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</label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh">资助维基百科</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"> 创建账号</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"> 登录</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu 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id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-定义" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#定义"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 定义 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-定义-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-歷史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 歷史 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-操作与步驟" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#操作与步驟"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 操作与步驟 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-操作与步驟-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关操作与步驟子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-操作与步驟-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-取得符合要求的DNA片段" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#取得符合要求的DNA片段"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 取得符合要求的DNA片段 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-取得符合要求的DNA片段-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-构建基因表达载体" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#构建基因表达载体"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 构建基因表达载体 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-构建基因表达载体-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-质粒载体" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#质粒载体"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 质粒载体 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-质粒载体-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-病毒载体" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#病毒载体"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 病毒载体 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-病毒载体-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-将目的基因导入受体细胞" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#将目的基因导入受体细胞"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 将目的基因导入受体细胞 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-将目的基因导入受体细胞-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-目的基因的检测与鉴定" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#目的基因的检测与鉴定"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 目的基因的检测与鉴定 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-目的基因的检测与鉴定-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-应用及成果" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#应用及成果"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 应用及成果 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-应用及成果-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关应用及成果子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-应用及成果-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-医学" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#医学"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 医学 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-医学-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-生产" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生产"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 生产 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-生产-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-研究" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#研究"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 研究 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-研究-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-基因治疗" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#基因治疗"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 基因治疗 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-基因治疗-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-体细胞基因治疗" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#体细胞基因治疗"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3.1 体细胞基因治疗 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-体细胞基因治疗-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-种系基因治疗" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#种系基因治疗"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3.2 种系基因治疗 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-种系基因治疗-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-科研" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#科研"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 科研 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-科研-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-功能缺失实验" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#功能缺失实验"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 功能缺失实验 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-功能缺失实验-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-基因导入实验" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#基因导入实验"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 基因导入实验 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-基因导入实验-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-基因靶向实验" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#基因靶向实验"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 基因靶向实验 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-基因靶向实验-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-表达实验" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#表达实验"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.4 表达实验 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-表达实验-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-工业" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#工业"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 工业 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-工业-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-实验室中的应用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#实验室中的应用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 实验室中的应用 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-实验室中的应用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-农业" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#农业"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 农业 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-农业-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-环境保护" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#环境保护"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 环境保护 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-环境保护-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-技术限制" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#技术限制"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 技术限制 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-技术限制-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-争议" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#争议"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 争议 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-争议-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-注释" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注释"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 注释 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注释-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 参考文献 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 参见 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 外部連結 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 开关目录 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">基因工程</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。87种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" > 87种语言 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetiese_manipulasie" title="Genetiese manipulasie – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Genetiese manipulasie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="هندسة وراثية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هندسة وراثية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inxenier%C3%ADa_xen%C3%A9tica" title="Inxeniería xenética – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Inxeniería xenética" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetik_m%C3%BCh%C9%99ndisliyi" title="Genetik mühəndisliyi – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Genetik mühəndisliyi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Генетик инженерия – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Генетик инженерия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Генетычная інжынерыя – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Генетычная інжынерыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Генно инженерство – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Генно инженерство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B2" title="বংশাণু প্রকৌশল – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বংশাণু প্রকৌশল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknologiezh_c%27henetek" title="Teknologiezh c'henetek – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Teknologiezh c'henetek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneti%C4%8Dko_in%C5%BEenjerstvo" title="Genetičko inženjerstvo – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Genetičko inženjerstvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enginyeria_gen%C3%A8tica" title="Enginyeria genètica – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Enginyeria genètica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="ئەندازەی بۆماوەیی – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەندازەی بۆماوەیی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetick%C3%A9_in%C5%BEen%C3%BDrstv%C3%AD" title="Genetické inženýrství – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Genetické inženýrství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genteknologi" title="Genteknologi – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Genteknologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentechnik" title="Gentechnik – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gentechnik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Γενετική μηχανική – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γενετική μηχανική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Genetic engineering" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentekniko" title="Gentekniko – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gentekniko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingenier%C3%ADa_gen%C3%A9tica" title="Ingeniería genética – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ingeniería genética" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geenitehnoloogia" title="Geenitehnoloogia – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Geenitehnoloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingeniaritza_genetiko" title="Ingeniaritza genetiko – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ingeniaritza genetiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%DB%8C_%DA%98%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="مهندسی ژنتیک – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مهندسی ژنتیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geenitekniikka" title="Geenitekniikka – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Geenitekniikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9nie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique" title="Génie génétique – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Génie génétique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetyske_technology" title="Genetyske technology – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Genetyske technology" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innealt%C3%B3ireacht_gh%C3%A9initeach" title="Innealtóireacht ghéiniteach – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Innealtóireacht ghéiniteach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="基因工程 – 赣语" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="基因工程" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="赣语" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9ni_j%C3%A9n%C3%A9tik" title="Jéni jénétik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Jéni jénétik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enxe%C3%B1ar%C3%ADa_xen%C3%A9tica" title="Enxeñaría xenética – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Enxeñaría xenética" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A1%D7%94_%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הנדסה גנטית – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הנדסה גנטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="अनुवंशिक अभियांत्रिकी – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अनुवंशिक अभियांत्रिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gensko_in%C5%BEenjerstvo" title="Gensko inženjerstvo – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gensko inženjerstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rekonbinezon_jenetik" title="Rekonbinezon jenetik – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Rekonbinezon jenetik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9nseb%C3%A9szet" title="Génsebészet – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Génsebészet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գենետիկական ճարտարագիտություն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գենետիկական ճարտարագիտություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rekayasa_genetik" title="Rekayasa genetik – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rekayasa genetik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingegneria_genetica" title="Ingegneria genetica – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ingegneria genetica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E4%BC%9D%E5%AD%90%E5%B7%A5%E5%AD%A6" title="遺伝子工学 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="遺伝子工学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinetik_injinierin" title="Jinetik injinierin – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Jinetik injinierin" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9F%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="გენური ინჟინერია – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გენური ინჟინერია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гендік инженерия – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гендік инженерия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D" title="ತಳೀಯ ಎಂಜಿನಿಯರಿಂಗ್ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತಳೀಯ ಎಂಜಿನಿಯರಿಂಗ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%A0%84%EA%B3%B5%ED%95%99" title="유전공학 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유전공학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endazyariya_b%C3%BBmay%C3%AEk" title="Endazyariya bûmayîk – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Endazyariya bûmayîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Генетика инженериясы – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Генетика инженериясы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologia_genetica" title="Technologia genetica – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Technologia genetica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geentechnik" title="Geentechnik – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Geentechnik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen%C5%B3_in%C5%BEinerija" title="Genų inžinerija – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Genų inžinerija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%93nu_in%C5%BEenierija" title="Gēnu inženierija – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gēnu inženierija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Генетско инженерство – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Генетско инженерство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D" title="ജനിതക എൻജിനീയറിങ്ങ് – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജനിതക എൻജിനീയറിങ്ങ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Генийн инженерчлэл – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Генийн инженерчлэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kejuruteraan_genetik" title="Kejuruteraan genetik – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kejuruteraan genetik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angenharie_gen%C3%A9tica" title="Angenharie genética – 米兰德斯语" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Angenharie genética" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米兰德斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetische_technologie" title="Genetische technologie – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Genetische technologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gensl%C3%B8yd" title="Gensløyd – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gensløyd" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gensl%C3%B8yd" title="Gensløyd – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gensløyd" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%87%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80" title="ਜਣਨ ਇੰਜੀਨੀਅਰੀ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਣਨ ਇੰਜੀਨੀਅਰੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%C5%BCynieria_genetyczna" title="Inżynieria genetyczna – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Inżynieria genetyczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="د جنتیک انجنیري – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د جنتیک انجنیري" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engenharia_gen%C3%A9tica" title="Engenharia genética – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Engenharia genética" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inginerie_genetic%C4%83" title="Inginerie genetică – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Inginerie genetică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Генетическая инженерия – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Генетическая инженерия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ncignir%C3%ACa_gin%C3%A8tica" title="Ncignirìa ginètica – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ncignirìa ginètica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%AA" title="تعجيل وراثت – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="تعجيل وراثت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneti%C4%8Dki_in%C5%BEenjering" title="Genetički inženjering – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Genetički inženjering" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ජාන ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාව – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජාන ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Genetic engineering" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetsko_in%C5%BEenirstvo" title="Genetsko inženirstvo – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Genetsko inženirstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inxhinieria_gjenetike" title="Inxhinieria gjenetike – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Inxhinieria gjenetike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Генетички инжењеринг – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Генетички инжењеринг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9kayasa_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9tik" title="Rékayasa génétik – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Rékayasa génétik" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genteknik" title="Genteknik – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Genteknik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="மரபணுப் பொறியியல் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மரபணுப் பொறியியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1" title="พันธุวิศวกรรม – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พันธุวิศวกรรม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetika_in%C5%BEenerligi" title="Genetika inženerligi – 土库曼语" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Genetika inženerligi" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土库曼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhenyeriyang_henetiko" title="Inhenyeriyang henetiko – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Inhenyeriyang henetiko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetik_m%C3%BChendisli%C4%9Fi" title="Genetik mühendisliği – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Genetik mühendisliği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Генетична інженерія – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Генетична інженерія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AB%DB%8C_%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="وراثی ہندسیات – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وراثی ہندسیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetik_injeneriya" title="Genetik injeneriya – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Genetik injeneriya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_ngh%E1%BB%87_gene" title="Công nghệ gene – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Công nghệ gene" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhenyerya_henetika" title="Inhenyerya henetika – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Inhenyerya henetika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="基因工程 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="基因工程" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="遺傳工程 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="遺傳工程" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="基因工程 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="基因工程" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmNgcikisho_wezifuzisi" title="UmNgcikisho wezifuzisi – 祖鲁语" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UmNgcikisho wezifuzisi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖鲁语" 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.sidebar-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="border:2px solid #90db90;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#90db90;font-size:175%;padding-top:0.2em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="遗传学">遗传学</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Hybridogenesis_in_water_frogs_gametes.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Hybridogenesis_in_water_frogs_gametes.gif/150px-Hybridogenesis_in_water_frogs_gametes.gif" decoding="async" width="150" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Hybridogenesis_in_water_frogs_gametes.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="111" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:#e7f4e7;padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;;background:none;font-size:40%;line-height:0.4em;">  </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#90db90;"> 重要概念</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:#e7f4e7;padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93" title="染色体">染色体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="脱氧核糖核酸">脱氧核糖核酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="核糖核酸">核糖核酸</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%B5%84" title="基因組">基因組</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3" title="遺傳">遺傳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8F%98" title="突变">突变</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7%E9%85%B8" title="核苷酸">核苷酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E8%AE%8A%E7%95%B0" title="遺傳變異">變異</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:#e7f4e7;padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;;border-top:1px solid #90db90;padding-top:0.3em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6%E6%A6%82%E8%A6%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="遗传学概要（页面不存在）">Outline</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_genetics" class="extiw" title="en:Outline of genetics">Outline of genetics</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="遗传学目录（页面不存在）">目录</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_genetics_articles" class="extiw" title="en:Index of genetics articles">Index of genetics articles</a>）</li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#90db90;"> 历史及分支</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:#e7f4e7;padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;;padding-bottom:0.2em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" title="遗传学入门">遗传学入门</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="遺傳學歷史（页面不存在）">歷史</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_genetics" class="extiw" title="en:History of genetics">History of genetics</a>）</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="演化">演化</a> (<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="分子演化">分子演化</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A4%E4%BD%93%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="群体遗传学">群体遗传学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="孟德尔定律">孟德尔定律</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%88%E9%87%8F%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="計量遺傳學（页面不存在）">計量遺傳學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_genetics" class="extiw" title="en:Quantitative genetics">Quantitative genetics</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="分子遺傳學">分子遺傳學</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#90db90;"> 研究</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:#e7f4e7;padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;;border-top:1px solid #90db90;padding-top:0.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DNA%E6%B8%AC%E5%BA%8F" title="DNA測序">DNA測序</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">基因工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%B5%84%E5%AD%B8" title="基因組學">基因組學</a> (<img alt="模板" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Symbol_template_class.svg/12px-Symbol_template_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Symbol_template_class.svg/18px-Symbol_template_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Symbol_template_class.svg/24px-Symbol_template_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%BB%84%E5%AD%A6" title="Template:组学">模板</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="醫學遺傳學">醫學遺傳學</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:#e7f4e7;padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;;border-top:1px solid #90db90;padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF" title="遺傳學分支">遺傳學分支</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#90db90;"> 個人化醫療</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:#e7f4e7;padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%80%8B%E9%AB%94%E5%8C%96%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="個體化醫學">精準醫學</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #90db90;border-bottom:1px solid #90db90;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:遗传学">Portal:遗传学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:生物学">Portal:生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E4%B8%8E%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:分子与细胞生物学">Portal:分子与细胞生物学</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Genetics_sidebar" title="Template:Genetics sidebar"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Genetics_sidebar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Genetics sidebar（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Genetics_sidebar" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Genetics sidebar"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> 基因工程（英語：Gene engineering）又称遺傳工程（英語：Genetic engineering）<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[註 1]</a>、基因操作、基因修饰、重组核酸技术，是一種使用<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="生物技术">生物技术</a>直接操纵<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="有机体">有机体</a>基因组、用于改变细胞<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="遗传物质">遗传物质</a>的工程。此工程技术可以通过使用<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E5%85%8B%E9%9A%86" title="分子克隆">分子克隆</a>技术分离和复制需要的遗传物质以产生<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%97" title="核酸序列">核酸序列</a>，也可以藉由生物工程学方法设计并合成核酸序列，然后以此“外源DNA或RNA”将新的遗传物质插入<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%BF%E4%B8%BB" title="宿主">宿主</a>基因组中，使同一物种或跨物种的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" title="基因">基因</a>转移，以产生改良的或新的生物体。 基因工程步骤中，可另外使用<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8%E9%85%B6" title="核酸酶">核酸酶</a>除去或“敲除”基因；也可进行扩增而制备大量纯化的DNA或RNA片段；更可将靶核酸分子或重组核酸分子插入基因工程<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%90%E8%BD%BD%E4%BD%93" title="运载体">载体</a>，接着再导入<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%BF%E4%B8%BB" title="宿主">宿主</a>甚或插入宿主核酸中。<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E9%9D%B6%E5%90%91" title="基因靶向">基因靶向</a>则是使用同源重组来改变内源基因的不同技术，并且可以用于缺失基因，去除<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E6%98%BE%E5%AD%90" title="外显子">外显子</a>，添加基因或引入<a href="/wiki/%E7%82%B9%E7%AA%81%E5%8F%98" class="mw-redirect" title="点突变">点突变</a>。 通过基因工程产生的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="生物体">生物体</a>被认为是“<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E4%BF%AE%E9%A5%B0%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E4%BD%93" title="遗传修饰生物体">遗传修饰生物体</a>”（GMO）又称“转基因生物”。第一种遗传修饰生物是1973年产生的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C" title="细菌">细菌</a>和1974年的遗传修饰<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E9%BC%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="小鼠">小鼠</a>。利用细菌产生<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B0%E5%B2%9B%E7%B4%A0" title="胰岛素">胰岛素</a>在1982年商业化，遗传修饰食品自1994年以来一直销售。作为宠物设计的第一种遗传修饰生物GloFish于2003年12月首先在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a>销售。<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a> 基因工程技术建立在<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="分子生物学">分子生物学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="分子遗传学">分子遗传学</a>、基因分子<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="生化學">生化学</a>的知识进展上，其已应用于许多领域，包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="研究">研究</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A" title="农业">农业</a>、工业生物技术和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="医学">医学</a>。用于洗衣洗涤剂和药物如胰岛素和人生长激素的<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B6" title="酶">酶</a>现在在遗传修饰（GM）细胞中制造，实验性遗传修饰细胞系和遗传修饰动物例如小鼠或<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%91%E9%A9%AC%E9%B1%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="斑马鱼">斑马鱼</a>正用于研究目的，并且遗传修饰作物已经商业化。 <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="定义">定义</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：定义">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r64637320">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:.25em .5em;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox p{font-style:inherit;margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{background-color:#F9F9F9;text-align:center;font-size:larger;font-weight:bold;margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0.5em 0 0.8em 1.4em; padding: 6px; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 88%; background-color: #F9F9F9;"><div class="" style="background-color: inherit;color: inherit; text-align: center; font-size: larger; font-weight: bold;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E7%B4%94%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%92%8C%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E6%9C%83" title="國際純化學和應用化學聯合會">國際純化學和應用化學聯合會</a> 定义</div><div class="" style="position: relative; text-align: left;">将新的遗传信息插入现有细胞以便修改特定生物体以改变其特征的过程。<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a></div></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Breeding_transgenesis_cisgenesis.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Breeding_transgenesis_cisgenesis.svg/300px-Breeding_transgenesis_cisgenesis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Breeding_transgenesis_cisgenesis.svg/450px-Breeding_transgenesis_cisgenesis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Breeding_transgenesis_cisgenesis.svg/600px-Breeding_transgenesis_cisgenesis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1077" data-file-height="921" /></a><figcaption>常规植物育种与转基因和顺式基因修饰的比较</figcaption></figure> 基因工程是改变生物的遗传组成使用的技术，包括了删除可遗传材料，和将生物体外直接制备的DNA导入<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%BF%E4%B8%BB" title="宿主">宿主</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" title="细胞">细胞</a>，然后与宿主融合或<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%82%E4%BA%A4" title="杂交">杂交</a>。<a href="#cite_note-EU17-6">[5]</a> 这涉及使用重组核酸（DNA或RNA）技术来形成可遗传材料的新组合，然后通过<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%90%E8%BD%BD%E4%BD%93" title="运载体">载体</a>系统（基因工程载体）间接地或通过显微注射、大量注射和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E5%9B%8A%E5%8C%96%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="微囊化技术">微囊化技术</a>直接地掺入该材料。 “基因工程”並不包括传统的动物和植物育种、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%93%E5%A4%96%E5%8F%97%E7%B2%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="体外受精">体外受精</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94%E5%80%8D%E6%80%A7" title="染色體倍性">多倍体</a>育种、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E8%AF%B1%E5%8F%98" title="人工诱变">人工诱变</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E8%9E%8D%E5%90%88" title="細胞融合">细胞融合</a>技术，因为在该过程中不使用经过重组核酸或遗传修饰的生物体。<a href="#cite_note-EU17-6">[5]</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="欧洲联盟">欧盟</a>则将“遗传工程”广泛定义为包括<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9%E8%82%B2%E7%A7%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="选择育种">选择育种</a>和其他人工选择手段；严格说来，遗传工程（genetic engineering）的范围较基因工程（gene engineering）广泛。<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%9A%86" title="克隆">克隆</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B2%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="干细胞">干细胞</a>技术，虽然不被认为是基因工程，<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a>但也是与基因工程密切相关的，可以在其中使用基因工程。<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="合成生物学">合成生物学</a>是一个新兴的学科，它使基因工程进一步将人工合成的材料从原材料引入生物体。 如果将来自另一物种的遗传物质添加到某生物体中，则所得生物称为遗传修饰生物。如果使用来自相同物种的遗传物质或可以与宿主自然<a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96" title="繁殖">繁殖</a>的物种，则称为<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%BA%90%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" title="同源基因">同源基因</a>改造<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a>遗传工程也可以用于从目标生物体去除遗传物质，创建一个基因敲除生物体<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a>在欧洲，遗传修饰是遗传工程的同义词，而在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a>，“基因修饰”一词也可以指常规的育种方法。<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7" title="加拿大">加拿大</a>的监管制度是基于产品是否具有新颖的特征，而不管来源的方法。换句话说，如果产品携带一些先前在物种中未发现的<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E7%8B%80" title="性狀">性状</a>，则其被调节为遗传修饰，无论其是使用传统育种方法（例如选择育种，细胞融合，突变育种）还是遗传工程产生的。<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a>在科学界，“基因工程”这个术语并不常用。取而代之的是更为具体的术语，例如“遗传修饰”或“转基因”。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史">歷史</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：歷史">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="基因工程历史">基因工程历史</a></div> 数千年来，人类通过选择性育种或人工选择。<a href="#cite_note-Root-17">[16]</a>:1<a href="#cite_note-Zohary-18">[17]</a>近年来，逐渐通过诱变改变了物种的基因组。而遗传工程作为直接操纵DNA、由人外部育种和突变是自20世纪70年代产生的。 “遗传工程”这个术语最早由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%B0%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E5%A7%86%E6%A3%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="杰克·威廉姆森（页面不存在）">杰克·威廉姆森</a>在1951年——也就是DNA在在遗传中的作用得到了<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E5%B8%8C" title="阿弗雷德·赫希">阿弗雷德·赫希</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E8%8E%8E%C2%B7%E8%94%A1%E6%96%AF" title="瑪莎·蔡斯">玛莎·蔡斯</a>的证实的前一年——出版的科幻小说“龙之岛<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a>中创作。1953年，<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E6%A3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="詹姆斯·沃森">詹姆斯·沃森</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B" title="弗朗西斯·克里克">弗朗西斯·克里克</a>发现DNA分子具有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E8%9E%BA%E6%97%8B%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" class="mw-redirect" title="双螺旋结构">双螺旋结构</a>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%B9%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E6%B8%A9%E9%B2%8D%E5%A7%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯丹利·温鲍姆（页面不存在）">斯丹利·温鲍姆</a>的1936年的科幻故事普罗透斯岛（Proteus Island）中探索了直接遗传操作的一般概念。 1972年，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BE%85%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC" title="保羅·伯格">保罗·伯格</a>通过将来自猴病毒SV40的DNA与<a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%9B%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Λ病毒（页面不存在）">λ病毒</a>的DNA结合而产生了第一个重组DNA分子。<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a>在1973年，<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%8D%9A%E8%80%B6" title="赫伯特·博耶">赫伯特·博耶</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E6%81%A9" title="斯坦利·科恩">斯坦利·科恩</a>通过将<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0" title="抗生素">抗生素</a>抗性基因插入到<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%82%A0%E6%9D%86%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="大肠杆菌">大肠杆菌</a>细菌的质粒中而产生了第一个遗传修饰生物。<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a>一年后，<a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E8%80%B6%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%BD" title="鲁道夫·耶尼施">鲁道夫·耶尼施</a>通过将外来DNA引入其胚胎中创建了一种遗传修饰小鼠，使其成为世界上第一个遗传修饰动物<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a>这些成就导致了科学界对基因工程的潜在风险的关注，这些问题首先在1975年的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%9B%E9%A9%AC%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" title="阿西洛马会议">阿西洛马会议</a>上进行了深入讨论。这次会议的主要建议之一是，在技术的安全性得到确认之前政府应加强对重组DNA研究的监督。<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> 1976年，<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%8D%9A%E8%80%B6" title="赫伯特·博耶">赫伯特·博耶</a>和羅伯特·史旺森创立了遗传工程公司<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%B3%B0%E5%85%8B" title="基因泰克">基因泰克</a>（Genentech），该公司在大肠杆菌中生产了人类蛋白<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E9%95%BF%E6%8A%91%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="生长抑素">生长抑素</a>。基因泰克在1978年宣布生产遗传修饰生产的人<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B0%E5%B2%9B%E7%B4%A0" title="胰岛素">胰岛素</a>。<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a>1980年，美国最高法院在Diamond诉Chakrabarty案中裁定，遗传改变的生命可以获得专利。<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a>此種藉由细菌生產的胰岛素以「<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E6%B3%8C%E6%9E%97" class="mw-redirect" title="優泌林">優泌林</a>」作為品牌名稱，在1982年經<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E7%9B%A3%E7%9D%A3%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%B1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="美國食品藥物監督管理局">美国食品药物监督管理局</a>批准销售。<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pseudomonas_syringae_cultures.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Pseudomonas_syringae_cultures.jpg/200px-Pseudomonas_syringae_cultures.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Pseudomonas_syringae_cultures.jpg/300px-Pseudomonas_syringae_cultures.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Pseudomonas_syringae_cultures.jpg/400px-Pseudomonas_syringae_cultures.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3071" data-file-height="1898" /></a><figcaption>丁香假单胞菌</figcaption></figure> 在20世纪70年代，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%E5%BA%B7%E8%BE%9B%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E9%BA%A6%E8%BF%AA%E9%80%8A%E5%88%86%E6%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="威斯康辛大学麦迪逊分校">威斯康辛大学麦迪逊分校</a>的研究生史蒂文·林多（Steven Lindow）与D.C.阿尔尼（D.C.Arny）和C.韦瑟（C.Weather）发现了一种细菌，它被认为是在冰成核过程中发挥作用的丁香假单胞菌，并在1977年发现了一种<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8F%98" title="突变">突变</a>的减冰细菌。林多博士（现在是加州大学伯克利分校的植物病理学家）后来成功创建了一个重组减冰细菌。<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a>1983年，一家生物技术公司先进遗传科学公司（Advanced Genetic Sciences，AGS）申请美国政府授权，使用丁香假单胞菌的减冰菌菌株进行田间试验，以保护作物免受<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%9C%E5%86%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="霜冻">霜冻</a>，但<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="环境组织">环境组织</a>和抗议者通过法律挑战推迟了此项田间试验四年。<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> 1987年，随着加利福尼亚的草莓田和马铃薯田的喷雾，丁香假单胞菌的减冰菌菌株成为第一个被释放到环境中的遗传修饰生物<a href="#cite_note-BBC2002-31">[30]</a>这两块测试田在测试开始前一天晚上都遭到活动家团体攻击：“世界上第一的试验田吸引了世界第一的捣蛋鬼”。<a href="#cite_note-BBC2002-31">[30]</a> 1986年在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="法国">法国</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a>进行了遗传修饰植物的第一次田间试验，实验植物为一种抗除草剂的遗传修饰<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%9F%E8%8D%89" title="烟草">烟草</a>。<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a>是第一个将遗传修饰植物商业化的国家，1992年引入了抗病毒的烟草。<a href="#cite_note-James1997-33">[32]</a> 在1994年，佳基因公司（Calgene）获批将Flavr Savr<a href="/wiki/%E7%95%AA%E8%8C%84" title="番茄">番茄</a>（一种具有较长的保质期的遗传修饰番茄）投入市场，<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a>同年<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="欧盟">欧盟</a>批准遗传修饰抗除草剂<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BA%B4%E8%8B%AF%E8%85%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="溴苯腈（页面不存在）">溴苯腈</a>烟草，使其成为在欧洲商业化的第一个遗传修饰作物。<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a>1995年，<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%93%83%E8%96%AF" title="马铃薯">马铃薯</a>作物Bt Potato在经<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E8%8D%AF%E5%93%81%E7%9B%91%E7%9D%A3%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%B1%80" title="美国食品药品监督管理局">美国食品药品监督管理局</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E5%B1%80" title="美国环境保护局">美国环境保护局</a>批准安全使用，成为美国第一个批准的抗虫遗传修饰作物。<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> 2009年，11个遗传修饰作物在25个国家商业化生产，主要为美国、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF" title="巴西">巴西</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%A0%B9%E5%BB%B7" title="阿根廷">阿根廷</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7" title="加拿大">加拿大</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%AD" title="巴拉圭">巴拉圭</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E" title="南非">南非</a>。<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> 2010年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E8%90%8A%E6%A0%BC%C2%B7%E5%87%A1%E7%89%B9" title="克萊格·凡特">克莱格·凡特</a>研究所的科学家创建了第一个合成基因组并将其插入空的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C" title="细菌">细菌</a>细胞。得到的细菌，名为“<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%AE%A4%E9%BB%B4%E6%BC%BF%E8%8F%8C" title="實驗室黴漿菌">辛西亚</a>”（Synthia），可以复制和产生<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="蛋白质">蛋白质</a>。<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a>在2014年，开发了一种<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C" title="细菌">细菌</a>，其复制含有独特<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B1%E5%9F%BA%E5%AF%B9" title="碱基对">碱基对</a>（非<a href="/wiki/A" title="A">腺嘌呤</a>、<a href="/wiki/C" title="C">胞嘧啶</a>、<a href="/wiki/T" title="T">胸腺嘧啶</a>、<a href="/wiki/G" title="G">鸟嘌呤</a>）的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A8%E7%B2%92" title="质粒">质粒</a>，是首个使用扩展遗传字母表的生物体。<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="操作与步驟">操作与步驟</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：操作与步驟">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Btcornafrica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Btcornafrica.jpg/220px-Btcornafrica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Btcornafrica.jpg/330px-Btcornafrica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Btcornafrica.jpg/440px-Btcornafrica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%AF%E9%9B%85" class="mw-redirect" title="肯雅">肯雅</a>人在檢查經過具有抗蟲害基因轉移的玉米</figcaption></figure> 如果將一種<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物">生物</a>的<a href="/wiki/DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA</a>中的某個<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AF%86%E7%A2%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="遺傳密碼">遺傳密碼</a>片段連接到另外一種生物的DNA鏈上去，將DNA重新組織一下，就可以按照<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E" title="人類">人類</a>的願望，設計出新的遺傳物質並創造出新的生物類型，這基因工程一般包括以下四個步驟： <ol><li>取得符合要求的DNA片段；</li> <li>构建基因的表达载体；</li> <li>將目的基因导入受体细胞；</li> <li>目的基因的检测与鉴定。</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="取得符合要求的DNA片段">取得符合要求的DNA片段</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：取得符合要求的DNA片段">编辑</a>]</div> 第一步是选择并分离将被插入到遗传修饰的生物体中的基因。要把目的基因从供体DNA长链准确地剪切下来，可不是一件容易的事。1968年，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E7%BA%B3%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="沃纳·阿尔伯">沃纳·阿尔伯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%86%85%E6%A3%AE%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="丹尼尔·内森斯">丹尼尔·内森斯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%BD%8C%E7%88%BE%E9%A0%93%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%AF%86%E6%96%AF" title="漢彌爾頓·史密斯">漢彌爾頓·史密斯</a>第一次从<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%82%A0%E6%9D%86%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="大肠杆菌">大肠杆菌</a>中提取出了<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%90%E5%88%B6%E9%85%B6" title="限制酶">限制性核酸内切酶</a>，它能够在DNA上寻找特定的“切点”，认准后将DNA分子的双链交错地切断。<a href="#cite_note-pmid4897066-42">[41]</a>人们把这种限制性内切酶称为“分子剪刀”。这种“分子剪刀”可以完整地切下个别基因。自1970年代以来，人们已经分离提取了400多种“分子剪刀”。<a href="#cite_note-:0-43">[42]</a>有了形形色色的“分子剪刀”，人们就可以随心所欲地进行DNA分子长链的切割了。可以使用限制酶分离基因以将DNA切割成片段并进行凝胶电泳，以根据长度将它们分离出来。<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a>聚合酶链反应（PCR）也可以用于扩增基因区段，然后可以通过凝胶电泳分离。<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> 如果所选择的基因或供体生物体的基因组已经被充分研究，它可以存在于基因库中。如果DNA序列已知，但没有该基因的拷贝可用，则可以人工合成。<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> 要插入遗传修饰的生物体中的基因必须与其它遗传元件组合以使其正常工作。还可以在该阶段修饰基因以更好地表达或有效性。除了要插入的基因之外，大多数构建体含有启动子和终止子区以及选择标记基因。启动子区启动基因的转录，并且可以用于控制基因表达的位置和水平，而终止子区终止转录。<a href="#cite_note-#1-47">[46]</a> 在大多数情况下赋予其在其中表达的生物体抗生素抗性的选择性标记，需要确定哪些细胞用新基因转化。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="构建基因表达载体">构建基因表达载体</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：构建基因表达载体">编辑</a>]</div> DNA的分子链被切开后，还得缝合起来以完成基因的拼接。1967年，科学家们在5个实验室里几乎同时发现并提取出一种<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B6" title="酶">酶</a>，这种酶可以将两个DNA片段连接起来，修复好DNA链的断裂口。<a href="#cite_note-WeissRichardson1967-48">[47]</a>1974年以后科学界正式肯定了这一发现，并把这种酶叫作<a href="/wiki/DNA%E9%80%A3%E6%8E%A5%E9%85%B6" title="DNA連接酶">DNA连接酶</a>。<a href="#cite_note-:0-43">[42]</a>从此，DNA连接酶就成了名符其实的“缝合”基因的“分子针线”。只要在用同一种“分子剪刀”剪切的两种DNA碎片中加上“分子针线”，就会把两种DNA片段重新连接起来。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="质粒载体">质粒载体</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：质粒载体">编辑</a>]</div> DNA的操作通常发生在<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A8%E7%B2%92" title="质粒">质粒</a>内。使用<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E7%BB%84DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="重组DNA">重组DNA</a>技术，例如限制性消化，连接和分子克隆制备构建体。<a href="#cite_note-#1-47">[46]</a> 其中一种常见的技术是将新的遗传物质插入宿主基因组中的特定位置，或在所需的能够敲除的基因组位点产生<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8F%98" title="突变">突变</a>内源基因。基因靶向技术使用同源重组来靶向特定内源基因的期望变化。这在植物和动物中发生的频率相对较低，并且通常需要使用选择标记基因。使用工程化<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8%E9%85%B6" title="核酸酶">核酸酶</a>如<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8C%E6%8C%87%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8%E9%85%B6" title="锌指核酸酶">锌指核酸酶</a>，<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a>工程改造的归巢核酸内切酶（或“兆碱基”）<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a>或由TAL效应物产生的核酸酶，<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a>可以增强基因靶向的频率。除了增强基因靶向，工程化核酸酶也可以用于在产生基因敲除的内源基因中引入突变。<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="病毒载体">病毒载体</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：病毒载体">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E8%BC%89%E9%AB%94" title="病毒載體">病毒載體</a></div> 病毒载体是一种常用的工具，可将<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="遺傳物質">遗传物质</a>带入<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="細胞">细胞</a>。可发生于完整活体或是<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E5%9F%B9%E9%A4%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="細胞培養">细胞培养</a>中。原理是利用病毒具有传送其<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%B5%84" title="基因組">基因组</a>进入其他细胞，进行感染的分子机制。<a href="#cite_note-:1-57">[56]</a> 慢病毒载体是病毒载体中的一种在<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%A2%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E5%B1%AC" title="慢病毒屬">慢病毒</a>基础上发展起来的基因工程载体。慢病毒基因组不需要靶细胞分裂即可整合到细胞核中。来源于慢病毒的载体也体现了能够稳定地转导分裂和非分裂细胞（包括干细胞）这一优势。<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a>慢病毒载体目前已发展成为一个强大的基因转移工具，广泛应用于生物学研究和基因治疗。慢病毒载体构建时，病毒的顺式作用元件（非编码所需的转录、反转录和包装元素）必须与反式作用元件（酶、结构和辅助蛋白编码）序列分离，以防止形成具有复制能力的慢病毒颗粒（RCL）。<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="将目的基因导入受体细胞">将目的基因导入受体细胞</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：将目的基因导入受体细胞">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E5%8C%96_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" class="mw-redirect" title="转化 (生物)">转化 (生物)</a></div> 只有约1％的细菌天然能够摄取外源DNA。然而，这种能力可以通过外部刺激（例如热或电击）诱导其他细菌产生，增加其<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E8%86%9C" title="细胞膜">细胞膜</a>对DNA的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E9%80%8F%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="通透性（页面不存在）">通透性</a>；已吸收的DNA可以与基因组整合或作为染色体外DNA（如<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A8%E7%B2%92" title="质粒">质粒</a>）存在。 DNA通常使用<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%BE%E5%BE%AE%E6%B3%A8%E5%B0%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="显微注射（页面不存在）">显微注射</a>插入动物细胞，其中它可以通过细胞的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%86%9C" title="核膜">核膜</a>直接注射到细胞核中或通过使用病毒载体。<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a>在植物中，通常使用<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E6%A1%BF%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="農桿菌">农杆菌</a>介导的<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E7%BB%84DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="重组DNA">重组</a>或<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="基因枪（页面不存在）">基因枪</a>技术（biolistics）插入DNA。<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> 在农杆菌介导的重组中，质粒构建体含有T-DNA，其负责将DNA插入宿主植物基因组中。在感染植物细胞之前，将该质粒转化到不含质粒的农杆菌中。然后农杆菌将天然地将遗传物质插入植物细胞中。<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a>在生物动力学中，<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91" title="金">金</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A8" title="钨">钨</a>的颗粒用DNA包被，然后注射到<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%88%E4%BC%A4%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" class="mw-redirect" title="愈伤组织">愈伤组织</a>细胞或植物胚胎中。一些遗传物质将进入细胞并转化它们。该方法可以用于不易受农杆菌感染的植物上，并且还允许植物<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="色素体">质体</a>的转化。用于植物和动物细胞的另一种转化方法是电穿孔。电穿孔包括使植物或动物细胞遭受电击，其可使细胞膜对质粒DNA可透过，在一些情况下，电穿孔细胞可将DNA掺入其基因组中。由于其对细胞和DNA的损害，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="基因枪（页面不存在）">基因枪</a>和电穿孔的转化效率低于农杆菌介导的转化和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%BE%E5%BE%AE%E6%B3%A8%E5%B0%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="显微注射（页面不存在）">显微注射</a>。<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> 由于用于转化的细胞通常只有一个，因此必须将该单个细胞培育成生物体。细菌由单个细胞组成并且不需要<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%9A%86" title="克隆">克隆</a>再生。在植物中，这通过使用<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E5%9F%B9%E9%A4%8A" title="組織培養">组织培养</a>来实现。每种植物对通过组织培养成功再生具有不同的要求。如果成功，则产生在每个细胞中含有遗传修饰的成年植物。在动物中，有必要确保插入的DNA存在于<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%9A%E8%83%8E%E5%B9%B2%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="胚胎干细胞">胚胎干细胞</a>中。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="目的基因的检测与鉴定">目的基因的检测与鉴定</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：目的基因的检测与鉴定">编辑</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gel_Doc_with_PC.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Gel_Doc_with_PC.JPG/240px-Gel_Doc_with_PC.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Gel_Doc_with_PC.JPG/360px-Gel_Doc_with_PC.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Gel_Doc_with_PC.JPG/480px-Gel_Doc_with_PC.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>排序基因的專用電腦</figcaption></figure> 选择标记用于区分转化的和未转化的细胞。这些标记通常存在于遗传修饰生物体中，尽管已经开发了可以从成熟遗传修饰植物中除去选择性标记的多种策略。<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> 当产生后代时，可以筛选基因的存在。来自第一代的所有后代对于插入的基因将是杂合的，并且必须交配在一起以产生纯合动物。 进一步的测试使用<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E5%90%88%E9%85%B6%E9%93%BE%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94" class="mw-redirect" title="聚合酶链反应">PCR</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%96%B9%E5%A2%A8%E9%BB%9E%E6%B3%95" title="南方墨點法">南方墨点法</a>（Southern印迹），并且进行DNA测序以确认生物体含有新基因。即将遗传修饰生物的基因组DNA提取出来，在含有目的基因的DNA片段上用放射性同位素等做标记，以此作为探针，使探针与基因组DNA杂交，如果显示出杂交带，就表明目的基因已插入染色体DNA中。该方法因发现者而命名为南方墨点法。这些测试还可以确认插入基因的染色体位置和拷贝数。基因的存在并不保证其在靶组织中以适当的水平表达，因此也使用寻找和测量基因产物（RNA和蛋白质）的方法。这些包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%96%B9%E5%A2%A8%E9%BB%9E%E6%B3%95" title="北方墨點法">北方墨点法</a>（Northern印迹），定量<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B3%E6%99%82%E8%81%9A%E5%90%88%E9%85%B6%E9%8F%88%E5%BC%8F%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" title="即時聚合酶鏈式反應">即時聚合酶鏈鎖反應</a>（RT-PCR），<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%A2%A8%E7%82%B9%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="西方墨点法">西方墨点法</a>，免疫荧光，<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B6%E8%81%94%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E5%90%B8%E9%99%84%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="酶联免疫吸附试验">酵素免疫分析法</a>（ELISA）和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E5%9E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="表型">表型</a>分析。为了稳定转化，该基因应以<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="孟德尔">孟德尔</a>遗传模式传递给后代，因此也应研究该生物的子代。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="应用及成果">应用及成果</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：应用及成果">编辑</a>]</div> 基因工程在医学、研究、工业和农业中的都有所应用，并且可以广泛应用于植物、动物和微生物。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="医学">医学</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：医学">编辑</a>]</div> 在医学中，基因工程已经用于制造药物，创建模型动物，进行实验室研究和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%B2%BB%E7%96%97" class="mw-redirect" title="基因治疗">基因治疗</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="生产">生产</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：生产">编辑</a>]</div> 遗传工程用于大规模生产<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B0%E5%B2%9B%E7%B4%A0" title="胰岛素">胰岛素</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E9%95%BF%E6%BF%80%E7%B4%A0" title="生长激素">生长激素</a>、follistim（用于治疗不育）、人<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="白蛋白">白蛋白</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E5%85%8B%E9%9A%86%E6%8A%97%E4%BD%93" title="单克隆抗体">单克隆抗体</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%9D%E8%A1%80%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="凝血因子">凝血因子</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="疫苗">疫苗</a>和许多其他药物。<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a>小鼠杂交瘤，融合在一起以产生单克隆抗体的细胞已经通过基因工程人源化以产生人单克隆抗体。正在开发遗传工程改造的<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="病毒">病毒</a>，其仍然可以赋予免疫性，但缺乏感染序列。<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="研究">研究</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：研究">编辑</a>]</div> 基因工程用于创建人类疾病的动物模型。遗传修饰<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E9%BC%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="小鼠">小鼠</a>是最常见的基因工程动物模型。<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a>它们已用於<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87" title="癌症">癌症</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%A5%E8%83%96" class="mw-redirect" title="肥胖">肥胖</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E8%84%8F%E7%97%85" title="心脏病">心脏病</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E5%B0%BF%E7%97%85" title="糖尿病">糖尿病</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B3%E8%8A%82%E7%82%8E" title="关节炎">关节炎</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%AF%E7%89%A9%E6%88%90%E7%98%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="药物成瘾">药物成瘾</a>、焦虑、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E8%80%81" class="mw-redirect" title="衰老">衰老</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E7%97%85" class="mw-redirect" title="帕金森病">帕金森病</a>的研究和模拟。<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a>可以针对这些小鼠模型测试潜在的疗法。在增加器官移植成功率方面，培育了遗传修饰猪。<a href="#cite_note-Medical_News_Today-70">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="基因治疗">基因治疗</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：基因治疗">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%B2%BB%E7%96%97" class="mw-redirect" title="基因治疗">基因治疗</a></div> 基因治疗是人类的遗传工程，通常通过用有效基因替代有缺陷的基因。这可以发生在体细胞组织或<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%8D%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="种系组织（页面不存在）">种系组织</a>中。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="体细胞基因治疗">体细胞基因治疗</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：体细胞基因治疗">编辑</a>]</div> 体细胞基因治疗已针对多种疾病进行了<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="臨床研究">临床研究</a>，包括<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%B4%E6%80%A7%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0" title="伴性遗传">X连锁</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%9A%B4%E9%87%8D%E8%A4%87%E5%90%88%E5%9E%8B%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E7%BC%BA%E4%B9%8F%E7%97%87" title="嚴重複合型免疫缺乏症">严重复合型免疫缺乏症</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a>，慢性淋巴细胞性<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%A1%80%E7%97%85" title="白血病">白血病</a>（CLL）<a href="#cite_note-Porter-72">[71]</a>，和帕金森病<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a>  2012年，Glybera成为第一个得到欧洲或美国批准，可在欧洲委员会批准后獲准用于临床使用的基因治疗药物。<a href="#cite_note-Gallagher-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Richards2012-75">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="种系基因治疗">种系基因治疗</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：种系基因治疗">编辑</a>]</div> 关于<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="種系">种系</a>基因治疗，科学界一直反对使用生物技术以可遗传的方式改变人类基因的尝试，因为该技术才刚刚起步。<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a>随着技术的发展、<a href="/wiki/CRISPR" title="CRISPR">CRISPR</a>等新技术的出现，<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a>2015年3月，科学家们敦促世界范围内禁止临床使用<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="基因编辑技术">基因编辑技术</a>以可遗传的方式编辑人类基因组。<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20150319-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20150303-AP-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-SCI-20150319-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20150312-81">[80]</a>2015年4月，中国研究人员报告了基础研究实验的结果引发了争议，在这些实验中，他们使用CRISPR编辑了不可发育的人类<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%9A%E8%83%8E" title="胚胎">胚胎</a>的DNA <a href="#cite_note-NYT-20150423-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-PC-20150418-83">[82]</a> 2015年12月，世界主要科学院的科学家们呼吁暂停进行可遗传的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%B5%84" title="人類基因組">人类基因组</a>编辑，包括与CRISPR-Cas9技术相关的那些。<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20151203-nw-84">[83]</a> 如果技术不仅用于治疗，而且用于增强、修改或改变人的外表、适应性、<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%8A%9B" title="智力">智力</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E6%A0%BC" title="性格">性格</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="行为">行为</a>，也存在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="伦理">伦理</a>问题。<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a>固化和强化之间的区别也很难界定。<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E4%BA%BA%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E8%80%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超人主义者（页面不存在）">超人主义者</a>认为人类的增强是可取的。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="科研">科研</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：科研">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PCWmice1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/PCWmice1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="97" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="97" /></a><figcaption>基因缺失小鼠</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Expression_of_Human_Wild-Type_and_P239S_Mutant_Palladin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Expression_of_Human_Wild-Type_and_P239S_Mutant_Palladin.png/220px-Expression_of_Human_Wild-Type_and_P239S_Mutant_Palladin.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Expression_of_Human_Wild-Type_and_P239S_Mutant_Palladin.png/330px-Expression_of_Human_Wild-Type_and_P239S_Mutant_Palladin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Expression_of_Human_Wild-Type_and_P239S_Mutant_Palladin.png/440px-Expression_of_Human_Wild-Type_and_P239S_Mutant_Palladin.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>与绿色荧光蛋白融合的人类细胞</figcaption></figure> 遗传工程是科学家的重要工具。来自各种生物的基因和其他遗传信息转化为细菌，以供储存和修饰，遗传修饰的细菌在该过程中产生。使用细菌的原因是其廉价易得，生长、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%9A%86" title="克隆">克隆</a>繁殖迅速，相对容易转化，而且可以长期保存，在-80℃几乎可以无限期储存。分离後的基因可以储存在细菌中，可无限增殖供给研究。 可以将生物体遗传工程化以发现某些基因的功能。这可能是对<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E7%8E%B0%E5%9E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="表现型">生物表型</a>的影响，其中表达基因或与其相互作用的其它基因。这些实验通常涉及功能丧失，功能获得，跟踪和表达。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="功能缺失实验">功能缺失实验</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：功能缺失实验">编辑</a>]</div> 例如在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%95%B2%E9%99%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="基因敲除">基因敲除</a>实验中，遗传修饰生物会缺少一个或多个基因的活性。敲除实验涉及体外构建和操作DNA构建体，其在简单敲除中由所需基因的拷贝组成，或将其改变为无功能的。胚胎干细胞掺入改变的基因、替换已经存在的功能性拷贝。将这些干细胞注射到胚泡中，植入以替代<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%B2%E4%BB%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亲代（页面不存在）">亲代</a>遗传物质。实验者藉此分析由该<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8F%98" title="突变">突变</a>引起的缺陷，从而确定特定基因的作用。这项操作在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E8%82%B2%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="发育生物学">发育生物学</a>中使用频繁。在<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E8%85%B9%E6%9E%9C%E8%9D%87" title="黑腹果蝇">黑腹果蝇</a>等生物体中另一种可行的方法是在大群体中诱导突变，然后筛选后代以获得所需的突变。类似的方法可以用于植物和原核生物中。功能丧失可说明某种蛋白质是否是某项功能所必需的，而非说明某种蛋白质具有某项功能。特别是如果功能需要多个蛋白质，那么只要缺少其中一个就会丧失这项功能。<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="基因导入实验">基因导入实验</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：基因导入实验">编辑</a>]</div> 与敲除实验的思路相对。这些有时与敲除实验一起进行以更精细地了解所需基因的功能。该过程与敲除工程中的操作大体相同，除了將构建体设计成可增加基因的功能，通常通过提供额外的基因拷贝或更频繁地诱导蛋白质的合成。基因导入用于判断蛋白质是否足够用于功能，但并不总是意味着它是必需的，特别是当处理遗传或功能冗余时。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="基因靶向实验">基因靶向实验</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：基因靶向实验">编辑</a>]</div> 寻求获得特定蛋白质的位置和相互作用的信息。一种实现方法是用“融合”基因替换野生型基因，该融合基因是野生型基因与标记基因如绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）的并置，这使得产物的遗传修饰可见。虽然这是一个有用的技术，但是其操作可能破坏基因的功能，产生二次效应，可能会产生可疑的实验结果。更复杂的技术现在正在开发中，用以跟踪蛋白质产物而不减轻其功能，例如添加将作为<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E5%85%8B%E9%9A%86%E6%8A%97%E4%BD%93" title="单克隆抗体">单克隆抗体</a>的结合基序的小序列。<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="表达实验">表达实验</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：表达实验">编辑</a>]</div> 表达实验旨在发现特定蛋白质在何处和何时产生。在这些实验中，将编码蛋白质的DNA（称为基因的启动子）之前的DNA序列重新引入生物体中，其中蛋白质编码区由报告基因（例如GFP）或催化染料产生的酶所取代。<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a>因此，可以观察到产生特定蛋白质的时间和地点。表达研究可以进一步通过改变<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%AF%E5%8A%A8%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="启动子">启动子</a>来发现哪些片段对于基因的正确表达至关重要，且实际上由转录因子蛋白结合；这个过程称为<a href="/w/index.php?title=Promoter_bashing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Promoter bashing（页面不存在）">启动子敲击</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promoter_bashing" class="extiw" title="en:Promoter bashing">Promoter bashing</a>）。<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="工业">工业</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：工业">编辑</a>]</div> 使用基因工程技术，可以用编码有用蛋白质例如酶的基因转化制造微生物（例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C" title="细菌">细菌</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B5%E6%AF%8D" title="酵母">酵母</a>），或转化来自多细胞生物体（例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%86%E8%99%AB" title="昆虫">昆虫</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%BA%E4%B9%B3%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="哺乳动物">哺乳动物</a>的细胞），经过转化的生物体将过表达所需的蛋白。通过使用<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E9%85%B5%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="发酵工程">发酵工程</a>技术在生物反应器设备中生长转化的生物体，然后纯化蛋白质，可以制备大量的蛋白质。<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> 一些基因在细菌中不能良好地作用，因此也可以使用酵母菌、昆虫或哺乳动物等真核生物细胞。<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a>这些技术用于生产药物、补充剂（如<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" title="色氨酸">色氨酸</a>），帮助生产食物（乳酪制造中的<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%9D%E4%B9%B3%E9%85%B6" title="凝乳酶">凝乳酶</a>）和燃料。<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a>其它與研究中之遗传修饰细菌有所相關的应用，包括使细菌在其自然循环外进行任务，例如制造生物燃料<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a>，清理溢油，碳和其他有毒废物<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a>，以及检测饮用水中的砷。<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a>某些遗传修饰的微生物也可以用于生物矿化和生物修复，因为它们能够从其环境中提取重金属并将其掺入更易于回收的化合物中。<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="实验室中的应用">实验室中的应用</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：实验室中的应用">编辑</a>]</div> 在材料科学中，基因修饰的病毒已经在学术实验室中用作组装更环保的锂离子电池的支架。<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> 通过在某些环境条件下表达荧光蛋白，细菌已被設計为传感器之用。<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="农业">农业</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：农业">编辑</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bacteria_used_to_make_wheat_seeds_nearly_immune_to_wheat_take-all.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Bacteria_used_to_make_wheat_seeds_nearly_immune_to_wheat_take-all.jpg/200px-Bacteria_used_to_make_wheat_seeds_nearly_immune_to_wheat_take-all.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Bacteria_used_to_make_wheat_seeds_nearly_immune_to_wheat_take-all.jpg/300px-Bacteria_used_to_make_wheat_seeds_nearly_immune_to_wheat_take-all.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Bacteria_used_to_make_wheat_seeds_nearly_immune_to_wheat_take-all.jpg/400px-Bacteria_used_to_make_wheat_seeds_nearly_immune_to_wheat_take-all.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2131" data-file-height="2953" /></a><figcaption>免疫细菌的遗传修饰小麦</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%94%B9%E9%80%A0%E9%A3%9F%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="基因改造食物">基因改造食物</a></div> 基因工程最有名和有争议的应用之一是创造和使用遗传修饰作物或遗传修饰生物，如<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A4%E5%85%89%E9%B1%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="萤光鱼">萤光鱼</a>，用于生产遗传修饰食品和具有多种用途的材料。 遗传修饰食品作物的生产有四个主要目标<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a>，即：耐病虫害、提高作物价值、制造副产品和加快生长强化植株。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="环境保护">环境保护</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：环境保护">编辑</a>]</div> 遗传工程在保护和自然区域管理中具有潜在的应用。例如，已经提出通过病毒载体的基因转移作为控制入侵物种以及接种来自疾病的受威胁动物群的手段。<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a>还提出了遗传修饰树作为赋予野生种群<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A4%E4%BD%93%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB" title="群体免疫">群体免疫</a>的方法。<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a>随着气候变化和其他扰动导致生物体适应不良的风险增加，通过基因调整促进适应可能是减少灭绝风险的一个解决方案。<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a>遗传工程在保护中的应用迄今为止大部分是理论上的，还没有付诸实践。将需要进一步的实验来衡量这种做法的好处和成本。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="技术限制">技术限制</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节：技术限制">编辑</a>]</div> 遗传工程的管理调控涉及政府为评估和管理与遗传修饰作物的开发和销售相关的风险而采取的措施。不同国家和地区针对遗传修饰作物的管理存在差异，其中美国和欧洲之间的差异最明显。根据基因工程产品的预期用途，在各国家的法规有所不同。例如，非食品用途的作物通常不由负责食品安全的机构审查。从20世纪80年代后期开始，评估包括<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E7%B2%AE%E9%A3%9F%E5%8F%8A%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="联合国粮食及农业组织">粮农组织</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="世界卫生组织">世卫组织</a>在内的组织在遗传修饰植物和食品安全方面的指导。<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="争议">争议</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节：争议">编辑</a>]</div> 批评者反对使用基因工程本身有几个理由，包括伦理问题<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a>，生态问题<a href="#cite_note-Piñeyro-Nelson_2009-112">[111]</a>，与传统及有机农业的商业利益冲突，以及由于遗传修饰技术和遗传修饰生物体受知识产权法律的限制所引起的经济关注。遗传修饰生物也参与关于遗传修饰食品的争议，涉及遗传修饰作物生产的食品是否安全<a href="#cite_note-Marden-113">[112]</a> ，是否应该贴标签，<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a>以及是否需要遗传修饰作物来满足世界粮食需求。<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lal-116">[115]</a>:12 <a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-IAASTD-118">[117]</a>这些争议导致诉讼，国际贸易争端和抗议<a href="#cite_note-Stutz-119">[118]</a>，以及在一些国家限制商业产品的监管。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="注释">注释</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节：注释">编辑</a>]</div> <div id="references-NoteFoot"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> 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Oxford University Press. 2000-09-14. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0198506744" title="Special:网络书源/978-0198506744">ISBN 978-0198506744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+Hors-d%27oeuvres+and+entrees%2FWhat+is+genetic+modification%3F+What+are+GMOs%3F&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.aulast=McHugen&rft.btitle=Pandora%27s+Picnic+Basket&rft.date=2000-09-14&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0198506744&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Staff (28 November 2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/sr-sr/pubs/biotech/reg_gen_mod-eng.php">Health Canada - The Regulation of Genetically Modified Food</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170610170104/http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/sr-sr/pubs/biotech/reg_gen_mod-eng.php">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） Glossary definition of Genetically Modified: "An organism, such as a plant, animal or bacterium, is considered genetically modified if its genetic material has been altered through any method, including conventional breeding. 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[2016-02-11]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unep.org/dewa/agassessment/reports/IAASTD/EN/Agriculture%20at%20a%20Crossroads_Synthesis%20Report%20(English).pdf">原始内容</a> (PDF)存档于2014-11-30）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&rft.btitle=Agriculture+at+a+Crossroads+%28c%29+2009%22&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=International+Assessment+of+Agricultural+Knowledge%2C+Science+and+Technology+for+Development&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unep.org%2Fdewa%2Fagassessment%2Freports%2FIAASTD%2FEN%2FAgriculture%2520at%2520a%2520Crossroads_Synthesis%2520Report%2520%28English%29.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Stutz-119"><a href="#cite_ref-Stutz_119-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Stutz B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seedmagazine.com/content/article/wanted_gm_seeds_for_study">Wanted: GM Seeds for Study</a>. Seed Magazine. 2010-07-01 [2017-02-10]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100705131632/http://seedmagazine.com/content/article/wanted_gm_seeds_for_study">存档</a>于2010-07-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&rft.atitle=Wanted%3A+GM+Seeds+for+Study&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.aulast=Stutz&rft.date=2010-07-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Seed+Magazine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseedmagazine.com%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Fwanted_gm_seeds_for_study&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见">参见</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=30" title="编辑章节：参见">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><a href="/wiki/File:3d_tRNA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/3d_tRNA.png/28px-3d_tRNA.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/3d_tRNA.png/42px-3d_tRNA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/3d_tRNA.png/56px-3d_tRNA.png 2x" data-file-width="1061" data-file-height="1056" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:生物技术">生物技术主题</a></li> <li style="display:table-row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/TPI1_structure.png/32px-TPI1_structure.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/TPI1_structure.png/48px-TPI1_structure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/TPI1_structure.png/64px-TPI1_structure.png 2x" data-file-width="1452" data-file-height="914" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E4%B8%8E%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:分子与细胞生物学">分子与细胞生物学主题</a></li></ul></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79074265">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-count:2; column-width:auto;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" title="基因">基因</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%B8%E6%AE%96" class="mw-redirect" title="選殖">選殖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="基因工程历史">基因工程历史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%94%B9%E9%80%A0%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81" title="基因改造食品">基因改造食品</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E8%BD%89%E7%A7%BB" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="基因轉移">基因轉移</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%B0%B4%E5%B9%B3%E8%BD%89%E7%A7%BB" title="基因水平轉移">基因水平轉移</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E9%9D%B6%E5%90%91" title="基因靶向">基因靶向</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="遗传工程武器">遗传工程武器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="合成生物学">合成生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%82%E6%BA%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="异源生物学">異源生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BT63%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%94%B9%E9%80%A0%E6%B0%B4%E7%A8%BB%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="BT63基因改造水稻事件">BT63基因改造水稻事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%89%E5%88%A9%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="塞拉利尼事件">塞拉利尼事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9E%A2%E5%85%89%E9%AD%9A" title="螢光魚">螢光魚</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結">外部連結</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&section=31" title="编辑章节：外部連結">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=Genetic+engineering">您的圖書館的資源</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=Genetic+engineering&library=0CHOOSE0">其他圖書館的資源</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061213064401/http://www.gmo-safety.eu/en/">GMO Safety - Information about research projects on the biological safety of genetically modified plants.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080719170701/http://www.gmo-compass.org/.">GMO-compass, news on GMO en EU</a></li></ul> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="new" title="Template talk:遗传学（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:遗传学"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="遗传学" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="遗传学">遗传学</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" title="遗传学入门">入门</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="遗传学历史（页面不存在）">历史</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_genetics" class="extiw" title="en:History of genetics">History of genetics</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="遗传学条目索引（页面不存在）">有关主题</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_genetics_articles" class="extiw" title="en:Index of genetics articles">Index of genetics articles</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="遗传学研究组织列表（页面不存在）">组织列表</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_genetics_research_organizations" class="extiw" title="en:List of genetics research organizations">List of genetics research organizations</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">构成要素</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93" title="染色体">染色体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="脱氧核糖核酸">脱氧核糖核酸</a>(DNA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7%E9%85%B8" title="核苷酸">核苷酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="核糖核酸">核糖核酸</a>(RNA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%B5%84" title="基因組">基因組</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">遗传学领域</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="孟德尔定律">古典</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="保守遗传学（页面不存在）">保守</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_genetics" class="extiw" title="en:Conservation genetics">Conservation genetics</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="生態遺傳學">生态</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="免疫遗传学">免疫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="分子遺傳學">分子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A4%E4%BD%93%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="群体遗传学">群体</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B0%E9%87%8F%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="数量遗传学（页面不存在）">数量</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_genetics" class="extiw" title="en:Quantitative genetics">Quantitative genetics</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="古遗传学">古遗传学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E5%9C%9F%E8%91%97%E4%BA%BA%E7%9A%84%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美洲土著人的遗传史（页面不存在）">美洲</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="extiw" title="en:Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B%E7%9A%84%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="不列颠群岛的遗传史（页面不存在）">不列颠群岛</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_British_Isles" class="extiw" title="en:Genetic history of the British Isles">Genetic history of the British Isles</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E7%9A%84%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="欧洲的遗传史（页面不存在）">欧洲</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" class="extiw" title="en:Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%9A%84%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="意大利的遗传史（页面不存在）">意大利</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" class="extiw" title="en:Genetic history of Italy">Genetic history of Italy</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%91%E4%B8%9C%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%A4%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="近东的古遗传学（页面不存在）">近东</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeogenetics_of_the_Near_East" class="extiw" title="en:Archaeogenetics of the Near East">Archaeogenetics of the Near East</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%A4%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南亚的古遗传学（页面不存在）">南亚</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics_and_archaeogenetics_of_South_Asia" class="extiw" title="en:Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia">Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">有关主题</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E8%A7%80%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="表觀遺傳學">表觀遺傳學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" title="遗传学家">遗传学家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%BB%84%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91" title="基因组编辑">基因编辑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%B5%84%E5%AD%B8" title="基因組學">基因組學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AF%86%E7%A0%81" title="遗传密码">遗传密码</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="醫學遺傳學">醫學遺傳學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="分子進化">分子进化</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%86%E5%90%91%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="逆向遗传学（页面不存在）">逆向遗传学</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_genetics" class="extiw" title="en:Reverse genetics">Reverse genetics</a>）</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">基因工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%A4%9A%E6%A0%B7%E6%80%A7" title="遗传多样性">遗传多样性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3" title="遺傳">遺傳</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E7%9B%91%E6%B5%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="遗传监测（页面不存在）">遗传监测</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_monitoring" class="extiw" title="en:Genetic monitoring">Genetic monitoring</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E7%B3%BB%E8%AD%9C%E5%AD%B8" title="遺傳系譜學">遺傳系譜學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E5%A9%B4%E5%84%BF%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="基因编辑婴儿事件">基因编辑婴儿事件</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /><a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:遗传学">遗传学分类</a></li> <li><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:遗传学">遗传学主题</a></li> <li><img alt="共享资源页面" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Genetics" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Genetics">共享资源</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="生物技术" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="Template:生物技术"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:生物技术（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:生物技术"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="生物技术" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="生物技术">生物技术</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">历史</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物技术史（页面不存在）">生物技术史</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_biotechnology" class="extiw" title="en:History of biotechnology">History of biotechnology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物技术年表（页面不存在）">生物技术年表</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_biotechnology" class="extiw" title="en:Timeline of biotechnology">Timeline of biotechnology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E7%9A%84%E7%AB%9E%E8%B5%9B%E5%92%8C%E5%A5%96%E9%A1%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物技术的竞赛和奖项（页面不存在）">生物技术的竞赛和奖项</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitions_and_prizes_in_biotechnology" class="extiw" title="en:Competitions and prizes in biotechnology">Competitions and prizes in biotechnology</a>）</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:DNA_replication_split.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/DNA_replication_split.svg/100px-DNA_replication_split.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/DNA_replication_split.svg/150px-DNA_replication_split.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/DNA_replication_split.svg/200px-DNA_replication_split.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="635" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">基本概念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E4%BD%8D%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" title="等位基因">等位基因</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E9%81%B8%E6%93%87" title="人工選擇">人工選擇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94%E5%99%A8" title="生物反应器">生物反应器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" title="细胞">细胞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="脱氧核糖核酸">DNA</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="核糖核酸">RNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E9%85%B5" title="发酵">发酵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" title="基因">基因</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A8%E7%B2%92" title="质粒">质粒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="蛋白质">蛋白质</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">一般概念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物技术公司列表（页面不存在）">生物技术公司</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biotechnology_companies" class="extiw" title="en:List of biotechnology companies">List of biotechnology companies</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E5%9C%92" title="生物科技工業園">生物科技工业园</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E4%BA%A7%E5%93%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物技术产品（页面不存在）">生物技术产品</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology_products" class="extiw" title="en:Biotechnology products">Biotechnology products</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物技术法律（页面不存在）">生物技术法律</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology_law" class="extiw" title="en:Biotechnology law">Biotechnology law</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%BF%E8%89%B2%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="绿色革命">绿色革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%BB%84%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="人类基因组计划">人类基因组计划</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%B6%E8%8D%AF%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="制药工程">制药公司</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">基本技术与工具</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">生物领域</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%9F%B9%E5%85%BB" title="细胞培养">细胞培养</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E5%BC%8F%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E8%A1%93" title="流式細胞術">流式細胞術</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%82%E4%BA%A4%E7%98%A4%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="杂交瘤细胞技术（页面不存在）">杂交瘤细胞技术</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybridoma_technology" class="extiw" title="en:Hybridoma technology">Hybridoma technology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%95%88%E6%B6%B2%E7%9B%B8%E8%89%B2%E8%B0%B1%E6%B3%95" title="高效液相色谱法">高效液相色谱法</a>（HPLC）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%A3%81%E5%85%B1%E6%8C%AF" title="核磁共振">核磁共振</a>（NMR）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E8%B0%B1%E5%AD%A6" title="光谱学">分光光度法</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">化学领域</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centrifugation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centrifugation（页面不存在）">Centrifugation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Continuous_stirred-tank_reactor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Continuous stirred-tank reactor（页面不存在）">CSTR</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DSTR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DSTR（页面不存在）">DSTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E6%99%B6" title="结晶">结晶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E8%B0%B1%E6%B3%95" title="色谱法">色谱法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%8F%E6%9E%90" title="透析">透析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E6%B3%B3" title="电泳">电泳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%83%E5%8F%96" title="萃取">萃取</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fed_Batch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fed Batch（页面不存在）">Fed Batch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%87%E6%BB%A4" title="过滤">过滤</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PFR" class="mw-redirect" title="PFR">PFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%89%E9%99%8D" title="沉降">沉降</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">应用</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%9F%B9%E5%85%BB" title="细胞培养">细胞培养</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%AD%A6" title="生物信息学">生物信息学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="生物合成">生物合成</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bionic_architecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bionic architecture（页面不存在）">Bionic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="细胞免疫">细胞免疫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%9A%86" title="克隆">克隆</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%9A%86" title="克隆">克隆生殖</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E9%9A%86%E7%96%97%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克隆疗法（页面不存在）">克隆疗法</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic_cloning" class="extiw" title="en:Therapeutic cloning">Therapeutic cloning</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%9A%E8%83%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="胚胎学">胚胎学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="环境生物技术（页面不存在）">环境生物技术</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_biotechnology" class="extiw" title="en:Environmental biotechnology">Environmental biotechnology</a>）</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">基因工程</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E4%BF%AE%E9%A5%B0%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E4%BD%93" title="遗传修饰生物体">转基因生物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="分子遗传学">分子遗传学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82" title="基因治療">基因治療</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E9%99%8D%E8%A7%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="微生物降解（页面不存在）">微生物降解</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_biodegradation" class="extiw" title="en:Microbial biodegradation">Microbial biodegradation</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%84%E5%AD%A6" title="组学">组学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%AF%E7%89%A9%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%BB%84%E5%AD%A6" title="药物基因组学">药物基因组学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B2%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="干细胞">干细胞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%AF%E7%B2%92" title="端粒">端粒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E5%9F%B9%E9%A4%8A" title="組織培養">组织培养</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">跨学科领域</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="系统生物学">系统生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="生物经济">生物经济 </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="生物工程学">生物工程学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="生物学">生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E8%A3%BD%E8%97%A5" title="生物製藥">生物製藥</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E8%97%A5%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="生物藥理學">生物药理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="生物医学工程">生物医学工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="生物医学">生物医学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomimetics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biomimetics（页面不存在）">Biomimetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="生物化学">生物化学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物机器人学（页面不存在）">生物机器人学</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biorobotics" class="extiw" title="en:Biorobotics">Biorobotics</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="化学工程">化学工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="微生物学">微生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%87%E7%9F%BF%E4%B8%9A" title="采矿业">采矿业</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="分子生物学">分子生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%B3%E7%B1%B3%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="纳米生物技术（页面不存在）">纳米生物技术</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanobiotechnology" class="extiw" title="en:Nanobiotechnology">Nanobiotechnology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E5%AD%A6" title="病毒学">病毒学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">列表</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物技术文章索引（页面不存在）">生物技术文章索引</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biotechnology_articles" class="extiw" title="en:Index of biotechnology articles">Index of biotechnology articles</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物技术文章列表（页面不存在）">生物技术文章列表</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biotechnology_articles" class="extiw" title="en:List of biotechnology articles">List of biotechnology articles</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物技术公司列表（页面不存在）">生物技术公司列表</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biotechnology_companies" class="extiw" title="en:List of biotechnology companies">List of biotechnology companies</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相關證照及認證</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%AE%A4%E4%B8%BB%E7%AE%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="醫學實驗室主管（页面不存在）">醫學實驗室主管</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://service.taftw.org.tw/training/trainCourse_sign1.aspx?tcoCode=TAF-MH105002">web</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%AE%A4%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84%E8%AA%8D%E8%AD%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="實驗室規範認證（页面不存在）">實驗室規範認證</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taftw.org.tw/wSite/sp?xdUrl=/train/cour/listTranCourOpen.action&mp=1#">web</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93" title="Category:生物技術">分类</a></li> <li><img alt="共享资源页面" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Biotechnology" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Biotechnology">共享资源</a></li> <li><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93" title="Portal:生物技術">主题</a></li> <li><img alt="专题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=WikiProject:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WikiProject:生物科技（页面不存在）">专题</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="基因工程" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Genetic_engineering" title="Template:Genetic engineering"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Genetic_engineering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Genetic engineering（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Genetic_engineering" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Genetic engineering"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="基因工程" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">基因工程</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E4%BF%AE%E9%A5%B0%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E4%BD%93" title="遗传修饰生物体">轉基因生物</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E4%BD%9C%E7%89%A9" title="转基因作物">農作物</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%8E%89%E7%B1%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="转基因玉米">玉米</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_maize" class="extiw" title="en:Genetically modified maize">Genetically modified maize</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MON_810&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MON 810（页面不存在）">MON 810</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MON_863&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MON 863（页面不存在）">MON 863</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starlink_corn_recall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Starlink corn recall（页面不存在）">StarLink</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%89%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%8E%89%E7%B1%B3%E5%93%81%E7%A8%AE%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="轉基因玉米品種列表（页面不存在）">轉基因玉米品種列表</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_varieties_of_genetically_modified_maize" class="extiw" title="en:List of varieties of genetically modified maize">List of varieties of genetically modified maize</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%89%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E9%A6%AC%E9%88%B4%E8%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="轉基因馬鈴薯（页面不存在）">馬鈴薯</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_potato" class="extiw" title="en:Genetically modified potato">Genetically modified potato</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amflora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amflora（页面不存在）">Amflora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E9%87%91%E5%A4%A7%E7%B1%B3" title="黄金大米">黄金大米</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_rice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golden rice（页面不存在）">Golden rice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%89%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%A4%A7%E8%B1%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="轉基因大豆（页面不存在）">大豆</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_soybean" class="extiw" title="en:Genetically modified soybean">Genetically modified soybean</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundup_ready_soybean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roundup ready soybean（页面不存在）">Roundup ready soybean</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vistive_Gold&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vistive Gold（页面不存在）">Vistive Gold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%89%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%95%AA%E8%8C%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="轉基因番茄（页面不存在）">番茄</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_tomato" class="extiw" title="en:Genetically modified tomato">Genetically modified tomato</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flavr_Savr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flavr Savr（页面不存在）">Flavr Savr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%89%E8%8A%B1" title="棉花">棉花</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bt_cotton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bt cotton（页面不存在）">Bt cotton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其它</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%9E%81%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C" title="北极苹果">北极苹果</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9F%E5%8D%97%E8%8A%A5" title="拟南芥">拟南芥</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bt_brinjal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bt brinjal（页面不存在）">Brinjal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetically_modified_canola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genetically modified canola（页面不存在）">Canola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%AA%E6%9C%A8%E7%93%9C" title="番木瓜">番木瓜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8D%E7%8E%AB%E7%91%B0" title="藍玫瑰">藍玫瑰</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SmartStax&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SmartStax（页面不存在）">SmartStax</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetically_modified_sugar_beet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genetically modified sugar beet（页面不存在）">Sugar beet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%9F%E5%8F%B6" title="烟叶">烟叶</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetically_modified_tree&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genetically modified tree（页面不存在）">Trees</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetically_modified_wheat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genetically modified wheat（页面不存在）">Wheat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DMH-11_Mustard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DMH-11 Mustard（页面不存在）">Mustard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="转基因动物">動物</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%89%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%93%BA%E4%B9%B3%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="轉基因哺乳動物（页面不存在）">哺乳動物</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_mammal" class="extiw" title="en:Genetically modified mammal">Genetically modified mammal</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetically_modified_mouse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genetically modified mouse（页面不存在）">Mouse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%89%94%E9%99%A4%E5%B0%8F%E9%BC%A0" title="基因剔除小鼠">基因剔除小鼠</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oncomouse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oncomouse（页面不存在）">Oncomouse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="转基因动物">環保豬</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="转基因动物">赫爾曼公牛</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knockout_rat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Knockout rat（页面不存在）">Knockout rat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他動物</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetically_modified_insect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genetically modified insect（页面不存在）">Insects</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetically_modified_fish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genetically modified fish（页面不存在）">Fish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9E%A2%E5%85%89%E9%AD%9A" title="螢光魚">螢光魚</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetically_modified_salmon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genetically modified salmon（页面不存在）">Salmon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="转基因动物">鳥類</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E4%BF%AE%E9%A5%B0%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E4%BD%93" title="遗传修饰生物体">青蛙</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%94%B9%E9%80%A0%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" title="基因改造細菌">細菌</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%94%B9%E9%80%A0%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="基因改造病毒">病毒</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ice-minus_bacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ice-minus bacteria（页面不存在）">Ice-minus bacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E5%9E%8B%E8%82%9D%E7%82%8E%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="乙型肝炎疫苗">乙型肝炎疫苗</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oncolytic_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oncolytic virus（页面不存在）">Oncolytic virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="基因工程技術（页面不存在）">進程</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering_techniques" class="extiw" title="en:Genetic engineering techniques">Genetic engineering techniques</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%89%E5%8C%96_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="轉化 (生物)">插入DNA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E6%9D%86%E8%8F%8C%E5%B1%9E" title="农杆菌属">农杆菌属</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gene_gun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gene gun（页面不存在）">Biolistics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electroporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electroporation（页面不存在）">Electroporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%89%E5%B0%8E" title="轉導">轉導</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%89%E6%9F%93" title="轉染">脂質轉染</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microinjection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microinjection（页面不存在）">Microinjection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%93%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E6%A0%B8%E7%A7%BB%E6%A4%8D" title="体细胞核移植">体细胞核移植</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%89%E6%9F%93" title="轉染">轉染</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">類型</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E7%B5%84DNA" title="重組DNA">重組DNA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgenesis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transgenesis（页面不存在）">Transgenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cisgenesis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cisgenesis（页面不存在）">Cisgenesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">用途</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">農業方面</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%94%B9%E9%80%A0%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81" title="基因改造食品">基因改造食品</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E4%BA%89%E8%AE%AE" title="转基因食品争议">转基因食品争议</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%94%A2%E8%97%A5" title="生物產藥">生物產藥</a></li> <li>公司 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%AB" title="巴斯夫">BASF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E8%80%B3" title="拜耳">拜耳</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%B1%B1%E9%83%BD" title="孟山都">孟山都</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%B6%E6%B0%8F%E7%9B%8A%E5%86%9C" title="美国陶氏益农">美国陶氏益农</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DuPont_Pioneer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DuPont Pioneer（页面不存在）">DuPont Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E6%AD%A3%E9%81%94" title="先正達">先正達</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82" title="基因治療">人類基因治療</a>及診斷</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82" title="基因治療">基因治療</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82" title="基因治療">基因增強</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%AA%A2%E6%B8%AC" title="基因檢測">基因檢測</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">研究中</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%89%94%E9%99%A4" title="基因剔除">基因剔除</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%95%B2%E8%90%BD" title="基因敲落">基因敲落</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E9%9D%B6%E5%90%91" title="基因靶向">基因靶向</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相關文章</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="基因工程历史">基因工程历史</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">轉基因</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detection_of_genetically_modified_organisms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Detection of genetically modified organisms（页面不存在）">Detection of genetically modified organisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%B1%A1%E6%9F%93" title="基因污染">基因污染</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%94%B9%E9%80%A0%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="基因改造病毒">基因改造病毒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%94%B9%E9%80%A0%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" title="基因改造細菌">基因改造細菌</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetics_in_fiction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genetics in fiction（页面不存在）">Genetics in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%A2%9E%E5%BC%BA" title="人类增强">人类增强</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reverse_transfection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reverse transfection（页面不存在）">Reverse transfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="超人类主义">超人类主义</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetic_use_restriction_technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genetic use restriction technology（页面不存在）">Genetic use restriction technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E6%B3%95%E8%A6%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="基因工程法規（页面不存在）">法規</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_genetic_engineering" class="extiw" title="en:Regulation of genetic engineering">Regulation of genetic engineering</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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