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<li id="toc-研究方法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#研究方法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 研究方法 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-研究方法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-分支學科" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分支學科"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 分支學科 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-分支學科-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关分支學科子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-分支學科-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-歷史考古學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史考古學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 歷史考古學 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歷史考古學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-民族考古學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#民族考古學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 民族考古學 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-民族考古學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-實驗考古學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#實驗考古學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 實驗考古學 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-實驗考古學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文化資源管理" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文化資源管理"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 文化資源管理 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文化資源管理-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-研究对象" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#研究对象"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 研究对象 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-研究对象-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-理论" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#理论"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 理论 </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 开关目录 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">考古学</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。166种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-166" aria-hidden="true" > 166种语言 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argeologie" title="Argeologie – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Argeologie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch%C3%A4ologie" title="Archäologie – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Archäologie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A5%E1%8A%90_%E1%89%85%E1%88%AD%E1%88%B5" title="ሥነ ቅርስ – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሥነ ቅርስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arqueoloch%C3%ADa" title="Arqueolochía – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Arqueolochía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="पुरातत्वशास्त्र – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पुरातत्वशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A2%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="علم الآثار – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الآثار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="علم الاثار – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="علم الاثار" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arqueolox%C3%ADa" title="Arqueoloxía – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Arqueoloxía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Археология – 阿瓦尔语" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Археология" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="阿瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawopa" title="Rawopa – 科塔瓦文" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Rawopa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="科塔瓦文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="पुरातत्त्व – 阿瓦德语" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="पुरातत्त्व" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="阿瓦德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arxeologiya" title="Arxeologiya – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Arxeologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85" title="قازی بیلیم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قازی بیلیم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Археология – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Археология" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch%C3%A4ologie" title="Archäologie – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Archäologie" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkeuoluog%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Arkeuoluogėjė – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Arkeuoluogėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkeolohiya" title="Arkeolohiya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Arkeolohiya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Археалогія – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Археалогія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Археалёгія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Археалёгія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Археология – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Археология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="आर्कियोलॉजी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="आर्कियोलॉजी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9E%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%81%E1%80%AB%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F" title="သုတေသနစခါပညာႏ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="သုတေသနစခါပညာႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="প্রত্নতত্ত্ব – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রত্নতত্ত্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkeologiezh" title="Arkeologiezh – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Arkeologiezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arheologija" title="Arheologija – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Arheologija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arqueologia" title="Arqueologia – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arqueologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkeyolohiya" title="Arkeyolohiya – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Arkeyolohiya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%95%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="شوێنەوارناسی – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شوێنەوارناسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archiulugia" title="Archiulugia – 科西嘉语" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Archiulugia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="科西嘉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archeologie" title="Archeologie – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Archeologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arche%C3%B2logij%C3%B4" title="Archeòlogijô – 卡舒比语" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Archeòlogijô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="卡舒比语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Археологи – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Археологи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeoleg" title="Archaeoleg – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Archaeoleg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark%C3%A6ologi" title="Arkæologi – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Arkæologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch%C3%A4ologie" title="Archäologie – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Archäologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkeolociye" title="Arkeolociye – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Arkeolociye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αρχαιολογία – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρχαιολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archeolog%C3%AE" title="Archeologî – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Archeologî" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Archaeology" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkeologio" title="Arkeologio – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Arkeologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arqueolog%C3%ADa" title="Arqueología – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arqueología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arheoloogia" title="Arheoloogia – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Arheoloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkeologia" title="Arkeologia – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arkeologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquiolog%C3%ADa" title="Arquiología – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Arquiología" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="باستان‌شناسی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="باستان‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="推荐条目"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkeologia" title="Arkeologia – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Arkeologia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkeoloogia" title="Arkeoloogia – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Arkeoloogia" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch%C3%A9ologie" title="Archéologie – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Archéologie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arqu%C3%A8ologia" title="Arquèologia – 法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Arquèologia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archeologjie" title="Archeologjie – 弗留利语" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Archeologjie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="弗留利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archeology" title="Archeology – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Archeology" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seand%C3%A1la%C3%ADocht" title="Seandálaíocht – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Seandálaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lark%C3%A9yoloji" title="Larkéyoloji – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Larkéyoloji" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80rc-e%C3%B2las" title="Àrc-eòlas – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Àrc-eòlas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arqueolox%C3%ADa" title="Arqueoloxía – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Arqueoloxía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenndaaleeaght" title="Shenndaaleeaght – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Shenndaaleeaght" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%A1u-k%C3%BA-ho%CC%8Dk" title="Kháu-kú-ho̍k – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kháu-kú-ho̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="ארכאולוגיה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארכאולוגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="पुरातत्वशास्त्र – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पुरातत्वशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arheologija" title="Arheologija – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Arheologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akeyoloji" title="Akeyoloji – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Akeyoloji" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9g%C3%A9szet" title="Régészet – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Régészet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հնագիտություն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հնագիտություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archeologia" title="Archeologia – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Archeologia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkeologi" title="Arkeologi – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Arkeologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archeologie" title="Archeologie – 国际文字（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Archeologie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="国际文字（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkeologio" title="Arkeologio – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Arkeologio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fornleifafr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Fornleifafræði – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fornleifafræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archeologia" title="Archeologia – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Archeologia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6" title="考古学 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="考古学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark%C3%A9ologi" title="Arkéologi – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Arkéologi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="არქეოლოგია – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არქეოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arxeologiya" title="Arxeologiya – 卡拉卡尔帕克语" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Arxeologiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡尔帕克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%A9b%C9%A9njaaz%C9%A9_kp%C9%9Bl%C9%9Bk%CA%8A%CA%8A_t%CA%8Am%C9%A9y%C9%9B" title="Kɩbɩnjaazɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kɩbɩnjaazɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Археология – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Археология" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ittarnisarsiorneq" title="Ittarnisarsiorneq – 格陵兰语" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Ittarnisarsiorneq" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="格陵兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kalaallisut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6" title="បុរាណវិទ្យា – 高棉语" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="បុរាណវិទ្យា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5_%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಪುರಾತತ್ತ್ವ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪುರಾತತ್ತ್ವ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EA%B3%A0%ED%95%99" title="고고학 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고고학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%94%D9%84%D9%85%DB%81%D9%90_%D8%A2%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="عٔلمہِ آثار – 克什米尔语" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="عٔلمہِ آثار" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="克什米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkeoloj%C3%AE" title="Arkeolojî – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Arkeolojî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Археология – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Археология" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeologia" title="Archaeologia – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Archaeologia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkeolojiya" title="Arkeolojiya – 拉迪诺语" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Arkeolojiya" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="拉迪诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archeologie" title="Archeologie – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Archeologie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arceolojia" title="Arceolojia – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Arceolojia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archeologie" title="Archeologie – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Archeologie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archeologia" title="Archeologia – 利古里亚语" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Archeologia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="利古里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archeologia" title="Archeologia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Archeologia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%AE%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%B2" title="ບູຮານວິທະຍາ – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ບູຮານວິທະຍາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archeologija" title="Archeologija – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Archeologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arheolo%C4%A3ija" title="Arheoloģija – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Arheoloģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arke%C3%B4l%C3%B4jia" title="Arkeôlôjia – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Arkeôlôjia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Археологий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Археологий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Археологија – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Археологија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="പുരാവസ്തുശാസ്ത്രം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പുരാവസ്തുശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Археологи – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Археологи" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ကွတ်ပေါရာန် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ကွတ်ပေါရာန်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="पुरातत्त्वशास्त्र – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पुरातत्त्वशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkeologi" title="Arkeologi – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Arkeologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkeolo%C4%A1ija" title="Arkeoloġija – 马耳他语" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Arkeoloġija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="马耳他语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arqueologie" title="Arqueologie – 米兰德斯语" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Arqueologie" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米兰德斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9F%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9E%E1%80%94%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC" title="ရှေးဟောင်းသုတေသနပညာ – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရှေးဟောင်းသုတေသနပညာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archeologgia" title="Archeologgia – 那不勒斯语" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Archeologgia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="那不勒斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch%C3%A4ologie" title="Archäologie – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Archäologie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ooldheaidkeunde" title="Ooldheaidkeunde – 低萨克森语" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Ooldheaidkeunde" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低萨克森语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="पुरातत्त्वशास्त्र – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पुरातत्त्वशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="पुरातत्व – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पुरातत्व" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archeologie" title="Archeologie – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Archeologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkeologi" title="Arkeologi – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Arkeologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkeologi" title="Arkeologi – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Arkeologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch%C3%A9ologie" title="Archéologie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Archéologie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arqueologia" title="Arqueologia – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Arqueologia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arheolougii" title="Arheolougii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Arheolougii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qorambaa" title="Qorambaa – 奥罗莫语" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Qorambaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奥罗莫语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkeologia" title="Arkeologia – 帕皮阿门托语" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Arkeologia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="帕皮阿门托语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark%C3%A9olodjie" title="Arkéolodjie – 庇卡底文" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Arkéolodjie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="庇卡底文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archeologia" title="Archeologia – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Archeologia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="آثاریات – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آثاریات" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="لرغونپوهنه – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لرغونپوهنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arqueologia" title="Arqueologia – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arqueologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archeologia" title="Archeologia – 罗曼什语" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Archeologia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="罗曼什语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arheologie" title="Arheologie – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arheologie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Археология – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Археология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%91%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Археолоґія – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Археолоґія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="पुरातत्त्वशास्त्रम् – 梵语" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पुरातत्त्वशास्त्रम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵语" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Археология – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Археология" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archeologia" title="Archeologia – 萨丁语" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Archeologia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="萨丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archiolugg%C3%ACa" title="Archioluggìa – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Archioluggìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airchaeology" title="Airchaeology – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Airchaeology" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A2%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="قديم آثار – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="قديم آثار" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arheologija" title="Arheologija – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Arheologija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="පුරාවිද්‍යාව – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පුරාවිද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Archaeology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archeol%C3%B3gia" title="Archeológia – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Archeológia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arheologija" title="Arheologija – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Arheologija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkeologjia" title="Arkeologjia – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Arkeologjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Археологија – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Археологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark%C3%A9ologi" title="Arkéologi – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Arkéologi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkeologi" title="Arkeologi – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Arkeologi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akiolojia" title="Akiolojia – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Akiolojia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="தொல்லியல் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தொல்லியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="పురావస్తు శాస్త్రం – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పురావస్తు శాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akarolojia" title="Akarolojia – 德顿语" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Akarolojia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="德顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Бостоншиносӣ – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бостоншиносӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5" title="โบราณคดี – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โบราณคดี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arheologi%C3%BDa" title="Arheologiýa – 土库曼语" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Arheologiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土库曼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkeolohiya" title="Arkeolohiya – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Arkeolohiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akiolosi" title="Akiolosi – 托克皮辛语" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Akiolosi" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="托克皮辛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkeoloji" title="Arkeoloji – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Arkeoloji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Археологія – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Археологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="آثاریات – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آثاریات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arxeologiya" title="Arxeologiya – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Arxeologiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archeo%C5%82ozia" title="Archeołozia – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Archeołozia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%E1%BA%A3o_c%E1%BB%95_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Khảo cổ học – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khảo cổ học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archeologie" title="Archeologie – 西佛蘭德文" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Archeologie" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="西佛蘭德文" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6notav" title="Vönotav – 沃拉普克语" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Vönotav" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="沃拉普克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkeyolodjeye" title="Arkeyolodjeye – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Arkeyolodjeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkeyolohiya" title="Arkeyolohiya – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Arkeyolohiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6" title="考古学 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="考古学" data-language-autonym="吴语" 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class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Archaeology" hreflang="en">维基共享资源</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q23498" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g">维基数据项目</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dolina-Pano-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Dolina-Pano-3.jpg/220px-Dolina-Pano-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="382" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Dolina-Pano-3.jpg/330px-Dolina-Pano-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Dolina-Pano-3.jpg/440px-Dolina-Pano-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2607" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99" title="西班牙">西班牙</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A1%94%E6%99%AE%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%A1%E5%B1%B1" title="阿塔普埃尔卡山">阿塔普埃爾卡山</a>的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%9B%E8%98%AD%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9%E7%B4%8D%E9%81%BA%E5%9D%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="葛蘭多利納遺址（页面不存在）">葛蘭多利納遺址</a>發掘工作，2008年。</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Excavation_of_the_Peinan_Site.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Excavation_of_the_Peinan_Site.JPG/220px-Excavation_of_the_Peinan_Site.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Excavation_of_the_Peinan_Site.JPG/330px-Excavation_of_the_Peinan_Site.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Excavation_of_the_Peinan_Site.JPG/440px-Excavation_of_the_Peinan_Site.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3" title="臺灣">臺灣</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E6%9D%B1%E7%B8%A3" title="臺東縣">臺東縣</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%91%E5%8D%97%E9%84%89" title="卑南鄉">卑南鄉</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%91%E5%8D%97%E9%81%BA%E5%9D%80" title="卑南遺址">卑南遺址</a>挖掘現場展示</figcaption></figure> 考古學（英語：archaeology或archeology，源自<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="古希臘文">古希臘文</a>：ἀρχαιολογία, archaiologia ；ἀρχαῖος,arkhaīos，「古代」；以及-λογία, -logiā,「學問」），對於過去<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E" title="人類">人類</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="社會">社會</a>的研究，主要透過重建與分析古代人們的物質文化與環境資料，包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%99%A8%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="器物">器物</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" class="mw-redirect" title="建築">建築</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E9%81%BA%E7%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物遺留（页面不存在）">生物遺留</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/biofact_(archaeology)" class="extiw" title="en:biofact (archaeology)">biofact (archaeology)</a>）與<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E6%99%AF%E8%A7%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文化景观（页面不存在）">文化景观</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_landscape" class="extiw" title="en:Cultural landscape">Cultural landscape</a>）。由於考古學運用許多不同的研究程序，它可被認定為一門<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="科學">科學</a>與一門<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="人文學">人文學</a>，<a href="#cite_note-Renfrew_Bahn1991-1">[1]</a>而且在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美國</a>，它是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="人類學">人類學</a>的一個分支；<a href="#cite_note-Haviland_et_al_2005-2">[2]</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲">歐洲</a>則是一門獨立學科；在中国，考古学是<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="歷史學">历史学</a>的分支。 考古學研究人類<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="歷史">歷史</a>，從距今250萬年前東非最早的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8" title="石器">石器</a>的發展，直到近代。<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a>這個學科是最重要的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E5%89%8D%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="史前史">史前史</a>研究學科，在史前時代沒有文字資料可供歷史學家研究，而且這個時代佔了人類整體歷史的99%以上，從<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8A%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="舊石器時代">舊石器時代</a>直到書寫文字出現之前。<a href="#cite_note-Renfrew_Bahn1991-1">[1]</a>考古學具有各種不同的目標，範圍從研究<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="人類演化">人類演化</a>到文化演化與瞭解<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%8F%B2" title="文化史">文化史</a>。<a href="#cite_note-thinking_from_things-4">[4]</a> 考古學包括<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="遗址調查（页面不存在）">遗址調查</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_field_survey" class="extiw" title="en:Archaeological field survey">Archaeological field survey</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BC%E6%8E%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="發掘（页面不存在）">發掘</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excavation_(archaeology)" class="extiw" title="en:Excavation (archaeology)">Excavation (archaeology)</a>）以及最後對所收集資料的<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="分析">分析</a>，以便更瞭解人類的過去。就宏觀的視野來看，考古學仰賴跨學科分析，學科上的協助來自<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="人類學">人類學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="歷史學">歷史學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="遺傳學">遺傳學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="演化生物學">演化生物學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" class="mw-redirect" title="生物科技">生物科技</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="藝術史">藝術史</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="古典學">古典學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="民族學">民族學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="地理學">地理學</a>、<a href="#cite_note-Aldenderfer_Maschner1996-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="地質學">地質學</a>、<a href="#cite_note-Gladfelter1977-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Watters1992-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Watters2000-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="語言學">語言學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="物理學">物理學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="資訊科學">資訊科學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="化學">化學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="統計學">統計學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="古生態學">古生態學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="古動物學">古動物學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="古生物學">古生物學</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古民族植物學（页面不存在）">古民族植物學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/paleoethnobotany" class="extiw" title="en:paleoethnobotany">paleoethnobotany</a>）與<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="古植物学">古植物學</a>。 考古學在19世紀由<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲">歐洲</a>的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%89%A9%E8%92%90%E8%97%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古物蒐藏（页面不存在）">古物蒐藏</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/antiquarianism" class="extiw" title="en:antiquarianism">antiquarianism</a>）發展出來，從那時開始就成為遍佈世界的學科。從一開始，各種特別型態的考古學就已發展，包括<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="海洋考古學（页面不存在）">海洋考古學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/maritime_archaeology" class="extiw" title="en:maritime archaeology">maritime archaeology</a>）與<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="考古天文學">考古天文學</a>，以及多樣的科學技術以輔助考古學調查<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>。然而今日考古學家面對許多問題，包括面對<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%BD%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="偽考古學">偽考古學</a>、盜掘掠奪器物、與反對人類遺留的發掘。 <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="名称溯源">名称溯源</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：名称溯源">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="汉语">汉语</a>的考古学来自于<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2" title="欧洲">欧洲</a>，而欧洲各国文字中的考古学都源于<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="希腊文">希腊文</a>的αρχαίολόγί，这个词是由αρχαίος（意为古代事物或古代）和λόγος（意为科学）组成，在古希腊泛指古代史的研究。在公元4世纪的时候，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE" title="柏拉图">柏拉图</a>就使用这个希腊文的單词來指<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2" title="古代史">古代史</a>的研究。这个词在一段时間内很少使用，在17世纪时又被重新使用，用以表示古物和古蹟的研究。17、18世纪的主要指的是古物中的美術品，到了19世纪才泛指一切古物和古蹟。 <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="中国">中国</a>在公元1-2世纪（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%B1%89" title="东汉">东汉</a>）已有“古学”这个名词，来泛指研究古代的学问。到了北<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%AE%8B" title="北宋">宋</a>中叶（11世纪）时，诞生了一门研究<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E9%93%9C" title="青铜">青铜</a>彝器和石刻的学问——<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E7%9F%B3%E5%AD%A6" title="金石学">金石学</a>，即考古学的前身。这时“考”“古”二字也开始被连用。公元1092年成书的《考古图》就已经率先使用了“考古”这一名词，不过此时指的是考证古文字与古文章。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史">歷史</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：歷史">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archaeology.rome.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Archaeology.rome.arp.jpg/300px-Archaeology.rome.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Archaeology.rome.arp.jpg/450px-Archaeology.rome.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Archaeology.rome.arp.jpg/600px-Archaeology.rome.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1948" data-file-height="1436" /></a><figcaption>在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利">義大利</a>距今二千年的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="古羅馬">古羅馬</a>遺址，正由<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="考古学家">考古學家</a>進行發掘與繪圖。</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GD-EG-Alex-Th%C3%A9atre031.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/GD-EG-Alex-Th%C3%A9atre031.JPG/300px-GD-EG-Alex-Th%C3%A9atre031.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/GD-EG-Alex-Th%C3%A9atre031.JPG/450px-GD-EG-Alex-Th%C3%A9atre031.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/GD-EG-Alex-Th%C3%A9atre031.JPG/600px-GD-EG-Alex-Th%C3%A9atre031.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1516" data-file-height="1009" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="埃及">埃及</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%8D%93" class="mw-redirect" title="亞歷山卓">亞歷山卓</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="古羅馬">古羅馬</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%87%E5%A0%B4" title="劇場">劇場</a></figcaption></figure> 出身<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E7%A7%91%E7%BA%B3" title="安科纳">安科納</a>的巡迴學者<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%A9%E8%8C%B2%E6%9F%AF%E9%87%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佩茲柯里（页面不存在）">佩茲柯里</a>（Ciriaco Pizzecolli，1391年－1453年），多次走遍<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="地中海地区">地中海地區</a>，以記錄他對古代建築和物質的發現。基於這個原因，他被稱為考古學之父。 <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuya-outer_coffin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Yuya-outer_coffin.jpg/220px-Yuya-outer_coffin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="463" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Yuya-outer_coffin.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="277" data-file-height="583" /></a><figcaption>1905年，考古学家在埃及<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E7%8E%8B%E8%B0%B7" title="帝王谷">帝王谷</a>发现贵族<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B1%E4%BA%9A" title="由亚">尤亚</a>（yuya）与<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E7%8E%89" title="图玉">图玉</a>墓(<a href="/w/index.php?title=KV46&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KV46（页面不存在）">KV46</a>),在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E5%9D%A6%E5%8D%A1%E8%92%99" title="图坦卡蒙">图坦卡蒙</a>墓发现之前，其陵墓为最完整的陵墓，图为考古学家在<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B1%E4%BA%9A" title="由亚">尤亚</a>（yuya）墓发现的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B1%E4%BA%9A" title="由亚">尤亚</a>棺</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valley_of_the_Kings_March_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Valley_of_the_Kings_March_2005.jpg/220px-Valley_of_the_Kings_March_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Valley_of_the_Kings_March_2005.jpg/330px-Valley_of_the_Kings_March_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Valley_of_the_Kings_March_2005.jpg/440px-Valley_of_the_Kings_March_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1014" data-file-height="676" /></a><figcaption>2005年，考古学家在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="埃及">埃及</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E7%8E%8B%E8%B0%B7" title="帝王谷">帝王谷</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E5%9D%A6%E5%8D%A1%E8%92%99" title="图坦卡蒙">图坦卡蒙</a>墓（<a href="/wiki/KV62" title="KV62">KV62</a>）附近发现的陵墓，可能是<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E5%9D%A6%E5%8D%A1%E8%92%99" title="图坦卡蒙">图坦卡蒙</a>的母亲<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%9A" title="基亚">基亚</a>之墓(<a href="/w/index.php?title=KV63&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KV63（页面不存在）">KV63</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Moment_Carter_Opens_the_Shrine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/The_Moment_Carter_Opens_the_Shrine.jpg/220px-The_Moment_Carter_Opens_the_Shrine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/The_Moment_Carter_Opens_the_Shrine.jpg/330px-The_Moment_Carter_Opens_the_Shrine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/The_Moment_Carter_Opens_the_Shrine.jpg/440px-The_Moment_Carter_Opens_the_Shrine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2360" data-file-height="3370" /></a><figcaption>1922年，<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E5%8D%8E%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="霍华德·卡特">霍华德·卡特</a>在埃及<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E7%8E%8B%E8%B0%B7" title="帝王谷">帝王谷</a>发现从未盗过的陵墓，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E5%9D%A6%E5%8D%A1%E8%92%99" title="图坦卡蒙">图坦卡蒙</a>墓(<a href="/wiki/KV62" title="KV62">KV62</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barque_solaire-Decouverte2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Barque_solaire-Decouverte2.jpg/220px-Barque_solaire-Decouverte2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Barque_solaire-Decouverte2.jpg/330px-Barque_solaire-Decouverte2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Barque_solaire-Decouverte2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>1955-1956年，考古学家在<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E5%A4%AB%E9%87%91%E5%AD%97%E5%A1%94" title="胡夫金字塔">胡夫金字塔</a>发现5艘<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E5%A4%AB%E8%88%B9" title="胡夫船">胡夫太阳船</a></figcaption></figure> 現代考古學在19世紀中期起源於歐洲，它是在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="地質學">地質學</a>的科學研究進步之後發展出來。地質學呈現，地球的年齡是數十億年，而不是當時普遍認定的幾千年。在此後不久，1859年<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87" title="查尔斯·达尔文">查爾斯·達爾文</a>出版《<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90" title="物种起源">物種起源</a>》一書，概述了他的<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="演化">演化論</a>，最終導致科學家相信，人類事實上有數百萬年的歷史，從而提供一個時間限度，可在其中蓬勃發展考古研究。同時，在1836年丹麥歷史學家<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E4%BA%8E%E6%81%A9%E6%A3%AE%C2%B7%E6%B1%A4%E5%A7%86%E6%A3%AE" title="克里斯蒂安·于恩森·汤姆森">克里斯蒂安·于恩森·汤姆森</a>出版《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%AA%E7%AC%AC%E9%82%A3%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E%E5%8F%A4%E7%89%A9%E6%8C%87%E5%8D%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯堪第那維亞古物指南（页面不存在）">斯堪第那維亞古物指南</a>》（A Ledetraad til Nordisk Oldkyndighed），於1848年翻譯成英文，其中他提議將歐洲史前史區分為三年代系統，即<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="石器時代">石器時代</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E9%8A%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="青銅時代">青銅時代</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E5%99%A8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="鐵器時代">鐵器時代</a>，這是依據人類使用的材料。這三個概念，包括人類古物、演化與三年代系統，往往被認為是現代考古學的基石。<a href="#cite_note-Renfrew_Bahn1991#2-10">[10]</a> 不久，早期考古學家開始調查世界各地的各個不同區域，對於古代<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E7%90%B4%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="愛琴文明">愛琴文明</a>的研究，受到<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E5%88%A9%E6%9B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="海因里希·施利曼">海因里希·施利曼</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%8A" title="特洛伊">特洛伊</a>，以及<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E6%96%87%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="亞瑟·埃文斯">亞瑟·埃文斯</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="克里特">克里特</a>的發掘所刺激，而<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%8B%9E%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E8%92%82%E8%8A%AC%E6%96%AF" title="約翰·勞埃德·史蒂芬斯">約翰·勞埃德·斯蒂芬斯</a>是在整個<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="中美洲">中美洲</a>重新發現<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E9%9B%85%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="瑪雅文明">瑪雅文明</a>的關鍵人物。但是，按照今天的標準來看，這些考古學家所運用的方法有著極大的缺陷，往往具有歐洲中心論的偏見，而且許多早期歐洲考古學家往往依賴於<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E5%86%85%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%B3%B0%E5%8B%92" title="爱德华·伯内特·泰勒">愛德華·伯內特·泰勒</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E6%91%A9%E7%88%BE%E6%A0%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="路易斯·亨利·摩爾根">路易斯·亨利·摩爾根</a>等人所提供的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="人類學">人類學</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%AA%8C" title="民族誌">民族誌</a>論述，從而比較現代的“野蠻”人群，如同<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91" title="美洲原住民">美洲原住民</a>以及在歷史上住在類似社會的歐洲民族。 <a href="#cite_note-Renfrew_Bahn1991#-11">[11]</a>很快地，這個新創立的考古學蔓延到<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="北美洲">北美洲</a>，就由塞繆爾·黑文和威廉·亨利·霍爾姆斯等知名學者，發掘古代印第安人遺跡。<a href="#cite_note-Renfrew_Bahn1991#4-12">[12]</a> 考古學田野研究法的更進一步發展，出現於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%B9%9D%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" class="mw-redirect" title="十九世紀">十九世紀</a>晚期。其中一位執牛耳的人物，是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E9%83%BD%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%BC%97%E6%96%AF" title="奥古斯都·皮特·里弗斯">奥古斯都·皮特·里弗斯</a>，他認真發掘了英格蘭南部的Cranborne Chase，強調應該受到記錄的，不僅是具有美感或有價值的項目，更包括世俗物品；因此他協助考古學從<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%89%A9%E8%92%90%E8%97%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古物蒐藏（页面不存在）">古物蒐藏</a>（antiquarianism）區分開來。在19世紀末和20世紀初，其他幾位重要的考古學家，進一步完善了這個學科，他們是<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9E%97%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C" title="弗林德斯·皮特里">弗林德斯·皮特里</a>（他在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="埃及">埃及</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="巴勒斯坦地区">巴勒斯坦</a>從事發掘），<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E8%92%82%E9%BB%98%C2%B7%E6%83%A0%E5%8B%92" title="莫蒂默·惠勒">莫蒂默·惠勒</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>），<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E8%98%BF%E8%A5%BF%C2%B7%E5%8A%A0%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多蘿西·加羅德（页面不存在）">多蘿西·加羅德</a>（Dorothy Garrod，在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="中東">中東</a>），<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BA%A5%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%83%8F%E5%8B%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="麥克斯·烏勒（页面不存在）">麥克斯·烏勒</a>（Max Uhle，<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%98%E9%AD%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="秘魯">秘魯</a>），以及<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%9F%BA%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿尔弗雷德·基德尔（页面不存在）">阿尔弗雷德·基德尔</a>（Alfred Kidder，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5" title="墨西哥">墨西哥</a>）。<a href="#cite_note-Renfrew_Bahn1991#5-13">[13]</a>在整個20世紀，考古學進一步適應和創新，特別是在1960年代，當時喬治·巴斯推廣海洋考古（maritime archaeology），都市考古（urban archaeology）則隨著許多歐洲城市更新發展變得更普遍，搶救考古（rescue archaeology）則是在日益增加的商業發展之下應運而生。<a href="#cite_note-Renfrew_Bahn1991#5-13">[13]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohenjodaro_Sindh.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Mohenjodaro_Sindh.jpeg/300px-Mohenjodaro_Sindh.jpeg" decoding="async" width="300" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Mohenjodaro_Sindh.jpeg/450px-Mohenjodaro_Sindh.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Mohenjodaro_Sindh.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="371" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="巴基斯坦">巴基斯坦</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E4%BA%A8%E4%BD%90-%E8%BE%BE%E7%BD%97" title="摩亨佐-达罗">摩亨佐-達羅</a>考古遺跡</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="理論">理論</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：理論">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%B8%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="考古學理論">考古學理論</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="目的">目的</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：目的">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australopithecus_africanus_-_Cast_of_taung_child.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Australopithecus_africanus_-_Cast_of_taung_child.jpg/220px-Australopithecus_africanus_-_Cast_of_taung_child.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Australopithecus_africanus_-_Cast_of_taung_child.jpg/330px-Australopithecus_africanus_-_Cast_of_taung_child.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Australopithecus_africanus_-_Cast_of_taung_child.jpg/440px-Australopithecus_africanus_-_Cast_of_taung_child.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5928" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption>在南非出土的<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B6%E6%A0%BC%E5%AD%A9%E7%AB%A5" title="陶格孩童">陶格孩童</a>頭骨。這個孩童是<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E5%8D%97%E6%96%B9%E5%8F%A4%E7%8C%BF" title="非洲南方古猿">南方猿人非洲種</a>這個物種的一個嬰兒，這是早期<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%97%8F" title="人族">人族</a>的類型。假使沒有考古學的話，我們無從瞭解<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="人類演化">人類演化</a>。</figcaption></figure> 考古學目的在於了解更多關於過去社會以及人類發展的事實。人類有超過99%的歷史是在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E5%89%8D%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="史前史">史前史</a>，當時的人類並未使用<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字">文字</a>，因此並未留下關於他們自身的文字記錄，以供我們研究。在欠缺這種書寫文字的資源下，了解史前社會的唯一途徑就是考古學。許多關於人類歷史的重大發展發生在史前史，包括在<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8A%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="舊石器時代">舊石器時代</a>發生的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="人類演化">人類演化</a>，當時在<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="非洲">非洲</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%97%8F" title="人族">人族</a>從<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%96%B9%E5%8F%A4%E7%8C%BF" title="南方古猿">南方猿人</a>發展而來，最終成為當代的<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E4%BA%BA" title="智人">智人</a>。考古學也找出許多人類技術演進的訊息，例如使用火的能力、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8" title="石器">石器</a>的發展、煉鐵術的發明、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="宗教">宗教</a>的源頭，以及<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="農業">農業</a>的創造。假使沒有考古學的話，我們無從瞭解在人類在沒有書寫文字的年代，所發生的演化與技術變遷。<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="研究取向">研究取向</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：研究取向">编辑</a>]</div> 考古學家並不全部服膺同一套考古學理論取向。當考古學於19世紀晚期開始發展，第一個考古學理論取向是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%8F%B2%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文化史考古學（页面不存在）">文化史考古學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cultural-history_archaeology" class="extiw" title="en:cultural-history archaeology">cultural-history archaeology</a>），它所具有的目標是解釋文化為何改變和調整，而不是僅僅強調這些文化曾經產生的事實，因此強調<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E8%AB%96" title="歷史特殊論">歷史特殊論</a>。<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-15">[15]</a>在20世紀初期，許多考古學家研究的是與現存社會（例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91" title="美洲原住民">美洲原住民</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E4%BC%AF%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="西伯利亞">西伯利亞</a>人、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="中美洲">中美洲</a>人的社會）有所關聯的過去社會，他們依循<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%8F%96%E5%90%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="直接歷史取向（页面不存在）">直接歷史取向</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/direct_historical_approach" class="extiw" title="en:direct historical approach">direct historical approach</a>），比較在過去與當代族群及文化群體之間的連續性。<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-15">[15]</a>在1960年代，由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%93%E4%BD%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="賓佛（页面不存在）">賓佛</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Binford" class="extiw" title="en:Lewis Binford">Lewis Binford</a>）與<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%82%85%E8%83%BD%E7%91%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="傅能瑞（页面不存在）">傅能瑞</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Flannery" class="extiw" title="en:Kent Flannery">Kent Flannery</a>）等美國考古學家所領導的一場考古學運動，反對當時已經建置完備的文化史考古學。<a href="#cite_note-Binford1962-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Flannery1967-17">[17]</a>他們提議一種更具科學與人類學性質的「<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="新考古学">新考古學</a>」，具有<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E8%A8%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="假設">假設</a>測試與<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="科學方法">科學方法</a>，這在後來稱為過程考古學。<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-15">[15]</a> 在1980年代，興起了一個嶄新的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="后现代">後現代</a>運動，由英國考古學家所領導，包括<a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Shanks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Shanks（页面不存在）">Michael Shanks</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Shanks_(archaeologist)" class="extiw" title="en:Michael Shanks (archaeologist)">Michael Shanks (archaeologist)</a>）、<a href="#cite_note-Shanks_Tilley1987-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shanks_Tilley1988-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shanks1991-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shanks1993-21">[21]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Tilley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christopher Tilley（页面不存在）">Christopher Tilley</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Tilley" class="extiw" title="en:Christopher Tilley">Christopher Tilley</a>）、<a href="#cite_note-Tilley1993-22">[22]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Miller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel Miller（页面不存在）">Daniel Miller</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Miller_(anthropologist)" class="extiw" title="en:Daniel Miller (anthropologist)">Daniel Miller (anthropologist)</a>）、<a href="#cite_note-Miller_Tilley1984-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Miller_etal1989-24">[24]</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%81%A9%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%BE%B7" title="伊恩·霍德">伊恩·霍德</a>，<a href="#cite_note-Hodder1982-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hodder1985-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hodder1987-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hodder1990-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hodder1991-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hodder1992-30">[30]</a>，這後來稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6" title="后过程主义考古学">後過程主義考古學</a>。它質疑過程主義對科學實證論與公正性的訴求，並強調自我批判的理論反思性。然而，後過程主義遭到過程主義批評為欠缺科學熱情，而且學者依然爭辯著過程主義與後過程主義的有效性。同時，另一個理論「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="歷史過程論（页面不存在）">歷史過程論</a>」（historical processualism）興起，尋求整合出一個焦點，放在過程與後過程考古學所強調的反思性及歷史。<a href="#cite_note-Pauketat2001-31">[31]</a> 現今的考古學理論採借了來自很大範圍的理論思想，包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="演化">演化</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1%E5%AD%B8" title="現象學">現象學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="后现代">後現代</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E8%88%87%E8%83%BD%E5%8B%95" class="mw-redirect" title="結構與能動">結構與能動</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="認知考古學（页面不存在）">認知考古學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_archaeology" class="extiw" title="en:Cognitive archaeology">Cognitive archaeology</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="功能學派">功能學派</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%A7%E5%88%A5%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="性別考古學（页面不存在）">性別考古學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_archaeology" class="extiw" title="en:Gender archaeology">Gender archaeology</a>）與<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="女性主義考古學（页面不存在）">女性主義考古學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_archaeology" class="extiw" title="en:Feminist archaeology">Feminist archaeology</a>）、以及<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%B8%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="考古學系統理論（页面不存在）">考古學系統理論</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_theory_in_archaeology" class="extiw" title="en:Systems theory in archaeology">Systems theory in archaeology</a>）等。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="研究方法">研究方法</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：研究方法">编辑</a>]</div> 一場考古學調查往往包含幾個清楚劃分的階段，每個階段運用特有的研究方法。在任何的實際考古工作可以進行之前，考古學家必須先就所欲達成的清楚目標取得共識。做到這一點之後，進行對一處遺址的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%B8%E7%94%B0%E9%87%8E%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="考古學田野調查（页面不存在）">考古學田野調查</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_field_survey" class="extiw" title="en:Archaeological field survey">Archaeological field survey</a>），盡可能發現關於這個遺址及其周圍區域的資訊。其次，展開發掘工作，以蒐集埋藏在地下的任何考古特質；第三，研究從這場發掘中所蒐集的資料，並評估是否達成考古學家原先設定的研究目標。然後將這些資訊出版，以便由其他考古學家與歷史學家取得使用，學者認定這是一個好作為，即使有時被忽略。<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="分支學科">分支學科</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：分支學科">编辑</a>]</div> 正如大多數的學科，考古學有許多分支學科，區分的方式有些是依據特定的研究法或物質類型（如：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="石器分析（页面不存在）">石器分析</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/lithic_analysis" class="extiw" title="en:lithic analysis">lithic analysis</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E5%89%8D%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90" title="史前音乐">史前音乐</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="考古植物學（页面不存在）">考古植物學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/archaeobotany" class="extiw" title="en:archaeobotany">archaeobotany</a>））、地理或年代（如：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%91%E6%9D%B1%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="近東考古學（页面不存在）">近東考古學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_Eastern_archaeology" class="extiw" title="en:Near Eastern archaeology">Near Eastern archaeology</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世紀考古學（页面不存在）">中世紀考古學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_archaeology" class="extiw" title="en:Medieval archaeology">Medieval archaeology</a>）），其他的主題（如：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="海洋考古學（页面不存在）">海洋考古學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/maritime_archaeology" class="extiw" title="en:maritime archaeology">maritime archaeology</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E6%99%AF%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地景考古學（页面不存在）">地景考古學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/landscape_archaeology" class="extiw" title="en:landscape archaeology">landscape archaeology</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%B0%E5%A0%B4%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="戰場考古學（页面不存在）">戰場考古學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/battlefield_archaeology" class="extiw" title="en:battlefield archaeology">battlefield archaeology</a>）），或是一處特定的<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="考古文化">考古文化</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="文明">文明</a>（如：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E5%AD%A6" title="埃及学">埃及學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%AD%A6" title="印度学">印度學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="漢學">漢學</a>）。另外也有针对考古学的历史进行研究的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="考古学史（页面不存在）">考古学史</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_archaeology" class="extiw" title="en:History of archaeology">History of archaeology</a>）。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="歷史考古學">歷史考古學</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：歷史考古學">编辑</a>]</div> 歷史考古學研究已有某種文字的文化。例如，在<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="英國">英國</a>，考古學家發掘了一些中世紀村落遺址，它們在14世紀的危機之後就遭到棄置，並發現17世紀的花壇園圃的佈局，後來由於流行風格的改變，人們不再使用這種佈局。在美國<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%90%E7%B4%84%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="紐約市">紐約市</a>城區，考古學家發掘了18世紀非洲裔的墓園，現在成為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E4%BA%BA%E5%A2%93%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E7%B4%80%E5%BF%B5%E7%A2%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非洲人墓地國家紀念碑（页面不存在）">非洲人墓地國家紀念碑</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Burial_Ground_National_Monument" class="extiw" title="en:African Burial Ground National Monument">African Burial Ground National Monument</a>）。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="民族考古學">民族考古學</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：民族考古學">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%B8" title="民族考古學">民族考古學</a>是對於現存人群的考古學研究。<a href="#cite_note-Gould1971a-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gould1971b-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yellen1972-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yellen1977-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gould_Yellen1987-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yellen1991-38">[38]</a>這個取向在1960年代強調中程理論而声名鹊起，這是當時過程學派運動的一項特色。 早期的民族考古學研究將焦點放在狩獵採集或搜食社會。民族考古學繼續成為後過程或其他當代考古學研究取向的一個強力成份。<a href="#cite_note-Sillet_et_al2006-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schott_Sillitoe2005-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ogundele2005-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-kuznar2001-42">[42]</a>民族考古學運用民族誌研究來增進與改善它們的類比，然後運用這些類比，詮釋考古學記錄。簡言之，民族考古學就是將民族誌研究運用在考古學。<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="實驗考古學">實驗考古學</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：實驗考古學">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="實驗考古學（页面不存在）">實驗考古學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_archaeology" class="extiw" title="en:Experimental archaeology">Experimental archaeology</a>）是將實驗方法用於發展受到更高度控制的觀察，以分析那些創造並影響考古記錄的過程。<a href="#cite_note-Ascher1961-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Saraydar_Shimada1971-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Saraydar_Shimada1973-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gifford-Gonzalez_et_al1985-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Frison1989-48">[48]</a>在邏輯實證論的脈絡下，過程論具有改善考古學<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="認識論">認識論</a>的科學企圖心，其中研究方法變得重要。在改善詮釋考古學記錄的推論架構方面，實驗技術依然是一個重要成分。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="文化資源管理">文化資源管理</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：文化資源管理">编辑</a>]</div> 雖然考古學可以是一門純科學，但它也可以是一門應用科學，即是為面臨發展計劃所威脅的考古遺址做研究。在這種情況下，考古學成為在<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="文化資源管理">文化資源管理</a>之下，一門受到資助的研究活動，在英國稱為文化資產管理（heritage management）。<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a>今天，文化資源管理涵蓋了在美國與西歐等地，大部份的考古學研究。在美國，自從1966年通過<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E7%B6%AD%E8%AD%B7%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="國家歷史維護法（页面不存在）">國家歷史維護法</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Preservation_Act" class="extiw" title="en:National Historic Preservation Act">National Historic Preservation Act</a>）（National Historic Preservation Act，簡稱NHPA）之後，文化資源管理考古學就成為不斷受到關注的焦點，而且大多數的納稅人、學者與政治人物都相信，文化資源管理協助美國保存歷史以及史前史，避免隨著城市、水庫與公路的擴張而喪失。除了其他法令以外，國家歷史維護法強制規定，在聯邦土地上所執行的計劃，或是涉及聯邦經費或批准的計劃，都必須考量這個計劃對每一處考古遺址的影響。 文化資源管理在英國的運用範圍，並不侷限於政府出資的計劃。自從1990年開始，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D%E7%AC%AC16%E9%A0%85%EF%BC%9A%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%B8%E8%88%87%E8%A8%88%E7%95%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="計劃政策方針第16項：考古學與計畫（页面不存在）">計劃政策方針第16項：考古學與計畫</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPG_16" class="extiw" title="en:PPG 16">PPG 16</a>）<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a>要求計畫者必須將考古學視為決定新發展計畫的一項<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%83%E9%87%8F%E5%9B%A0%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="考量因素（页面不存在）">考量因素</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/material_consideration" class="extiw" title="en:material consideration">material consideration</a>）。因此，有許多考古學組織在考古學敏感地區的建築工程開始之前，進行文化遺產減輕破壞調查（mitigation），依據<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%A1%E6%9F%93%E8%80%85%E4%BB%98%E8%B2%BB%E5%8E%9F%E5%89%87" class="mw-redirect" title="污染者付費原則">污染者付費原則</a>，由發展商支付費用。部分文物也必須妥當保存以避免損壞。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="研究对象">研究对象</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：研究对象">编辑</a>]</div> 考古学研究的对象是实物。主要是物质的遗存，或者说是遗物与遗迹。而这些遗存应该是古代人类的活动遗留下来的。考古学的研究集中在对过去的研究上，包括过去<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="文化">文化</a>所遗留下来的各种资料。所以它的研究对象是属于一定时间以前的古代。比如 <a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英国</a>的考古学下限是<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="诺曼人">诺曼人</a>的入侵（1066年），法国是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="加洛林王朝">加洛林王朝</a>的覆灭（987年）， <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="美洲">美洲</a>各国是<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E5%B8%83" class="mw-redirect" title="哥伦布">哥伦布</a>发现新大陆（1492年），中国的一般是以<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" title="明朝">明朝</a>的灭亡（1644年）为下限。 近年来，英国出现的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世纪考古学（页面不存在）">中世纪考古学</a>（Medieval Archeology）则把时间下限推进到了1640年。而美洲各国的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="工业考古学（页面不存在）">工业考古学</a>（Industrial Archeology）则研究近代工业初期的遗物。随着时代的前进，这些下限都会自然地向后推移。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="理论">理论</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：理论">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%8F%91%E6%8E%98%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="考古发掘管理（页面不存在）">考古发掘管理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%82%B3%E6%92%AD%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="文化傳播論">文化传播论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="新考古学">新考古学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6" title="后过程主义考古学">后过程主义考古学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6" title="科技考古学">科技考古学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="核技术考古（页面不存在）">核技术考古</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="分支及其相关学科">分支及其相关学科</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：分支及其相关学科">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li>按照年代分为： <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%B2%E5%89%8D%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="史前考古学（页面不存在）">史前考古学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6" title="历史考古学">历史考古学</a></li></ul></li> <li>按照地区分为： <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="欧洲考古学（页面不存在）">欧洲考古学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="埃及考古学（页面不存在）">埃及考古学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中国考古学（页面不存在）">中国考古学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="日本考古学（页面不存在）">日本考古学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%A8%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中部美洲考古学（页面不存在）">中部美洲考古学</a></li></ul></li> <li>按照研究对象分为： <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教考古学（页面不存在）">宗教考古学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E6%9C%AF%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美术考古学（页面不存在）">美术考古学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%B8%E8%8D%89%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="纸草学（页面不存在）">纸草学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E7%9F%B3%E5%AD%A6" title="金石学">金石学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%98%E5%88%BB%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="銘刻學">铭刻学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E9%AA%A8%E5%AD%A6" title="甲骨学">甲骨学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E9%99%B6%E7%93%B7%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古陶瓷学（页面不存在）">古陶瓷学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%92%B1%E5%AD%A6" title="古钱学">古钱学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="农业考古学（页面不存在）">农业考古学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6" title="环境考古学">环境考古学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6" title="地质考古学">地质考古学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="考古植物学（页面不存在）">考古植物学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="考古动物学（页面不存在）">考古动物学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="考古天文学">考古天文学</a></li></ul></li> <li>按应用手段划分： <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B0%E9%87%8E%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6" title="田野考古学">田野考古学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E4%B8%8B%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="水下考古学（页面不存在）">水下考古学</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>考古上的其他分支： <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="类型学（页面不存在）">类型学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="考古学史（页面不存在）">考古学史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E5%AD%A6" title="古文献学">古文献学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B9%E7%AB%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="纹章学">纹章学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%9C%B0%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="考古地磁学（页面不存在）">考古地磁学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E5%AD%A6" title="古文字学">古文字学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="考古年代学（页面不存在）">考古年代学</a></li></ul></li></ul> 考古学中常用到的一些学科： <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%BA%AA%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第四纪地质学（页面不存在）">第四纪地质学</a>— <a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%93%E8%B4%A8%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="体质人类学">体质人类学</a>— <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="古动物学">古动物学</a>— <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="古植物学">古植物学</a>— <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="物理学">物理学</a>— <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="化学">化学</a>— <a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%AD%A6" title="民族学">民族学</a>— <a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%BF%97%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="民俗学">民俗学</a>— <a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6" title="社会学">社会学</a>— <a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="历史学">历史学</a>— <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%AD%A6" title="宗教学">宗教学</a>— <a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="语言学">语言学</a>— <a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="自然科学史">自然科学史</a>— <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%9C%AF%E5%8F%B2" title="美术史">美术史</a>— <a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E5%8F%B2" title="建筑史">建筑史</a>— <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%B1%82%E5%AD%A6" title="地层学">地层学</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="技术">技术</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：技术">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E4%BF%AE%E5%A4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="考古修复（页面不存在）">考古修复</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3%E6%B5%8B%E5%AE%9A" title="考古年代测定">考古年代测定</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%A5%E6%84%9F%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="遥感考古（页面不存在）">遥感考古</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%8F%91%E6%8E%98" title="考古发掘">考古发掘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E9%98%B3%E9%93%B2" title="洛阳铲">洛阳铲</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见">参见</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：参见">编辑</a>]</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="文化">文化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="文明">文明</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E7%89%A9" title="文物">文物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86" title="博物馆">博物馆</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="考古学家列表">考古学家列表</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%87%BA%E5%9C%9F%E6%96%87%E7%89%A9%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="出土文物列表（页面不存在）">出土文物列表</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%A4%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="中国古人类化石">中国古人类化石</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%97%E5%9D%80%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="遗址列表（页面不存在）">遗址列表</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="考古发现列表（页面不存在）">考古发现列表</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6%E6%9C%AF%E8%AF%AD%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="考古学术语列表（页面不存在）">考古学术语列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="考古学文化">考古学文化</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%93%E8%B4%A8%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="体质人类学">体质人类学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="考古学著作（页面不存在）">考古学著作</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%99%A8%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古器物学（页面不存在）">古器物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="考古学家">考古学家</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考資料">参考資料</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：参考資料">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-3" style="-moz-column-count: 3; -webkit-column-count: 3; column-count: 3; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Renfrew_Bahn1991-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Renfrew_Bahn1991_1-0">1.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Renfrew_Bahn1991_1-1">1.1</a> Renfrew and Bahn (2004 [1991]:13) </li> <li id="cite_note-Haviland_et_al_2005-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Haviland_et_al_2005_2-0">^</a> Cultural Anthropology The Human Challenge (2005) </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Wainright, Martin. "Archaeologists dig into Greenham peace camp" in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2008/dec/08/archaeologists-greenham-science-politics">The Guardian</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20111225204432/http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2008/dec/08/archaeologists-greenham-science-politics">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） </li> <li id="cite_note-thinking_from_things-4"><a href="#cite_ref-thinking_from_things_4-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWylie2002" class="citation">Wylie, Alison, Thinking from things: essays in the philosophy of archaeology, Berkeley: University of California Press: 31, 2002, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-520-22361-6" title="Special:网络书源/0-520-22361-6">ISBN 0-520-22361-6</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft.aulast=Wylie&rft.btitle=Thinking+from+things%3A+essays+in+the+philosophy+of+archaeology&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-520-22361-6&rft.pages=31&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Aldenderfer_Maschner1996-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Aldenderfer_Maschner1996_5-0">^</a> Aldenderfer and Maschner (1996) </li> <li id="cite_note-Gladfelter1977-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Gladfelter1977_6-0">^</a> Gladfelter (1977) </li> <li id="cite_note-Watters1992-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Watters1992_7-0">^</a> Watters (1992) </li> <li id="cite_note-Watters2000-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Watters2000_8-0">^</a> Watters (2000) </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9060676">Underwater Power Tools for In Situ Preservation, Cleaning and Consolidation of Submerged Archaeological Remains</a>. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=Underwater+Power+Tools+for+In+Situ+Preservation%2C+Cleaning+and+Consolidation+of+Submerged+Archaeological+Remains&rft.date=2021&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Marine+Science+and+Engineering&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%2Fjmse9060676&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Renfrew_Bahn1991#2-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Renfrew_Bahn1991#2_10-0">^</a> Renfrew and Bahn (2004 [1991]:26) </li> <li id="cite_note-Renfrew_Bahn1991#-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Renfrew_Bahn1991#_11-0">^</a> Renfrew and Bahn (2004 [1991]:29) </li> <li id="cite_note-Renfrew_Bahn1991#4-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Renfrew_Bahn1991#4_12-0">^</a> Renfrew and Bahn (2004 [1991]:30-31) </li> <li id="cite_note-Renfrew_Bahn1991#5-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Renfrew_Bahn1991#5_13-0">13.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Renfrew_Bahn1991#5_13-1">13.1</a> Renfrew and Bahn (2004 [1991]:33-35) </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123100909/http://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/kevin.greene/wintro/">Kevin Greene - Archaeology: an Introduction</a>. Staff.ncl.ac.uk. [2010-08-12]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/kevin.greene/wintro">原始内容</a>存档于2013-01-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=Kevin+Greene+-+Archaeology%3A+an+Introduction&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Staff.ncl.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.staff.ncl.ac.uk%2Fkevin.greene%2Fwintro&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_15-0">15.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_15-1">15.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_15-2">15.2</a> Trigger (1989) </li> <li id="cite_note-Binford1962-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Binford1962_16-0">^</a> Binford (1962) </li> <li id="cite_note-Flannery1967-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Flannery1967_17-0">^</a> Flannery (1967) </li> <li id="cite_note-Shanks_Tilley1987-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Shanks_Tilley1987_18-0">^</a> Shanks and Tilley (1987) </li> <li id="cite_note-Shanks_Tilley1988-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Shanks_Tilley1988_19-0">^</a> Shanks and Tilley (1988) </li> <li id="cite_note-Shanks1991-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Shanks1991_20-0">^</a> Shanks (1991) </li> <li id="cite_note-Shanks1993-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Shanks1993_21-0">^</a> Shanks (1993) </li> <li id="cite_note-Tilley1993-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Tilley1993_22-0">^</a> Tilley (1993) </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller_Tilley1984-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Miller_Tilley1984_23-0">^</a> Miller and Tilley1984 </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller_etal1989-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Miller_etal1989_24-0">^</a> Miller et al. 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(编), Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, Orlando, FL: Academic Press: 63–111, 1985 （英语）</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=The+Reaction+Against+Analogy&rft.au=Wylie%2C+A.&rft.btitle=Advances+in+Archaeological+Method+and+Theory&rft.date=1985&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=63-111&rft.place=Orlando%2C+FL&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFYellen,_J._&_Harpending,_H.1972" class="citation">Yellen, J. & Harpending, H., Hunter-Gatherer Populations and Archaeological Inference, World Archaeology 4, 1972, 4: 244–253, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00438243.1972.9979535">doi:10.1080/00438243.1972.9979535</a> （英语）</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=Hunter-Gatherer+Populations+and+Archaeological+Inference&rft.au=Yellen%2C+J.+%26+Harpending%2C+H.&rft.date=1972&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Archaeology&rft.pages=244-253&rft.volume=4&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00438243.1972.9979535&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFYellen,_J.1977" class="citation">Yellen, J., Archaeological Approaches to the Present, New York: Academic Press, 1977, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0127703500" title="Special:网络书源/0127703500">ISBN 0127703500</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/2911020">OCLC 2911020</a> （英语）</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=Yellen%2C+J.&rft.btitle=Archaeological+Approaches+to+the+Present&rft.date=1977&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0127703500&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2911020&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="延伸閱讀">延伸閱讀</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：延伸閱讀">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> </div> <ul><li>陳淳：《考古學研究入門》（北京：北京大學出版社，2009）。</li> <li>張光直著，曹兵武譯：《考古學》（瀋陽：遼寧教育出版社，2002）。</li> <li>張光直：《考古學專題六講》（北京：文物出版社，1986）。</li> <li>陳星燦：《中國史前考古學史研究：1895-1949》（北京：三聯書店，1997）。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeology_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeology (magazine)（页面不存在）">Archaeology (magazine)</a></li> <li>C. U. Larsen - Sites and Monuments（1992）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Renfrew&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colin Renfrew（页面不存在）">Colin Renfrew</a> & Paul Bahn - Archaeology: theories, methods and practice 2nd edition (1996)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hurst_Thomas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Hurst Thomas（页面不存在）">David Hurst Thomas</a> - Archaeology 3rd. edition (1998)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glyn_Daniel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glyn Daniel（页面不存在）">Glyn Daniel</a> - A Short History of Archaeology（1991）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Journal_of_South_American_Archaeology_-_IJSA_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Journal of South American Archaeology - IJSA (magazine)（页面不存在）">International Journal of South American Archaeology - IJSA (magazine)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archaeology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internet Archaeology（页面不存在）">Internet Archaeology</a> e-journal</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kevin_Greene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kevin Greene（页面不存在）">Kevin Greene</a> - Introduction to Archaeology（1983）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Binford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lewis Binford（页面不存在）">Lewis Binford</a> - New Perspectives in Archaeology (1968) <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0202330222" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-202-33022-2</a></li> <li>Robert J. Sharer & Wendy Ashmore - Archaeology: Discovering our Past 2nd edition (1993)</li> <li>Thomas Hester, Harry Shafer, and Kenneth L. Feder - Field Methods in Archaeology 7th edition (1997)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alison_Wylie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alison Wylie（页面不存在）">Alison Wylie</a> - Thinking From Things: Essays in the Philosophy of Archaeology, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, Berkeley CA, 2002</li> <li>Smekalova T. N., Voss O., Smekalov S. L. "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetic_survey_(archaeology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnetic survey (archaeology)（页面不存在）">Magnetic Surveying in Archaeology</a>. More than 10 years of using the Overhauser GSM-19 gradiometer", Wormianum 2008.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Trigger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruce Trigger（页面不存在）">Bruce Trigger</a> - "A History of Archaeological Thought" 2nd. edition (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Hodder" class="mw-redirect" title="Ian Hodder">Ian Hodder</a> & Scott Hutson - "Reading the Past" 3rd. edition (2003)</li> <li>Adrian Praetzellis - "Death by Theory", AltaMira Press (2000). <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0742503593" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0742503593</a> / 9780742503595</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結">外部連結</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：外部連結">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul 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href="/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6" title="历史考古学">歷史考古學</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%B2%E5%89%8D%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="史前考古学（页面不存在）">史前考古学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%8F%B2%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="原史考古学（页面不存在）">原史考古学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6" title="古典考古学">古典考古学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%91%E4%B8%96%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="近世考古学（页面不存在）">近世考古学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%B4%80%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第四紀学（页面不存在）">第四紀学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%BB%E9%A1%8C%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="主題考古学（页面不存在）">主題考古学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%B8" title="民族考古學">民族考古学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教考古学（页面不存在）">宗教考古学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%A2%E6%A5%AD%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="產業考古学（页面不存在）">產業考古学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="海洋考古学（页面不存在）">海洋考古学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地震考古学（页面不存在）">地震考古学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="天文考古学">天文考古学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6" title="动物考古学">動物考古学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="實驗考古学（页面不存在）">實驗考古学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E8%A1%93%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美術考古學（页面不存在）">美術考古學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B0%E9%87%8E%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6" title="田野考古学">田野考古学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E4%B8%8B%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="水下考古學（页面不存在）">水下考古學</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="農業考古學（页面不存在）">農業考古學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6" title="环境考古学">環境考古學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="考古天文学">考古天文学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#dd9">相關學科</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%99%E8%8D%89%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="紙草學（页面不存在）">紙草學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E7%9F%B3%E5%AD%A6" title="金石学">金石学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%98%E5%88%BB%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="銘刻學">銘刻學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E9%AA%A8%E5%AD%A6" title="甲骨学">甲骨学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E9%99%B6%E7%93%B7%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古陶瓷學（页面不存在）">古陶瓷學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%92%B1%E5%AD%A6" title="古钱学">古钱学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A1%9E%E5%9E%8B%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="類型學（页面不存在）">類型學</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="考古學史（页面不存在）">考古學史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E5%AD%A6" title="古文献学">古文獻學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B9%E7%AB%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="纹章学">纹章学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%9C%B0%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="考古地磁學（页面不存在）">考古地磁學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E5%AD%A6" title="古文字学">古文字学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="考古年代學（页面不存在）">考古年代學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="歷史學">歷史學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#dd9">研究方法</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BC%E6%8E%98%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="發掘調查（页面不存在）">發掘調查</a>（日语：<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E6%8E%98%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%BB" class="extiw" title="ja:發掘調査">發掘調査</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="時代区分（页面不存在）">時代区分</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%86%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三時代区分法（页面不存在）">三時代区分法</a>（日语：<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%86%E6%B3%95" class="extiw" title="ja:三時代区分法">三時代区分法</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9E%8B%E5%BC%8F%E5%AD%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="型式学的研究法（页面不存在）">型式学的研究法</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/typological_method" class="extiw" title="en:typological method">typological method</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%BA%E7%89%A9%E7%B5%84%E6%88%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="遺物組成（页面不存在）">遺物組成</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%96%E5%B9%B4%E4%BD%93" title="编年体">編年</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A4%E5%B7%AE%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="交差年代決定法（页面不存在）">交差年代決定法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3%E5%AD%A6" title="地质年代学">年代測定法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3%E6%B5%8B%E5%AE%9A" title="考古年代测定">考古年代测定</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="相對年代（页面不存在）">相對年代</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%B6%E5%B0%8D%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="絶對年代（页面不存在）">絶對年代</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%91%E8%BD%AE%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3%E5%AD%A6" title="树轮年代学">树轮年代学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E7%A2%B3%E5%AE%9A%E5%B9%B4%E6%B3%95" title="放射性碳定年法">放射性碳定年法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1%E5%99%B4%E7%99%BC%E7%A2%8E%E5%B1%91" title="火山噴發碎屑">火山噴發碎屑</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%A3%E5%9C%B0%E5%90%8C%E5%AE%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="産地同定（页面不存在）">産地同定</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A0%E8%A6%86%E5%BE%8B" title="叠覆律">叠覆律</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=X%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E6%B3%95_(%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="X射線分析法 (考古学)（页面不存在）">X射線分析法 (考古学)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E4%BF%AE%E5%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="考古修復（页面不存在）">考古修復</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%99%E6%84%9F%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="遙感考古（页面不存在）">遙感考古</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E9%98%B3%E9%93%B2" title="洛阳铲">洛阳铲</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#dd9">考古資料</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E8%B9%9F" title="遺蹟">遺蹟</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%BA%E6%A7%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="遺構（页面不存在）">遺構</a>（日语：<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E6%A7%8B" class="extiw" title="ja:遺構">遺構</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E7%89%A9" title="遺物">遺物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8" title="石器">石器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%99%A8" title="土器">土器</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="金属器（页面不存在）">金属器</a>（日语：<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E%E5%99%A8" class="extiw" title="ja:金属器">金属器</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E9%93%9C%E5%99%A8" title="青铜器">青铜器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E5%99%A8" title="鐵器">鐵器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E5%99%A8" title="骨器">骨器</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%A8%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="木器（页面不存在）">木器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E7%AE%80" class="mw-redirect" title="木简">木簡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%80%E7%89%8D" title="简牍">竹簡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%A7%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中国旧石器文化列表">中國古人類化石</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="世界人類化石（页面不存在）">世界人類化石</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#dd9">考古学分区</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="歐洲考古學（页面不存在）">歐洲考古學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E5%AD%A6" title="埃及学">埃及考古學</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中國考古學（页面不存在）">中國考古學</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="日本考古學（页面不存在）">日本考古學</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B%E6%B4%B2%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大洋洲考古學（页面不存在）">大洋洲考古學</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中美洲考古學（页面不存在）">中美洲考古學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#dd9">遺蹟的保護和利用</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%BA%E8%B9%9F%E4%BF%9D%E5%AD%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="遺蹟保存（页面不存在）">遺蹟保存</a>（日语：<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E8%B7%A1%E4%BF%9D%E5%AD%98" class="extiw" title="ja:遺跡保存">遺跡保存</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E7%89%A9%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D" title="文物保护单位">文物保护单位</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">考古學家</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%BA%E8%B9%9F%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="遺蹟調查會（页面不存在）">遺蹟調查會</a>（日语：<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E8%B7%A1%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%BB%E4%BC%9A" class="extiw" title="ja:遺跡調査会">遺跡調査会</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B7%8A%E6%80%A5%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5_(%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%B8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="緊急調查 (考古學)（页面不存在）">緊急調查 (考古學)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%A6%E8%A1%93%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5_(%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%B8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="学術調查 (考古學)（页面不存在）">学術調查 (考古學)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="考古学文化">考古学文化</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#dd9">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AA%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6" title="伪考古学">伪考古学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A4%E8%AF%81%E4%B8%8D%E7%AB%8B" title="孤证不立">孤證不立</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%93%BE%E4%BA%82_(%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%B8)" title="擾亂 (考古學)">擾亂</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="技术" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist 臺 mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93" title="Template:技術"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="Template talk:技术"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:技術"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="技术" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="技术">技术</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">領域</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="水利">水利</a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E6%9C%A8%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="土木工程">土木</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="建筑工程">建築</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%88%A9%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="水利工程">水利工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E6%9C%A8%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="土木工程">土木工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="建筑工程">建築工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="结构工程">结构工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%B0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="大地工程">大地工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%8B%E5%AE%87%E8%A3%9D%E5%82%99%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="屋宇裝備工程">屋宇裝備工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="安全工程">安全工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E9%98%B2%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="消防工程">消防工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="海洋工程">海洋工程</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A" title="交通">交通</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="交通工程">交通工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="交通工程">流量工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%89%E5%85%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="載具">車輛工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E6%B5%B7" title="航海">航海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E6%B5%B7%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="航海工程">航海工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA" title="航空">航空</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="航空工程">航空工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="航天工程">航天工程</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="工业工程学">工業工程</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="工程学">工程学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="工业工程学">工業工程學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93" class="mw-disambig" title="工程技術">工程技術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="系统工程">系统工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="控制工程">控制工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7" title="生产">製造</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B6%E9%87%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="冶金學">冶金學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B6%E9%87%91%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="冶金工程">冶金工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B6%E7%93%B7%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="陶瓷工程">陶瓷工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E7%B1%B3%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="纳米技术">纳米技术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="自動化">自動化技術</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E6%A2%B0" title="机械">机械</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E6%A2%B0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="机械工程">机械工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E6%A2%B0%E5%88%B6%E9%80%A0" title="机械制造">機械製造</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E5%B7%A5" title="木工">木工</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E5%85%B7" title="模具">模具</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%91%84%E9%80%A0" title="鑄造">鑄造</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8D%9B%E9%80%A0" title="鍛造">鍛造</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A3%E9%87%91" class="mw-redirect" title="钣金">鈑金</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%8A%E6%8E%A5" title="焊接">焊接（銲接）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E8%99%95%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="熱處理">熱處理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E6%A2%B0%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6" title="机械电子学">機電整合</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%86%E5%90%91%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="逆向工程">逆向工程</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%A9%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="電機">電機</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="電子">電子</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E8%A8%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="通訊">通訊</a> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF" title="信息">信息</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%8A%A8%E6%9C%BA%E6%A2%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="电动机械学">电动机械学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%A9%9F%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="電機工程學">電機工程學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="電子學">電子學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="电子工程">电子工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="通信工程">通信工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%8F%8A%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="信息及通信技术">信息及通信技术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E5%86%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="冷冻">冷凍</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E8%AA%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="空調">空調</a></li> <li><a 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<li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83%E5%BC%8F%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="分布式計算">分布式計算</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" title="能源">能源</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="核工程">核工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="核技术">核技术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%A8%E8%83%BD%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="储能技术">儲能技術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="石油工程">石油工程</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="化学工程">化学工程</a> <a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="醫學">醫</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A5%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="藥理學">藥</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%B7%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="護理學">護理</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="化学工程">化学工程</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="化學技術（页面不存在）">化學技術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%AD%A6" title="化学信息学">化学信息学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E6%AA%A2%E9%A9%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="化學檢驗（页面不存在）">化學檢驗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%8C%96%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="生化工程">生化工程</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E5%8C%96%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生化技術（页面不存在）">生化技術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="生物化學">生物化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="生物工程学">生物工程学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="生物工程学">生物工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="生物技术">生物技术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%AD%A6" title="生物信息学">生物信息学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%AA%A2%E9%A9%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物檢驗（页面不存在）">生物檢驗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="醫療衛生科學">醫療衛生科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="神经科学">神经科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E7%B1%B3%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="纳米医学">纳米医学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="医学">医学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%AF%E5%AD%A6" title="药学">药学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%A4%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="护理学">护理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="基因工程">基因工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="组织工程学">组织工程学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="物化工程（页面不存在）">物化工程</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="物化技術（页面不存在）">物化技術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="物理化学">物理化學</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="物理工程學（页面不存在）">物理工程學</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="物理技術（页面不存在）">物理技術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="材料化学">材料化學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="農業">農業</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="農業工程">農業工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="食品化學">食品化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="食品工程">食品工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="食品技术">食品技術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E7%94%A2%E9%A4%8A%E6%AE%96" title="水產養殖">水產養殖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%81%E6%A5%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="漁業">水產學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%87%9F%E9%A4%8A%E5%AD%B8" title="營養學">營養學</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="食品微生物學（页面不存在）">食品微生物學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_microbiology" class="extiw" title="en:Food microbiology">Food microbiology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E9%99%90%E5%88%B6%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="遺傳利用限制技術（页面不存在）">遺傳利用限制技術</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_use_restriction_technology" class="extiw" title="en:Genetic use restriction technology">Genetic use restriction technology</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="環境科技">環境科技</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%A0%E8%89%B2%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="綠色建築">綠色建築</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%86%8D%E7%94%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" title="可再生能源">可再生能源</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E7%BA%8C%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" title="永續設計">永續設計</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="环境工程">環境工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="生態工程">生態工程</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BD%94%E6%B7%A8%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="潔淨科技（页面不存在）">潔淨科技</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_technology" class="extiw" title="en:Clean technology">Clean technology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生態技術（页面不存在）">生態技術</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecotechnology" class="extiw" title="en:Ecotechnology">Ecotechnology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="環境工程科學（页面不存在）">環境工程科學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_engineering_science" class="extiw" title="en:Environmental engineering science">Environmental engineering science</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="教育科技">教育技術學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="教育科技">教育技術學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%9A%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="線上學習">線上學習</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E8%BB%9F%E9%AB%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="教育軟體（页面不存在）">教育軟體</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_software" class="extiw" title="en:Educational software">Educational software</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%99%9B%E6%93%AC%E6%A0%A1%E5%9C%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="虛擬校園（页面不存在）">虛擬校園</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_campus" class="extiw" title="en:Virtual campus">Virtual campus</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="應用科學">應用科學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="光学工程">光学工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="光學">光學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="聲學">聲學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="力學">力學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%AD%A6" title="热学">熱學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%B8" title="電學">電學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81" title="磁">磁學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="電磁學">電磁學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="材料科学">材料科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E7%B1%B3%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="纳米技术">纳米技术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="微技术">微技術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%B0%8E%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="半導體">半導體物理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="環境科學">環境科學</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">考古学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B" title="軍事">軍事</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E4%B8%8E%E8%A3%85%E5%A4%87%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="军事技术与装备列表">軍事技術</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="軍事通信（页面不存在）">軍事通信</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_communications" class="extiw" title="en:Military communications">Military communications</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%88%E8%97%A5" title="彈藥">彈藥</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%82%B8%E5%BC%B9" title="炸弹">炸弹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E4%BD%9C%E6%88%B0" title="電子作戰">電子作戰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E5%8F%AF%E5%81%B5%E6%B8%AC%E6%80%A7%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93" title="低可偵測性技術">低可偵測性技術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B5" title="工兵">工兵</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他領域</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%AD%A6" title="机器人学">機器人學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E6%A2%B0%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6" title="机械电子学">機械電子學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="系统工程">系统工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA%E7%B5%84%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="蛋白質組學">蛋白質組學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="聚合物工程">聚合物工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="系統分類學">系統分類學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="金融科技">金融科技</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%87%E7%9F%BF%E4%B8%9A" title="采矿业">采矿业</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">組件</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%A4%8E%E8%A8%AD%E6%96%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="基礎設施">基礎設施</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E6%98%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="發明">發明</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E6%98%8E%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="发明年表">發明年表</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" class="mw-redirect" title="知識">知識</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="機器">機器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E8%83%BD" title="技能">技能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E8%97%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="工藝">工藝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7" title="工具">工具</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%8F%B2" title="技术史">技术史</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%B2%E5%89%8D%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E7%BA%B2%E8%A6%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="史前技术纲要（页面不存在）">史前技术</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" class="extiw" title="en:Outline of prehistoric technology">Outline of prehistoric technology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="新石器革命">新石器革命</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古代技術（页面不存在）">古代技術</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_technology" class="extiw" title="en:Ancient technology">Ancient technology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世紀技術（页面不存在）">中世紀技術</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_technology" class="extiw" title="en:Medieval technology">Medieval technology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文藝復興技術（页面不存在）">文藝復興技術</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_technology" class="extiw" title="en:Renaissance technology">Renaissance technology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="第一次工业革命">第一次工业革命</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%99%B4%E6%B0%A3%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="噴氣時代（页面不存在）">噴氣時代</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Age" class="extiw" title="en:Jet Age">Jet Age</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="第二次工业革命">第二次工业革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%97%E5%8C%96%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="數字化革命">第三次工業革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="信息时代">信息时代</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E6%AC%A1%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="第四次工業革命">第四次工業革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%AF%E7%B6%B2%E6%B3%A1%E6%B2%AB" title="互聯網泡沫">互聯網泡沫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B4%E5%A3%9E%E6%80%A7%E5%89%B5%E6%96%B0" title="破壞性創新">破壞性創新</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="共享經濟">共享經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BA%A4%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF%E6%9C%8D%E5%8B%99" title="社交網路服務">社交網路服務</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E9%9B%B6%E5%94%AE" title="新零售">新零售</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O2O" title="O2O">O2O</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">信息技术教育</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%9A%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="線上學習">線上學習</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A7%84%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%E5%9C%A8%E7%BA%BF%E8%AF%BE%E5%A0%82" title="大规模开放在线课堂">大规模开放在线课堂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E5%B7%A5%E7%A7%91" title="理工科">STEM教育</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="Category:資訊科技教育">Category:資訊科技教育</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="技術理論（页面不存在）">理論</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_technology" class="extiw" title="en:Theories of technology">Theories of technology</a>） 和概念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="技術倫理（页面不存在）">技術倫理</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics_of_technology" class="extiw" title="en:Ethics of technology">Ethics of technology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E7%9A%84%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BB%BA%E6%9E%84" title="技术的社会建构">技术的社会建构</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93%E7%9A%84%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%BD%A2%E5%A1%91" title="技術的社會形塑">技術的社會形塑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%86%B3%E5%AE%9A%E8%AE%BA" title="技术决定论">技术决定论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93%E4%B8%AD%E7%AB%8B%E5%8E%9F%E5%89%87" title="技術中立原則">技術中立原則</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="超人类主义">超人类主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E6%8E%A5%E5%8F%97%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="技术接受模型">技术接受模型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%93%E5%AE%B6%E7%BB%9F%E6%B2%BB" title="专家统治">专家统治</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%A5%87%E7%82%B9" title="技术奇点">技术奇点</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E6%88%90%E7%86%9F%E5%BA%A6%E6%9B%B2%E7%BA%BF" title="技术成熟度曲线">技术成熟度曲线</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E7%B1%BB%E5%88%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="技术类别（页面不存在）">技术类别</a>（維基數據所列：<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q112057532" class="extiw" title="d:Q112057532">Q112057532</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BB%8D%E6%B0%91%E5%85%A9%E7%94%A8%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="軍民兩用技術（页面不存在）">軍民兩用技術</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual-use_technology" class="extiw" title="en:Dual-use technology">Dual-use technology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="高科技">高科技</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B4%E5%A3%9E%E6%80%A7%E5%89%B5%E6%96%B0" title="破壞性創新">破壞性創新</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%82%E7%94%A8%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="适用技术">适用技术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="通用技术">通用技术</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%B3%E9%94%AE%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="关键技术（页面不存在）">关键技术</a>（德语：<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schl%C3%BCsseltechnologie" class="extiw" title="de:Schlüsseltechnologie">Schlüsseltechnologie</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%85%B4%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="新兴技术">新兴技术</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%88%88%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="新興技術列表">列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E8%BE%BE%E8%82%96%E5%A4%AB%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B0" title="卡尔达肖夫指数">卡尔达肖夫指数</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="Category:各国科技">Category:各国科技</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="Category:科技公司">Category:科技公司</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E4%BC%A0%E6%92%AD%E8%80%85" title="技术传播者">技术传播者</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="技术新闻学">技术新闻学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="Category:技术">Category:技术</a></li> <li><img alt="共享资源页面" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:技術">commons:Category:技術</a></li> <li><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93" title="Portal:技術">技術主題</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="土壤科學" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #D2B48C; color: white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="Template:土壤科學"><abbr title="查看该模板" style="color: white">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="Template talk:土壤科學"><abbr title="讨论该模板" style="color: white">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:土壤科學"><abbr title="编辑该模板" style="color: white">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="土壤科學" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="土壤科學">土壤科學</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">主要領域</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E5%AD%A6" title="土壤学">土壤学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="土壤物理學">土壤物理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="土力学">土壤力學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="土壤化学">土壤化學</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="土壤生物學（页面不存在）">土壤生物學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_biology" class="extiw" title="en:Soil biology">Soil biology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="土壤動物學（页面不存在）">土壤動物學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_zoology" class="extiw" title="en:Soil zoology">Soil zoology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E5%AD%A6" title="土壤学">土壤生態學</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="土壤形態（页面不存在）">土壤形態</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_morphology" class="extiw" title="en:Soil morphology">Soil morphology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="環境土壤科學（页面不存在）">環境土壤科學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_soil_science" class="extiw" title="en:Environmental soil science">Environmental soil science</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="農業土壤學（页面不存在）">農業土壤學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_soil_science" class="extiw" title="en:Agricultural soil science">Agricultural soil science</a>）</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Soil_profile.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Soil_profile.png/110px-Soil_profile.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Soil_profile.png/165px-Soil_profile.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Soil_profile.png/220px-Soil_profile.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1833" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">主題</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4" title="土壤">土壤</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E5%9C%88" title="土壤圈">土壤圈</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E5%A4%9A%E6%A8%A3%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="土壤多樣性（页面不存在）">土壤多樣性</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedodiversity" class="extiw" title="en:Pedodiversity">Pedodiversity</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E5%9C%9F%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="成土作用">成土作用</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E4%BE%B5%E8%9D%95" title="土壤侵蝕">土壤侵蝕</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0%E6%B1%A1%E6%9F%93" title="土地污染">土地污染</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E9%80%80%E5%8C%96%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="土壤退化作用">土壤退化作用</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E5%8E%8B%E5%AE%9E" title="土壤压实">土壤壓實</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E5%A3%93%E5%AF%A6_(%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="土壤壓實 (農業)（页面不存在）">土壤壓實 (農業)</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_compaction_(agriculture)" class="extiw" title="en:Soil compaction (agriculture)">Soil compaction (agriculture)</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E9%B9%BD%E5%8C%96" title="土壤鹽化">土壤鹽化</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%90%E7%A2%B1%E5%9C%B0" title="盐碱地">鹽鹼地</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E9%85%B8%E9%B9%BC%E5%80%BC" title="土壤酸鹼值">土壤pH值</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E9%85%B8%E5%8C%96" title="土壤酸化">土壤酸化</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="土壤健康（页面不存在）">土壤健康</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_health" class="extiw" title="en:Soil health">Soil health</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%A4%9A%E6%A8%A3%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="土壤生物多樣性（页面不存在）">土壤生物多樣性</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_biodiversity" class="extiw" title="en:Soil biodiversity">Soil biodiversity</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E5%93%81%E8%B3%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="土壤品質（页面不存在）">土壤品質</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_quality" class="extiw" title="en:Soil quality">Soil quality</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil_value&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soil value（页面不存在）">Soil value</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_value" class="extiw" title="en:Soil value">Soil value</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E8%82%A5%E5%8A%9B" title="土壤肥力">土壤肥力</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil_resilience&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soil resilience（页面不存在）">Soil resilience</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_resilience" class="extiw" title="en:Soil resilience">Soil resilience</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E9%A1%8F%E8%89%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="土壤顏色（页面不存在）">土壤顏色</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_color" class="extiw" title="en:Soil color">Soil color</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E8%B3%AA%E5%9C%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="土壤質地（页面不存在）">土壤質地</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_texture" class="extiw" title="en:Soil texture">Soil texture</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="土壤结构">土壤結構</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E5%AD%94%E9%9A%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="土壤孔隙（页面不存在）">土壤孔隙</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pore_space_in_soil" class="extiw" title="en:Pore space in soil">Pore space in soil</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pore_water_pressure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pore water pressure（页面不存在）">Pore water pressure</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pore_water_pressure" class="extiw" title="en:Pore water pressure">Pore water pressure</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil_crust&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soil crust（页面不存在）">Soil crust</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_crust" class="extiw" title="en:Soil crust">Soil crust</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%B1%A4" title="土層">土層</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil_biomantle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soil biomantle（页面不存在）">Soil biomantle</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_biomantle" class="extiw" title="en:Soil biomantle">Soil biomantle</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil_carbon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soil carbon（页面不存在）">Soil carbon</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_carbon" class="extiw" title="en:Soil carbon">Soil carbon</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E6%B0%A3%E9%AB%94" title="土壤氣體">土壤氣體</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8" title="土壤呼吸">土壤呼吸</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E6%9C%89%E6%A9%9F%E8%B3%AA" title="土壤有機質">土壤有機質</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4" title="土壤">土壤濕度</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E6%B0%B4%E4%BB%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="土壤水份（页面不存在）">土壤水份</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_water_(retention)" class="extiw" title="en:Soil water (retention)">Soil water (retention)</a>）</li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="土壤類型" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E9%A1%9E%E5%9E%8B" title="土壤類型">土壤類型</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="土壤分類（英语：-&#123;Soil_classification&#125;-）" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Soil_type" title="Template:Soil type"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Soil_type&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Soil type（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Soil_type" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Soil type"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="土壤分類（英语：-&#123;Soil_classification&#125;-）" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="土壤分類（页面不存在）">土壤分類</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_classification" class="extiw" title="en:Soil classification">Soil classification</a>）</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="美國農業部">美國農業部</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD%E9%83%A8%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國農業部土壤分類系統（页面不存在）">土壤分類系統</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USDA_soil_taxonomy" class="extiw" title="en:USDA soil taxonomy">USDA soil taxonomy</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%8B%E6%BA%B6%E5%9C%9F" title="淋溶土">淋溶土</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1%E7%81%B0%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="火山灰土（页面不存在）">火山灰土</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andisol" class="extiw" title="en:Andisol">Andisol</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%B1%E5%A2%83%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="旱境土（页面不存在）">旱境土</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aridisols" class="extiw" title="en:Aridisols">Aridisols</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E6%88%90%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新成土（页面不存在）">新成土</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entisols" class="extiw" title="en:Entisols">Entisols</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%BB%E5%9C%9F" title="冻土">冰凍土</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%A9%9F%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有機土（页面不存在）">有機土</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histosols" class="extiw" title="en:Histosols">Histosols</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%B1%E8%82%B2%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弱育土（页面不存在）">弱育土</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inceptisols" class="extiw" title="en:Inceptisols">Inceptisols</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AC%86%E8%BB%9F%E5%9C%9F" title="鬆軟土">黑沃土</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="氧化物土（页面不存在）">氧化物土</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxisol" class="extiw" title="en:Oxisol">Oxisol</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%B0%E5%8C%96%E5%9C%9F" title="灰化土">灰化土</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A5%B5%E8%82%B2%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="極育土（页面不存在）">極育土</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%86%A8%E8%BD%89%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="膨轉土（页面不存在）">膨轉土</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertisol" class="extiw" title="en:Vertisol">Vertisol</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E5%8F%83%E8%80%83%E5%9F%BA%E6%BA%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="世界土壤參考基準（页面不存在）">世界土壤參考基準</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Reference_Base_for_Soil_Resources" class="extiw" title="en:World Reference Base for Soil Resources">World Reference Base for Soil Resources</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%A9%9F%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有機土（页面不存在）">有機土</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histosols" class="extiw" title="en:Histosols">Histosols</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E4%B8%BA%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人为土（页面不存在）">人为土</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthrosols" class="extiw" title="en:Anthrosols">Anthrosols</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="技术土（页面不存在）">技术土</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technosol" class="extiw" title="en:Technosol">Technosol</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%BB%E5%9C%9F" title="冻土">寒冻土</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%96%84%E5%B1%82%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="薄层土（页面不存在）">薄层土</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptosols" class="extiw" title="en:Leptosols">Leptosols</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%BC%E5%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="鹼土">碱土</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solonetz" class="extiw" title="en:Solonetz">Solonetz</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%98%E6%80%A7%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="变性土（页面不存在）">变性土</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertisol" class="extiw" title="en:Vertisol">Vertisol</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%90%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="盐土（页面不存在）">盐土</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solonchaks" class="extiw" title="en:Solonchaks">Solonchaks</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BD%9C%E8%82%B2%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="潜育土（页面不存在）">潜育土</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleysols" class="extiw" title="en:Gleysols">Gleysols</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1%E7%81%B0%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="火山灰土（页面不存在）">火山灰土</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andosols" class="extiw" title="en:Andosols">Andosols</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%B0%E5%8C%96%E5%9C%9F" title="灰化土">灰土</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%9A%E9%93%81%E7%BD%91%E7%BA%B9%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="聚铁网纹土（页面不存在）">聚铁网纹土</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plinthosols" class="extiw" title="en:Plinthosols">Plinthosols</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B2%98%E7%BB%A8%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="粘绨土（页面不存在）">粘绨土</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitisols" class="extiw" title="en:Nitisols">Nitisols</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%81%E9%93%9D%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="铁铝土（页面不存在）">铁铝土</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferralsols" class="extiw" title="en:Ferralsols">Ferralsols</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%8F%E7%A3%90%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="黏磐土（页面不存在）">黏磐土</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planosols" class="extiw" title="en:Planosols">Planosols</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BB%9E%E6%B0%B4%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="滞水土（页面不存在）">滞水土</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagnosols" class="extiw" title="en:Stagnosols">Stagnosols</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E5%9C%9F" title="黑土">黑鈣土</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%97%E9%92%99%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="栗钙土（页面不存在）">栗钙土</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastanozems" class="extiw" title="en:Kastanozems">Kastanozems</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E5%9C%9F" title="黑土">黑土</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9A%97%E8%89%B2%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="暗色土（页面不存在）">暗色土</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbrisols" class="extiw" title="en:Umbrisols">Umbrisols</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A1%85%E8%83%B6%E7%BB%93%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="硅胶结土（页面不存在）">硅胶结土</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durisols" class="extiw" title="en:Durisols">Durisols</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%B3%E8%86%8F%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="石膏土（页面不存在）">石膏土</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsisols" class="extiw" title="en:Gypsisols">Gypsisols</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%99%E7%A7%AF%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="钙积土（页面不存在）">钙积土</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcisols" class="extiw" title="en:Calcisols">Calcisols</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%91%E7%8A%B6%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="网状土（页面不存在）">网状土</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retisol" class="extiw" title="en:Retisol">Retisol</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E6%B7%8B%E6%BA%B6%E5%9C%9F" title="強淋溶土">低活性强酸土</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%8E%E6%B4%BB%E6%80%A7%E6%B7%8B%E6%BA%B6%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="低活性淋溶土（页面不存在）">低活性淋溶土</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lixisols" class="extiw" title="en:Lixisols">Lixisols</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AB%98%E6%B4%BB%E6%80%A7%E5%BC%BA%E9%85%B8%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="高活性强酸土（页面不存在）">高活性强酸土</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alisols" class="extiw" title="en:Alisols">Alisols</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AB%98%E6%B4%BB%E6%80%A7%E6%B7%8B%E6%BA%B6%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="高活性淋溶土（页面不存在）">高活性淋溶土</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luvisols" class="extiw" title="en:Luvisols">Luvisols</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%8F%E5%BD%A2%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雏形土（页面不存在）">雏形土</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambisols" class="extiw" title="en:Cambisols">Cambisols</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A0%82%E6%80%A7%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="砂性土（页面不存在）">砂性土</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arenosols" class="extiw" title="en:Arenosols">Arenosols</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B2%E5%87%BB%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="冲击土（页面不存在）">冲击土</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluvisols" class="extiw" title="en:Fluvisols">Fluvisols</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%96%8F%E6%9D%BE%E5%B2%A9%E6%80%A7%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="疏松岩性土（页面不存在）">疏松岩性土</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regosols" class="extiw" title="en:Regosols">Regosols</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他系统</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B2%AE%E5%86%9C%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="粮农组织土壤分类（页面不存在）">粮农组织土壤分类</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAO_soil_classification" class="extiw" title="en:FAO soil classification">FAO soil classification</a>） (1974–98)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="统一土壤分类系统（页面不存在）">统一土壤分类系统</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Soil_Classification_System" class="extiw" title="en:Unified Soil Classification System">Unified Soil Classification System</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AASHTO_%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AASHTO 土壤分类系统（页面不存在）">AASHTO 土壤分类系统</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AASHTO_Soil_Classification_System" class="extiw" title="en:AASHTO Soil Classification System">AASHTO Soil Classification System</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="土壤参考（页面不存在）">土壤参考</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rentiel_p%C3%A9dologique" class="extiw" title="en:Référentiel pédologique">Référentiel pédologique</a>） (法国分类系统)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="加拿大土壤分类系统（页面不存在）">加拿大土壤分类系统</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_system_of_soil_classification" class="extiw" title="en:Canadian system of soil classification">Canadian system of soil classification</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="澳大利亚土壤分类（页面不存在）">澳大利亚土壤分类</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Soil_Classification" class="extiw" title="en:Australian Soil Classification">Australian Soil Classification</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="波兰土壤分类（页面不存在）">波兰土壤分类</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Soil_Classification" class="extiw" title="en:Polish Soil Classification">Polish Soil Classification</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1938_%E5%B9%B4%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A%E9%83%A8%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1938 年美国农业部土壤分类学（页面不存在）">1938 年美国农业部土壤分类学</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938_USDA_soil_taxonomy" class="extiw" title="en:1938 USDA soil taxonomy">1938 USDA soil taxonomy</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%B7%9E%E5%9C%9F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="美国州土列表">美国州土列表</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E5%9B%AD%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="葡萄园土壤类型列表（页面不存在）">葡萄园土壤类型列表</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_vineyard_soil_types" class="extiw" title="en:List of vineyard soil types">List of vineyard soil types</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">非系统土壤类型</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99" title="沙">沙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%A4%E6%B3%A5" title="淤泥">淤泥</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8F%E5%9C%9F" title="黏土">黏土</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%A4%E5%9C%9F" title="壤土">壤土</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E5%9C%9F" title="表土">表土</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%95%E5%9C%9F" title="底土">底土</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E7%B5%90%E7%9A%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="土壤結皮">土壤结皮</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_crust" class="extiw" title="en:Soil crust">Soil crust</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B2%98%E5%9C%9F%E5%B1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="粘土层（页面不存在）">粘土层</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claypan" class="extiw" title="en:Claypan">Claypan</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A1%AC%E5%9B%BE%E5%B1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="硬图层（页面不存在）">硬图层</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardpan" class="extiw" title="en:Hardpan">Hardpan</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%B3%E8%86%8F%E7%9A%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="石膏皮（页面不存在）">石膏皮</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypcrust" class="extiw" title="en:Gypcrust">Gypcrust</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E5%88%A9%E5%88%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡利切（页面不存在）">卡利切</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliche" class="extiw" title="en:Caliche">Caliche</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%8D%E6%9D%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="母材（页面不存在）">母材</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parent_material" class="extiw" title="en:Parent material">Parent material</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E5%9C%88" title="土壤圈">土壤圈</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%9C%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地球圈（页面不存在）">地球圈</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laimosphere" class="extiw" title="en:Laimosphere">Laimosphere</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E9%99%85" title="根际">根际</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%A3%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="散土（页面不存在）">散土</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_soil" class="extiw" title="en:Bulk soil">Bulk soil</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%90%E7%A2%B1%E5%9C%B0" title="盐碱地">盐碱地</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B9%BE%E6%B3%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="湾泥（页面不存在）">湾泥</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_mud" class="extiw" title="en:Bay mud">Bay mud</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%93%9D%E7%B2%98%E6%B6%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蓝粘液（页面不存在）">蓝粘液</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_goo" class="extiw" title="en:Blue goo">Blue goo</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A0%96%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="砖土（页面不存在）">砖土</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brickearth" class="extiw" title="en:Brickearth">Brickearth</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%95%E5%9C%9F" title="棕土">棕土</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%99%E8%B4%A8%E8%8D%89%E5%9C%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="钙质草地（页面不存在）">钙质草地</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcareous_grassland" class="extiw" title="en:Calcareous grassland">Calcareous grassland</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9A%97%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="暗土（页面不存在）">暗土</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_earth" class="extiw" title="en:Dark earth">Dark earth</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%B2%E6%B5%81%E6%B2%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="干流沙（页面不存在）">干流沙</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_quicksand" class="extiw" title="en:Dry quicksand">Dry quicksand</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8C%E7%9B%B8%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="双相土（页面不存在）">双相土</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplex_soil" class="extiw" title="en:Duplex soil">Duplex soil</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%98%E7%A9%8D%E5%B1%A4" title="殘積層">殘積層</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80%E7%B2%98%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="膨胀粘土（页面不存在）">膨胀粘土</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansive_clay" class="extiw" title="en:Expansive clay">Expansive clay</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%AB%E5%85%85%E6%B1%A1%E5%9E%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="填充污垢（页面不存在）">填充污垢</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fill_dirt" class="extiw" title="en:Fill dirt">Fill dirt</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%8C%E5%8B%92%E5%9C%9F" title="富勒土">富勒土</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%96%8F%E6%B0%B4%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="疏水土壤（页面不存在）">疏水土壤</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrophobic_soil" class="extiw" title="en:Hydrophobic soil">Hydrophobic soil</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E5%9C%9F" title="黃土">黃土</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%88%E7%90%83%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4" title="月球土壤">月球土壤</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E6%98%9F%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4" title="火星土壤">火星土壤</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A5" title="泥">泥</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9A%E8%8B%94%E6%B2%BC" title="厚苔沼">厚苔沼</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古土壤（页面不存在）">古土壤</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleosol" class="extiw" title="en:Paleosol">Paleosol</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E7%82%AD" title="泥炭">泥炭</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%98%E8%B4%A8%E5%86%9C%E7%94%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="优质农田（页面不存在）">优质农田</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_farmland" class="extiw" title="en:Prime farmland">Prime farmland</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%87%E7%BA%B9%E7%9F%B3%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蛇纹石土（页面不存在）">蛇纹石土</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentine_soil" class="extiw" title="en:Serpentine soil">Serpentine soil</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%B0%E5%8C%96%E5%9C%9F" title="灰化土">灰化土</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E8%AF%BA%E6%A0%BC%E5%88%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯塔诺格利（页面不存在）">斯塔诺格利</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagnogley" class="extiw" title="en:Stagnogley">Stagnogley</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E4%B8%8B%E5%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="水下土（页面不存在）">水下土</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaqueous_soil" class="extiw" title="en:Subaqueous soil">Subaqueous soil</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E9%A6%AC%E9%81%9C%E9%BB%91%E5%9C%9F" title="亞馬遜黑土">亞馬遜黑土</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A2%E5%9C%9F%EF%BC%88%E5%9C%9F%E7%A7%8D%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="红土（土种）（页面不存在）">红土（土种）</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_rossa_(soil)" class="extiw" title="en:Terra rossa (soil)">Terra rossa (soil)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD%E5%B8%A6%E6%B3%A5%E7%82%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="热带泥炭（页面不存在）">热带泥炭</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_peat" class="extiw" title="en:Tropical peat">Tropical peat</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%B6%E5%A4%9A%E7%8E%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="叶多玛（页面不存在）">叶多玛</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yedoma" class="extiw" title="en:Yedoma">Yedoma</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">應用</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7" title="土壤保護">土壤保護</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="土壤管理（页面不存在）">土壤管理</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_management" class="extiw" title="en:Soil management">Soil management</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil_guideline_value&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soil guideline value（页面不存在）">Soil guideline value</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_guideline_value" class="extiw" title="en:Soil guideline value">Soil guideline value</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F" title="土地測量">土地測量</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E5%B7%A5%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="土工試驗（页面不存在）">土工試驗</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_test" class="extiw" title="en:Soil test">Soil test</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E6%B2%BB%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="土壤治理（页面不存在）">土壤治理</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_governance" class="extiw" title="en:Soil governance">Soil governance</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil_value&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soil value（页面不存在）">Soil value</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_value" class="extiw" title="en:Soil value">Soil value</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E9%B9%BD%E5%88%86%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="土壤鹽分控制（页面不存在）">土壤鹽分控制</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_salinity_control" class="extiw" title="en:Soil salinity control">Soil salinity control</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%B5%E8%9D%95%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="侵蝕控制">侵蝕控制</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="土壤政策（页面不存在）">土壤政策</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_policy" class="extiw" title="en:Soil policy">Soil policy</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD" title="生態農業">生態農業</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liming_(soil)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liming (soil)（页面不存在）">Liming (soil)</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liming_(soil)" class="extiw" title="en:Liming (soil)">Liming (soil)</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相關領域</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E5%AD%A6" title="地质学">地质学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="地球化学">地球化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3%E5%AD%A6" title="岩石学">岩石學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B2%8C%E5%AD%A6" title="地貌学">地形學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%8A%9B%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="土力工程">土力工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="水文学">水文学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%96%87%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E5%AD%A6" title="水文地质学">水文地质学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="地理學">地理學</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">考古学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E5%AD%A6" title="农学">农学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">協會，倡議</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E6%9C%83" title="國際土壤科學聯合會">土壤科學國際聯盟</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國土壤學會（页面不存在）">美國土壤學會</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_Science_Society_of_America" class="extiw" title="en:Soil Science Society of America">Soil Science Society of America</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E5%B9%B4" title="國際土壤年">國際土壤年</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E5%A4%A7%E6%9C%83" title="世界土壤大會">世界土壤大會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%9C%9F%E4%BF%9D%E6%8C%81%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83" title="水土保持協會">水土保持協會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%B4%E5%9C%9F%E4%BF%9D%E6%8C%81%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A" title="中国水土保持学会">中国水土保持学会</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">參見</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8" title="土地利用">土地利用</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0%E6%B5%81%E8%BD%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="土地流轉（页面不存在）">土地流轉</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_conversion" class="extiw" title="en:Land conversion">Land conversion</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="土地管理">土地管理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E8%A2%AB" title="植被">植被</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B8%E6%BD%A4%EF%BC%88%E6%B0%B4%E6%96%87%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="浸潤（水文）（页面不存在）">浸潤（水文）</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infiltration_(hydrology)" class="extiw" title="en:Infiltration (hydrology)">Infiltration (hydrology)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%8B%E6%B0%B4" title="地下水">地下水</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%A3%B3" title="地壳">地壳</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8D%E9%80%8F%E6%B0%B4%E9%9D%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="不透水面（页面不存在）">不透水面</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impervious_surface" class="extiw" title="en:Impervious surface">Impervious surface</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%A1%A8%E9%80%95%E6%B5%81" title="地表逕流">地表逕流</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li> <img alt="分类" 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