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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Post_Office_Tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_Office_Tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Post Office Tree</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_Office_Tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>European settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Topography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Topography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attractions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attractions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Attractions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attractions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_gas_and_oil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_gas_and_oil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Natural gas and oil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_gas_and_oil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Road_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Road transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harbour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harbour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Harbour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harbour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Archaeology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Archaeology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pinnacle_Point_Caves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pinnacle_Point_Caves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Pinnacle Point Caves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pinnacle_Point_Caves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cape_St_Blaize_Cave" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cape_St_Blaize_Cave"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Cape St Blaize Cave</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cape_St_Blaize_Cave-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rock_Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rock_Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Rock Art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rock_Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coats_of_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coats_of_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Coats of arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coats_of_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosselbaai" title="Mosselbaai – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mosselbaai" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossel_Fl%C4%93ot" title="Mossel Flēot – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Mossel Flēot" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AC_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84" title="خليج موسيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خليج موسيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Мосъл Бей – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мосъл Бей" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossel_Bay_(kapital_sa_munisipyo)" title="Mossel Bay (kapital sa munisipyo) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Mossel Bay (kapital sa munisipyo)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossel_Bay" title="Mossel Bay – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mossel Bay" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossel_Bay" title="Mossel Bay – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mossel Bay" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossel_Bay" title="Mossel Bay – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mossel Bay" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosselbaai" title="Mosselbaai – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mosselbaai" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossel_Bay" title="Mossel Bay – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mossel Bay" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossel_Bay" title="Mossel Bay – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mossel Bay" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teluk_Mossel" title="Teluk Mossel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Teluk Mossel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMossel_Bay" title="IMossel Bay – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IMossel Bay" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossel_Bay" title="Mossel Bay – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mossel Bay" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossel_Bay" title="Mossel Bay – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mossel Bay" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossel_Bay" title="Mossel Bay – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mossel Bay" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87" title="मॉसेल बे – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मॉसेल बे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AC_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84" title="خليج موسيل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="خليج موسيل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosselbaai" title="Mosselbaai – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mosselbaai" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossel_Bay" title="Mossel Bay – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mossel Bay" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossel_Bay" title="Mossel Bay – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mossel Bay" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosselbaai" title="Mosselbaai – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mosselbaai" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Мосселбай – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мосселбай" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossel_Bay" title="Mossel Bay – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Mossel Bay" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossel_Bay" title="Mossel Bay – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mossel Bay" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossel_Bay" title="Mossel Bay – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mossel Bay" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB-%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Моссел-Бей – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Моссел-Бей" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84_%D8%A8%DB%92" title="موسل بے – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="موسل بے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E5%A1%9E%E7%88%BE%E8%B2%9D" title="莫塞爾貝 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="莫塞爾貝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q995615#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mossel_Bay&params=34_11_00_S_22_08_00_E_region:ZA_type:city(99000)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°11′00″S</span> <span class="longitude">22°08′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.18333°S 22.13333°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-34.18333; 22.13333</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Mossel_Bay" title="Special:EditPage/Mossel Bay">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Mossel+Bay%22">"Mossel Bay"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Mossel+Bay%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Mossel+Bay%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Mossel+Bay%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Mossel+Bay%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Mossel+Bay%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Mossel Bay</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><i>Mosselbaai</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">Town</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid white;width:300px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:1px 0 0 1px"><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mossel_Bay_(15412141375).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mossel_Bay_%2815412141375%29.jpg/300px-Mossel_Bay_%2815412141375%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Mossel_Bay_%2824027618481%29.jpg/298px-Mossel_Bay_%2824027618481%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mossel_Bay_War_Memorial_(WWI).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Mossel_Bay_War_Memorial_%28WWI%29.jpg/149px-Mossel_Bay_War_Memorial_%28WWI%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Mossel_Bay_War_Memorial_%28WWI%29.jpg/224px-Mossel_Bay_War_Memorial_%28WWI%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Mossel_Bay_War_Memorial_%28WWI%29.jpg/298px-Mossel_Bay_War_Memorial_%28WWI%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mossel_Bay,_Downtown.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Mossel_Bay%2C_Downtown.jpg/149px-Mossel_Bay%2C_Downtown.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Mossel_Bay%2C_Downtown.jpg/224px-Mossel_Bay%2C_Downtown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Mossel_Bay%2C_Downtown.jpg/298px-Mossel_Bay%2C_Downtown.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Bushman_rock_art_Perdekop_Farm_North_of_Mossel_bay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/San_Bushman_rock_art_Perdekop_Farm_North_of_Mossel_bay.jpg/149px-San_Bushman_rock_art_Perdekop_Farm_North_of_Mossel_bay.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/San_Bushman_rock_art_Perdekop_Farm_North_of_Mossel_bay.jpg/224px-San_Bushman_rock_art_Perdekop_Farm_North_of_Mossel_bay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/San_Bushman_rock_art_Perdekop_Farm_North_of_Mossel_bay.jpg/298px-San_Bushman_rock_art_Perdekop_Farm_North_of_Mossel_bay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div style="font-size:95%"><span style="font-size:114%;">From top, an aerial view of Mossel Bay. A view of the port at Mossel Bay (centre left). <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> war memorial (centre right). A view down Marsh Street of downtown Mossel Bay (bottom left). <a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">xam</a> rock art just outside of Mossel bay (bottom right). </span></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_Mossel_Bay.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Mossel Bay"><img alt="Coat of arms of Mossel Bay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Coat_of_Arms_Mossel_Bay.jpg/67px-Coat_of_Arms_Mossel_Bay.jpg" decoding="async" width="67" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Coat_of_Arms_Mossel_Bay.jpg/101px-Coat_of_Arms_Mossel_Bay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Coat_of_Arms_Mossel_Bay.jpg/135px-Coat_of_Arms_Mossel_Bay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="345" data-file-height="510" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Jure et Justitia Valemus (Latin: We are strong in law and justice)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Africa_Western_Cape_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mossel Bay is located in Western Cape"><img alt="Mossel Bay is located in Western Cape" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/South_Africa_Western_Cape_location_map.svg/250px-South_Africa_Western_Cape_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/South_Africa_Western_Cape_location_map.svg/375px-South_Africa_Western_Cape_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/South_Africa_Western_Cape_location_map.svg/500px-South_Africa_Western_Cape_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1214" data-file-height="972" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:82.807%;left:66.19%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mossel Bay"><img alt="Mossel Bay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Mossel Bay</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Western Cape</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Africa_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mossel Bay is located in South Africa"><img alt="Mossel Bay is located in South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/South_Africa_adm_location_map.svg/250px-South_Africa_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/South_Africa_adm_location_map.svg/375px-South_Africa_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/South_Africa_adm_location_map.svg/500px-South_Africa_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2031" data-file-height="1741" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:92.413%;left:35.659%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mossel Bay"><img alt="Mossel Bay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Mossel Bay</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of South Africa</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Africa_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mossel Bay is located in Africa"><img alt="Mossel Bay is located in Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Africa_location_map.svg/250px-Africa_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Africa_location_map.svg/375px-Africa_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Africa_location_map.svg/500px-Africa_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1525" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:95.52%;left:56.507%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mossel Bay"><img alt="Mossel Bay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Mossel Bay</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Africa</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mossel_Bay&params=34_11_00_S_22_08_00_E_region:ZA_type:city(99000)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°11′00″S</span> <span class="longitude">22°08′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.18333°S 22.13333°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-34.18333; 22.13333</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_South_Africa" title="Provinces of South Africa">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Western_Cape" title="Western Cape">Western Cape</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_South_Africa" title="Districts of South Africa">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Garden_Route_District_Municipality" title="Garden Route District Municipality">Garden Route</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_South_Africa" title="Municipalities of South Africa">Municipality</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mossel_Bay_Local_Municipality" title="Mossel Bay Local Municipality">Mossel Bay</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1848</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-census2011_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">36.8 km<sup>2</sup> (14.2 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2011)<sup id="cite_ref-census2011_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">99,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,700/km<sup>2</sup> (7,000/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Racial makeup (2011)<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-census2011_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa" title="Bantu peoples of South Africa">Black African</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12.7%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloured</a></th><td class="infobox-data">51.5%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Indian_South_African" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian South African">Indian</a>/<a href="/wiki/Asian_South_African" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian South African">Asian</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.8%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/White_South_African" class="mw-redirect" title="White South African">White</a></th><td class="infobox-data">34.3%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Other</th><td class="infobox-data">0.7%</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">First languages</a> (2011)<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-census2011_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></th><td class="infobox-data">81.5%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></th><td class="infobox-data">9.2%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6.5%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Other</th><td class="infobox-data">2.8%</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_African_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Standard Time">SAST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_postal_codes_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of postal codes in South Africa">Postal code</a> (street)</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">6506</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Post-office_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-office box">PO box</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">6500</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_South_Africa" title="Telephone numbers in South Africa">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">044</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mossel Bay</b> (<a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans language">Afrikaans</a>: <i lang="af">Mosselbaai</i>) is a harbour town of about 120,000 people on the Southern Cape (or <a href="/wiki/Garden_Route" title="Garden Route">Garden Route</a>) of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. It is an important tourism and farming region of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Cape_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Cape Province">Western Cape Province</a>. Mossel Bay lies 400 kilometres east of the country's seat of parliament, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> (which is also the capital city of the Western Cape), and 400 km west of <a href="/wiki/Port_Elizabeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Elizabeth">Port Elizabeth</a>, the largest city in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cape" title="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</a>. The older parts of the town occupy the north-facing side of the Cape St Blaize Peninsula, whilst the newer suburbs straddle the Peninsula and have spread eastwards along the sandy shore of the Bay. </p><p>The town's economy relied heavily on farming, fishing and its commercial harbour (the smallest in the <a href="/wiki/Transnet_Ports_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Transnet Ports Authority">Transnet Port Authority</a>'s stable of South African commercial harbours),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until the 1969 discovery of natural offshore gas fields led to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Gas_to_liquids" title="Gas to liquids">gas-to-liquids refinery</a> operated by <a href="/wiki/PetroSA" title="PetroSA">PetroSA</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">Tourism</a> is another driver of Mossel Bay's economy. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mossel_Bay&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origin of the name Mossel Bay (the Bay of Mussels) has to do with the ascendancy of the Dutch shipping merchants in the late 16th and the early 17th Centuries. In one account, the explorer <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_de_Houtman" title="Cornelis de Houtman">Cornelis de Houtman</a> named the place Mosselbaai when he stopped there in 1595, whilst in another, the Dutch Admiral <a href="/wiki/Paulus_van_Caerden" title="Paulus van Caerden">Paulus van Caerden</a> named it when he came ashore on 8 July 1601. Whatever the case, though, the <a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">mussels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">oysters</a> on the shore would have been a welcome addition to the limited diet on which ship's crews were expected to survive in those days. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mossel_Bay&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although it is today best known as the place at which the first Europeans landed on South African soil (<a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_Dias" title="Bartolomeu Dias">Bartolomeu Dias</a> and his crew arrived on 3 February 1488), Mossel Bay's human history can – as local archaeological deposits have revealed – be traced back more than 164,000 years. </p><p>The modern history of Mossel Bay began on 3 February 1488, when the Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias landed with his men at a point close to the site of the modern-day Dias Museum Complex.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here they found a spring from which to replenish their water supplies. Dias had been appointed to search for a trading route to India by <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Portugal" title="John II of Portugal">King John II of Portugal</a>, and, without realising it, actually rounded the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a> before landing at Mossel Bay – which he named <i>Angra dos Vaqueiros</i> (The Bay of Cowherds).<sup id="cite_ref-Won01_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Won01-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6">: 6 </span></sup> Dias is also credited with having given the Cape the name <i>Cabo das Tormentas</i> (the 'Cape of Storms'), although King John II later changed this to <i>Cabo da Boa Esperança</i> (the Cape of Good Hope). </p><p>Dias' excursion ashore ended hastily when the local people chased him off in a hail of stones. </p><p>By the time the Portuguese explorer <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> reached the area in 1497, the Bay had been marked on the maps as <i>Aguada de São Brás</i>, (the Watering Place of St Blaize - whose feast is celebrated on 3 February).<sup id="cite_ref-Won01_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Won01-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6">: 6 </span></sup> </p><p>Da Gama bartered successfully for cattle with the local Khoi people in what is generally regarded as the first commercial transaction between Europeans and the indigenous people of South Africa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post_Office_Tree">Post Office Tree</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mossel_Bay&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Post Office Tree"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1501, another Portuguese navigator, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%AAro_de_Ata%C3%ADde" class="mw-redirect" title="Pêro de Ataíde">Pedro d'Ataide</a>, sought shelter in Mossel Bay after losing much of his fleet in a storm. He left an account of the disaster hidden in an old shoe which he suspended from a milkwood tree (<i><a href="/wiki/Sideroxylon_inerme" title="Sideroxylon inerme">Sideroxylon inerme</a></i>) near the spring from which Dias had drawn his water. The report was found by the explorer to whom it was addressed – <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_da_Nova" title="João da Nova">João da Nova</a> – and the tree served as a sort of post office for decades thereafter. (More recently, a boot-shaped post box has been erected under the now famous <a href="/wiki/Post_Office_Tree" title="Post Office Tree">Post Office Tree</a>, and letters posted there are franked with a commemorative stamp. This has ensured that the tree has remained one of the town's biggest tourist attractions.) </p><p>João da Nova erected a small shrine near the Post Office Tree, and although no traces of it remain, it is considered the first place of Christian worship in South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_settlement">European settlement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mossel_Bay&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: European settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the Dutch governor of the Cape Colony, <a href="/wiki/Jan_de_la_Fontaine" title="Jan de la Fontaine">Jan de la Fontaine</a>, visited Mossel Bay and erected a possession stone here in 1734, the first permanent European building – a fortress-like <a href="/wiki/Granary" title="Granary">granary</a> – was built only in 1787. In July of the following year, the first shipment of wheat grown in the area was shipped from the Bay. </p><p>Although a British force had invaded the Cape in 1806, and Britain had taken permanent possession of the Colony in 1814, the Mossel Bay area retained its Dutch-given name until its declaration as a magistracy in 1848, when it was renamed Aliwal South, after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aliwal" title="Battle of Aliwal">Battle of Aliwal</a> in India, where the then governor of the British-held Cape Colony, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Harry_Smith,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Harry Smith, 1st Baronet">Harry Smith</a>, had won victory over the <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a> on 8 January 1846. The name Aliwal South never stuck, however – even when the town was officially proclaimed in 1848, and when it became a Municipality in 1852. </p><p>From the earliest days of the Dutch settlers, Mossel Bay acted as the major port serving the Southern Cape region and its hinterland, the arid Klein (or Little) <a href="/wiki/Klein_Karoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Klein Karoo">Karoo</a>, and during the <a href="/wiki/Oudtshoorn" title="Oudtshoorn">ostrich feather boom</a> of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, more than 800,000 kg of feathers were exported through the port every year – which may have been the impetus that led to the construction of the first breakwater in 1912. </p><p>Fishing and farming remained the main activities of the area during the early years of the 20th Century, and the growth of the port reflected this. The discovery of natural gas fields offshore in 1969, of the FA gas field in the Bredasdorp Basin (also off the Southern Cape coast) in 1980, and of the nearby EM field in 1983, led to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Mossgas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mossgas">Mossgas</a> <a href="/wiki/Gas-to-liquid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas-to-liquid">gas-to-liquids</a> refinery (commissioned in 1987 and renamed the <a href="/wiki/PetroSA" title="PetroSA">PetroSA</a> Refinery in 2002).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This changed the nature of the port so that its major business now comes from serving supply ships for PetroSA's offshore platforms, and from export via its offshore <a href="/wiki/Single_buoy_mooring" title="Single buoy mooring">single point (or single buoy) mooring</a>, which is located in about 21 metres of water in an unsheltered roadstead at Voorbaai, in the lee of the St Blaize Peninsula. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Public_Lib._Mossel_Bay.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Public_Lib._Mossel_Bay.JPG/220px-Public_Lib._Mossel_Bay.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Public_Lib._Mossel_Bay.JPG/330px-Public_Lib._Mossel_Bay.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Public_Lib._Mossel_Bay.JPG/440px-Public_Lib._Mossel_Bay.JPG 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption>Public Library Mossel Bay (old postcard)</figcaption></figure> <p>The development of the refinery led to a marked increase in property development in Mossel Bay, with the number of houses growing rapidly to accommodate the workforce during the construction period. </p><p>Many of the people who came to work on the project remained in the town after commissioning, and it would appear from the changing economy of the town that they found work in tourism, light industry or commerce. </p><p>Whilst the Port and the Refinery have, of course, had a major influence on the development of Mossel Bay, they have always worked in tandem with the growth of tourism and general commerce so that the town now boasts a balanced and vibrant economy. Tourism in particular has influenced much of the growth since 1994, although the town has been a popular resort destination for South Africans since as early as the late 1800s. </p><p>The Afrikaans Language and Cultural Society (<a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans language">Afrikaans</a>: <i lang="af">Taal en Kultuurvereniging</i>), also known as the ATKV, bought the farm <a href="/wiki/Hartenbos" title="Hartenbos">Hartenbos</a>, east of what was then the town of Mossel Bay, in 1936, and developed it as a holiday resort (now known as the ATKV Hartenbos Resort,<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated5_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and considered the biggest self-catering resort in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Cape_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Cape Province">Western Cape Province</a>). This was a significant step in the development of the town's tourism economy as it positioned Mossel Bay as a beach holiday destination - and beach tourism remains a major focus for incoming tourism in the 21st century. </p><p><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> installed its first democratically elected <a href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Africa" title="Government of South Africa">government</a> in 1994, which brought about sweeping changes in the structure of local government throughout the country - one of the results of which was that Mossel Bay merged with the smaller, neighbouring villages of Friemersheim, <a href="/wiki/Great_Brak_River_(town)" title="Great Brak River (town)">Great Brak River</a> and Herbertsdale to form the present-day Municipality of Mossel Bay in December 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mossel_Bay&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mossel_Bay&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mossel Bay has an ocean-moderated <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>: <b>BSh</b>). </p><p>Mossel Bay's climate is mild throughout the year as the town is situated in the area where the winter rainfall and all-year rainfall regions of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Cape_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Cape Province">Western Cape Province</a> meet. Its weather is influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Current" title="Agulhas Current">Agulhas Current</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> to the south, and by the presence of the <a href="/wiki/Outeniqua_Mountains" title="Outeniqua Mountains">Outeniqua Mountains</a> to the north. Mossel Bay receives 80% of its rainfall at night. </p><p>Frost is rare or almost absent and snow has never been recorded on the coastal platform. Snow does, however, occasionally fall on the mountain peaks and can be seen from the town on rare occasions. Prevailing winds are westerly in winter (May - August) and easterly in summer (September - April), and rarely reach storm- or gale-force strength. The average days of sunshine are 320 days per year. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Average temperatures </th></tr> <tr> <th>Season</th> <th>Day time</th> <th>Night time </th></tr> <tr> <td>Summer (September - April)</td> <td>26 °C</td> <td>12 °C </td></tr> <tr> <td>Winter (May - August)</td> <td>19 °C</td> <td>8 °C </td></tr></tbody></table> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Mossel Bay, South Africa </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23<br />(73) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23<br />(73) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22<br />(71) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21<br />(69) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19<br />(67) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19<br />(66) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18<br />(64) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17<br />(63) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17<br />(63) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18<br />(65) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20<br />(68) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22<br />(71) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">20<br />(68) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19<br />(67) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19<br />(67) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18<br />(65) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17<br />(62) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15<br />(59) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13<br />(56) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13<br />(55) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12<br />(54) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13<br />(56) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14<br />(58) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16<br />(61) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18<br />(65) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">16<br />(60) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30<br />(1.2) </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33<br />(1.3) </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41<br />(1.6) </td> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38<br />(1.5) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38<br />(1.5) </td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33<br />(1.3) </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33<br />(1.3) </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36<br />(1.4) </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41<br />(1.6) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38<br />(1.5) </td> <td style="background: #C7C7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36<br />(1.4) </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30<br />(1.2) </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">420<br />(16.5) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: Weatherbase <sup id="cite_ref-Weatherbase_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weatherbase-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topography">Topography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mossel_Bay&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Topography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mossel Bay straddles the Cape St Blaize peninsula (which rises to an average height of 96 metres), and spreads out along the sandy shores of the Indian Ocean, eastwards towards the town of <a href="/wiki/George,_South_Africa" title="George, South Africa">George</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Outeniqua_Mountains" title="Outeniqua Mountains">Outeniqua Mountains</a>, which form part of the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Fold_Belt" title="Cape Fold Belt">Cape Fold Belt</a>, lie to the north of the municipal area. These mountains of sandstone and shale are characterised by gentle slopes to the seaward side (which are generally covered by montane <a href="/wiki/Fynbos" title="Fynbos">fynbos</a> and grasslands), and rise to a height of 1,578 m at Cradock Peak, near George (40 km east of Mossel Bay), and 1,675 metres at Formosa Peak near <a href="/wiki/Plettenberg_Bay,_Western_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="Plettenberg Bay, Western Cape">Plettenberg Bay</a> (150 km east of Mossel Bay). </p><p>To the east, the land slopes upwards towards the <a href="/wiki/Wave-cut_platform" title="Wave-cut platform">wave-cut platform</a> (average elevation 245 metres) that characterises the more lush all-year-round rainfall area of the Garden Route. Here the land is mostly covered by grass and farmlands. The deep sandy soils of the western portion of the municipal area also give way to grass and farm-lands, with large stands of typically dry fynbos which are characterised by, amongst others, the <i><a href="/wiki/Aloe_ferox" title="Aloe ferox">Aloe ferox</a></i> (also known as the <i>bitter aloe</i>, <i>Cape aloe</i> or <i>red aloe</i>) from which skin-care products are made locally, and the <i>Chondropetalum tectorum</i> (Cape or <a href="/wiki/Thatching" title="Thatching">thatching reed</a>) which is used for the roofing of traditional <a href="/wiki/Cape_Dutch_architecture" title="Cape Dutch architecture">Cape-Dutch buildings</a>. </p><p>The municipal area's boundaries are the Gouritz River in the west, the Outeniqua Mountains to the north, the Maalgate River in the east, and the Indian Ocean to the south. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mossel_Bay&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Demography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/2022_South_African_census" title="2022 South African census">South African National Census of 2022</a>, the population of Mossel Bay (including the adjacent <a href="/wiki/Township_(South_Africa)" title="Township (South Africa)">townships</a>) is 140,075 people. Of this population, 40.9% described themselves as "<a href="/wiki/Coloured" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloured">Coloured</a>", 40.1% as "<a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu peoples in South Africa">Black African</a>" and 17.6% as "<a href="/wiki/White_South_African" class="mw-redirect" title="White South African">White</a>". 57.4% spoke <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> as their first language, 30.7% spoke <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a> and 6.9% spoke <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-census2011_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1936_South_African_census" title="1936 South African census">1936 Census</a> the town had a total population of 7,227 people making it the 39th largest settlement in South Africa; 3,782 of whom were recorded as "Coloured," 3,260 as "European," 93 as "Asiatic," and 92 of whom were recorded as "Native" or "Bantu".<sup id="cite_ref-yearbook1936_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yearbook1936-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attractions">Attractions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mossel_Bay&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Attractions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salt_Life_Fishing_Charters_kob.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Dusky kob caught during a fishing charter in Mossel Bay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Salt_Life_Fishing_Charters_kob.png/220px-Salt_Life_Fishing_Charters_kob.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Salt_Life_Fishing_Charters_kob.png/330px-Salt_Life_Fishing_Charters_kob.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Salt_Life_Fishing_Charters_kob.png/440px-Salt_Life_Fishing_Charters_kob.png 2x" data-file-width="4158" data-file-height="5198" /></a><figcaption>Dusky kob caught during a fishing charter in Mossel Bay</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_White_Shark,_Mossel_Bay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Great_White_Shark%2C_Mossel_Bay.jpg/220px-Great_White_Shark%2C_Mossel_Bay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Great_White_Shark%2C_Mossel_Bay.jpg/330px-Great_White_Shark%2C_Mossel_Bay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Great_White_Shark%2C_Mossel_Bay.jpg/440px-Great_White_Shark%2C_Mossel_Bay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Great white shark, Mossel Bay</figcaption></figure> <p>Mossel Bay has been a beach holiday destination for South Africans for more than a century – a situation that received a particular boost after the Afrikaanse Taal en Kultuur Vereniging (ATKV)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bought the farm Hartenbos in the 1930s, and began developing it as a holiday resort for its members. </p><p>The major attractions were then, and (to a large extent) still are, the dry, warm and stable weather, and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> and its beaches. However, with good roads, modern vehicles and the development of inland accommodation, the broader environment of the area (including the <a href="/wiki/Outeniqua_Mountains" title="Outeniqua Mountains">Outeniqua Mountains</a> to the north, and large stands of <a href="/wiki/Fynbos" title="Fynbos">fynbos</a>, or Cape <a href="/wiki/Maquis_shrubland" title="Maquis shrubland">macchia</a>, to the west) is now vital to the tourism economy. </p><p>The town is a major attraction for <a href="/wiki/Adventure_tourism" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventure tourism">adventure tourism</a>, and offers <a href="/wiki/Deep_sea_fishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep sea fishing">deep sea fishing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">SCUBA diving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shark_cage_diving" title="Shark cage diving">white shark cage diving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whale_watching" title="Whale watching">whale watching</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sky_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Sky diving">sky diving</a>, and the longest over the ocean <a href="/wiki/Zip_line" title="Zip line">zipline</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, the history of the town (Mossel Bay was the site of the first contact between European explorers and indigenous people), and its cultural attractions are important features. </p><p>Mossel Bay is situated exactly halfway between <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> (and the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Winelands" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Winelands">Cape Winelands</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Port_Elizabeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Elizabeth">Port Elizabeth</a> (with its <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas of South Africa">game reserves</a>), and is therefore a popular stopping-off and resting point on the itineraries of international visitors to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Cape_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Cape Province">Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cape_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Cape Province">Eastern</a> Cape Provinces. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_Dias_Museum_Complex" title="Bartolomeu Dias Museum Complex">Bartolomeu Dias Museum Complex</a> is the largest of the museums in Mossel Bay. Originally designed to celebrate the arrival of Bartolomeu Dias and his crew on 3 February 1488, and to protect the "<a href="/wiki/Post_Office_Tree" title="Post Office Tree">Post Office Tree</a>", the Complex now offers a wider look at the history of Mossel Bay from environmental, archaeological, and cultural perspectives. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cape_St_Blaize_lighthouse,_Mossel_Bay_%E2%80%93_South_Africa_by_Talkrabb.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Cape_St_Blaize_lighthouse%2C_Mossel_Bay_%E2%80%93_South_Africa_by_Talkrabb.JPG/220px-Cape_St_Blaize_lighthouse%2C_Mossel_Bay_%E2%80%93_South_Africa_by_Talkrabb.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Cape_St_Blaize_lighthouse%2C_Mossel_Bay_%E2%80%93_South_Africa_by_Talkrabb.JPG/330px-Cape_St_Blaize_lighthouse%2C_Mossel_Bay_%E2%80%93_South_Africa_by_Talkrabb.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Cape_St_Blaize_lighthouse%2C_Mossel_Bay_%E2%80%93_South_Africa_by_Talkrabb.JPG/440px-Cape_St_Blaize_lighthouse%2C_Mossel_Bay_%E2%80%93_South_Africa_by_Talkrabb.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Cape St Blaize lighthouse, Mossel Bay – South Africa</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Cape_St._Blaize_Lighthouse" title="Cape St. Blaize Lighthouse">Cape St. Blaize Lighthouse</a> (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mossel_Bay&params=34.186028_S_22.156152_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°11′10″S</span> <span class="longitude">22°09′22″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.186028°S 22.156152°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-34.186028; 22.156152</span></span></span></a></span></span>) was built in 1864 to designs by the Colonial engineer, R. Robinson. The original light (on a masonry tower 20.5 metres in height) was stationary, but in 1897 a revolving, clock-work light, which required winding every three hours, was fitted. This was used until the late 1970s. The light is now fully automated.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mossel_Bay&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mossel_Bay&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diaz_Beach,_Mossel_Bay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Diaz_Beach%2C_Mossel_Bay.jpg/220px-Diaz_Beach%2C_Mossel_Bay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Diaz_Beach%2C_Mossel_Bay.jpg/330px-Diaz_Beach%2C_Mossel_Bay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Diaz_Beach%2C_Mossel_Bay.jpg/440px-Diaz_Beach%2C_Mossel_Bay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Diaz Beach, Mossel Bay</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salt_Life_Fishing_Charters_boat.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Drone image of a fishing boat off The Point area of Mossel Bay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Salt_Life_Fishing_Charters_boat.png/220px-Salt_Life_Fishing_Charters_boat.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Salt_Life_Fishing_Charters_boat.png/330px-Salt_Life_Fishing_Charters_boat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Salt_Life_Fishing_Charters_boat.png/440px-Salt_Life_Fishing_Charters_boat.png 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="1512" /></a><figcaption>Fishing boat off The Point, Mossel Bay</figcaption></figure> <p>Mossel Bay has a strong tourism economy. The summer holiday season (from about mid-December to mid-January) is the busiest time of the year, and, in December 2010, the Municipality estimated that the town provided accommodation for between 50,000 and 60,000 holidaymakers per night during this period.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_gas_and_oil">Natural gas and oil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mossel_Bay&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Natural gas and oil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/PetroSA" title="PetroSA">PetroSA</a> (Petroleum, Oil and Gas Corporation of South Africa Pty Limited) <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">Refinery</a> – which was commissioned as Mossgas in 1987 – is situated about 13 km to the west of the town's central business district.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This is one of the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Gas_to_liquids" title="Gas to liquids">Gas to liquids</a> (GTL) refineries, and has always been a leader in the challenge of commercialising the GTL processes. It produces 36,000 barrels (5,700 m<sup>3</sup>) per day (bbl/d) – a crude oil equivalent of 45,000 bbl/d (7,200 m<sup>3</sup>/d) – using the <a href="/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Tropsch_process" title="Fischer–Tropsch process">Fischer–Tropsch process</a> of converting <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> (which is piped from offshore fields via PetroSA's FA Platform). </p><p>Mossel Bay's GTL plant serves up to 15 percent of South Africa's transport fuels requirements. It produces unleaded <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a>, ultra low sulphur <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a>, low aromatic <a href="/wiki/Distillates" class="mw-redirect" title="Distillates">distillates</a>, drilling fluids, liquid petroleum gas, low sulphur <a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">fuel oil</a>, anhydrous alcohols, <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">liquid oxygen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen" title="Liquid nitrogen">liquid nitrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Waxes" class="mw-redirect" title="Waxes">waxes</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mossel_Bay&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road_transport">Road transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mossel_Bay&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Road transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mossel Bay straddles the <a href="/wiki/N2_road_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="N2 road (South Africa)">N2 national highway</a>, which is South Africa's main coastal road from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Cape" title="Western Cape">Western Cape Province</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a> in <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal Province</a>. (Using this route, Mossel Bay lies exactly at the midpoint between Cape Town and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cape" title="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape Province's</a> capital of <a href="/wiki/Port_Elizabeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Elizabeth">Port Elizabeth</a> – 400 km each way). </p><p>The Municipality of Mossel Bay maintains 417,9 km of paved and concreted roads, and 24 km of gravel roads. Mossel Bay is a stopping point for all major road transport operators licensed for this region.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harbour">Harbour</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mossel_Bay&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Harbour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MBYBC_angle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/MBYBC_angle.jpg/220px-MBYBC_angle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/MBYBC_angle.jpg/330px-MBYBC_angle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/MBYBC_angle.jpg/440px-MBYBC_angle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption>View of Harbour and Yacht Club</figcaption></figure> <p>The Port of Mossel Bay<sup id="cite_ref-transnetnationalportsauthority1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transnetnationalportsauthority1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mossel_Bay&params=34.180047_S_22.146034_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°10′48″S</span> <span class="longitude">22°08′46″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.180047°S 22.146034°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-34.180047; 22.146034</span></span></span></a></span></span>) is the smallest commercial harbour on the South African coast. It caters mostly for the oil industry (off-shore gas was discovered in late 1980s), and for a small fishing fleet, and is owned and managed by the Transnet National Ports Authority,<sup id="cite_ref-transnetnationalportsauthority1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transnetnationalportsauthority1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which falls directly under <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Public_Enterprises_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Public Enterprises (South Africa)">South Africa's Department of Public Enterprises</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The depth of the entrance channel is 8 metres, while the maximum permissible draught inside the harbour is 6.5 metres. Pilotage is compulsory from a point 2 nautical miles (3.7 km) northeast of Cape St Blaize. </p><p>Bunkering is available on the jetty and at quays 2, 3, and 5. Quay 4 can accommodate vessels of up to 130m, with a draught of 6.5m. A ship repair slipway can accommodate vessels of up to 200 tonnes. Ship chandler and stevedore services are available, as are diving services for hull cleaning, underwater inspection, salvage, etc. </p><p>The harbour has two offshore mooring buoys inside port limits: a catenary buoy mooring that caters for ships of up to 32,000DWT (maximum length 204m, draught 12m); and a single point mooring (SPM) marine tanker terminal that's connected to three hoses for the export of products from PetroSA's gas-to-fuel refinery, which is situated inland (about 13 km) and directly west of Mossel Bay. The SPM is located off Voorbaai in an open, unsheltered roadstead in about 21 metres of water. </p><p>During the 2008/09 financial year Mossel Bay served 1,567 vessels (mostly South African trawlers) with a combined gross tonnage of 3,317,364-gt, and handled a total of 2,014,185 tonnes of cargo (1,940,310t of bulk cargo – mostly oil products – and 73,875t of break-bulk). 773,267 tonnes of cargo was landed, and 1,240,918t was shipped.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>15000 people worked on the synthol & refinery plant in Mossel Bay from 1998 to 2002 from all over the world - changing the landscape of the perception of South Africa Garden Route & giving major credence to South Africa & multi-relations to the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mossel_Bay&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mossel Bay is connected to the national rail network via a branch line to George. The line celebrated its centenary on 25 September 2007. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mossel_Bay&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pinnacle_Point_Caves">Pinnacle Point Caves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mossel_Bay&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Pinnacle Point Caves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the presently accepted theory of the <a href="/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">Recent African Origin of Modern Humans</a>, all people alive today evolved from a core population of about 600 individuals who lived on the African Continent between 100,000 and 200,000 years ago. The <a href="/wiki/Pinnacle_Point" title="Pinnacle Point">Mossel Bay Archaeology Project</a> (MAP) has shown that the Southern Cape Coast was most probably the point where modern behaviour first emerged about 164,000 years ago. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pinnacle_Point" title="Pinnacle Point">Mossel Bay Archaeology Project</a> was created to examine the ancient middens in the <a href="/wiki/Pinnacle_Point" title="Pinnacle Point">Pinnacle Point</a> Caves, most of which lie about 12 km east of Cape St Blaize. </p><p>The discovery was made during routine archaeological surveys conducted prior to the development of the Pinnacle Point Beach and Golf Resort,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and excavations began in the year 2000 under the leadership of Professor Curtis Marean<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (a <a href="/wiki/Palaeoanthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeoanthropology">palaeoanthropologist</a> with the <i>Institute of Human Origins</i> at the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State University</a>), and by Dr. Peter Nilssen, of the <a href="/wiki/Iziko_South_African_Museum" title="Iziko South African Museum">Iziko South African Museum</a>. The scientific team includes researchers from South Africa (the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town" title="University of Cape Town">University of Cape Town</a>), Australia (the <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_South_Wales" title="University of New South Wales">University of New South Wales</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wollongong" title="University of Wollongong">University of Wollongong</a>), as well as Israel and France. Funding for the project was obtained from the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> (USA); the Hyse Family Trust; the <a href="/wiki/Iziko_South_African_Museum" title="Iziko South African Museum">Iziko South African Museum</a>; the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town" title="University of Cape Town">University of Cape Town</a>; and the <a href="#Dias_Museum_complex">Dias Museum in Mossel Bay</a>. </p><p>The Project focuses on a series of caves cut into the sea-facing cliffs on the southern boundary of the Pinnacle Point Beach and Golf Resort,<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated6_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which were occupied between 170,000 and 40,000 years ago by Middle Stone Age people. </p><p>The excavations have revealed the earliest evidence for the systematic exploitation of marine resources such as shellfish (which would have provided the Omega-3 fatty acids required for the development of the modern human brain);<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the earliest evidence for the use of dyes in symbolling (particularly the use of ochre, possibly for body painting or decorative arts);<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the use of advanced bladelet technology (embedding smaller blades into larger strata to create complex tools); and the earliest evidence for the use of heat treatment in the manufacture of stone tools.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The significance of the finds is increased by the presence of fossilised <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_carbon" title="Isotopes of carbon">carbon isotopes</a> in the dripstone formations (<a href="/wiki/Stalactite" title="Stalactite">stalactites</a>) hanging from the roofs of the caves, which contain a record of the composition of the water that seeped into the caves over a period beginning about 400,000 years ago. As part of their work, the scientists on the <a href="/wiki/Pinnacle_Point" title="Pinnacle Point">Bay Archaeology Project</a> are studying this evidence in order to create a portrait of the climate of the area over the period 400,000 to 30,000 years ago so as to be able to correlate the evidence of human behaviour on the floor of the caves with climate patterns, and thus learn how man has adapted to climate change over the ages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cape_St_Blaize_Cave">Cape St Blaize Cave</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mossel_Bay&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cape St Blaize Cave"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Blaize_Cave,_Mossel_Bay_,_South_Africa.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/St_Blaize_Cave%2C_Mossel_Bay_%2C_South_Africa.JPG/220px-St_Blaize_Cave%2C_Mossel_Bay_%2C_South_Africa.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/St_Blaize_Cave%2C_Mossel_Bay_%2C_South_Africa.JPG/330px-St_Blaize_Cave%2C_Mossel_Bay_%2C_South_Africa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/St_Blaize_Cave%2C_Mossel_Bay_%2C_South_Africa.JPG/440px-St_Blaize_Cave%2C_Mossel_Bay_%2C_South_Africa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1736" /></a><figcaption>Cape St Blaize Cave</figcaption></figure> <p>The Cape St Blaize Cave is situated directly under the <a href="/wiki/Cape_St._Blaize_Lighthouse" title="Cape St. Blaize Lighthouse">Cape St. Blaize Lighthouse</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the site of one of South Africa's oldest archaeological excavations. It was first excavated in 1888 by George Leith, then by T. Rupert Jones in 1899, and by A.J.H (John) Goodwin in the 1920s. Goodwin is said to have described the Middle Stone Age Mossel Bay Industry from his findings at Cape St Blaize . </p><p>The Cave has revealed deposits dating from about 200,000 years ago to the pre-colonial period, during which time middens were laid down by herders of the San or Khoekhoen people. </p><p>It is protected by <a href="/wiki/Heritage_Western_Cape" title="Heritage Western Cape">Heritage Western Cape</a> as a Provincial Heritage Site. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rock_Art">Rock Art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mossel_Bay&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Rock Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mountains to the north of Mossel Bay are an important repository of <a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">South African rock art</a>. This art, which is now associated with <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamanistic</a> practices (in which the rock itself is thought to have been considered the veil between this world and the spirit world), was created by the <a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Rock_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern African Rock Art">San people</a>, and specimens may date back as far as 27,000 years. </p><p>The rock art sites surrounding Mossel Bay are generally located on private land, and are therefore only accessible to the public in the company of registered guides, who will ensure that the integrity of the pieces remains intact.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coats_of_arms">Coats of arms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mossel_Bay&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Coats of arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Municipality (1)</b> – The original arms, designed by W.H. Armstrong & Co (of Cape Town), were assumed on 6 October 1905.<sup id="cite_ref-wca_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wca-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shield was quartered as follows: 1 the figure of Justice on a red background; 2 a golden fleece on a blue background; 3 three interlaced golden fish on a blue background; 4 the figure of Neptune on a sky blue background. </p><p><b>Municipality (2)</b> – In 1992, after the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Heraldry" title="Bureau of Heraldry">Bureau of Heraldry</a> had refused to register the existing arms, because they were heraldically defective, the council accepted a new design, prepared by the Bureau. The new arms were registered at the Bureau on 6 March 1992: <i>Per saltire Argent and Azure, in chief a balance resting on the point of a sword erect, Azure; dexter three fish interlaced in annulet Or, sinister a golden fleece and in base, on a base wavy Azure charged with a bar wavy Argent, a Portuguese caravel, sails set, proper.</i><sup id="cite_ref-boh_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boh-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In layman's terms : the shield was divided in four by two diagonal lines, the upper section displaying a blue balance and a sword on a silver background, the left section three interlaced golden fish on a blue background, the right section a golden fleece on a blue background, and at the bottom a Portuguese caravel on a stylised blue and white sea. </p><p>The crest was a lighthouse, and the motto <i>Jure et justitia valemus</i>. </p><p><b>Municipality (3)</b> – A new coat of arms was registered at the Bureau on 20 February 1998: <i>Per saltire, in base grady, Azure and Or, in chief two whales naiant in pale and in base a fess nowy of two Karoo gable houses, Argent, the doors Azure, the lower edge wavy; dexter an aloe Vert flowered Gules and sinister a 15th century Portuguese caravelle proper, the sail charged with a cross paty, Gules.</i><sup id="cite_ref-boh_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boh-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In layman's terms : the shield is divided in four by two diagonal lines, the lower parts of which are stepped, the upper section displaying two silver whales on a blue background, the left section an aloe plant on a golden background, the right section a Portuguese caravel on a golden background, and the bottom section two stylised Karoo gable houses in silver against a blue background. </p><p>The crest is a lighthouse issuing from a black mural crown. The motto is, again, <i>Jure et justitia valemus</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mossel_Bay&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-census2011-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-census2011_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census2011_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census2011_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census2011_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census2011_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Main Place <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/176014">Mossel Bay</a> from Census 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.transnetnationalportsauthority.net/Pages/default.aspx/">"Transnet Port Authority"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Johannesburg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+seven+wonders+of+southern+Africa&rft.pub=Johannesburg&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Chilvers&rft.aufirst=Hedley+Arthur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsevenwondersofso0000chil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMossel+Bay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sahistory.org.za/place/aguada-de-sao-bras-mossel-bay">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Aguada de Sao Bras', Mossel Bay"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mossel+Bay+Attractions+-+Salt+Life+Fishing+Blog&rft.pub=Salt+Life+Fishing&rft.date=2023-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsaltlife.fishing%2F2023%2F09%2F04%2Fgarden-route-highlights%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMossel+Bay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lighthouses.co.za/lighthouses/Tower.asp?TN=Cape%20St%20Blaize">St Blaize The light</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-transnetnationalportsauthority1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-transnetnationalportsauthority1_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-transnetnationalportsauthority1_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transnetnationalportsauthority.net/NPA_ports_mossel_bay_overview.html">Transnet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110525195541/http://www.transnetnationalportsauthority.net/NPA_ports_mossel_bay_overview.html">Archived</a> 25 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dpe.gov.za/">Welcome to the Department of Public Enterprise</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pinnaclepoint.co.za/">Pinnacle Point Beach and Golf Resort</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shesc.asu.edu/marean">Curtis W. Marean | School of Human Evolution & Social Change | Arizona State University</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717202830/http://shesc.asu.edu/marean">Archived</a> 17 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated6-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated6_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pinnaclepoint.co.za/">Pinnacle Point Beach and Golf Resort</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMareanNilssenBrownJerardino2004" class="citation journal cs1">Marean, C. W.; et al. (2004). "Paleoanthropological investigations of Middle Stone Age sites at Pinnacle Point, Mossel Bay (South Africa): Archaeology and hominid remains from the 2000 Field Season". <i>PaleoAnthropology</i>. <b>1</b>: 14–83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PaleoAnthropology&rft.atitle=Paleoanthropological+investigations+of+Middle+Stone+Age+sites+at+Pinnacle+Point%2C+Mossel+Bay+%28South+Africa%29%3A+Archaeology+and+hominid+remains+from+the+2000+Field+Season&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=14-83&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Marean&rft.aufirst=C.+W.&rft.au=Nilssen%2C+P.+J.&rft.au=Brown%2C+K.&rft.au=Jerardino%2C+A.&rft.au=Stynder%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMossel+Bay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMareanBar-MatthewsBernatchezFisher2007" class="citation journal cs1">Marean, C. W.; et al. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doc.rero.ch/record/15550/files/PAL_E2962.pdf">"Early Human use of marine resources and pigment in South Africa during the Middle Pleistocene"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>449</b> (7164): 905–908. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Natur.449..905M">2007Natur.449..905M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature06204">10.1038/nature06204</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17943129">17943129</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4387442">4387442</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Early+Human+use+of+marine+resources+and+pigment+in+South+Africa+during+the+Middle+Pleistocene&rft.volume=449&rft.issue=7164&rft.pages=905-908&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature06204&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4387442%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17943129&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Natur.449..905M&rft.aulast=Marean&rft.aufirst=C.+W.&rft.au=Bar-Matthews%2C+M.&rft.au=Bernatchez%2C+J.&rft.au=Fisher%2C+E.&rft.au=Goldberg%2C+P.&rft.au=Herries%2C+A.+I.+R.&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+Z.&rft.au=Jerardino%2C+A.&rft.au=Karkanas%2C+P.&rft.au=Minichillo%2C+T.&rft.au=Nilssen%2C+P.+J.&rft.au=Thompson%2C+E.&rft.au=Watts%2C+I.&rft.au=Williams%2C+H.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rero.ch%2Frecord%2F15550%2Ffiles%2FPAL_E2962.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMossel+Bay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownMareanHerriesJacobs2009" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, K. S.; et al. (2009). "Fire as an Engineering Tool of Early Modern Humans". <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>325</b> (5942): 859–862. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...325..859B">2009Sci...325..859B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1175028">10.1126/science.1175028</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11422%2F11102">11422/11102</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19679810">19679810</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43916405">43916405</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Fire+as+an+Engineering+Tool+of+Early+Modern+Humans&rft.volume=325&rft.issue=5942&rft.pages=859-862&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11422%2F11102&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43916405%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Sci...325..859B&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19679810&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1175028&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=K.+S.&rft.au=Marean%2C+C.+W.&rft.au=Herries%2C+A.+I.+R.&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+Z.&rft.au=Tribolo%2C+C.&rft.au=Braun%2C+D.&rft.au=Roberts%2C+D.+L.&rft.au=Meyer%2C+M.+C.&rft.au=Bernatchez%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMossel+Bay" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lighthouses.co.za/lighthouses/Tower.asp?TN=Cape%20St%20Blaize">St Blaise</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitmosselbay.co.za/archaeology/">For more about the archaeology of Mossel Bay</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wca-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wca_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Western Cape Archives : Mossel Bay Municipal Minutes (6 October 1905).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-boh-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-boh_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boh_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.national.archsrch.gov.za/sm300cv/smws/sm300dl">National Archives of South Africa : Data of the Bureau of Heraldry</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mossel_Bay&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bartolomeu Dias (Ernst Georg Ravenstein, William Brooks Greenlee, Pero Vaz de Caminha) [2010]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mossel_Bay&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aftreebydiesee.co.za/">Mossel Bay Retirement & Lifestyle Villages</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070904230535/http://www.mosselbaymun.co.za/">Mossel Bay Municipality</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitmosselbay.co.za/">Mossel Bay Tourism Bureau</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Garden_Route_District_Municipality" title="Template:Garden Route District Municipality"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Garden_Route_District_Municipality" title="Template talk:Garden Route District Municipality"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Garden_Route_District_Municipality" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Garden Route District Municipality"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Garden_Route_District_Municipality,_Western_Cape" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities and communities of <a href="/wiki/Garden_Route_District_Municipality" title="Garden Route District Municipality">Garden Route District Municipality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Cape" title="Western Cape">Western Cape</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>District seat: <b><a href="/wiki/George,_Western_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="George, Western Cape">George</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bitou_Local_Municipality" title="Bitou Local Municipality">Bitou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harkerville" title="Harkerville">Harkerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keurboomstrand" title="Keurboomstrand">Keurboomstrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kranshoek" title="Kranshoek">Kranshoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurland_Estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurland Estate">Kurland Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature%27s_Valley" title="Nature's Valley">Nature's Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plettenberg_Bay" title="Plettenberg Bay">Plettenberg Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wittedrif" title="Wittedrif">Wittedrif</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_South_Africa_with_Garden_Route_highlighted_(2016).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Garden Route District within South Africa"><img alt="Garden Route District within South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Map_of_South_Africa_with_Garden_Route_highlighted_%282016%29.svg/150px-Map_of_South_Africa_with_Garden_Route_highlighted_%282016%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Map_of_South_Africa_with_Garden_Route_highlighted_%282016%29.svg/225px-Map_of_South_Africa_with_Garden_Route_highlighted_%282016%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Map_of_South_Africa_with_Garden_Route_highlighted_%282016%29.svg/300px-Map_of_South_Africa_with_Garden_Route_highlighted_%282016%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>Garden Route District within South Africa</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/George_Local_Municipality" title="George Local Municipality">George</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avontuur" title="Avontuur">Avontuur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergplaas" title="Bergplaas">Bergplaas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Vlugt" title="De Vlugt">De Vlugt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George,_Western_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="George, Western Cape">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haarlem,_Western_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="Haarlem, Western Cape">Haarlem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herold,_Western_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="Herold, Western Cape">Herold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herolds_Bay" title="Herolds Bay">Herolds Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoekwil" title="Hoekwil">Hoekwil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacaltsdorp" title="Pacaltsdorp">Pacaltsdorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touwsranten" title="Touwsranten">Touwsranten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twee_Rivieren" title="Twee Rivieren">Twee Rivieren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniondale,_Western_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniondale, Western Cape">Uniondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Bay" title="Victoria Bay">Victoria Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness,_Western_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilderness, Western Cape">Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodville,_Western_Cape" title="Woodville, Western Cape">Woodville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hessequa_Local_Municipality" title="Hessequa Local Municipality">Hessequa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albertinia,_Western_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="Albertinia, Western Cape">Albertinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouritsmond" title="Gouritsmond">Gouritsmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groot-Jongensfontein" class="mw-redirect" title="Groot-Jongensfontein">Groot-Jongensfontein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg,_Western_Cape" title="Heidelberg, Western Cape">Heidelberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Beaufort" title="Port Beaufort">Port Beaufort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puntjie" title="Puntjie">Puntjie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riversdale,_Western_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="Riversdale, Western Cape">Riversdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slangrivier" title="Slangrivier">Slangrivier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilbaai" title="Stilbaai">Stilbaai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermaaklikheid" title="Vermaaklikheid">Vermaaklikheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witsand" title="Witsand">Witsand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kannaland_Local_Municipality" title="Kannaland Local Municipality">Kannaland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amali%C3%ABnstein" title="Amaliënstein">Amaliënstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calitzdorp" title="Calitzdorp">Calitzdorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladismith" title="Ladismith">Ladismith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanwyksdorp" title="Vanwyksdorp">Vanwyksdorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoar,_Western_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoar, Western Cape">Zoar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Knysna_Local_Municipality" title="Knysna Local Municipality">Knysna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bracken_Hill" title="Bracken Hill">Bracken Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenton-on-Sea" title="Brenton-on-Sea">Brenton-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffelsbaai" title="Buffelsbaai">Buffelsbaai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farleigh,_Western_Cape" title="Farleigh, Western Cape">Farleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouna,_South_Africa" title="Gouna, South Africa">Gouna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karatara" title="Karatara">Karatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knysna" title="Knysna">Knysna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheenendal" title="Rheenendal">Rheenendal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedgefield,_Western_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedgefield, Western Cape">Sedgefield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mossel_Bay_Local_Municipality" title="Mossel Bay Local Municipality">Mossel Bay</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boggomsbaai" title="Boggomsbaai">Boggomsbaai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandwag,_Mosselbaai" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandwag, Mosselbaai">Brandwag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danabaai" title="Danabaai">Danabaai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friemersheim" title="Friemersheim">Friemersheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glentana" title="Glentana">Glentana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Brak_River_(town)" title="Great Brak River (town)">Great Brak River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartenbos" title="Hartenbos">Hartenbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbertsdale" title="Herbertsdale">Herbertsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonkersberg" title="Jonkersberg">Jonkersberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Brak_River_(town)" title="Little Brak River (town)">Little Brak River</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mossel Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruiterbos" title="Ruiterbos">Ruiterbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vleesbaai" title="Vleesbaai">Vleesbaai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oudtshoorn_Local_Municipality" title="Oudtshoorn Local Municipality">Oudtshoorn</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Hoop,_Western_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="De Hoop, Western Cape">De Hoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Rust" title="De Rust">De Rust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysselsdorp" title="Dysselsdorp">Dysselsdorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matjiesrivier" title="Matjiesrivier">Matjiesrivier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oudtshoorn" title="Oudtshoorn">Oudtshoorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoemanshoek" title="Schoemanshoek">Schoemanshoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volmoed" title="Volmoed">Volmoed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Province_of_the_Western_Cape" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_Cape_Province" title="Template:Western Cape Province"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Western_Cape_Province" title="Template talk:Western Cape Province"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Western_Cape_Province" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Western Cape Province"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Province_of_the_Western_Cape" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_South_Africa" title="Provinces of South Africa">Province</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Cape" title="Western Cape">Western Cape</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Capital and largest city: <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a></li> <li>Population: <a href="/wiki/List_of_South_African_provinces_by_population" title="List of South African provinces by population">5,822,734</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Census_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="South African National Census of 2011">2011</a>)</li> <li>Land area: <a href="/wiki/List_of_South_African_provinces_by_area" title="List of South African provinces by area">129,462 km<sup>2</sup></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Western_Cape&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Western Cape (page does not exist)">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cape_Town" title="History of Cape Town">Cape Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cape_Town" title="Timeline of Cape Town">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Western_Cape" title="Government of the Western Cape">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Western_Cape" title="Politics of the Western Cape">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Independence">Independence Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Western_Cape" title="Economy of the Western Cape">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_the_Western_Cape&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Climate of the Western Cape (page does not exist)">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_the_Western_Cape&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecology of the Western Cape (page does not exist)">Ecology</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_ecology_of_the_Western_Cape&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marine ecology of the Western Cape (page does not exist)">Marine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Western_Cape" title="Government of the Western Cape">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Western_Cape" title="Premier of the Western Cape">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_the_Western_Cape" title="Executive Council of the Western Cape">Provincial Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Cape_Provincial_Parliament" title="Western Cape Provincial Parliament">Provincial Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Cape_Division" title="Western Cape Division">High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_the_Western_Cape" title="List of municipalities in the Western Cape">Municipalities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Peninsula" title="Cape Peninsula">Cape Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Flats" title="Cape Flats">Cape Flats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boland,_Western_Cape" title="Boland, Western Cape">Boland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swartland" title="Swartland">Swartland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast,_Western_Cape" title="West Coast, Western Cape">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breede_River_Valley" title="Breede River Valley">Breede River Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overberg" title="Overberg">Overberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_Route" title="Garden Route">Garden Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoo#Little_Karoo" title="Karoo">Little Karoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoo#Great_Karoo" title="Karoo">Great Karoo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_the_Western_Cape" title="List of cities and towns in the Western Cape">Cities and<br />major towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George,_Western_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="George, Western Cape">George</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mossel Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oudtshoorn" title="Oudtshoorn">Oudtshoorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paarl" title="Paarl">Paarl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellenbosch" title="Stellenbosch">Stellenbosch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellington,_Western_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="Wellington, Western Cape">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester,_South_Africa" title="Worcester, South Africa">Worcester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q995615#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q995615#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q995615#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/146756806">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxRCc6x4jT7xrbfK6Kjmd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n97108278">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007547458805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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