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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Audio_filter" title="Special:EditPage/Audio filter">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Audio+filter%22">"Audio filter"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Audio+filter%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Audio+filter%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Audio+filter%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Audio+filter%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Audio+filter%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EQ_parametrique.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/EQ_parametrique.jpg/250px-EQ_parametrique.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/EQ_parametrique.jpg/375px-EQ_parametrique.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/EQ_parametrique.jpg 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="212" /></a><figcaption>Digital domain parametric equalisation</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>audio filter</b> is a frequency-dependent circuit, working in the <a href="/wiki/Audio_frequency" title="Audio frequency">audio frequency</a> range, 0 Hz to 20 kHz. Audio filters can amplify (boost), pass or attenuate (cut) some frequency ranges. Many types of filters exist for different audio applications including <a href="/wiki/Hi-fi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hi-fi">hi-fi</a> stereo systems, musical <a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">synthesizers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">effects units</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">sound reinforcement systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instrument_amplifier" title="Instrument amplifier">instrument amplifiers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a> systems. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audio_filter&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Low-pass</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Low-pass_filter" title="Low-pass filter">Low-pass filters</a> pass through frequencies below their cutoff frequencies, and progressively attenuate frequencies above the cutoff frequency.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Low-pass filters are used in <a href="/wiki/Audio_crossover" title="Audio crossover">audio crossovers</a> to remove high-frequency content from signals being sent to a low-frequency <a href="/wiki/Subwoofer" title="Subwoofer">subwoofer</a> system.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>High-pass</dt> <dd>A <a href="/wiki/High-pass_filter" title="High-pass filter">high-pass filter</a> does the opposite, passing high frequencies above the cutoff frequency, and progressively attenuating frequencies below the cutoff frequency.<sup id="cite_ref-audio-effects-2015_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-audio-effects-2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A high-pass filter can be used in an <a href="/wiki/Audio_crossover" title="Audio crossover">audio crossover</a> to remove low-frequency content from a signal being sent to a <a href="/wiki/Tweeter" title="Tweeter">tweeter</a>.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Band-pass</dt> <dd>A <a href="/wiki/Band-pass_filter" title="Band-pass filter">band-pass filter</a> passes frequencies between its two cutoff frequencies while attenuating those outside the range.<sup id="cite_ref-audio-effects-2015_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-audio-effects-2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A band-reject filter attenuates frequencies between its two cutoff frequencies while passing those outside the 'reject' range.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>All-pass</dt> <dd>An <a href="/wiki/All-pass_filter" title="All-pass filter">all-pass filter</a> passes all frequencies but affects the <a href="/wiki/Phase_(waves)" title="Phase (waves)">phase</a> of any given sinusoidal component according to its frequency.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audio_filter&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some applications, such as in the design of <a href="/wiki/Graphic_equalizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphic equalizer">graphic equalizers</a> or CD players, the filters are designed according to a set of objective criteria such as <a href="/wiki/Passband" title="Passband">passband</a>, passband attenuation, stopband, and stopband attenuation, where the passbands are the <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a> ranges for which audio is attenuated less than a specified maximum, and the stopbands are the frequency ranges for which the audio must be attenuated by a specified minimum. In more complex cases, an audio filter can provide a <a href="/wiki/Audio_feedback" title="Audio feedback">feedback</a> loop, which introduces <a href="/wiki/Resonance" title="Resonance">resonance</a> (ringing) alongside attenuation. Audio filters can also be designed to provide gain (boost) as well as attenuation. In other applications, such as with synthesizers or sound effects, the aesthetic of the filter must be evaluated subjectively. </p><p>Audio filters can be implemented in analog circuitry as <a href="/wiki/Analog_filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog filter">analog filters</a> or in <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">DSP</a> code or computer <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> as <a href="/wiki/Digital_filter" title="Digital filter">digital filters</a>. Generically, the term 'audio filter' can be applied to mean anything which changes the <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbre</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Harmonic" title="Harmonic">harmonic</a> content of an audio signal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Self-oscillation">Self-oscillation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audio_filter&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Self-oscillation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Self-oscillation" title="Self-oscillation">Self-oscillation</a> occurs when the <a href="/wiki/Resonance" title="Resonance">resonance</a> or <a href="/wiki/Q_factor" title="Q factor">Q factor</a> of the cutoff frequency of the filter is set high enough that the internal feedback causes the filter circuitry to become a sine tone <a href="/wiki/Sine_wave" title="Sine wave">sine wave</a> oscillator. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audio_filter&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resonance" title="Electrical resonance">Electrical resonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_filter" title="Electronic filter">Electronic filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equalization_(audio)" title="Equalization (audio)">Equalization (audio)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feedback" title="Feedback">Feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_filter" title="Linear filter">Linear filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscillation" title="Oscillation">Oscillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-resonant_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-resonant frequency">Self-resonant frequency</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audio_filter&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSmith2008" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Julius Orion (2008) [1st pub. 2007]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pC1iCQUAsHEC"><i>Introduction to Digital Filters: With Audio Applications</i></a>. United States of America: W3K. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780974560717" title="Special:BookSources/9780974560717"><bdi>9780974560717</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Digital+Filters%3A+With+Audio+Applications&rft.place=United+States+of+America&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=W3K&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780974560717&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Julius+Orion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpC1iCQUAsHEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAudio+filter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-audio-effects-2015-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-audio-effects-2015_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-audio-effects-2015_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReissMcPherson2015" class="citation book cs1">Reiss, Joshua D.; McPherson, Andrew (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pC1iCQUAsHEC"><i>Audio Effects: Theory, Implementation and Application</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781466560284" title="Special:BookSources/9781466560284"><bdi>9781466560284</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Audio+Effects%3A+Theory%2C+Implementation+and+Application&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781466560284&rft.aulast=Reiss&rft.aufirst=Joshua+D.&rft.au=McPherson%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpC1iCQUAsHEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAudio+filter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_production" title="Template:Music production"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_production" title="Template talk:Music production"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_production" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music production"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_production" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Music production</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Engineering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Audio filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastering_(audio)" title="Mastering (audio)">Audio mastering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_mixing_(recorded_music)" title="Audio mixing (recorded music)">Audio mixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_distance" title="Critical distance">Critical distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_loop" title="Effects loop">Effects loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">Effects unit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Talk_box" title="Talk box">Talk box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wah-wah_pedal" title="Wah-wah pedal">Wah-wah pedal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_(acoustics)" title="Diffusion (acoustics)">Diffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overdubbing" title="Overdubbing">Overdubbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_recording" title="Ping-pong recording">Ping-ponging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punch_in/out" title="Punch in/out">Punch in/out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">Sound recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_loop" title="Tape loop">Tape loop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Audio_signal_processing" title="Audio signal processing">Signal <br /> processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_time_stretching_and_pitch_scaling" title="Audio time stretching and pitch scaling">Pitch shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto-Tune" title="Auto-Tune">Auto-Tune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorus_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorus effect">Chorus effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range_compression" title="Dynamic range compression">Compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delay_(audio_effect)" title="Delay (audio effect)">Delay effect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Send_tape_echo_echo_delay" title="Send tape echo echo delay">STEED</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">Distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_tracking" title="Double tracking">Double tracking</a> (<a href="/wiki/Automatic_double_tracking" title="Automatic double tracking">ADT</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ducking" title="Ducking">Ducking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equalization_(audio)" title="Equalization (audio)">Equalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exciter_(effect)" title="Exciter (effect)">Exciter effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flanging" title="Flanging">Flanging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octave_effect" title="Octave effect">Octave effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_gate" title="Noise gate">Noise gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaser_(effect)" title="Phaser (effect)">Phaser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumping_(audio)" title="Pumping (audio)">Pumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverb_effect" title="Reverb effect">Reverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_echo" title="Reverse echo">Reverse echo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Practices</li><li><br />aesthetics</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_production" title="Hip hop production">Hip hop production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_music" title="Lo-fi music">Lo-fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overproduction_(music)" title="Overproduction (music)">Overproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recording_studio_as_an_instrument" title="Recording studio as an instrument">Recording studio as an instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">Sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turntablism" title="Turntablism">Turntablism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_of_Sound" title="Wall of Sound">Wall of Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenochrony" title="Xenochrony">Xenochrony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Roles</li><li><br /> professions</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrangement" title="Arrangement">Arranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backup_band" title="Backup band">Backup band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandleader" title="Bandleader">Bandleader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DJ" class="mw-redirect" title="DJ">DJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghostwriter#Music" title="Ghostwriter">Ghostwriters in music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horn_section" title="Horn section">Horn section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestrator" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchestrator">Orchestrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Record producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">Rhythm section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_musician" title="Session musician">Session musician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backup_singer" class="mw-redirect" title="Backup singer">Backup singer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_singer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghost singer">Ghost singer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_coach" title="Vocal coach">Vocal coach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Click_track" title="Click track">Click track</a></li> <li><a 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