web cs1">Conn, David (6 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/apr/06/how-prince-william-kensington-palace-home-is-linked-to-slavery">"The Colston connection: how Prince William's Kensington Palace home is linked to slavery"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Colston+connection%3A+how+Prince+William%27s+Kensington+Palace+home+is+linked+to+slavery&rft.date=2023-04-06&rft.aulast=Conn&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2Fapr%2F06%2Fhow-prince-william-kensington-palace-home-is-linked-to-slavery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+African+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.british-history.ac.uk/statutes-realm/vol7/pp393-397">"William III, 1697-8: An Act to settle the Trade to Africa. [Chapter XXVI. Rot. Parl. 9 Gul. III. p. 5. n. 2.] | British History Online"</a>. <i>www.british-history.ac.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.british-history.ac.uk&rft.atitle=William+III%2C+1697-8%3A+An+Act+to+settle+the+Trade+to+Africa.+%5BChapter+XXVI.+Rot.+Parl.+9+Gul.+III.+p.+5.+n.+2.%5D+%26%23124%3B+British+History+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fstatutes-realm%2Fvol7%2Fpp393-397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+African+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. E. H. Hair & Robin Law, 'The English in West Africa to 1700', in <i>The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume 1, The Origins of Empire: British Overseas Enterprise to the close of the Seventeenth Century</i>, ed. Nicholas Canny (Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 259</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waddell286-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Waddell286_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Waddell286_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Waddell, p. 286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/83277c80-67d0-3abf-b52b-bdcefa21ee10">"Royal African Company of England"</a>. Archives Hub<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Royal+African+Company+of+England&rft.pub=Archives+Hub&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchiveshub.jisc.ac.uk%2Fsearch%2Farchives%2F83277c80-67d0-3abf-b52b-bdcefa21ee10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+African+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies1999">Davies 1999</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w9sH0h391c8C&pg=PA181">181</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies,_Kenneth_Gordon1975" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Kenneth Gordon (1975). <i>The Royal African Company</i>. Octagon Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-374-92074-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-374-92074-5"><bdi>0-374-92074-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/831375484">831375484</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+African+Company&rft.pub=Octagon+Books&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F831375484&rft.isbn=0-374-92074-5&rft.au=Davies%2C+Kenneth+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+African+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans,_Chris,_1961-2010" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Chris, 1961- (2010). <i>Slave Wales : the Welsh and Atlantic slavery, 1660-1850</i>. University of Wales Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-2303-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-2303-8"><bdi>978-0-7083-2303-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/653083564">653083564</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slave+Wales+%3A+the+Welsh+and+Atlantic+slavery%2C+1660-1850&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F653083564&rft.isbn=978-0-7083-2303-8&rft.au=Evans%2C+Chris%2C+1961-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+African+Company" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDresser2007" class="citation journal cs1">Dresser, Madge (1 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/hwj/article/64/1/162/600955">"Set in Stone? Statues and Slavery in London"</a>. <i>History Workshop Journal</i>. <b>64</b> (1): 162–199. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhwj%2Fdbm032">10.1093/hwj/dbm032</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1363-3554">1363-3554</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194951026">194951026</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Workshop+Journal&rft.atitle=Set+in+Stone%3F+Statues+and+Slavery+in+London&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=162-199&rft.date=2007-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A194951026%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1363-3554&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhwj%2Fdbm032&rft.aulast=Dresser&rft.aufirst=Madge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fhwj%2Farticle%2F64%2F1%2F162%2F600955&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+African+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn1972" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, Richard (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b73qCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA160"><i>Sugar and Slaves: The Rise of the Planter Class in the English West Indies, 1624-1713</i></a>. The University of North Carolina Press. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807811924" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807811924"><bdi>978-0807811924</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sugar+and+Slaves%3A+The+Rise+of+the+Planter+Class+in+the+English+West+Indies%2C+1624-1713&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=The+University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0807811924&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db73qCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+African+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/101202137-statue-of-edward-colston-central-ward#.Xt6RCyXTWEd">Statue of Edward Colston A Grade II Listed Building in Bristol</a>, listing at britishlistedbuildings.co.uk, accessed 10 June 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1891" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Anderson, Robert Edward (1891). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Hayes,_Charles" class="extiw" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Hayes, Charles">Hayes, Charles</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Stephen" title="Leslie Stephen">Stephen, Leslie</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lee" title="Sidney Lee">Lee, Sidney</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Vol. 25. London: Smith, Elder & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hayes%2C+Charles&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Robert+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+African+Company" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0WLqCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA205">The Changing Terrain of Race and Ethnicity</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/postlethwayt-malachy">"Postlethwayt, Malachy | Encyclopedia.com"</a>. <i>www.encyclopedia.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Postlethwayt%2C+Malachy+%26%23124%3B+Encyclopedia.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fsocial-sciences%2Fapplied-and-social-sciences-magazines%2Fpostlethwayt-malachy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+African+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colli2015-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Colli2015_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colli2015_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colli2015_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colli2015_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colli2015_36-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrea_Colli2015" class="citation book cs1">Andrea Colli (22 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GLtACwAAQBAJ"><i>Dynamics of International Business: Comparative Perspectives of Firms, Markets and Entrepreneurship</i></a>. Routledge. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-90674-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-90674-2"><bdi>978-1-317-90674-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dynamics+of+International+Business%3A+Comparative+Perspectives+of+Firms%2C+Markets+and+Entrepreneurship&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-12-22&rft.isbn=978-1-317-90674-2&rft.au=Andrea+Colli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGLtACwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+African+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_37-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_37-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_37-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_37-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_37-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_37-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_37-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_37-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_37-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_37-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPettigrew2013">Pettigrew 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8osqAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA25">25</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackburn1998" class="citation book cs1">Blackburn, Robin (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cpd5igMpvzgC&pg=PA255"><i>The Making of New World Slavery: From the Baroque to the Modern, 1492–1800</i></a>. Verso. p. 255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781859841952" title="Special:BookSources/9781859841952"><bdi>9781859841952</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+New+World+Slavery%3A+From+the+Baroque+to+the+Modern%2C+1492%E2%80%931800&rft.pages=255&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9781859841952&rft.aulast=Blackburn&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcpd5igMpvzgC%26pg%3DPA255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+African+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discoveringbristol.org.uk/slavery/routes/america-to-bristol/profits/estates-10-miles-bristol/">"Estates within 10 miles of Bristol | Profits | From America to Bristol | Slavery Routes | Bristol and Transatlantic Slavery | PortCities Bristol"</a>. <i>discoveringbristol.org.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Boydell & Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781783270446" title="Special:BookSources/9781783270446"><bdi>9781783270446</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Final+Crisis+of+the+Stuart+Monarchy%3A+The+Revolutions+of+1688%E2%80%9391+in+Their+British%2C+Atlantic+and+European+Contexts&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2015-10-15&rft.isbn=9781783270446&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7uTwCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+African+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-55753101">"City of London statues removed over 'slavery link'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 21 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=City+of+London+statues+removed+over+%27slavery+link%27&rft.date=2021-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-london-55753101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+African+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpurr2011" class="citation book cs1">Spurr, John (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSntCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT122"><i>Anthony Ashley Cooper, First Earl of Shaftesbury 1621–1683</i></a>. Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0754661719" title="Special:BookSources/978-0754661719"><bdi>978-0754661719</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anthony+Ashley+Cooper%2C+First+Earl+of+Shaftesbury+1621%E2%80%931683&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0754661719&rft.aulast=Spurr&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZSntCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+African+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Antonia Quirke, "In Search of the Black Mozart: A Revealing Look at Handel's Investment in the Slave Trade," <i>New Statesman</i> (4 June 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/2015/06/search-black-mozart-new-radio-programme-reveals-handels-investment-slave-trade">[1]</a>; David Hunter, "Handel Manuscripts and the Profits of Slavery: The 'Granville' Collection at the British Library and the First Performing Score of <i>Messiah</i> Reconsidered," in <i>Notes</i> 76, no. 1 (Sept 2019): 27ff <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A601219355/AONE?u=nysl_oweb&sid=googleScholarFullText&xid=c81ddd20">[2]</a>; "Artists respond to Handel’s investment in the transatlantic slave trade," <i>St Paul Chamber Orchestra Blog</i> (11 December 2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.thespco.org/blog/artists-respond-to-handels-investment-in-the-transatlantic-slave-trade/">[3]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufmann2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Miranda_Kaufmann" title="Miranda Kaufmann">Kaufmann, Miranda</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/eh-properties-1600-1830-slavery-connections/eh-properties-slavery-connections-vol1/"><i>English Heritage Properties 1600–1830 and Slavery Connections: A Report Undertaken to Mark the Bicentenary of the Abolition of the British Atlantic Slave Trade</i></a>. English Heritage.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Heritage+Properties+1600%E2%80%931830+and+Slavery+Connections%3A+A+Report+Undertaken+to+Mark+the+Bicentenary+of+the+Abolition+of+the+British+Atlantic+Slave+Trade&rft.pub=English+Heritage&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Kaufmann&rft.aufirst=Miranda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoricengland.org.uk%2Fimages-books%2Fpublications%2Feh-properties-1600-1830-slavery-connections%2Feh-properties-slavery-connections-vol1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+African+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lawrence-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lawrence_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/london-rulers/1660-89/pp104-111#h3-0013">"The Rulers of London 1660-1689 A Biographical Record of the Aldermen and Common Councilment of the City of London"</a>. British History Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Rulers+of+London+1660-1689+A+Biographical+Record+of+the+Aldermen+and+Common+Councilment+of+the+City+of+London&rft.pub=British+History+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fno-series%2Flondon-rulers%2F1660-89%2Fpp104-111%23h3-0013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+African+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/learning/digital/history/abolition-of-slavery/john-locke">John Locke</a> at <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a>, accessed 9 June 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/learning/digital/history/abolition-of-slavery/samuel-pepys1">"Samuel Pepys - National Portrait Gallery"</a>. <i>www.npg.org.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.npg.org.uk&rft.atitle=Samuel+Pepys+-+National+Portrait+Gallery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npg.org.uk%2Flearning%2Fdigital%2Fhistory%2Fabolition-of-slavery%2Fsamuel-pepys1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+African+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenige1980" class="citation journal cs1">Henige, David (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3601386">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Companies Are Always Ungrateful": James Phipps of Cape Coast, a Victim of the African Trade"</a>. <i>African Economic History</i> (9): 27–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3601386">10.2307/3601386</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0145-2258">0145-2258</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3601386">3601386</a> – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Economic+History&rft.atitle=%22Companies+Are+Always+Ungrateful%22%3A+James+Phipps+of+Cape+Coast%2C+a+Victim+of+the+African+Trade&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=27-47&rft.date=1980&rft.issn=0145-2258&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3601386%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3601386&rft.aulast=Henige&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3601386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+African+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1660-1690/member/shaw-sir-john-1615-80">"SHAW, Sir John (c.1615-80), of Broad Street, London and Eltham Lodge, Kent"</a>. History of Parliament<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SHAW%2C+Sir+John+%28c.1615-80%29%2C+of+Broad+Street%2C+London+and+Eltham+Lodge%2C+Kent.&rft.pub=History+of+Parliament&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofparliamentonline.org%2Fvolume%2F1660-1690%2Fmember%2Fshaw-sir-john-1615-80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+African+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies,_K._G._(Kenneth_Gordon)1999" class="citation book cs1">Davies, K. G. (Kenneth Gordon) (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42746420"><i>The Royal African Company</i></a>. London: Routledge/Thoemmes Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-19072-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-19072-X"><bdi>0-415-19072-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42746420">42746420</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+African+Company&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge%2FThoemmes+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42746420&rft.isbn=0-415-19072-X&rft.au=Davies%2C+K.+G.+%28Kenneth+Gordon%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F42746420&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+African+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barbary_Captive-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barbary_Captive_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamsAdams2005" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Robert; Adams, Charles (2005). <i>The Narrative of Robert Adams, A Barbary Captive: A Critical Edition</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Narrative+of+Robert+Adams%2C+A+Barbary+Captive%3A+A+Critical+Edition&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Adams%2C+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+African+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_African_Company&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Davies, Kenneth Gordon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/40957828"><i>The Royal African Company.</i> Routledge/Thoemmes Press, 1999.</a></li> <li>Pettigrew, William A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/222889272"><i>Freedom's Debt: The Royal African Company and the Politics of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1672–1752.</i> Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2013.</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_African_Company&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F164797">"Archival material relating to Company of Royal Adventurers of England Trading with Africa"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">UK National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archival+material+relating+to+Company+of+Royal+Adventurers+of+England+Trading+with+Africa&rft.pub=UK+National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fc%2FF164797&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+African+Company" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chartered_companies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chartered_companies" title="Template:Chartered companies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chartered_companies" title="Template talk:Chartered companies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chartered_companies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chartered companies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chartered_companies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chartered_company" title="Chartered company">Chartered companies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Company_of_Merchants" title="African Company of Merchants">African Company of Merchants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_Company" title="Barbary Company">Barbary Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_American_Land_Company" title="British American Land Company">British American Land Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_British_East_Africa_Company" title="Imperial British East Africa Company">British East Africa Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_Company" title="Canada Company">Canada Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_of_Merchant_Adventurers_of_London" title="Company of Merchant Adventurers of London">Company of Merchant Adventurers of London</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscovy_Company" title="Muscovy Company">Muscovy Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Company" title="New Zealand Company">New Zealand Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_Chartered_Company" title="North Borneo Chartered Company">North Borneo Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_Company" title="Providence Island Company">Providence Island Company</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Royal African Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_British_Bank" title="Royal British Bank">Royal British Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Niger_Company" title="Royal Niger Company">Royal Niger Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_South_Africa_Company" title="British South Africa Company">South Africa Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Company" title="Sierra Leone Company">Sierra Leone Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somers_Isles_Company" title="Somers Isles Company">Somers Isles Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Company" title="South Australian Company">South Australian Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Company" title="South Sea Company">South Sea Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Company" title="Spanish Company">Spanish Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venice_Company" title="Venice Company">Venice Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Company" title="Virginia Company">Virginia Company</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Company" title="Plymouth Company">Plymouth Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Company_of_London" title="Virginia Company of London">Virginia Company of London</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">French</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Compagnie_de_l%27Occident" title="Compagnie de l'Occident">Compagnie de l'Occident</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Company_of_the_American_Islands" title="Company of the American Islands">Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_of_Habitants" title="Company of Habitants">Company of Habitants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_of_One_Hundred_Associates" title="Company of One Hundred Associates">Company of One Hundred Associates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_East_India_Company" title="French East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Company" title="Mississippi Company">Mississippi Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compagnie_du_S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal" title="Compagnie du Sénégal">Senegal Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_India_Company" title="French West India Company">West India Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">German</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburger_Gold_Coast" title="Brandenburger Gold Coast">Brandenburg African Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa_Company" title="German East Africa Company">East Africa Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emden_Company" title="Emden Company">Emden Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_New_Guinea_Company" title="German New Guinea Company">New Guinea Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_West_African_Company" title="German West African Company">West African Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portuguese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cacheu_and_Cape_Verde_Company" title="Cacheu and Cape Verde Company">Cacheu and Cape Verde Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_East_India_Company" title="Portuguese East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A3o_Par%C3%A1_and_Maranh%C3%A3o_Company" title="Grão Pará and Maranhão Company">Grão Pará and Maranhão Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_da_Guin%C3%A9" title="Casa da Guiné">Company of Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_da_%C3%8Dndia" title="Casa da Índia">House of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique_Company" title="Mozambique Company">Mozambique Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambezia_Company" title="Zambezia Company">Zambezia Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niassa_Company" title="Niassa Company">Niassa Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austrian and<br />Low Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brabantsche_Compagnie" title="Brabantsche Compagnie">Brabantsche Compagnie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_East_India_Company" title="Austrian East India Company">Imperial Company of Trieste and Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Privileged_Oriental_Company" title="Imperial Privileged Oriental Company">Imperial Privileged Oriental Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Netherland_Company" title="New Netherland Company">New Netherland Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noordsche_Compagnie" title="Noordsche Compagnie">Noordsche Compagnie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostend_Company" title="Ostend Company">Ostend Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compagnie_van_Verre" title="Compagnie van Verre">Compagnie van Verre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compagnie_van_De_Moucheron" title="Compagnie van De Moucheron">Compagnie van De Moucheron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veerse_Compagnie" title="Veerse Compagnie">Veerse Compagnie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spanish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Trading_Company" title="Barcelona Trading Company">Barcelona Trading Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guipuzcoan_Company_of_Caracas" title="Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas">Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Company_of_the_Philippines" title="Royal Company of the Philippines">Royal Company of the Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Swedish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Africa_Company" title="Swedish Africa Company">Swedish Africa Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_East_India_Company" title="Swedish East India Company">Swedish East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Levant_Company" title="Swedish Levant Company">Swedish Levant Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_South_Company" title="Swedish South Company">Swedish South Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_West_India_Company" title="Swedish West India Company">Swedish West India Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Danish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Asiatic_Company" title="Danish Asiatic Company">Danish Asiatic Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_East_India_Company" title="Danish East India Company">Danish East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_West_India_Company" title="Danish West India Company">Danish West India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Greenland_Trading_Department" title="Royal Greenland Trading Department">Royal Greenland Trading Department</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian-American_Company" title="Russian-American Company">Russian-American Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Chartered_companies" title="Category:Chartered companies">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q769519#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q769519#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q769519#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120684043">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120684043">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an49862995">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007603731505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0668930X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1529316">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028955447">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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