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<span>Analog delay</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Analog_delay-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Analog delay subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Analog_delay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tape_delay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tape_delay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Tape delay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tape_delay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil_can" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_can"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Oil can</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_can-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solid-state_delay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solid-state_delay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Solid-state delay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solid-state_delay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_delay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_delay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Digital delay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_delay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Looping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Looping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Looping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Looping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computer_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Computer software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artistic_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artistic_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Artistic uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artistic_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Function-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Function subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Haas_effect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haas_effect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Haas effect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haas_effect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ping-pong_delay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ping-pong_delay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Ping-pong delay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ping-pong_delay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multi-tap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multi-tap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Multi-tap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multi-tap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doubling_echo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doubling_echo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Doubling echo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doubling_echo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slapback_echo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slapback_echo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Slapback echo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slapback_echo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flanging,_chorus_effect,_and_reverb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flanging,_chorus_effect,_and_reverb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Flanging, chorus effect, and reverb</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flanging,_chorus_effect,_and_reverb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Straight_delay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Straight_delay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Straight delay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Straight_delay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Samples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Delay (audio effect)</span></h1> <div 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Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delay" title="Delay – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Delay" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delay_(Musik)" title="Delay (Musik) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Delay (Musik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajamasin" title="Kajamasin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kajamasin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retardo_(audio)" title="Retardo (audio) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Retardo (audio)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C4%A5o_(sonefekto)" title="Eĥo (sonefekto) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eĥo (sonefekto)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delay_(effet)" title="Delay (effet) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Delay (effet)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delay" title="Delay – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Delay" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delay" title="Delay – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Delay" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A4_(%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%BF%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8)" title="ディレイ (音響機器) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ディレイ (音響機器)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diley" title="Diley – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Diley" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delay" title="Delay – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Delay" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delay" title="Delay – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Delay" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Дилей – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дилей" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delay" title="Delay – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Delay" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Delay_(audio_effect)" title="Special:EditPage/Delay (audio effect)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Delay%22+audio+effect">"Delay" audio effect</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Delay%22+audio+effect+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Delay%22+audio+effect&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Delay%22+audio+effect+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Delay%22+audio+effect">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Delay%22+audio+effect&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Echo-like effect</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boss-dd-3-digital-delay-306606.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Boss-dd-3-digital-delay-306606.jpg/200px-Boss-dd-3-digital-delay-306606.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Boss-dd-3-digital-delay-306606.jpg/300px-Boss-dd-3-digital-delay-306606.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Boss-dd-3-digital-delay-306606.jpg/400px-Boss-dd-3-digital-delay-306606.jpg 2x" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A <a href="/wiki/Boss_Corporation" title="Boss Corporation">Boss</a> digital delay pedal</div></div></div></div></div> <p><b>Delay</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Audio_signal_processing" title="Audio signal processing">audio signal processing</a> technique that records an input signal to a storage medium and then plays it back after a period of time. When the delayed playback is <a href="/wiki/Electronic_mixer" title="Electronic mixer">mixed</a> with the live audio, it creates an <a href="/wiki/Echo" title="Echo">echo</a>-like effect, whereby the original audio is heard followed by the delayed audio. The delayed signal may be played back multiple times, or fed back into the recording, to create the sound of a repeating, decaying echo.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Delay effects range from a subtle echo effect to a pronounced blending of previous sounds with new sounds. Delay effects can be created using <a href="/wiki/Tape_loop" title="Tape loop">tape loops</a>, an approach developed in the 1940s and 1950s and used by artists including <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddy_Holly" title="Buddy Holly">Buddy Holly</a>. </p><p>Analog effects units were introduced in the 1970s; digital effects pedals in 1984; and <a href="/wiki/Audio_plug-in" title="Audio plug-in">audio plug-in</a> software in the 2000s. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delay_(audio_effect)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first delay effects were achieved using <a href="/wiki/Tape_loop" title="Tape loop">tape loops</a> improvised on <a href="/wiki/Reel-to-reel_audio_tape_recording" title="Reel-to-reel audio tape recording">reel-to-reel audio tape recording</a> systems. By shortening or lengthening the loop of tape and adjusting the <a href="/wiki/Tape_head" title="Tape head">read-and-write heads</a>, the nature of the delayed echo could be controlled. This technique was most common among early composers of <i><a href="/wiki/Musique_concr%C3%A8te" title="Musique concrète">musique concrète</a></i> such as <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Pierre Schaeffer">Pierre Schaeffer</a>, and composers such as <a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a>, who had sometimes devised elaborate systems involving long tapes and multiple recorders and playback systems, collectively processing the input of a live performer or ensemble.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American producer <a href="/wiki/Sam_Phillips" title="Sam Phillips">Sam Phillips</a> created a <a href="#Slapback_echo">slapback echo</a> effect with two <a href="/wiki/Ampex" title="Ampex">Ampex</a> 350 tape recorders in 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effect was used by artists including <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a> (such as on his track "<a href="/wiki/Blue_Moon_of_Kentucky" title="Blue Moon of Kentucky">Blue Moon of Kentucky</a>") and <a href="/wiki/Buddy_Holly" title="Buddy Holly">Buddy Holly</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ultimate_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ultimate-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and became one of Phillips' signatures.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guitarist and instrument designer <a href="/wiki/Les_Paul" title="Les Paul">Les Paul</a> was an early pioneer in delay devices.<sup id="cite_ref-Dregni_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dregni-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i><a href="/wiki/Sound_on_Sound" title="Sound on Sound">Sound on Sound</a></i>, "The character and depth of sound that was produced from tape echo on these old records is extremely lush, warm and wide."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RE201_Transport.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/RE201_Transport.JPG/220px-RE201_Transport.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/RE201_Transport.JPG/330px-RE201_Transport.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/RE201_Transport.JPG/440px-RE201_Transport.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The tape mechanism of a <a href="/wiki/Roland_RE-201" class="mw-redirect" title="Roland RE-201">Roland RE-201</a> delay unit</figcaption></figure> <p>Tape echoes became commercially available in the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-dregni_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dregni-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tape echo machines contain loops of tape that pass over a record head and then a playback head. An <b>echo machine</b> is the early name for a sound processing device used with electronic instruments to repeat the sound and produce a simulated echo. The time between echo repeats was adjusted by varying head position or tape speed. The length or intensity of the echo effect was adjusted by changing the amount of echo signal was fed back into the signal recorded to tape.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A landmark device was the <a href="/wiki/Ray_Butts_EchoSonic" title="Ray Butts EchoSonic">EchoSonic</a> made by American <a href="/wiki/Ray_Butts" title="Ray Butts">Ray Butts</a>. It is a portable guitar amplifier with a built-in tape echo, which became used widely in country music (<a href="/wiki/Chet_Atkins" title="Chet Atkins">Chet Atkins</a>) and especially in rock and roll (<a href="/wiki/Scotty_Moore" title="Scotty Moore">Scotty Moore</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dedicated machines for creating tape loops were introduced One example is the <a href="/wiki/Echoplex" title="Echoplex">Echoplex</a> which uses a tape loop. The length of delay is adjusted by changing the distance between the tape record and playback heads. Another is the <a href="/wiki/Ace_Tone" title="Ace Tone">Ace Tone</a> EC-1 Echo Chamber.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the <a href="/wiki/Roland_RE-201" class="mw-redirect" title="Roland RE-201">Roland RE-201</a>, introduced in 1973, Japanese engineer <a href="/wiki/Ikutaro_Kakehashi" title="Ikutaro Kakehashi">Ikutaro Kakehashi</a> refined the tape delay to make it more reliable and robust, with reduced tape wear and noise, <a href="/wiki/Wow_(recording)" title="Wow (recording)">wow</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Flutter_(electronics_and_communication)" title="Flutter (electronics and communication)">flutter</a>, additional controls, and additional tape heads. Different effects could be created by enabling different combinations of playback heads. By adjusting the controls and tape speed, musicians could create <a href="/wiki/Pitch-shifting" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch-shifting">pitch-shifting</a> and oscillated effects. The RE-201 was used by acts including <a href="/wiki/Brian_Setzer" title="Brian Setzer">Brian Setzer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Marley" title="Bob Marley">Bob Marley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portishead_(band)" title="Portishead (band)">Portishead</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Radiohead" title="Radiohead">Radiohead</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dregni_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dregni-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1970s, Jamaican <a href="/wiki/Dub_music" title="Dub music">dub reggae</a> producers used delay effects extensively; <a href="/wiki/Lee_%22Scratch%22_Perry" title="Lee "Scratch" Perry">Lee Scratch Perry</a> created "lo-fi sci-fi" effects by using delay and <a href="/wiki/Reverb_effect" title="Reverb effect">reverb</a> on a mixing console <a href="/wiki/Test_tone" class="mw-redirect" title="Test tone">test tone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dub_techno" title="Dub techno">dub techno</a> producers such as <a href="/wiki/Basic_Channel" title="Basic Channel">Basic Channel</a> introduced delay to <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Digital delay effects were developed with the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">digital recording</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ultimate_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ultimate-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analog_delay">Analog delay</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delay_(audio_effect)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Analog delay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maestro_Echoplex_EP-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Maestro_Echoplex_EP-2.jpg/220px-Maestro_Echoplex_EP-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Maestro_Echoplex_EP-2.jpg/330px-Maestro_Echoplex_EP-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Maestro_Echoplex_EP-2.jpg/440px-Maestro_Echoplex_EP-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Echoplex EP-2</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the invention of audio delay technology, music employing an echo had to be recorded in a naturally <a href="/wiki/Reverberation" title="Reverberation">reverberant</a> space, often an inconvenience for musicians and engineers. The demand for an easy-to-use real-time echo effect led to the production of systems offering an all-in-one <a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">effects unit</a> that could be adjusted to produce echoes of any interval or amplitude. The presence of multiple <i>taps</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tape_head" title="Tape head">playback heads</a>) made it possible to have delays at varying rhythmic intervals; this allowed musicians an additional means of expression over natural periodic echoes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tape_delay">Tape delay</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delay_(audio_effect)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tape delay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early experiments such as <a href="/wiki/Send_tape_echo_echo_delay" title="Send tape echo echo delay">send tape echo echo delay</a> (STEED) at <a href="/wiki/Abbey_Road_Studios" title="Abbey Road Studios">Abbey Road Studios</a> used standard and modified <a href="/wiki/Reel-to-reel_tape_recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Reel-to-reel tape recorder">reel-to-reel tape recorders</a> to produce delay. </p><p>Delay processors based on analog tape recording use <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">magnetic tape</a> as their recording and playback medium. Electric motors guide a tape loop through a device with a variety of mechanisms allowing modification of the effect's parameters.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Popular models include Ray Butts' <a href="/wiki/Ray_Butts_EchoSonic" title="Ray Butts EchoSonic">EchoSonic</a> (1952), the <a href="/wiki/Watkins_Copicat" title="Watkins Copicat">Watkins Copicat</a> (1958), <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Echoplex" title="Echoplex">Echoplex</a> (1959)<sup id="cite_ref-dregni_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dregni-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Roland_Space_Echo" title="Roland Space Echo">Roland Space Echo</a> (1974).<sup id="cite_ref-Dregni2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dregni2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Echoplex EP-2, the play head position was fixed, while a combination record and erase head was mounted on a slide, thus the delay time of the echo was adjusted by changing the distance between the record and play heads.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Space Echo uses a free-running <a href="/wiki/Tape_transport" title="Tape transport">tape transport</a> system to reduce tape wear, noise, and <a href="/wiki/Wow_(recording)" title="Wow (recording)">wow and flutter</a>, and made the units more reliable and easy to transport.<sup id="cite_ref-Dregni3_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dregni3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was more reliable and sturdy than previous tape echo devices, making it easy to travel and perform with.<sup id="cite_ref-Dregni3_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dregni3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been used by musicians in genres such as <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dub_music" title="Dub music">dub</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trip_hop" title="Trip hop">trip hop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">post-punk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Experimental_rock" title="Experimental rock">experimental rock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dregni3_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dregni3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thin magnetic tape was not entirely suited for continuous operation, however, so the tape loop has to be replaced from time to time to maintain the <a href="/wiki/High_fidelity" title="High fidelity">audio fidelity</a> of the processed sounds. The <a href="/wiki/Binson_Echorec" title="Binson Echorec">Binson Echorec</a> used a rotating magnetic drum or disc (not entirely unlike those used in modern <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard disk">hard-disk drives</a>) as its storage medium. This provided an advantage over tape, as the durable drums were able to last for many years with little deterioration in the audio quality.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later years, tape delay effects remained popular for the way the tape compresses and distorts, "creating the impression that the echoes are receding rather than just getting quieter".<sup id="cite_ref-White-2007_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-2007-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_can">Oil can</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delay_(audio_effect)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Oil can"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An alternative echo system was the so-called <i>oil-can delay</i> method, which uses electrostatic rather than electromagnetic recording.<sup id="cite_ref-modd3d_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-modd3d-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Invented by <a href="/wiki/Ray_Lubow" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray Lubow">Ray Lubow</a>, the oil-can method uses a rotating disc of anodized aluminium coated with a suspension of carbon particles. An AC signal to a conductive neoprene wiper transfers the charge to the high impedance disc. As the particles pass by the wiper, they act as thousands of tiny capacitors, holding a small part of the charge. A second wiper reads this representation of the signal, and sends it to a voltage amplifier that mixes it with the original source. To protect the charge held by the particles and to lubricate the entire assembly, the disc runs inside a sealed can with enough of a special <a href="/wiki/Insulator_(electricity)" title="Insulator (electricity)">insulating</a> oil<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to assure that an even coating is applied as it spins.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The effect resembles an echo, but the whimsical nature of the storage medium causes variations in the sound that can be heard as a vibrato effect. Some early models featured control circuitry designed to feed the output of the read wiper to the write wiper, causing a reverberant effect as well.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Many different companies marketed these devices under various names. Fender sold the Dimension IV, the Variable Delay, the Echo-Reverb I, II, and III, and included an oil can in their Special Effects box. Gibson sold the GA-4RE from 1965–67. Ray Lubow himself sold many different versions under the Tel-Ray/Morley brand, starting out in the early sixties with the Ad-n-echo, and eventually producing the Echo-ver-brato, the Electrostatic Delay Line, and many others into the eighties.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solid-state_delay">Solid-state delay</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delay_(audio_effect)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Solid-state delay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First-Analog-Delay-for-Guitars-1976.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/First-Analog-Delay-for-Guitars-1976.gif/220px-First-Analog-Delay-for-Guitars-1976.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/First-Analog-Delay-for-Guitars-1976.gif/330px-First-Analog-Delay-for-Guitars-1976.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/First-Analog-Delay-for-Guitars-1976.gif/440px-First-Analog-Delay-for-Guitars-1976.gif 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>1976 analog solid-state delay schematic</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bucket-brigade_device" title="Bucket-brigade device">bucket-brigade devices</a> (BBD) was developed at Philips in 1969. Delay effects utilizing this technology eventually became available. Notable examples include the Memory Man from Electro-Harmonix, released in 1976 and the Boss DM-2 released in 1981. BBD-based devices offered a convenient alternative to tape delays and <a href="/wiki/Leslie_speaker" title="Leslie speaker">leslie speakers</a> but were eventually largely supplanted by digital delays.<sup id="cite_ref-musicradar_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-musicradar-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digital_delay">Digital delay</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delay_(audio_effect)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Digital delay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ibanez_de7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ibanez_de7.jpg/220px-Ibanez_de7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ibanez_de7.jpg/330px-Ibanez_de7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ibanez_de7.jpg/440px-Ibanez_de7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="727" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Ibanez" title="Ibanez">Ibanez</a> DE-7 delay pedal</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="41" data-mwtitle="Analog_delay_on_guitar_with_modulation_and_pitch_shift.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Analog_delay_on_guitar_with_modulation_and_pitch_shift.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Analog_delay_on_guitar_with_modulation_and_pitch_shift.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c9/Analog_delay_on_guitar_with_modulation_and_pitch_shift.ogg/Analog_delay_on_guitar_with_modulation_and_pitch_shift.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Sound example of a <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_(computing)" title="Plug-in (computing)">plugin</a> simulation of an analog delay (EHX Memory Man) with modulation and pitch shift</figcaption></figure> <p>Digital delay systems function by sampling the input signal using an <a href="/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter" title="Analog-to-digital converter">analog-to-digital converter</a>. The resulting digital audio is passed through a <a href="/wiki/Memory_buffer" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory buffer">memory buffer</a> and recalled from the buffer a short time later. Through <a href="/wiki/Feedback" title="Feedback">feedback</a> of some of the delayed audio back into the buffer, multiple repeats of the audio are created.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The delayed (<i>wet</i>) output may be mixed with the unmodified (<i>dry</i>) signal after, or before, it is sent to a <a href="/wiki/Digital-to-analog_converter" title="Digital-to-analog converter">digital-to-analog converter</a> for output.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Digital delay effects were initially available as expensive rack-mounted units intended for use in television and audio production studios. One of the first was the <a href="/wiki/Eventide,_Inc" title="Eventide, Inc">Eventide</a> DDL 1745 from 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another popular rack-mount digital delay was the <a href="/wiki/AMS_(Advanced_Music_Systems)" class="mw-redirect" title="AMS (Advanced Music Systems)">AMS</a> DMX 15-80 of 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As digital memory became cheaper in the 1980s, units like <a href="/wiki/Lexicon_(company)" title="Lexicon (company)">Lexicon</a> PCM42, <a href="/wiki/Roland_Corporation" title="Roland Corporation">Roland</a> SDE-3000, <a href="/wiki/TC_Electronic" title="TC Electronic">TC Electronic</a> 2290 offered more than three seconds of delay time, enough to create background loops, rhythms, and phrases. The 2290 was upgradeable to 32 seconds and <a href="/wiki/Electro-Harmonix" title="Electro-Harmonix">Electro-Harmonix</a> offered a 16-second delay and looping machine. Eventually, as costs came down further and the electronics grew smaller, they became available in the form of foot pedals. The first digital delay offered in a pedal was the <a href="/wiki/Boss_Corporation" title="Boss Corporation">Boss</a> DD-2 in 1984. Rack-mounted delay units evolved into digital reverb units and on to digital multi-effects units capable of more sophisticated effects than pure delay, such as reverb and <a href="/wiki/Audio_time_stretching_and_pitch_scaling" title="Audio time stretching and pitch scaling">audio time stretching and pitch scaling</a> effects.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Digital delays present an extensive array of options, including control over the time before playback of the delayed signal. Most also allow the user to select the overall level of the processed signal in relation to the unmodified one, or the level at which the delayed signal is fed back into the memory, to be repeated again. Some systems allow more exotic controls, such as the ability to add an <a href="/wiki/Audio_filter" title="Audio filter">audio filter</a> and modulate the playback rate.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Looping">Looping</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delay_(audio_effect)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Looping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Loop_(music)" title="Loop (music)">Loop (music)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Live_looping" title="Live looping">Live looping</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gibson_Echoplex_Digital_Pro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Gibson_Echoplex_Digital_Pro.jpg/220px-Gibson_Echoplex_Digital_Pro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Gibson_Echoplex_Digital_Pro.jpg/330px-Gibson_Echoplex_Digital_Pro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Gibson_Echoplex_Digital_Pro.jpg/440px-Gibson_Echoplex_Digital_Pro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1132" data-file-height="97" /></a><figcaption>Gibson Echoplex Digital Pro</figcaption></figure> <p>While the early delay units with a long delay capacity could be used to record a <a href="/wiki/Riff" title="Riff">riff</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chord_progression" title="Chord progression">chord progression</a> and then play over it, they were challenging to work with. The Paradis Loop Delay,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> created in 1992, was the first unit with dedicated looping functions such as record, overdub, multiply, insert, and replace, which made it more intuitive and user-friendly. <a href="/wiki/Gibson_Guitar_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibson Guitar Corporation">Gibson</a> manufactured a slightly improved version as the Echoplex Digital Pro<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until 2006. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Computer_software">Computer software</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delay_(audio_effect)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Computer software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="41" data-mwtitle="Analog_delay_on_guitar_with_modulation_and_pitch_shift.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Analog_delay_on_guitar_with_modulation_and_pitch_shift.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Analog_delay_on_guitar_with_modulation_and_pitch_shift.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c9/Analog_delay_on_guitar_with_modulation_and_pitch_shift.ogg/Analog_delay_on_guitar_with_modulation_and_pitch_shift.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Sound example of a <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_(computing)" title="Plug-in (computing)">plugin</a> simulation of an analog delay (EHX Memory Man) with modulation and pitch shift on <a href="/w/index.php?title=IK_Multimedia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IK Multimedia (page does not exist)">Amplitube</a> 4.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Screenshot-Delayorama.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Screenshot-Delayorama.png/220px-Screenshot-Delayorama.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Screenshot-Delayorama.png/330px-Screenshot-Delayorama.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Screenshot-Delayorama.png/440px-Screenshot-Delayorama.png 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>Steve Harris' Delayorama software</figcaption></figure> <p>A natural development from digital delay-processing hardware was the appearance of <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a>-based delay systems. In large part, this coincided with the popularity of audio editing software. Software delays, in many cases, offer much greater flexibility than even the most recent digital hardware delays. Software implementations may offer shifting or random delay times, or the insertion of other audio effects in the feedback path. Many <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_(computing)" title="Plug-in (computing)">software plugins</a> have added functionality to emulate the sounds of the earlier analog units. Abundant <a href="/wiki/Main_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Main memory">main memory</a> on modern personal computers offers ample delay time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artistic_uses">Artistic uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delay_(audio_effect)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Artistic uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In popular and electronic music, electric guitarists use delay to produce densely overlaid textures of notes with rhythms complementary to the music. <a href="/wiki/U2" title="U2">U2</a> guitarist <a href="/wiki/The_Edge" title="The Edge">the Edge</a> uses delay while he plays arpeggios on electric guitar, thus creating a sustained, synth pad-like background.<sup id="cite_ref-imgl_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imgl-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vocalists and instrumentalists use delay to add a dense or ethereal quality to their singing or playing. Extremely long delays of 10 seconds or more are often used to create loops of a whole musical phrase. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fripp" title="Robert Fripp">Robert Fripp</a> used two <a href="/wiki/Revox" title="Revox">Revox</a> reel-to-reel tape recorders to achieve very long delay times for solo guitar performance. He dubbed this technology "<a href="/wiki/Frippertronics" title="Frippertronics">Frippertronics</a>", and used it in a number of recordings.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Martyn" title="John Martyn">John Martyn</a> was a pioneer of the echoplex. Perhaps the earliest indication of his use can be heard on the songs "Would You Believe Me" and "The Ocean" on the album <i><a href="/wiki/Stormbringer!" title="Stormbringer!">Stormbringer!</a></i> released in February 1970.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delay_(audio_effect)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Delay-line_block_diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Delay-line_block_diagram.png/220px-Delay-line_block_diagram.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Delay-line_block_diagram.png/330px-Delay-line_block_diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Delay-line_block_diagram.png/440px-Delay-line_block_diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="771" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption>Block diagram of the signal-flow for a typical simple delay-line, tied to an electric guitar. Dotted line indicates options component.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Delay effects add a time delay to an <a href="/wiki/Audio_signal" title="Audio signal">audio signal</a>. Blending the delayed audio with the original audio creates an <a href="/wiki/Echo" title="Echo">echo</a>-like effect, whereby the original audio is heard followed by the delayed audio.<sup id="cite_ref-Ultimate_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ultimate-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The delayed signal may be treated separately from the input audio - for example, with an <a href="/wiki/Equalization_(audio)" title="Equalization (audio)">equalizer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most delay effects allow users to set the delay time, or the amount of time between each audio playback. The may be synchronized to a <a href="/wiki/Beats_per_minute" class="mw-redirect" title="Beats per minute">BPM</a>, allowing users to set time values as <a href="/wiki/Beat_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Beat division">beat divisions</a>. Delay is used to create other effects, including reverb, <a href="/wiki/Chorus_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorus effect">chorus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Flanging" title="Flanging">flanging</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ultimate_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ultimate-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Delay effects typically allow users to add and adjust <a href="/wiki/Feedback" title="Feedback">feedback</a>. By feeding some of the delayed audio back into the delay mechanism, multiple repeats of the audio are heard. At low feedback settings, each repeat fades in volume. High levels of feedback can cause the level of the output to rapidly increase, becoming louder and louder; this may be managed using a <a href="/wiki/Limiter" title="Limiter">limiter</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haas_effect">Haas effect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delay_(audio_effect)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Haas effect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Short delays (50 ms or less) create a sense of <i>broadening</i> the sound without creating a perceptible echo and can be used to add <a href="/wiki/Stereo_width" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereo width">stereo width</a> or simulate <a href="/wiki/Double-tracking" class="mw-redirect" title="Double-tracking">double-tracking</a> (layering two performances).<sup id="cite_ref-:4_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effect is known as the <a href="/wiki/Precedence_effect" title="Precedence effect">precedence effect</a> or Haas effect, after the German scientist Helmut Haas.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ping-pong_delay">Ping-pong delay</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delay_(audio_effect)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ping-pong delay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a ping-pong delay, the delayed signal alternates between the two channels of a <a href="/wiki/Stereo" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereo">stereo</a> program.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multi-tap">Multi-tap</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delay_(audio_effect)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Multi-tap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a multi-tap delay, multiple <i>taps</i> (outputs) are taken from a delay buffer, each with independent times and levels, and summed with the original signal.<sup id="cite_ref-Ultimate_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ultimate-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multi-tap delays can be used to create rhythmic patterns or dense, <a href="/wiki/Reverb_effect" title="Reverb effect">reverb</a>-like effects.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_36-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Doubling_echo">Doubling echo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delay_(audio_effect)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Doubling echo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Doubling echo</i> is produced by adding short delay to a recorded sound. Delays of thirty to fifty milliseconds are the most common; longer delay times become <i>slapback echo</i>. Mixing the original and delayed sounds creates an effect similar to <a href="/wiki/Doubletracking" class="mw-redirect" title="Doubletracking">doubletracking</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Unison" title="Unison">unison</a> performance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slapback_echo">Slapback echo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delay_(audio_effect)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Slapback echo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Slapback echo</i> uses a delay time of 60 to 250 milliseconds with little or no feedback.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A slapback delay creates a <i>thickening</i> effect. The effect is characteristic of vocals on 1950s <a href="/wiki/Rock-n-roll" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock-n-roll">rock-n-roll</a> records. In July 1954, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Phillips" title="Sam Phillips">Sam Phillips</a> produced the first of five 78s and 45s that <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a> would release on <a href="/wiki/Sun_Records" title="Sun Records">Sun Records</a> over the next year and a half, all of which featured a novel production technique that Phillips termed <i>slapback echo</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effect was produced by re-feeding the output signal from the playback head tape recorder to its record head. The physical space between heads, the speed of the tape, and the chosen volume being the main controlling factors. Analog and later digital delay machines also easily produced the effect. It is also sometimes used on instruments, particularly <a href="/wiki/Drum_kit" title="Drum kit">drums</a> and <a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">percussion</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flanging,_chorus_effect,_and_reverb"><span id="Flanging.2C_chorus_effect.2C_and_reverb"></span>Flanging, chorus effect, and reverb</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delay_(audio_effect)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Flanging, chorus effect, and reverb"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Flanging"></span><span class="anchor" id="Chorus_effect"></span><span class="anchor" id="Reverb"></span> <i><a href="/wiki/Flanging" title="Flanging">Flanging</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Chorus_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorus effect">chorus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Reverb_effect" title="Reverb effect">reverb</a></i> are all delay-based sound effects. With flanging and chorus, the delay time is very short and usually modulated.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With reverberation, there are multiple delays and feedback so that individual echoes are blurred together, recreating the sound of an <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoustic space">acoustic space</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Straight_delay">Straight delay</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delay_(audio_effect)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Straight delay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Straight delay</i> is used in <a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">sound reinforcement systems</a> to compensate for the <a href="/wiki/Wave_propagation" class="mw-redirect" title="Wave propagation">propagation of sound</a> through the air.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike audio delay effects devices, straight delay is not mixed back in with the original signal. The delayed signal alone is sent to loudspeakers so that the speakers distant from the stage will reinforce the stage sound at the same time or slightly later than the acoustic sound from the stage. The delayed signal uses approximately 1 millisecond of straight delay per foot of air or 3 milliseconds per meter.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the <a href="/wiki/Haas_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Haas effect">Haas effect</a>, this technique allows audio engineers to use additional speaker systems placed away from the stage and still give the <a href="/wiki/Auditory_illusion" title="Auditory illusion">illusion</a> that all sound originates from the stage. The purpose is to deliver sufficient sound volume to the back of the venue without resorting to excessive sound volumes near the front.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Straight delay is also used in <a href="/wiki/Audio_to_video_synchronization" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio to video synchronization">audio to video synchronization</a> to align sound with visual media (e.g., on TV or web broadcasting), if the visual source is delayed. Visual media can become delayed by a number of mechanisms or reasons such as <a href="/wiki/Time_base_correction" title="Time base correction">time base correction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_scaling" class="mw-redirect" title="Video scaling">video scaling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Framebuffer" title="Framebuffer">framebuffers</a>, in which case the associated audio must be delayed to match the visual content.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Samples">Samples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delay_(audio_effect)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Samples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Echo_samples.ogg" title="File:Echo samples.ogg">Delay effect (1)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="16" data-mwtitle="Echo_samples.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Echo_samples.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/42/Echo_samples.ogg/Echo_samples.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AEcho_samples.ogg&lang=pl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pl" label="polski ‪(pl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">A short spoken passage, followed by the same passage processed using various delays</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Flute-delay.ogg" title="File:Flute-delay.ogg">Delay effect (2)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="18" data-mwtitle="Flute-delay.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Flute-delay.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/85/Flute-delay.ogg/Flute-delay.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">A short passage on flute, before and after the application of a multi-tap, multi-channel delay</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delay_(audio_effect)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analog_delay_line" title="Analog delay line">Analog delay line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_delay" title="Broadcast delay">Broadcast delay</a> – The practice of intentionally delaying a live broadcast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_delay_line" title="Digital delay line">Digital delay line</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delay_(audio_effect)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Union Carbide UCON lb65<sup id="cite_ref-modd3d_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-modd3d-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">High levels of feedback can cause the level of the output to rapidly increase (self-oscillation), becoming louder and louder; this may be managed with <a href="/wiki/Limiter" title="Limiter">limiters</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Increasing the feedback of a slapback effect can create a sound similar to a <a href="/wiki/Spring_reverb" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring reverb">spring reverb</a> effect.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_36-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Depending on the air temperature's effect on the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">speed of sound</a>. At an air temperature of 20 °C (68 °F), one meter of sound travel takes 2.92 milliseconds, and one foot of sound travel takes 0.888 ms.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delay_(audio_effect)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLehman1996" class="citation web cs1">Lehman, Scott (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030402004518/http://www.harmony-central.com/Effects/Articles/Delay/">"Effects Explained: Delay"</a>. Archived from the original on 2003-04-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Effects+Explained%3A+Delay&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Lehman&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harmony-central.com%2FEffects%2FArticles%2FDelay%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelay+%28audio+effect%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGehlaar1998" class="citation cs2">Gehlaar, Rolf (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sonoloco.com/rev/stockhausen/11gehlhaar.html"><i>Leap of Faith: A Personal Biography of Karlheinz Stockhausen's Prozession</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leap+of+Faith%3A+A+Personal+Biography+of+Karlheinz+Stockhausen%27s+Prozession&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Gehlaar&rft.aufirst=Rolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sonoloco.com%2Frev%2Fstockhausen%2F11gehlhaar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelay+%28audio+effect%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.soundonsound.com/people/sam-phillips-sun-records">"Sam Phillips: Sun Records"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sound_on_Sound" title="Sound on Sound">Sound on Sound</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180129195227/https://www.soundonsound.com/people/sam-phillips-sun-records">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-01-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Popular+Mechanics&rft.atitle=How+Sam+Phillips+invented+the+sound+of+rock+and+roll&rft.date=2016-08-15&rft.aulast=Blitz&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.popularmechanics.com%2Fculture%2Fmusic%2Fa22237%2Fsam-phillips-sun-studio%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelay+%28audio+effect%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ultimate-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ultimate_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ultimate_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ultimate_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ultimate_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ultimate_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musicradar.com/tuition/tech/the-ultimate-guide-to-effects-delay-457920">"The ultimate guide to effects: delay"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MusicRadar" class="mw-redirect" title="MusicRadar">MusicRadar</a></i>. 7 June 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150908115304/http://www.musicradar.com/tuition/tech/the-ultimate-guide-to-effects-delay-457920">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-09-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MusicRadar&rft.atitle=The+ultimate+guide+to+effects%3A+delay&rft.date=2011-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicradar.com%2Ftuition%2Ftech%2Fthe-ultimate-guide-to-effects-delay-457920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelay+%28audio+effect%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dregni-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dregni_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dregni_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDregni" class="citation web cs1">Dregni, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905055122/http://www.vintageguitar.com/21260/the-roland-space-echo/">"The Roland Space Echo"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Vintage_Guitar_(magazine)" title="Vintage Guitar (magazine)">Vintage Guitar</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vintageguitar.com/21260/the-roland-space-echo/">the original</a> on 2015-09-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vintage+Guitar&rft.atitle=The+Roland+Space+Echo&rft.aulast=Dregni&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vintageguitar.com%2F21260%2Fthe-roland-space-echo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelay+%28audio+effect%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeeker" class="citation web cs1">Meeker, Ward. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vintageguitar.com/17980/les-paul-remembered/">"Les Paul Remembered"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Vintage_Guitar_(magazine)" title="Vintage Guitar (magazine)">Vintage Guitar</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140910151002/http://www.vintageguitar.com/17980/les-paul-remembered/">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-09-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vintage+Guitar&rft.atitle=Les+Paul+Remembered&rft.aulast=Meeker&rft.aufirst=Ward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vintageguitar.com%2F17980%2Fles-paul-remembered%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelay+%28audio+effect%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaas2007" class="citation web cs1">Haas, Will (August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.soundonsound.com/techniques/tape-delay-your-daw">"Tape delay in your DAW"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sound_on_Sound" title="Sound on Sound">Sound on Sound</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170512162243/http://www.soundonsound.com:80/techniques/tape-delay-your-daw">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sound+on+Sound&rft.atitle=Tape+delay+in+your+DAW&rft.date=2007-08&rft.aulast=Haas&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.soundonsound.com%2Ftechniques%2Ftape-delay-your-daw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelay+%28audio+effect%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dregni-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dregni_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dregni_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDregni2012" class="citation news cs1">Dregni, Michael (July 2012). 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Audio_signal_processing" title="Audio signal processing">Signal <br /> processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_time_stretching_and_pitch_scaling" title="Audio time stretching and pitch scaling">Pitch shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto-Tune" title="Auto-Tune">Auto-Tune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorus_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorus effect">Chorus effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range_compression" title="Dynamic range compression">Compression</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Delay effect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Send_tape_echo_echo_delay" title="Send tape echo echo delay">STEED</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">Distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_tracking" title="Double tracking">Double tracking</a> (<a href="/wiki/Automatic_double_tracking" title="Automatic double tracking">ADT</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ducking" title="Ducking">Ducking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equalization_(audio)" title="Equalization (audio)">Equalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exciter_(effect)" title="Exciter (effect)">Exciter effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flanging" title="Flanging">Flanging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octave_effect" title="Octave effect">Octave effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_gate" title="Noise gate">Noise gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaser_(effect)" title="Phaser (effect)">Phaser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumping_(audio)" title="Pumping (audio)">Pumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverb_effect" title="Reverb effect">Reverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_echo" title="Reverse echo">Reverse echo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Practices</li><li><br />aesthetics</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_production" title="Hip hop production">Hip hop production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_music" title="Lo-fi music">Lo-fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overproduction_(music)" title="Overproduction (music)">Overproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recording_studio_as_an_instrument" title="Recording studio as an instrument">Recording studio as an instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">Sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turntablism" title="Turntablism">Turntablism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_of_Sound" title="Wall of Sound">Wall of Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenochrony" title="Xenochrony">Xenochrony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Roles</li><li><br /> professions</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrangement" title="Arrangement">Arranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backup_band" title="Backup band">Backup band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandleader" title="Bandleader">Bandleader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DJ" class="mw-redirect" title="DJ">DJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghostwriter#Music" title="Ghostwriter">Ghostwriters in music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horn_section" title="Horn section">Horn section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestrator" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchestrator">Orchestrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Record producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">Rhythm section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_musician" title="Session musician">Session musician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backup_singer" class="mw-redirect" title="Backup singer">Backup singer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_singer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghost singer">Ghost singer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_coach" title="Vocal coach">Vocal coach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Click_track" title="Click track">Click track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpolation_(popular_music)" title="Interpolation (popular music)">Interpolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loudness_war" title="Loudness war">Loudness war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(music)" title="Mashup (music)">Mashup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medley_(music)" title="Medley (music)">Medley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electric)" title="Music technology (electric)">Music technology (electric)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electronic_and_digital)" title="Music technology (electronic and digital)">Music technology (electronic and digital)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix" title="Remix">Remix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/16px-45_record.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/24px-45_record.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/32px-45_record.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Record_production" title="Portal:Record production">Record production portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_technology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_technology" title="Template:Music technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_technology" title="Template talk:Music technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_technology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_technology" title="Music technology">Music technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_technology" title="Music technology">Music technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(mechanical)" title="Music technology (mechanical)">Mechanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electric)" title="Music technology (electric)">Electrical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electronic_and_digital)" title="Music technology (electronic and digital)">Electronic and digital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">Sound recording</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio channel">Audio channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">Mixing console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binaural_recording" title="Binaural recording">Binaural recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">Digital audio workstation</a> (DAW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">Effects unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equalization_(audio)" title="Equalization (audio)">Equalizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">Headphones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone_preamplifier" title="Microphone preamplifier">Microphone preamplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Monitor speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multitrack_recording" title="Multitrack recording">Multitrack recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Music production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">Music sequencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outboard_gear" title="Outboard gear">Outboard gear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_audio_formats" title="Timeline of audio formats">Recording media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">Phonograph record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">Magnetic tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact cassette">Compact cassette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">Compact disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Tape" title="Digital Audio Tape">DAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_recorder" title="Hard disk recorder">Hard disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MiniDisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_(audio_format)" title="Opus (audio format)">Opus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog_recording" title="Analog recording">Analog recording</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8-track_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="8-track tape">8-track cartridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">Amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassette_deck" title="Cassette deck">Cassette deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_analog_and_digital_recording" title="Comparison of analog and digital recording">Comparison of analog and digital recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_musical_instrument" title="Experimental musical instrument">Experimental musical instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">Phonograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Player_piano" title="Player piano">Player piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reel-to-reel_audio_tape_recording" title="Reel-to-reel audio tape recording">Reel-to-reel audio tape recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_recorder" title="Tape recorder">Tape recorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Playback transducers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">Loudspeaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">Headphones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Monitor speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_address_system" title="Public address system">PA system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">Sound reinforcement system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_enclosure" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker enclosure">Speaker enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subwoofer" title="Subwoofer">Subwoofer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">Digital audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">Digital recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">Digital signal processing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">Live music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">Mixing console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_amplifier" title="Bass amplifier">Bass amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">Effects unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Foldback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_amplifier" title="Guitar amplifier">Guitar amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_amplifier" title="Keyboard amplifier">Keyboard amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_address_system" title="Public address system">PA system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverb_effect" title="Reverb effect">Reverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">Sound reinforcement system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiptune" title="Chiptune">Chiptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_bending" title="Circuit bending">Circuit bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">Drum machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_drums" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic drums">Electronic drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_musical_instrument" title="Electronic musical instrument">Electronic musical instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI_controller" title="MIDI controller">MIDI controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_workstation" title="Music workstation">Music workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)" title="Sampler (musical instrument)">Sampler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">Sequencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_module" title="Sound module">Sound module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">Synthesizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theremin" title="Theremin">Theremin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital audio editor">Digital audio editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">Digital audio workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GarageBand" title="GarageBand">GarageBand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProTools" class="mw-redirect" title="ProTools">ProTools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorewriter" title="Scorewriter">Scorewriter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_effect_processor" title="Software effect processor">Software effect processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_sampler" class="mw-redirect" title="Software sampler">Software sampler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_synthesizer" title="Software synthesizer">Software synthesizer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DJ" class="mw-redirect" title="DJ">DJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_tech" title="Guitar tech">Guitar technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_engineer" title="Mixing engineer">Mixing engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monitor_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Monitor engineer">Monitor engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_tuner" class="mw-redirect" title="Piano tuner">Piano tuner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Record producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re-recording_mixer" title="Re-recording mixer">Re-recording mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound designer">Sound designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_follower" title="Sound follower">Sound follower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound operator">Sound operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">Sound recording engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_op" title="Tape op">Tape op</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People and organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Engineering_Society" title="Audio Engineering Society">Audio Engineering Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goji_Electronics" title="Goji Electronics">Goji Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Broadcast_Sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Broadcast Sound">Institute of Broadcast Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lejaren_Hiller" title="Lejaren Hiller">Lejaren Hiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRCAM" title="IRCAM">IRCAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Mathews" title="Max Mathews">Max Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_Electronics_Library" title="Musical Electronics Library">Musical Electronics Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Lighting_and_Sound_Association" title="Professional Lighting and Sound Association">Professional Lighting and Sound Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Moog" title="Robert Moog">Robert Moog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">SMPTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEIM" title="STEIM">STEIM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audiophile" title="Audiophile">Audiophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fidelity" title="High fidelity">High fidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_audio" title="Home audio">Home audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_cinema" title="Home cinema">Home cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_store" title="Music store">Music store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_audio_store" title="Professional audio store">Professional audio store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Interfaces_for_Musical_Expression" title="New Interfaces for Musical Expression">New Interfaces for Musical Expression</a> (NIME)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_audio" title="Vehicle audio">Vehicle audio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/16px-45_record.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/24px-45_record.png 1.5x, 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