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src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-hi.svg" width="108" height="18" style="width: 6.75em; height: 1.125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="इस विकि में खोजें [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>खोजें</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> 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<div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="दिखावट"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="पृष्ठ के फ़ॉन्ट का आकार, चौड़ाई और रंग बदलें" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="दिखावट" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">दिखावट</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_hi.wikipedia.org&uselang=hi" class=""><span>दान करें</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%81&returnto=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="हमारा सुझाव है की आप खाता बनाएँ और लॉगिन करें, परन्तु यह अनिवार्य नहीं है" class=""><span>खाता बनाएँ</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8&returnto=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="आपको सत्रारम्भ करने के लिए प्रोत्साहित किया जाता है; लेकिन यह अनिवार्य नहीं है [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>लॉग-इन करें</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="अन्य विकल्प" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="व्यक्तिगत उपकरण" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">व्यक्तिगत उपकरण</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_hi.wikipedia.org&uselang=hi"><span>दान करें</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%81&returnto=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="हमारा सुझाव है की आप खाता बनाएँ और लॉगिन करें, परन्तु यह अनिवार्य नहीं है"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>खाता बनाएँ</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8&returnto=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="आपको सत्रारम्भ करने के लिए प्रोत्साहित किया जाता है; लेकिन यह अनिवार्य नहीं है [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>लॉग-इन करें</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> लॉग-आउट किए गए संपादकों के लिए पृष्ठ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AF" aria-label="संपादन के बारे में अधिक जानें"><span>अधिक जानें</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="इस आईपी पते से संपादन की सूची [y]" accesskey="y"><span>योगदान</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="इस आईपी एड्रेससे हुए बदलावों के बारे में वार्ता [n]" accesskey="n"><span>वार्ता</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="साइट"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="सामग्री" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">सामग्री</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">साइडबार पर जाएँ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">छुपाएँ</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">शुरुआत</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-मध्यनूतन_कल्प_के_जीव_एवं_वनस्पतियाँ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#मध्यनूतन_कल्प_के_जीव_एवं_वनस्पतियाँ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>मध्यनूतन कल्प के जीव एवं वनस्पतियाँ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-मध्यनूतन_कल्प_के_जीव_एवं_वनस्पतियाँ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-विस्तार_एवं_कालविभाजन" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#विस्तार_एवं_कालविभाजन"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>विस्तार एवं कालविभाजन</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-विस्तार_एवं_कालविभाजन-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-इन्हें_भी_देखें" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#इन्हें_भी_देखें"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>इन्हें भी देखें</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-इन्हें_भी_देखें-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-बाहरी_कड़ियाँ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#बाहरी_कड़ियाँ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>बाहरी कड़ियाँ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-बाहरी_कड़ियाँ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-सन्दर्भ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#सन्दर्भ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>सन्दर्भ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-सन्दर्भ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="सामग्री" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="विषयसूची को टॉगल करें" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">विषयसूची को टॉगल करें</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">मध्यनूतन युग</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="दूसरे भाषा में लेख पर जाएँ। 75 भाषाओं में उपलब्ध" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 भाषाएँ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioseen" title="Mioseen – अफ़्रीकी" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mioseen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="अफ़्रीकी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A" title="العصر الميوسيني – अरबी" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العصر الميوسيني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="अरबी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocenu" title="Miocenu – अस्तुरियन" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Miocenu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="अस्तुरियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Міяцэн – बेलारूसी" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Міяцэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="बेलारूसी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Миоцен – बुल्गारियाई" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Миоцен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="बुल्गारियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miosen" title="Miosen – ब्रेटन" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Miosen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="ब्रेटन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocen" title="Miocen – बोस्नियाई" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Miocen" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="बोस्नियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioc%C3%A8" title="Miocè – कातालान" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Miocè" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="कातालान" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioc%C3%A9n" title="Miocén – चेक" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Miocén" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="चेक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AFosen" title="Mïosen – वेल्श" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mïosen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="वेल्श" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioc%C3%A6n" title="Miocæn – डेनिश" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Miocæn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="डेनिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioz%C3%A4n" title="Miozän – जर्मन" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Miozän" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="जर्मन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%8C%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Μειόκαινο – यूनानी" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μειόκαινο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="यूनानी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene – अंग्रेज़ी" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Miocene" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="अंग्रेज़ी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioceno" title="Mioceno – एस्पेरेंतो" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mioceno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="एस्पेरेंतो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioceno" title="Mioceno – स्पेनिश" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mioceno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="स्पेनिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miotseen" title="Miotseen – एस्टोनियाई" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Miotseen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="एस्टोनियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miozeno" title="Miozeno – बास्क" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Miozeno" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="बास्क" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86" title="میوسن – फ़ारसी" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="میوسن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="फ़ारसी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioseeni" title="Mioseeni – फ़िनिश" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mioseeni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="फ़िनिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioc%C3%A8ne" title="Miocène – फ़्रेंच" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Miocène" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="फ़्रेंच" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Sealad_M%C3%A9ic%C3%A9ineach" title="An Sealad Méicéineach – आयरिश" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Sealad Méicéineach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="आयरिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioceno" title="Mioceno – गैलिशियन" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mioceno" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="गैलिशियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%9F" title="מיוקן – हिब्रू" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מיוקן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="हिब्रू" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocen" title="Miocen – क्रोएशियाई" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Miocen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="क्रोएशियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioc%C3%A9n" title="Miocén – हंगेरियाई" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Miocén" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="हंगेरियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Միոցեն – आर्मेनियाई" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միոցեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="आर्मेनियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miosen" title="Miosen – इंडोनेशियाई" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Miosen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="इंडोनेशियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioceno" title="Mioceno – इडौ" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mioceno" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="इडौ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AD%C3%B3sen" title="Míósen – आइसलैंडिक" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Míósen" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="आइसलैंडिक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene – इतालवी" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Miocene" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="इतालवी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="中新世 – जापानी" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中新世" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="जापानी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="მიოცენი – जॉर्जियाई" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მიოცენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="जॉर्जियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Миоцен – कज़ाख़" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Миоцен" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="कज़ाख़" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A4%EC%84%B8" title="마이오세 – कोरियाई" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마이오세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="कोरियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocaenum" title="Miocaenum – लैटिन" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Miocaenum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="लैटिन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miozen" title="Miozen – लग्ज़मबर्गी" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Miozen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="लग्ज़मबर्गी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miosene" title="Miosene – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Miosene" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocenas" title="Miocenas – लिथुआनियाई" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Miocenas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="लिथुआनियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioc%C4%93ns" title="Miocēns – लातवियाई" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Miocēns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="लातवियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Миоцен – मकदूनियाई" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Миоцен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="मकदूनियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BB" title="മയോസീൻ – मलयालम" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മയോസീൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="मलयालम" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miosen" title="Miosen – मलय" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Miosen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="मलय" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86" title="میوسن – माज़न्देरानी" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="میوسن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="माज़न्देरानी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioz%C3%A4n" title="Miozän – निचला जर्मन" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Miozän" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="निचला जर्मन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioceen" title="Mioceen – डच" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mioceen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="डच" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocen" title="Miocen – नॉर्वेजियाई नॉयनॉर्स्क" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Miocen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="नॉर्वेजियाई नॉयनॉर्स्क" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocen" title="Miocen – नॉर्वेजियाई बोकमाल" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Miocen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="नॉर्वेजियाई बोकमाल" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioc%C3%A8n" title="Miocèn – ओसीटान" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Miocèn" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="ओसीटान" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8" title="ਮਾਇਓਸੀਨ – पंजाबी" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਾਇਓਸੀਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="पंजाबी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocen" title="Miocen – पोलिश" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Miocen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="पोलिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocen" title="Miocen – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Miocen" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioceno" title="Mioceno – पुर्तगाली" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mioceno" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="पुर्तगाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocen" title="Miocen – रोमानियाई" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Miocen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="रोमानियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Миоцен – रूसी" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Миоцен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="रूसी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocen" title="Miocen – सेर्बो-क्रोएशियाई" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Miocen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="सेर्बो-क्रोएशियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Miocene" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioc%C3%A9n" title="Miocén – स्लोवाक" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Miocén" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="स्लोवाक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocen" title="Miocen – स्लोवेनियाई" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Miocen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="स्लोवेनियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Миоцен – सर्बियाई" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Миоцен" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="सर्बियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioz%C3%A4n" title="Miozän – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Miozän" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocen" title="Miocen – स्वीडिश" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Miocen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="स्वीडिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="మియోసిన్ – तेलुगू" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మియోసిన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="तेलुगू" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Миосен – ताजिक" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Миосен" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="ताजिक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="สมัยไมโอซีน – थाई" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมัยไมโอซีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="थाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioseno" title="Mioseno – टैगलॉग" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mioseno" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="टैगलॉग" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyosen" title="Miyosen – तुर्की" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Miyosen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="तुर्की" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Міоцен – यूक्रेनियाई" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Міоцен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="यूक्रेनियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miotsen_bo%CA%BBlimi" title="Miotsen boʻlimi – उज़्बेक" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Miotsen boʻlimi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="उज़्बेक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%BF_Miocen" title="Thế Miocen – वियतनामी" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thế Miocen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="वियतनामी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocen" title="Miocen – वारै" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Miocen" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="वारै" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="中新世 – वू चीनी" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="中新世" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="वू चीनी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="中新世 – चीनी" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="中新世" 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mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> दूसरे परियोजनाओं में </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Miocene" hreflang="en"><span>विकिमीडिया कॉमन्स</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q76267" title="संबद्ध डेटा रिपॉज़िटरी आयटम की कड़ी [g]" accesskey="g"><span>विकिडेटा आयटम</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="पृष्ठ उपकरण"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="दिखावट"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">दिखावट</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">साइडबार पर जाएँ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">छुपाएँ</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">मुक्त ज्ञानकोश विकिपीडिया से</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="hi" dir="ltr"><p><b>मध्यनूतन युग</b> (Miocene epoch) <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80" title="पृथ्वी">पृथ्वी</a> के <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="भूवैज्ञानिक समय-मान">भूवैज्ञानिक इतिहास</a> का एक <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97_(%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80)" title="युग (भौमिकी)">भूवैज्ञानिक युग</a> है जो आज से लगभग 2.303 करोड़ वर्ष पहले आरम्भ हुआ और 53.33 लाख वर्ष पहले तक चला। यह <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA" title="नियोजीन कल्प">नियोजीन कल्प</a> (Neogene) का आरम्भिक युग था। इस से पहले <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA" title="पेलियोजीन कल्प">पेलियोजीन कल्प</a> (Paleogene) का <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="ओलिगोसीन युग">ओलिगोसीन युग</a> (Oligocene) था और इसके बाद <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="अतिनूतन युग">अतिनूतन युग</a> (Pliocene), शुरु हुआ।<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> मध्यनूतन युग के शैलसमूह पृथ्वी पर बिखरे हुए पाए जाते हैं, जिनसे यह विदित होता है कि ये किसी बड़े जलसमूह या समुद्र में नहीं बने हैं, अपितु छोटी छोटी झीलों में इनका निक्षेपण हुआ है। इसका मुख्य कारण पृथ्वी के धरातल का शनै: शनै: ऊँचा होना है। यूरोप में ऐल्पस् और एशिया में हिमालय के प्रकट हो जाने से, वहाँ का जलसमूह या तो सूख गया था, या छोटी छोटी झीलों में परिवर्तित हो गया, जिसके फलस्वरूप इस कल्प के शैलसमूहों का समस्तरक्रम (homotaxis) केवल उनमें पाए जानेवाले <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="जीवाश्म">जीवाश्मों</a> के द्वारा हो सकता है। </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="मध्यनूतन_कल्प_के_जीव_एवं_वनस्पतियाँ"><span id=".E0.A4.AE.E0.A4.A7.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.A8.E0.A5.82.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.A8_.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.B2.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AA_.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.87_.E0.A4.9C.E0.A5.80.E0.A4.B5_.E0.A4.8F.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.82_.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.B8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AA.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.81"></span>मध्यनूतन कल्प के जीव एवं वनस्पतियाँ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97&action=edit&section=1" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: मध्यनूतन कल्प के जीव एवं वनस्पतियाँ"><span>संपादित करें</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>यद्यपि इस समय का जलवायु शीतोष्ण था, फिर भी कुछ पौधों, जैसे <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="सीनामोमम (पृष्ठ मौजूद नहीं है)">सीनामोमम</a> (Cinnamomum), के कहीं कहीं पर मिलने से यह मालूम होता है कि जलवायु समशीतोष्ण भी था। इस कल्प की वनस्पति में बाँज़, एल्म (elm), भुर्ज (birch), बीच (beech), ऐल्डर (alder), होली (holly), आइवी (ivy) आदि मुख्य थे। अकेशरुकी में प्रवाल और एकाइनॉड विशेष रूप से उल्लेखनीय हैं। मध्यनूतन कल्प के फॉसिलों में स्तनधारियों की संख्या अत्यधिक थी। इनमें सूँड़वाले जीव, जैसे मैस्टोडॉन तथा डाइनोथेरियम भी थे। घोड़ों का विकास चरम सीमा पर पहुँच चुका था। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="विस्तार_एवं_कालविभाजन"><span id=".E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.B8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B0_.E0.A4.8F.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.82_.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B2.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.AD.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.9C.E0.A4.A8"></span>विस्तार एवं कालविभाजन</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97&action=edit&section=2" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: विस्तार एवं कालविभाजन"><span>संपादित करें</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>मध्यनूतन कल्प के शैलसमूह यूरोप, एशिया, ऑस्टे्रलिया, न्यूज़ीलैंड, उत्तरी एवं दक्षिणी अमरीका, मेक्सिको और उत्तरी अफ्रीका में पाए जाते हैं। समय के अनुसार इनका वर्गीकरण पाँच अवधियों में किया जाता है। भारत में कल्प अक्षारजलीय निक्षेप से, जो शिवालिक प्रणाली के अंतर्गत हैं, निरूपित होता है। इस युग की शिलाएँ सिंध, बलुचिस्तान, कश्मीर, पंजाब, हिमाचल, प्रदेश एवं असम में स्थित हैं। सिंध में गजशैल समूह, बलूचिस्तान में बुग्ती शैलस्तर, कश्मीर और पंजाब में मरी श्रेणी, शिमला में दगशाई और कसौली श्रेणी तथा असम में सूर्मा श्रेणी इसी कल्प के शैलस्तर हैं। इस युग के आरंभ में आग्नेय उद्भेदन भी हुए, जिनके उदाहरण भारत के उत्तरपश्चिमी भागों में मिलते हैं। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="इन्हें_भी_देखें"><span id=".E0.A4.87.E0.A4.A8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B9.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.82_.E0.A4.AD.E0.A5.80_.E0.A4.A6.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.96.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.82"></span>इन्हें भी देखें</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97&action=edit&section=3" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: इन्हें भी देखें"><span>संपादित करें</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97_(%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80)" title="युग (भौमिकी)">भूवैज्ञानिक युग</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA" title="नियोजीन कल्प">नियोजीन कल्प</a> (Neogene)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA" title="पेलियोजीन कल्प">पेलियोजीन कल्प</a> (Paleogene)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="ओलिगोसीन युग">ओलिगोसीन युग</a> (Oligocene)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="बाहरी_कड़ियाँ"><span id=".E0.A4.AC.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B9.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.80_.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.A1.E0.A4.BC.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.81"></span>बाहरी कड़ियाँ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97&action=edit&section=4" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: बाहरी कड़ियाँ"><span>संपादित करें</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100620154205/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/change/deeptime/miocene.html">PBS Deep Time: Miocene</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100616165850/http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/tertiary/mio.html">UCMP Berkeley Miocene Epoch Page</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="सन्दर्भ"><span id=".E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.A8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A6.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AD"></span>सन्दर्भ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97&action=edit&section=5" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: सन्दर्भ"><span>संपादित करें</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Haines, Tim; Walking with Beasts: A Prehistoric Safari, (New York: Dorling Kindersley Publishing, Inc., 1999)</span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">"<a dir="ltr" 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