CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Lèse-majesté in Thailand - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"13c5d252-a3f2-4456-bf50-cbd6326fab89","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Lèse-majesté_in_Thailand","wgTitle":"Lèse-majesté in Thailand","wgCurRevisionId":1260349322,"wgRevisionId":1260349322,"wgArticleId":35397243,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Thai-language sources (th)","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use British English from December 2020","Use dmy dates from December 2020","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2020","Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2017","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Commons category link from Wikidata", "Lèse majesté in Thailand","Censorship in Thailand","Controversies in Thailand","Monarchy of Thailand","Crime in Thailand","Freedom of expression in Thailand","Political crimes","Speech crimes","Political history of Thailand","Social history of Thailand","Thai criminal law","Cults of personality","Lèse-majesté"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Lèse-majesté_in_Thailand","wgRelevantArticleId":35397243,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Lèse_majesté_in_Thailand","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true, "watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1714218","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready" ,"skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession", "wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5_%28%E0%B9%92%E0%B9%95%E0%B9%90%E0%B9%94-%E0%B9%90%E0%B9%95-%E0%B9%93%E0%B9%90%29.pdf/page1-1200px-%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5_%28%E0%B9%92%E0%B9%95%E0%B9%90%E0%B9%94-%E0%B9%90%E0%B9%95-%E0%B9%93%E0%B9%90%29.pdf.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1687"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5_%28%E0%B9%92%E0%B9%95%E0%B9%90%E0%B9%94-%E0%B9%90%E0%B9%95-%E0%B9%93%E0%B9%90%29.pdf/page1-800px-%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5_%28%E0%B9%92%E0%B9%95%E0%B9%90%E0%B9%94-%E0%B9%90%E0%B9%95-%E0%B9%93%E0%B9%90%29.pdf.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1124"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5_%28%E0%B9%92%E0%B9%95%E0%B9%90%E0%B9%94-%E0%B9%90%E0%B9%95-%E0%B9%93%E0%B9%90%29.pdf/page1-640px-%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5_%28%E0%B9%92%E0%B9%95%E0%B9%90%E0%B9%94-%E0%B9%90%E0%B9%95-%E0%B9%93%E0%B9%90%29.pdf.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Lèse-majesté in Thailand - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Lèse-majesté_in_Thailand rootpage-Lèse-majesté_in_Thailand skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin_and_early_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_and_early_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Origin and early developments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_and_early_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1957_changes:_criminalisation_of_insult" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1957_changes:_criminalisation_of_insult"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 1957 changes: criminalisation of insult </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1957_changes:_criminalisation_of_insult-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Change_after_the_6_October_1976_massacre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Change_after_the_6_October_1976_massacre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Change after the 6 October 1976 massacre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Change_after_the_6_October_1976_massacre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_weaponisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_weaponisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Political weaponisation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_weaponisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_under_Vajiralongkorn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_under_Vajiralongkorn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Use under Vajiralongkorn </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_under_Vajiralongkorn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Statistics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_context_and_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_context_and_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Social context and impact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_context_and_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_scope_of_the_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_scope_of_the_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Contemporary scope of the law </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary_scope_of_the_law-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Contemporary scope of the law subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_scope_of_the_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legal_proceedings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_proceedings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Legal proceedings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_proceedings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_measures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_measures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Government measures </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_measures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government measures subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_measures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Internet_censorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet_censorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Internet censorship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet_censorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abuse_of_psychiatry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abuse_of_psychiatry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Abuse of psychiatry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abuse_of_psychiatry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opinion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opinion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Opinion </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Opinion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Opinion subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Opinion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Support </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Opposition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satirical_reaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satirical_reaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Satirical reaction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satirical_reaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Related controversies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abolition_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abolition_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Abolition campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abolition_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Lèse-majesté in Thailand</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" > 10 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%83_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF)" title="انتهاك حرمة الذات الملكية (تايلاند) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="انتهاك حرمة الذات الملكية (تايلاند)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majest%C3%A4tsbeleidigung_in_Thailand" title="Majestätsbeleidigung in Thailand – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Majestätsbeleidigung in Thailand" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%8E%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%A4%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B7" title="Έγκλημα καθοσιώσεως στην Ταϊλάνδη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έγκλημα καθοσιώσεως στην Ταϊλάνδη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesa_majestad_en_Tailandia" title="Lesa majestad en Tailandia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lesa majestad en Tailandia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_de_l%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_(Tha%C3%AFlande)" title="Crime de lèse-majesté (Thaïlande) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Crime de lèse-majesté (Thaïlande)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_di_Thailand" title="Lèse-majesté di Thailand – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lèse-majesté di Thailand" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesa_maest%C3%A0_in_Thailandia" title="Lesa maestà in Thailandia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lesa maestà in Thailandia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Оскорбление величества в Таиланде – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оскорбление величества в Таиланде" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2" title="ความผิดต่อองค์พระมหากษัตริย์ไทย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ความผิดต่อองค์พระมหากษัตริย์ไทย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%99i_khi_qu%C3%A2n_t%E1%BA%A1i_Th%C3%A1i_Lan" title="Tội khi quân tại Thái Lan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tội khi quân tại Thái Lan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1714218#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&oldid=1260349322" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&id=1260349322&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FL%25C3%25A8se-majest%25C3%25A9_in_Thailand">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FL%25C3%25A8se-majest%25C3%25A9_in_Thailand">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1714218" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se_majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Lèse majesté in Thailand">Lèse majesté in Thailand</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Thai prohibition on denigrating the monarch</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5_(%E0%B9%92%E0%B9%95%E0%B9%90%E0%B9%94-%E0%B9%90%E0%B9%95-%E0%B9%93%E0%B9%90).pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5_%28%E0%B9%92%E0%B9%95%E0%B9%90%E0%B9%94-%E0%B9%90%E0%B9%95-%E0%B9%93%E0%B9%90%29.pdf/page1-260px-%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5_%28%E0%B9%92%E0%B9%95%E0%B9%90%E0%B9%94-%E0%B9%90%E0%B9%95-%E0%B9%93%E0%B9%90%29.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5_%28%E0%B9%92%E0%B9%95%E0%B9%90%E0%B9%94-%E0%B9%90%E0%B9%95-%E0%B9%93%E0%B9%90%29.pdf/page1-390px-%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5_%28%E0%B9%92%E0%B9%95%E0%B9%90%E0%B9%94-%E0%B9%90%E0%B9%95-%E0%B9%93%E0%B9%90%29.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5_%28%E0%B9%92%E0%B9%95%E0%B9%90%E0%B9%94-%E0%B9%90%E0%B9%95-%E0%B9%93%E0%B9%90%29.pdf/page1-520px-%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5_%28%E0%B9%92%E0%B9%95%E0%B9%90%E0%B9%94-%E0%B9%90%E0%B9%95-%E0%B9%93%E0%B9%90%29.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="831" data-file-height="1168" /></a><figcaption>Order of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Sarit_Thanarat" title="Sarit Thanarat">Sarit Thanarat</a> for <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary execution</a> of two men on lèse majesté charges in 1961</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" title="Lèse-majesté">lèse-majesté</a> is a crime according to Section 112 of the <a href="/wiki/Thai_Criminal_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai Criminal Code">Thai Criminal Code</a>, which makes it illegal to <a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">defame</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insult_(legal)" title="Insult (legal)">insult</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Threat" title="Threat">threaten</a> the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Thailand">king of Thailand</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Thailand">queen of Thailand</a>, the heir to the throne of Thailand, or the <a href="/wiki/Regent_of_Thailand" title="Regent of Thailand">regent of Thailand</a>. Modern Thai lèse-majesté law has been on the statute books since 1908. Thailand is the only <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> to have strengthened its lèse-majesté law since the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. With penalties ranging from three to fifteen years imprisonment for each <a href="/wiki/Criminal_charge" title="Criminal charge">count</a>, it has been described as the "world's harshest lèse majesté law"<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> and "possibly the strictest criminal-defamation law anywhere".<a href="#cite_note-economist-2">[2]</a> Its enforcement has been described as being "in the interest of the palace".<a href="#cite_note-Connors-3">[3]</a>: 134  The law has criminalised acts of insult since 1957. There is substantial room for <a href="/wiki/Judicial_interpretation" title="Judicial interpretation">interpretation</a>, which causes controversy. Broad interpretation of the law reflects the <a href="/wiki/Inviolable" class="mw-redirect" title="Inviolable">inviolable</a> status of the king, resembling <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchs</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Thailand" title="Supreme Court of Thailand">Supreme Court of Thailand</a> decided the law also applies to prior monarchs. Criticism of any <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Thailand" title="Privy Council of Thailand">Privy Council member</a> has raised the question whether lèse-majesté applies by association. Even attempting to commit lèse-majesté, making sarcastic comments about the King's pet, and failure to rebuke an offense have been prosecuted as lèse-majesté. Anyone can file a lèse-majesté complaint, and the police formally investigate all of them.<a href="#cite_note-explained-4">[4]</a> Details of the charges are rarely made public. A Section 112 defendant meets with official obstruction throughout the case. There are <a href="/wiki/Indefinite_detention_without_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Indefinite detention without trial">months-long pretrial detentions</a>, and courts routinely deny <a href="/wiki/Bail" title="Bail">bail</a> to those charged. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/Working_Group_on_Arbitrary_Detention" title="Working Group on Arbitrary Detention">Working Group on Arbitrary Detention</a> determined that the pretrial detention of an alleged lèse-majesté offender violated <a href="/wiki/International_human_rights_law" title="International human rights law">international human rights law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HRW14-5">[5]</a> The courts seem not to recognise the principle of granting defendants the <a href="/wiki/Reasonable_doubt" title="Reasonable doubt">benefit of the doubt</a>. Judges have said accusers did not have to prove the factuality of the alleged lèse-majesté material but only claim it is defamatory. <a href="/wiki/Pleading_guilty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleading guilty">Pleading guilty</a>, then asking for a royal <a href="/wiki/Pardon" title="Pardon">pardon</a>, is seen as the quickest route to freedom for any accused. Since the <a href="/wiki/6_October_1976_massacre#Immediate_aftermath" title="6 October 1976 massacre">1976 coup</a>, coup makers have regularly cited a surge of alleged lèse-majesté charges as a reason for overthrowing elected governments. This was cited as one of the major reasons for the <a href="/wiki/2006_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2006 Thai coup d'état">2006 coup</a><a href="#cite_note-2014highest-6">[6]</a> and that of <a href="/wiki/2014_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2014 Thai coup d'état">2014</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2014highest-6">[6]</a> In 2006 and 2007, there were notable changes in the trend. Those targeted by lèse-majesté complaints included more average citizens who were given longer jail sentences. Human rights groups condemned its use as a political weapon and a means to restrict freedom. The 2014 <a href="/wiki/National_Council_for_Peace_and_Order" title="National Council for Peace and Order">military junta government</a> granted authority to <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">army courts</a> to prosecute lèse-majesté, which has usually resulted in <a href="/wiki/Secret_trial" title="Secret trial">secret trials</a> and harsh sentences. Prior to the law's revival in 2020,<a href="#cite_note-2020revival-7">[7]</a> for three years the Thai government often invoked other laws, such as the Computer Crimes Act and <a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">sedition</a> laws, to deal with perceived damages and insults to the monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-Team_2020-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-International_Federation_for_Human_Rights_2020-9">[9]</a> In 2023, the Supreme Court ordered a female politician from the <a href="/wiki/Move_Forward_Party" title="Move Forward Party">Move Forward Party</a> to be banned from politics for life due to her alleged lèse-majesté posts on social media.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> On August 7, 2024, the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Thailand" title="Constitutional Court of Thailand">Constitutional Court</a> banned the victors of the <a href="/wiki/2023_Thai_general_election" title="2023 Thai general election">2023 parliamentary elections</a>, the Move Forward Party and all of its leaders from politics for its proposal to reform the lèse-majesté law, arguing it posed a threat to the constitutional order.<a href="#cite_note-Economist1-12">[12]</a> The 50-year imprisonment imposed on Mongkhon Thirakot in 2024 for shared posts and messages on Facebook is the longest sentence ever given for a lèse-majesté case, breaking the previous record of 43-year imprisonment given in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_and_early_developments">Origin and early developments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin and early developments">edit</a>]</div> In the feudal era, monarchs, royal officials, royal symbols, and wrongdoings in the palace were protected from many kinds of "violation".<a href="#cite_note-นพพล-14">[14]</a>: 23–24  Crimes against royal symbols greatly affected the social structure of the <a href="/wiki/Sakdina" title="Sakdina">sakdina</a> era.<a href="#cite_note-นพพล-14">[14]</a>: 24–5 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] The oldest version of lèse-majesté law was in the modern defamation law of 1900, enacted to protect the monarch's reputation.<a href="#cite_note-CMU-15">[15]</a>: 3  It made acts against the king acts against the state.<a href="#cite_note-CMU-15">[15]</a>: 3  The Siamese criminal code of 1908 separated the King and the state. It penalised persons who displayed malice or defamed the King, the Queen Consort, the Heir-apparent, or the Regent. Anyone doing so was subject to imprisonment not exceeding seven years or fines of not more than 5,000 baht, or both.<a href="#cite_note-CMU-15">[15]</a>: 3  Other sections provided protection from displays of malice or defamation of "the princes or princesses from whichever reign"<a href="#cite_note-CMU-15">[15]</a>: 3  or from those who "create disloyalty" or "insult the king", and "cause the people to transgress the royal laws".<a href="#cite_note-CMU-15">[15]</a>: 3–4  As the print media was becoming widespread, the criminal code was strengthened in 1928 to penalise crimes of "advocates or teachers of any political or economic doctrine or system, intended or calculated to bring into hatred or contempt the Sovereign".<a href="#cite_note-CMU-15">[15]</a>: 4  Lèse-majesté law did not change significantly after the <a href="/wiki/1932_Siamese_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1932 Siamese Revolution">1932 Siamese Revolution</a>, because the <a href="/wiki/Khana_Ratsadon" title="Khana Ratsadon">Khana Ratsadon</a> compromised and added the inviolable status of the king in the Constitution, which continues to the present day.|date=September 2023<a href="#cite_note-นพพล-14">[14]</a>: 28  However, the law included an exclusion clause for "an expression of good faith" or "a critical and unbiased comment on governmental or administrative acts".<a href="#cite_note-CMU-15">[15]</a>: 4  During that time, discussion about the monarchy was still free. This allowed discussion over whether Thailand be a constitutional monarchy in 1949, and a 1956 lecture by a legal scholar which said the king should not express an opinion on economic, political and social problems with no <a href="/wiki/Countersign_(legal)" title="Countersign (legal)">countersign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-นพพล-14">[14]</a>: 30 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1957_changes:_criminalisation_of_insult">1957 changes: criminalisation of insult</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1957 changes: criminalisation of insult">edit</a>]</div> <blockquote class="quote-frame pullquote" style="font-size: 95%; padding: 0.5em 2em; background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa ); color: var( --color-base, black ); border: 1px solid #aaa; display:table; float:right; width:30%;"><div style="padding: 0.6em 1em;"> "…it might not be true, and even if it were true, [it] should not be publicized as there is no legislation that allows it. And regarding the institution of the monarchy, it should be revered by the people, in an inviolable status, always above any criticism."<a href="#cite_note-นพพล-14">[14]</a>: 38–9  <cite style="display: block; text-align: right;"> — A Court decision in 1986, ruling that gossip could be lèse-majesté even if it were true.</cite></div></blockquote> On 1 January 1957, the criminal code of 1956 came into force.<a href="#cite_note-CMU-15">[15]</a>: 18  Since then, lèse-majesté forbade <a href="/wiki/Insult_(legal)" title="Insult (legal)">insult</a>, in addition to the existing crimes of threats or defamation. The change broadly expanded the applicability of the law.<a href="#cite_note-CMU-15">[15]</a>: 6  Lèse-majesté was changed from an offense against the monarchy to an offense against national security,<a href="#cite_note-Connors-3">[3]</a>: 133  removing the right to express opinions which might be insulting to the monarchy if said within the spirit of the constitution.<a href="#cite_note-CMU-15">[15]</a>: 6  Claiming national security, Thai Cold War dictator <a href="/wiki/Sarit_Thanarat" title="Sarit Thanarat">Sarit Thanarat</a> used lèse-majesté charges to suppress political opponents, leading to some executions. He also handed over lèse-majesté cases to courts-martial.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Court decisions shortly after the change still took context into consideration. In December 1957, a case against a politician was dismissed because a political campaign was underway.<a href="#cite_note-นพพล-14">[14]</a>: 32–3  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Change_after_the_6_October_1976_massacre">Change after the 6 October 1976 massacre</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Change after the 6 October 1976 massacre">edit</a>]</div> On 21 October 1976, two weeks after the <a href="/wiki/6_October_1976_massacre" title="6 October 1976 massacre">6 October 1976 massacre</a> and the same day coup by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Administrative_Reform_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Administrative Reform Council (page does not exist)">National Administrative Reform Council</a> (NARC), led by Admiral <a href="/wiki/Sangad_Chaloryu" title="Sangad Chaloryu">Sangad Chaloryu</a>, NARC issued Order No.41 that including Article 112 revision to strengthen defamation laws as they explained in the order that current laws had been unsuitable for the unstable political situation at that time. They mentioned the Monarchy and religion for example.<a href="#cite_note-narc-17">[17]</a> In Order No.41, the penalty for lèse-majesté was increased from a maximum of seven years imprisonment to three to fifteen years per count. Other than the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> during World War II, Thailand is the only <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> that strengthened lèse-majesté in the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-David-18">[18]</a>: 115–6  Between 1977 and 1986 when the royal power base grew among the urban middle class, the "kinship" and "bond" relationship was created between the people and the king as well as its modern "inviolable" status.<a href="#cite_note-นพพล-14">[14]</a>: 37–8  Since then, court decisions and legal scholars' comments have interpreted the lèse-majesté law to mean the king could not be criticized in any way.<a href="#cite_note-นพพล-14">[14]</a>: 38–9  Examples of cases of insult include a politician, in 1988, who served four years in prison for suggesting that life would have been easier had he been born in the palace,<a href="#cite_note-Connors-3">[3]</a>: 134  and a man in 1976 who was arrested on charges of lèse-majesté for using a royal <a href="/wiki/Village_Scouts" title="Village Scouts">village scout</a> scarf to wipe a table.<a href="#cite_note-Connors-3">[3]</a>: 134  Acts deemed insulting to the royal image include placing photographs of anybody on a website above those of the king.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In March 2007, Oliver Jufer, a Swiss man, was sentenced to 10 years in prison for daubing black paint on portraits of King Bhumibol while drunk in <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai">Chiang Mai</a>,<a href="#cite_note-bbcjailed-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> although he received a royal <a href="/wiki/Pardon" title="Pardon">pardon</a> the following month.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_weaponisation">Political weaponisation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Political weaponisation">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>lèse-majesté cases filed in Thailand, 2007–17<a href="#cite_note-iLaw-23">[23]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>No. of case </th></tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td>36 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td>55 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009</td> <td>104 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td>65 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011</td> <td>37 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012</td> <td>25 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013</td> <td>57 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014</td> <td>99 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015</td> <td>116 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016</td> <td>101 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017 (9 mo.)</td> <td>45 </td></tr></tbody></table> Between 1990 and 2005, there was an average of five new lèse-majesté cases per year. Since then, however, there have been at least 400 cases—an estimated 1,500 per cent increase.<a href="#cite_note-increase-24">[24]</a> Prior to the 2006 coup, targets of lèse-majesté were mostly politicians, high-ranking bureaucrats and extra-constitutional figures, but after 2007, common people were charged.<a href="#cite_note-David-18">[18]</a>: 124  The law was interpreted to cover past monarchs and symbols associated with the monarch. No one had been sentenced to more than ten years in jail before 2007.<a href="#cite_note-นพพล-14">[14]</a>: 40–1  Observers attributed the increasing number of lèse-majesté cases to King Bhumibol's public invitation of criticism in 2005, increased polarization following the 2006 military coup, and to speculation over his declining health in the period before his death in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-increase-24">[24]</a> In 2005, cases registered in the Attorney General's office rose sharply from 12 new cases in 2000–2004 to 17.<a href="#cite_note-CMU-15">[15]</a>: 17  Thai Rak Thai and Democrat Party as well as opposition movement <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Alliance_for_Democracy" title="People's Alliance for Democracy">People's Alliance for Democracy</a> traded lèse-majesté accusations.<a href="#cite_note-David-18">[18]</a>: 124  Former prime minister <a href="/wiki/Thaksin_Shinawatra" title="Thaksin Shinawatra">Thaksin Shinawatra</a>'s alleged lèse-majesté was one of the stated reasons for the Thai military's <a href="/wiki/2006_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2006 Thai coup d'état">2006 coup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-protlaw-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-turkish-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-worldnotes-27">[27]</a> After the coup, dozens of radio stations were shut down because of alleged lèse-majesté.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Academics have been investigated, imprisoned, and forced into exile over accusations of lèse-majesté. Prominent historian <a href="/wiki/Somsak_Jeamteerasakul" title="Somsak Jeamteerasakul">Somsak Jeamteerasakul</a> was arrested for proposing an eight-point plan to reform of the monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Professor <a href="/wiki/Giles_Ji_Ungpakorn" title="Giles Ji Ungpakorn">Giles Ji Ungpakorn</a> went into exile in 2007 after his book, <a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Coup_for_the_Rich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Coup for the Rich (page does not exist)">A Coup for the Rich</a>, questioned Bhumibol's role in the 2006 coup.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In March 2011, <a href="/wiki/Worachet_Pakeerat" class="mw-redirect" title="Worachet Pakeerat">Worachet Pakeerat</a>, a law lecturer, banded together with same-minded lecturers and formed the <a href="/wiki/Nitirat_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitirat Group">Nitirat Group</a>, aiming to amend the lèse-majesté law. He proposed reducing the maximum jail term to three years, a circumstance for pardoning, and that only the Office of His Majesty's Principal Private Secretary could file a complaint. His actions angered many people. In February 2012, he was assaulted in broad daylight in Bangkok.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> During the government of <a href="/wiki/Yingluck_Shinawatra" title="Yingluck Shinawatra">Yingluck Shinawatra</a>, the number of arrests and convictions for lèse-majesté offences declined significantly.<a href="#cite_note-HRW14-5">[5]</a> However, she said she would not seek to reform the law.<a href="#cite_note-BP115-33">[33]</a> There were 478 cases in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thai-coup-detat-2014-social-media-banner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Thai-coup-detat-2014-social-media-banner.jpg/260px-Thai-coup-detat-2014-social-media-banner.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Thai-coup-detat-2014-social-media-banner.jpg/390px-Thai-coup-detat-2014-social-media-banner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Thai-coup-detat-2014-social-media-banner.jpg/520px-Thai-coup-detat-2014-social-media-banner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2606" data-file-height="1971" /></a><figcaption>A banner in Bangkok warns readers that using social media to "like" or "share" anti-monarchist content could land them in prison. The banner asks people to "join together to protect the monarchy".</figcaption></figure> In May 2014, the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_for_Peace_and_Order" title="National Council for Peace and Order">National Council for Peace and Order</a> (NCPO), the <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">military junta</a>, granted authority to a military tribunal to prosecute lèse-majesté in Thailand.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Military courts routinely imposed harsher sentences than civilian courts would. In August 2015, the Bangkok Military Court sentenced Pongsak Sriboonpeng to 60 years in prison for his six Facebook postings (later reduced to 30 years, when he pleaded guilty). This was Thailand's longest recorded sentence for lèse-majesté.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The courts were dubbed "<a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_court" title="Kangaroo court">kangaroo courts</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Time14-38">[38]</a> The military government has never successfully extradited someone living abroad.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> iLaw, a Thai non-profit organisation, reported that the junta hold persons in custody for seven days without charges. <a href="/wiki/Secret_trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret trials">Secret trials</a> were held. Officials seized personal communication devices to search for incriminating evidence.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In December 2014, the parents of <a href="/wiki/Srirasmi_Suwadee" title="Srirasmi Suwadee">Srirasmi Suwadee</a>, formerly a Thai princess, were sentenced for "insulting the royal family and lodging a malicious claim".<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In 2015, Prachatai published an infographic showing that bathroom <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a>, a hand gesture, a hearsay report of a taxi conversation, and not standing during the playing of the <a href="/wiki/Sansoen_Phra_Barami" title="Sansoen Phra Barami">royal anthem</a>, among other things, could be punished as acts of lèse-majesté.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> A nurse wearing black on <a href="/wiki/Bhumibol_Adulyadej" title="Bhumibol Adulyadej">Bhumibol Adulyadej</a>'s birthday was charged with lèse-majesté.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The last formal attempt to amend the law occurred in May 2012 when more than 10,000 people signed a petition to parliament, but Speaker of the House of Representatives, Somsak Kiatsuranont, dismissed it citing that amendment of the law concerning the monarchy was not a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_right" title="Constitutional right">constitutional right</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10QA-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_under_Vajiralongkorn">Use under Vajiralongkorn</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Use under Vajiralongkorn">edit</a>]</div> In December 2016, Jatupat "Pai" Boonpattararaksa, a rights group member, was accused of lèse-majesté for sharing a BBC Thai biography of Thailand's new king, <a href="/wiki/Vajiralongkorn" title="Vajiralongkorn">Vajiralongkorn</a>. He was the only person to be arrested even though more than 2,600 people also shared the story, as well as the publisher BBC Thai, which did not face prosecution.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> In May 2017, the military junta stated that merely viewing material is considered lèse-majesté and is a violation of the law.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> As of November 2018, at least 127 people have been charged with lèse-majesté since the latest coup.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In 2017, there was a case of a 14-year-old who was accused of lèse-majesté for burning down a royal decoration arch in <a href="/wiki/Khon_Kaen" title="Khon Kaen">Khon Kaen</a>. This was the first prosecution of a minor.<a href="#cite_note-tlhr60-48">[48]</a> A lawyer who did not accept legal proceeding claiming that the court act in the name of the King who had conflict of interest in such cases, thus impartial and unjust.<a href="#cite_note-tlhr60-48">[48]</a> There were several low-profile instances where the authorities did not prosecute, but used other intimidation methods instead, such as holding the individual in military custody for seven days, checking for communication devices, asking them to unfollow a Facebook page, or asking them to make a video expressing loyalty to the monarch.<a href="#cite_note-tlhr60-48">[48]</a> As of November 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=edit">[update]</a>, a total of 38 of these cases, 34.2 per cent, were in the military court system.<a href="#cite_note-PE-20171115-49">[49]</a> The Attorney General's directive, dated 21 February 2018, issued a new guideline for prosecution. Now, only the Attorney General can file a lèse-majesté case. In June 2018, a new regulation was issued, allowing public persecutors to decide against prosecuting cases that did not serve the public interest.<a href="#cite_note-tlhr-50">[50]</a> Unprecedented moves followed, including dismissal of lèse-majesté cases even though the defendants pleaded guilty, and those charged had received bail in certain cases.<a href="#cite_note-tlhr-50">[50]</a> However, the authorities now favour invoking other laws instead, such as the Computer Crime Act and the <a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">sedition</a> law.<a href="#cite_note-tlhr-50">[50]</a> On 15 June 2020, Thai prime minister and former <a href="/wiki/2014_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2014 Thai coup d'état">2014 Thai coup d'état</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Prayut_Chan-o-cha" title="Prayut Chan-o-cha">Prayut Chan-o-cha</a> confirmed this stance, stating that <a href="/wiki/King_Vajiralongkorn" class="mw-redirect" title="King Vajiralongkorn">King Vajiralongkorn</a> had called for no further use of Section 112.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Forced_disappearance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced disappearance">forced disappearance</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wanchalearm_Satsaksit" title="Wanchalearm Satsaksit">Wanchalearm Satsaksit</a>, an alleged lèse-majesté offender, in June 2020, #ยกเลิก112 (repeal 112) trended first on <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> in Thailand with more than 500,000 retweets, as netizens believed his accusations motivated his abduction.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> In August, <a href="/wiki/2020_Thai_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Thai protests">protests</a> against the government included calls to reform the monarchy, including the abolition of Article 112.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ekachai_Hongkangwan,_Arnon_Nampa,_and_Somyot_Prueksakasemsuk.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ekachai_Hongkangwan%2C_Arnon_Nampa%2C_and_Somyot_Prueksakasemsuk.png/220px-Ekachai_Hongkangwan%2C_Arnon_Nampa%2C_and_Somyot_Prueksakasemsuk.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ekachai_Hongkangwan%2C_Arnon_Nampa%2C_and_Somyot_Prueksakasemsuk.png/330px-Ekachai_Hongkangwan%2C_Arnon_Nampa%2C_and_Somyot_Prueksakasemsuk.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ekachai_Hongkangwan%2C_Arnon_Nampa%2C_and_Somyot_Prueksakasemsuk.png/440px-Ekachai_Hongkangwan%2C_Arnon_Nampa%2C_and_Somyot_Prueksakasemsuk.png 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="385" /></a><figcaption>Lèse-majesté victims, Ekachai Hongkangwan, <a href="/wiki/Arnon_Nampa" title="Arnon Nampa">Arnon Nampa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Somyot_Prueksakasemsuk" title="Somyot Prueksakasemsuk">Somyot Prueksakasemsuk</a> got bail on 2 November 2020</figcaption></figure> Anchan P. was handed 87-year prison sentence for uploading and sharing videos on the internet of an online talk show after she had been detained in jail for nearly four years from 2015. Then, in 2021, the court reduced her conviction by half to 43 and a half years due to her guilty plea. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Committee" title="United Nations Human Rights Committee">UN Human Rights Committee</a> has declared that "imprisonment is never an appropriate penalty" for lèse-majesté cases.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In January 2021, ousted opposition political leader <a href="/wiki/Thanathorn_Juangroongruangkit" title="Thanathorn Juangroongruangkit">Thanathorn Juangroongruangkit</a> was charged with lèse-majesté after criticizing <a href="/wiki/Prayut_Chan-o-cha" title="Prayut Chan-o-cha">Prayut Chan-o-cha</a>'s government's mismanagement of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Thailand" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand">COVID-19</a> <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Thailand" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Thailand">vaccination</a> by relying too much on the <a href="/wiki/AstraZeneca_vaccine" class="mw-redirect" title="AstraZeneca vaccine">AstraZeneca vaccine</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Siam_Bioscience" title="Siam Bioscience">Siam Bioscience</a>, owned by the King, supplies the amount of, even with a lack of vaccine experience. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Police" title="Royal Thai Police">The Royal Thai Police</a> charged him for publishing his 18 January Facebook Live stream.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Later, <a href="/wiki/Puttipong_Punnakanta" title="Puttipong Punnakanta">Puttipong Punnakanta</a> filed the charge through <a href="/w/index.php?title=Technology_Crime_Suppression_Division&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Technology Crime Suppression Division (page does not exist)">Technology Crime Suppression Division</a> and the court ordered that the video be taken down.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Later, in August 2021, <a href="/wiki/Thanathorn_Juangroongruangkit" title="Thanathorn Juangroongruangkit">Thanathorn</a> faced two more lèse-majesté charges for the same act.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Prayuth_Chan-o-cha" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayuth Chan-o-cha">Prayuth Chan-o-cha</a> revived lèse-majesté law in response to the <a href="/wiki/2020-2021_Thai_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2020-2021 Thai protests">2020-2021 Thai protests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2020revival-7">[7]</a> Because of the particular law, by the end of 2021, the leading figures <a href="/wiki/Arnon_Nampa" title="Arnon Nampa">Arnon Nampa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panupong_Jadnok" title="Panupong Jadnok">Panupong Jadnok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parit_Chiwarak" title="Parit Chiwarak">Parit Chiwarak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jatupat_Boonpattararaksa" title="Jatupat Boonpattararaksa">Jatupat (Pai Dao Din)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panusaya_Sithijirawattanakul" title="Panusaya Sithijirawattanakul">Panusaya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Benja_Apan" title="Benja Apan">Benja Apan</a> were all detained awaiting trial in series of <a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention" title="Arbitrary arrest and detention">detainments and releases</a>, some were imprisoned accumulatively for more than 300 days.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Since November 2020, Thailand has charged at least 173 people for lèse-majesté.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> On 14 May 2024, <a href="/wiki/Netiporn_Sanesangkhom" title="Netiporn Sanesangkhom">Netiporn Sanesangkhom</a>, a Thai activist charged with lèse-majesté, died in detention after months-long hunger strike calling for reform of the justice system and protest against imprisonment of political dissenters.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/2023_Thai_general_election" title="2023 Thai general election">2023 Thai general election</a>, <a href="/wiki/Move_Forward_Party" title="Move Forward Party">Move Forward Party</a>, a progressive party which gained the most seats, was repeatedly rejected forming a coalition government because of the platform to amend the lèse-majesté law.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> In 2024, the Constitutional Court ordered the party to cease any effort to amend the law.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Later that year, the Constitutional Court dissolved the party.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Statistics">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Statistics of lèse-majesté cases in Thailand<a href="#cite_note-CMU-15">[15]</a>: 17  </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>New cases</th> <th>Conviction </th></tr> <tr> <td>1984–1989</td> <td>30</td> <td>15/19 (78.95%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990–1994</td> <td>26</td> <td>18/19 (94.74%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995–1999</td> <td>32</td> <td>21/23 (91.30%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000–2005</td> <td>29</td> <td>15/16 (93.75%) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_context_and_impact">Social context and impact</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Social context and impact">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_immunity" title="Sovereign immunity">Sovereign immunity</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2012_CM_Governors_reception_for_HM%27s_birthday_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/2012_CM_Governors_reception_for_HM%27s_birthday_02.jpg/260px-2012_CM_Governors_reception_for_HM%27s_birthday_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/2012_CM_Governors_reception_for_HM%27s_birthday_02.jpg/390px-2012_CM_Governors_reception_for_HM%27s_birthday_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/2012_CM_Governors_reception_for_HM%27s_birthday_02.jpg/520px-2012_CM_Governors_reception_for_HM%27s_birthday_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The late King <a href="/wiki/Bhumibol_Adulyadej" title="Bhumibol Adulyadej">Bhumibol Adulyadej</a> was accorded an almost divine reverence,<a href="#cite_note-Head-20071205-66">[66]</a> which still holds true today.</figcaption></figure> According to King Rama IV, insults to the king are also insults to his power source — the people. The king felt every subject is also insulted.<a href="#cite_note-นพพล-14">[14]</a>: 26–7  David Streckfuss, a scholar on Thai human rights and politics, commented that lèse-majesté is one factor defining neo-absolutism in Thailand.<a href="#cite_note-David-18">[18]</a>: 110  Lèse-majesté is used in less democratic monarchies to protect the system of power.<a href="#cite_note-David-18">[18]</a>: 113  Thai mainstream media has supported the use of the law and avoid covering it.<a href="#cite_note-David-18">[18]</a>: 117  The media do not discuss the role of the monarchy in politics, thus creating a distorted view of the political scene.<a href="#cite_note-David-18">[18]</a>: 117  Lèse-majesté and communism were once the definition of the ultimate <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">traitor</a>. With the decline of communism, however, lèse-majesté began to define new kinds of traitors.<a href="#cite_note-David-18">[18]</a>: 127  Michael Kelly Connors, a professor in social science at the University of Nottingham, wrote the king had a dual position—an agent of political and economic interests and the soul of the nation showing the glaring disparity between social classes, and thus required controlled imagery. The stage-managed role of the monarch, the compulsory respect shown to the institution, and the pressure of social conformity left many people with a taste of bitterness which few felt confident to express. Thai elites feared the Thai monarchy would be subjected to mockery once it was open to scrutiny, just like the British monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-Connors-3">[3]</a>: 133–4  Streckfuss and Preechasilpakul wrote that lèse-majesté remains the most potent political charge in Thailand and the number of charges increased in times of political <a href="/wiki/Upheaval" title="Upheaval">upheaval</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CMU-15">[15]</a>: 2  Human rights groups say the lèse-majesté laws have been used as a political weapon to stifle <a href="/wiki/Free_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Free speech">free speech</a>.<a href="#cite_note-explained-4">[4]</a> Political scientist <a href="/wiki/Giles_Ungpakorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Giles Ungpakorn">Giles Ungpakorn</a> noted that "the lèse-majesté laws are not really designed to protect the institution of the monarchy. In the past, the laws have been used to protect governments and to shield military coups from lawful criticism. This whole [royal] image is created to bolster a conservative elite well beyond the walls of the palace."<a href="#cite_note-frenchmanjail-67">[67]</a> However, Connors argued that while some have used it as a political weapon, it has always been in the interests of the palace.<a href="#cite_note-Connors-3">[3]</a>: 134  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_scope_of_the_law">Contemporary scope of the law</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Contemporary scope of the law">edit</a>]</div> <blockquote class="quote-frame pullquote" style="font-size: 95%; padding: 0.5em 2em; background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa ); color: var( --color-base, black ); border: 1px solid #aaa; display:table; float:right; width:30%;"><div style="padding: 0.6em 1em;"> "Article 112 of the Criminal Code is a legislation which supports Article 8 of the Constitution<a href="#cite_note-68">[a]</a> for practical implementation, so there are no grounds to claim it violates or is inconsistent with Article 8 of the Constitution."<a href="#cite_note-นพพล-14">[14]</a>: 20  <cite style="display: block; text-align: right;"> — A Constitutional Court decision in 2012.</cite></div></blockquote> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Comparison of lèse-majesté laws<a href="#cite_note-David-18">[18]</a>: 115  </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>Max. jail term (years) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Netherlands</td> <td>0.3<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Denmark</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Spain</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Morocco</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Norway</td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sweden</td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thailand</td> <td>15 </td></tr></tbody></table> Section 112 of Thai Criminal Code currently reads as follows: <blockquote>"Whoever defames, insults or threatens the King, the Queen, the Heir-apparent or the Regent, shall be punished with imprisonment of three to fifteen years."</blockquote> As lèse-majesté is one of the offences relating to the security of the kingdom, according to Section 7 of the Thai Criminal Code. Even alleged offences committed outside the kingdom can be punished within Thailand. Thai courts have demonstrated they will prosecute and jail even non-Thai citizens for offences committed outside of the kingdom as proven in the case against American citizen Joe Gordon who police arrested in May 2011 when he visited Thailand for medical treatment. The court later sentenced him to five years in jail.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_2011-70">[69]</a> David Streckfuss opined that lèse majesté law is not necessarily controversial, even some Western democratic countries seem to have severe jail punishment, if rarely used.<a href="#cite_note-David-18">[18]</a>: 119  In 2007, a controversy arose over whether criticism of members of King Bhumibol's <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Thailand" title="Privy Council of Thailand">privy council</a> also constituted criticism of Bhumibol.<a href="#cite_note-foes-71">[70]</a> Police Special Branch Commander Lt Gen Theeradech Rodpho-thong, who refused to file charges of lèse-majesté against activists who launched a petition to oust Privy Council President <a href="/wiki/Prem_Tinsulanonda" title="Prem Tinsulanonda">Prem Tinsulanonda</a>,<a href="#cite_note-nationxyz-72">[71]</a> was demoted within days of the incident by Police Commander <a href="/wiki/Seripisut_Temiyavet" class="mw-redirect" title="Seripisut Temiyavet">Seripisut Temiyavet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nationabc-73">[72]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Thailand" title="Supreme Court of Thailand">Supreme Court of Thailand</a> decided in 2013 that the law also applies to all previous monarchs, further broadening the law's reach. In 2013, a man was found guilty of "preparing and <a href="/wiki/Attempt" title="Attempt">attempting</a>" to commit an act of lèse-majesté. He had images and captions deemed lèse-majesté in his electronic device—which, his accusers said, potentially could have been spread online. He was found guilty despite the law providing that mere preparation of the act is not a legal offence.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> In 2016, a singer and activist, in addition to his prison sentence for defaming the monarchy, was ordered to write a song promoting "national reconciliation" after completing his sentence. The court order to write a song is outside the scope of the punishments in the Criminal Code.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> Comments on the <a href="/wiki/Sufficiency_economy" title="Sufficiency economy">sufficiency economy</a> theory published by King Bhumibol Adulyadej can also lead to lèse-majesté prosecution, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Udom_Taepanich" title="Udom Taepanich">Udom Taepanich</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> Because of the uncertain and unpredictable nature of the offense charges, defendants often do not contest them and plead guilty.<a href="#cite_note-นพพล-14">[14]</a>: 43  Lèse-majesté leads to self-censorship and <a href="/wiki/Vigilantism" title="Vigilantism">vigilantism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-นพพล-14">[14]</a>: 43–4  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_proceedings">Legal proceedings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legal proceedings">edit</a>]</div> In 2013, a person filed lèse-majesté charges against his own brother, showing how easily the law can be misused, and that the law has now become a potential weapon in family feuds. Often the police, courts, and prosecutors are afraid they will be accused of disloyalty to the monarch if they fail to prosecute allegations of lèse-majesté.<a href="#cite_note-HRW14-5">[5]</a> Additionally, there are <a href="/wiki/Cyberbullying" title="Cyberbullying">cyberbullying</a> cases where fake accounts were created and lèse-majesté material was posted to create misunderstanding that the person actually committed a crime.<a href="#cite_note-tlhr1mo-77">[76]</a> Article 14 of the Computer Crimes Act BE 2550 (2007), which broadly bars the circulation through computer systems of information and material deemed detrimental to national security, has also been used to prosecute cases of lèse-majesté.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> There have been occasions when lèse-majesté cases have been transferred to court-martial, most recently during the National Council for Peace and Order regime after the 2014 coup. There are differences between court-martial decisions compared to civilian court ones, including protection of any previous monarchs. Alleged counts are considered separately, making the punishment twice as harsh; the right to bail is restricted in wartime.<a href="#cite_note-ศาลทหาร-79">[78]</a> Even so, pre-trial detentions are widespread and requests for bail are difficult; recent offenders used hunger strike to highlight the issue.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> Detainees are seen barefoot and shackled at the ankles when brought to court.<a href="#cite_note-Time14-38">[38]</a> The courts sometimes use <a href="/wiki/Videoconferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Videoconferencing">videoconferencing</a> systems for court proceedings, so that defendants do not have to be physically present in the court. Two detainees have <a href="/wiki/Death_in_custody" title="Death in custody">died in military custody</a>. One hanged himself, and the other died of a <a href="/wiki/Blood_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood infection">blood infection</a>, according to his <a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">autopsy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> Judges have also said the accuser did not necessarily have to prove the information was factual claiming, "because if it is true, it is more defamatory, and if it isn't true, then it's super-defamatory".<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> Asked why the Criminal Court did not grant the benefit of the doubt to the defendant in the case of <a href="/wiki/Ampon_Tangnoppakul" title="Ampon Tangnoppakul">Ampon Tangnoppakul</a>, Court of Justice spokesperson Sitthisak Wanachaikit replied: <blockquote>When the public prosecutor who institutes the proceedings can exercise his <a href="/wiki/Legal_burden_of_proof" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal burden of proof">burden of proof</a> to the extent of bringing to light the evil intent of the defendant...the defendant needs to be punished according to the gravity of the case.<a href="#cite_note-having_no_compassion-84">[83]</a></blockquote> Professor Peter Leyland of SOAS, University of London and Professor Emeritus of London Metropolitan University, explained: <blockquote>It [the lese majeste offence] can be committed entirely without criminal intent. There is no need for the prosecuting authorities to bring any evidence to bear relating to foresight on the part of the defendant with regard to the fact of the statement or conduct. [...] The police, prosecuting authorities and judges not only act in the name of the King, but there is an expectation that their loyalty to the Crown will be reflected in an outcome that confirms the dignity of the King at the expense of the accused.<a href="#cite_note-David-18">[18]</a>: 130 </blockquote> Pointing that Article 112 was typically deployed with politically expedient timing, rather than at the time of the supposed offense, <a href="/wiki/Jakrapob_Penkair" title="Jakrapob Penkair">Jakrapob Penkair</a>, a former minister to the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Prime_Minister_(Thailand)" title="Office of the Prime Minister (Thailand)">Office of the Prime Minister</a> who was charged with lèse-majesté himself, commented: "It's not about your action; it's about the timing. They wait until the moment when you seem most vulnerable."<a href="#cite_note-Time14-38">[38]</a> Court proceedings are lengthy, and defendants often pleading guilty as the quickest route to freedom.<a href="#cite_note-ilaw112-85">[84]</a> Court decisions are often overturned in the higher courts, thus lengthening the proceedings.<a href="#cite_note-ilaw112-85">[84]</a> Civilian courts often handed sentences of five years imprisonment per count, while military courts often handed sentences of 10 years per count.<a href="#cite_note-10QA-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_measures">Government measures</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Government measures">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet_censorship">Internet censorship</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Internet censorship">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Thailand" title="Internet censorship in Thailand">Internet censorship in Thailand</a></div> The Office of Prevention and Suppression of Information Technology Crimes maintains a "war room" to monitor for pages which disparage the monarchy. A <a href="/wiki/Web_crawler" title="Web crawler">web crawler</a> is used to search the internet. When an offending image or language is found, the office obtains a court order blocking the site. On 28 October 2008, The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_and_Communication_Technology_(Thailand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Information and Communication Technology (Thailand)">Ministry of Information and Communication Technology</a> (MICT) announced plans to spend about 100–500 million baht to build a gateway to block websites with contents defaming the royal institution.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> In 2008, more than 4,800 webpages deemed insulting to Thailand's royal family were blocked.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> In December 2010, nearly 60,000 websites had been banned for alleged insults against Bhumibol. In 2011, the number increased to 70,000.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-88">[87]</a> On 4 April 2007, the Thai government blocked Thai access to <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> as a result of a video clip which it deemed insulting to the king.<a href="#cite_note-cbsyoutube-89">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbcyoutube-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-nationyoutube-91">[90]</a> The website of Same Sky Books, publishers of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Same_Sky_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Same Sky (magazine) (page does not exist)">Same Sky</a> magazine, was shut down after comments on its bulletin board questioned mainstream media's claims that the entire country was in mourning over the death of Princess <a href="/wiki/Galyani_Vadhana" title="Galyani Vadhana">Galyani Vadhana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> In December 2015, the court verdict against <a href="/wiki/Prachatai" title="Prachatai">Chiranuch Premchaiporn</a>, webmaster of the news website Prachatai, was upheld in the highest court: "an eight-month suspended jail sentence and a 20,000 baht fine". Previously, she had been jailed without bail for nearly a year for not removing—in 2008—an allegedly insulting comment from an article fast enough. Although the comments did not directly mention Bhumibol or members of his family, the court found that Chiranuch displayed an intent to insult. Arrested in September 2010, she could face up to 50 years' imprisonment if found guilty.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> In 2016, <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> blocked users in Thailand from accessing a page satirising Thailand's royal family, citing the lèse-majesté law. Around the same time, there was speculation that the junta was able to obtain private chat logs of Facebook users.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> In 2019, the Facebook page "Royalist Marketplace" was launched as a forum by academic <a href="/wiki/Pavin_Chachavalpongpun" title="Pavin Chachavalpongpun">Pavin Chachavalpongpun</a> to discuss and criticise the Thai monarchy freely. The Thai authorities shut down access in Thailand to the Facebook page, which has accumulated around one million users. Facebook may be appealing,<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> while Chachavalpongpun is facing a charge of <a href="/wiki/Cybercrime" title="Cybercrime">cybercrime</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> He has since launched a replacement Facebook page.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abuse_of_psychiatry">Abuse of psychiatry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Abuse of psychiatry">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry#Thailand" title="Political abuse of psychiatry">Political abuse of psychiatry § Thailand</a></div> On July 9, 2020, <a href="/wiki/Tiwagorn_Withiton" title="Tiwagorn Withiton">Tiwagorn Withiton</a>, a Facebook user who went viral after posting a picture of himself wearing a t-shirt printed with the message, "I lost faith in the monarchy" was forcibly detained by police officers and admitted to Rajanagarindra Psychiatric Hospital in Khon Kaen.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> Tiwagorn is quoted as saying, "I well understand that it is political to have to make people think I'm insane. I won't hold it against the officials if there is a diagnosis that I'm insane, because I take it that they have to follow orders."<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> He was discharged about two weeks later.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opinion">Opinion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Opinion">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support">Support</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Support">edit</a>]</div> The stated rationale for supporting lèse-majesté often center around Thai identity and the presence of lèse-majesté and crimes against head of state law in other countries. <a href="/wiki/Borwornsak_Uwanno" title="Borwornsak Uwanno">Borwornsak Uwanno</a>, Thai legal scholar, said that countries limited free speech according to their cultural-legal circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-David-18">[18]</a>: 129  In May 2016, justice minister <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paiboon_Koomchaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paiboon Koomchaya (page does not exist)">Paiboon Koomchaya</a> remarked on "concerns raised by United Nations Security Council member countries during the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Periodic_Review" title="Universal Periodic Review">Universal Periodic Review</a> (UPR) in Geneva" on 11 May 2016: "that foreign countries would not understand why Thailand needs the lèse-majesté law because they are not "civilised" nations with cultural refinement like ours".<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> A Thai official said that the lèse-majesté law is similar to a <a href="/wiki/Libel" class="mw-redirect" title="Libel">libel</a> law for commoners. Some abuse their rights by spreading <a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">hate speech</a> or distorted information to incite hatred towards the monarchical institution. He also assert that those who are accused of lèse-majesté have the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Right to a fair trial">right to a fair trial</a>, and the opportunity to contest the charges and assistance from a lawyer, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_appeal" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to appeal">right to appeal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> An attorney said lèse-majesté does not go against democracy and does not know why there is activism around the law.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rubbish_Collection_Organization" title="Rubbish Collection Organization">Rubbish Collection Organization</a>, a fascist ultra-royalist organization, supports persecution for lèse-majesté, and launched an ongoing online campaign of mobbing and <a href="/wiki/Doxxing" class="mw-redirect" title="Doxxing">doxxing</a> victims, together with other methods of intimidation.<a href="#cite_note-:0-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-107">[106]</a> A judge in a 2016 lèse-majesté case, when a man was sentenced to seven years and six months in prison said he would have given him a longer sentence, but the court's deputy president advised him on giving a shorter term.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition">Opposition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Opposition">edit</a>]</div> The lèse-majesté law is described as "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/draconian" class="extiw" title="wikt:draconian">draconian</a>".<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> considers anyone jailed for insulting Bhumibol to be a <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">political prisoner</a>; if they had a peaceful expression and intent, a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_conscience" title="Prisoner of conscience">prisoner of conscience</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sulak_Sivaraksa" title="Sulak Sivaraksa">Sulak Sivaraksa</a>, a Thai social activist, said that he felt sad that most Thai intellectuals did not see any harm in this law, calling them "docile livestock."<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/UN_Special_Rapporteur" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Special Rapporteur">Special Rapporteur</a> on the Promotion and Protection of the Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression, <a href="/wiki/David_Kaye_(law_professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Kaye (law professor)">David Kaye</a>, commenting "Public figures, including those exercising the highest political authority, may be subject to criticism, and the fact that some forms of expression are considered to be insulting to a public figure is not sufficient to justify restrictions or penalties." Kaye went on to say that such laws, "have no place in a democratic country" and called for Thailand to repeal them.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> In November 2015, <a href="/wiki/Glyn_T._Davies" title="Glyn T. Davies">Glyn T. Davies</a>, the US ambassador to Thailand, gave a speech criticising the long prison sentences handed to those found guilty of lèse-majesté. Police then investigated him.<a href="#cite_note-ambassador-113">[112]</a> Activists against the law or those who seek to reform it include: Mainueng Kor Kunatee (a poet who was assassinated in 2014);<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> Somsak Jeamteerasakul; Giles Ji Ungpakorn;<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pavin_Chachavalpongpun" title="Pavin Chachavalpongpun">Pavin Chachavalpongpun</a>,<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> a former diplomat, and an associate professor at the <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_University" title="Kyoto University">Kyoto University</a> and a leader of a campaign to abolish Article 112 of the Thai criminal code; and The Nitirat group—an association of law lecturers who campaign for constitutional reform and a change of Thailand's lèse-majesté law–including <a href="/wiki/Worachet_Pakeerut" title="Worachet Pakeerut">Worachet Pakeerut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piyabutr_Saengkanokkul" title="Piyabutr Saengkanokkul">Piyabutr Saengkanokkul</a>, and Sawatree Suksri.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> During 2020–2021 Thai protests, demands on reform of the monarchy, which included reform or abolition of lèse-majesté law, were part of the protest goals.<a href="#cite_note-prachatai_11082020-118">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satirical_reaction">Satirical reaction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Satirical reaction">edit</a>]</div> Not The Nation, an anonymous website<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> that <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satirises</a> a Thai newspaper, <a href="/wiki/The_Nation_(Thailand)#Satirical_Reaction" title="The Nation (Thailand)">The Nation</a>, satirised the media and the public response to the case of <a href="/wiki/Thai_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai American">Thai American</a> Joe Gordon in contrast to that paid to the drug-related case of Australian <a href="/wiki/Schapelle_Corby#Media_and_public_response" title="Schapelle Corby">Schapelle Corby</a> and to the pardoning of Greek-Cypriot-Australian <a href="/wiki/Harry_Nicolaides#Pardon" title="Harry Nicolaides">Harry Nicolaides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NTN_Joe-120">[119]</a> NTN later satirised <a href="/wiki/Plea_bargain" title="Plea bargain">plea bargaining</a> in the "Uncle SMS" case.<a href="#cite_note-NTN_SMS-121">[120]</a> In December 2013, NTN circumvented the chilling effect of LMIT on discussion of <a href="/wiki/1924_Palace_Law_of_Succession" title="1924 Palace Law of Succession">succession</a> with a discussion of the abdication of royal dog <a href="/wiki/Thong_Daeng" class="mw-redirect" title="Thong Daeng">Thong Daeng</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> In July 2014, British comedian <a href="/wiki/John_Oliver_(comedian)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Oliver (comedian)">John Oliver</a> described Crown Prince Vajiralongkorn as a "buffoon" and showed the leaked video of Vajiralongkorn and his topless wife celebrating the birthday of the prince's poodle, <a href="/wiki/Fufu_(dog)" title="Fufu (dog)">Air Chief Marshal Foo Foo</a>, in a satirical piece about monarchy in general on <a href="/wiki/Last_Week_Tonight_with_John_Oliver" title="Last Week Tonight with John Oliver">Last Week Tonight with John Oliver</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> The Thai military government described Oliver as "undermining the royal institution", to which Oliver responded by saying: "It seems my Thailand vacation is going to have to be postponed very much indefinitely. If I can bring down your monarchy, you have—at best—a wobbly monarchy."<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_controversies">Related controversies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Related controversies">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Charoen_Pokphand" title="Charoen Pokphand">Charoen Pokphand (CP) group</a> is alleged to have supported Section 112 via a CP Freshmart marketing discount campaign that ran from 12–15 February 2021 titled "LOVE112" that offered a 112 baht discount for online purchases worth at least 666 baht.<a href="#cite_note-Prachatai_English_2021-125">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abolition_campaign">Abolition campaign</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Abolition campaign">edit</a>]</div> On 5 November 2021, the law activist group <a href="/w/index.php?title=ILaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ILaw (page does not exist)">iLaw</a> launched the first ever campaign to abolish Section 112 of the Penal Code through an <a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative" title="Popular initiative">initiative petition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> The petition attracted more than 100,000 subscribers overnight, despite Thai law merely requiring 10,000 signatures for the petition to be submitted to the parliament.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prosecuted_l%C3%A8se_majest%C3%A9_cases_in_Thailand" title="List of prosecuted lèse majesté cases in Thailand">List of prosecuted lèse majesté cases in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Thailand" title="Censorship in Thailand">Censorship in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber_Scouts_(Thailand)" title="Cyber Scouts (Thailand)">Cyber Scouts (Thailand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Thailand" title="Human rights in Thailand">Human rights in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Gaurs" title="Red Gaurs">Red Gaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubbish_Collection_Organization" title="Rubbish Collection Organization">Rubbish Collection Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawaphon" title="Nawaphon">Nawaphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Sanction_(Thailand)" title="Social Sanction (Thailand)">Social Sanction (Thailand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netiporn_Sanesangkhom" title="Netiporn Sanesangkhom">Netiporn Sanesangkhom</a>, an activist who died during a hunger strike in 2024, opposed to the lèse-majesté laws</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> It reads: "The King shall be enthroned in a position of revered worship and shall not be violated. No person shall expose the King to any sort of accusation or action." </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCochrane2017" class="citation web cs1">Cochrane, Liam (11 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-01-10/thai-king-requests-constitutional-changes-to-ensure-powers/8174062">"New Thai King requests constitutional changes to 'ensure his royal powers': Prime Minister"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)" title="ABC News (Australia)">ABC News</a>. ABC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190717135258/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-01-10/thai-king-requests-constitutional-changes-to-ensure-powers/8174062">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=New+Thai+King+requests+constitutional+changes+to+%27ensure+his+royal+powers%27%3A+Prime+Minister&rft.date=2017-01-11&rft.aulast=Cochrane&rft.aufirst=Liam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2017-01-10%2Fthai-king-requests-constitutional-changes-to-ensure-powers%2F8174062&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-economist-2"><a href="#cite_ref-economist_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/international/21724993-some-countries-insulting-politicians-can-lead-jail-how-powerful-people-use">"How powerful people use criminal-defamation laws to silence their critics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. 13 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180503094146/https://www.economist.com/news/international/21724993-some-countries-insulting-politicians-can-lead-jail-how-powerful-people-use">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=How+powerful+people+use+criminal-defamation+laws+to+silence+their+critics&rft.date=2017-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Finternational%2F21724993-some-countries-insulting-politicians-can-lead-jail-how-powerful-people-use&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Connors-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Connors_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Connors_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Connors_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Connors_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Connors_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Connors_3-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnors2003" class="citation book cs1">Connors, Michael Kelly (2003). Democracy and National Identity in Thailand. Routledge Curzon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-36163-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-36163-6"><bdi>0-203-36163-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+and+National+Identity+in+Thailand&rft.pub=Routledge+Curzon&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-203-36163-6&rft.aulast=Connors&rft.aufirst=Michael+Kelly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-explained-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-explained_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-explained_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-29628191">"Thailand's lese-majeste law explained"</a>. BBC News. 6 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191112063736/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-29628191">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Thailand%27s+lese-majeste+law+explained&rft.date=2017-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-29628191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HRW14-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HRW14_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRW14_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRW14_5-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2014/country-chapters/thailand">"World Report 2014: Rights Trends in World Report 2014: Thailand"</a>. Human Rights Watch. 21 January 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190227054204/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2014/country-chapters/thailand">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=World+Report+2014%3A+Rights+Trends+in+World+Report+2014%3A+Thailand&rft.date=2014-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fworld-report%2F2014%2Fcountry-chapters%2Fthailand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2014highest-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2014highest_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2014highest_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prachatai.com/english/node/4218">"2014 coup marks the highest number of lese majeste prisoners in Thai history"</a>. Prachatai English. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171005051007/https://prachatai.com/english/node/4218">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prachatai+English&rft.atitle=2014+coup+marks+the+highest+number+of+lese+majeste+prisoners+in+Thai+history&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprachatai.com%2Fenglish%2Fnode%2F4218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2020revival-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2020revival_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2020revival_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-55062397">"Thailand revives law banning criticism of king in bid to curb protests"</a>. BBC News. 25 November 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Thailand+revives+law+banning+criticism+of+king+in+bid+to+curb+protests&rft.date=2020-11-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-55062397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Team_2020-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Team_2020_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeam2020" class="citation web cs1">Team, WION Web (13 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wionews.com/world/thai-government-threatens-legal-action-against-facebook-over-posts-criticising-monarchy-320249">"Thai government threatens legal action against Facebook over posts criticising monarchy, World News"</a>. WION. Retrieved 17 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WION&rft.atitle=Thai+government+threatens+legal+action+against+Facebook+over+posts+criticising+monarchy%2C+World+News&rft.date=2020-08-13&rft.aulast=Team&rft.aufirst=WION+Web&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wionews.com%2Fworld%2Fthai-government-threatens-legal-action-against-facebook-over-posts-criticising-monarchy-320249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-International_Federation_for_Human_Rights_2020-9"><a href="#cite_ref-International_Federation_for_Human_Rights_2020_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fidh.org/en/issues/human-rights-defenders/thailand-arbitrary-arrest-of-human-rights-lawyer-mr-anon-nampa-and">"Thailand: Arbitrary arrest of human rights lawyer Mr. Anon Nampa and student activisist Mr. Panupong Chadnok"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_for_Human_Rights" title="International Federation for Human Rights">International Federation for Human Rights</a>. 7 August 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200810084137/https://www.fidh.org/en/issues/human-rights-defenders/thailand-arbitrary-arrest-of-human-rights-lawyer-mr-anon-nampa-and">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 17 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Federation+for+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=Thailand%3A+Arbitrary+arrest+of+human+rights+lawyer+Mr.+Anon+Nampa+and+student+activisist+Mr.+Panupong+Chadnok&rft.date=2020-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fidh.org%2Fen%2Fissues%2Fhuman-rights-defenders%2Fthailand-arbitrary-arrest-of-human-rights-lawyer-mr-anon-nampa-and&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAFP2023" class="citation web cs1">AFP (20 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2023/sep/20/thai-ex-mp-pannika-wanich-banned-for-life-for-disrespecting-monarchy-2616645.html">"Thai ex-MP Pannika Wanich banned for life for 'disrespecting monarchy'"</a>. New Indian Express.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Thai+ex-MP+Pannika+Wanich+banned+for+life+for+%27disrespecting+monarchy%27&rft.date=2023-09-20&rft.au=AFP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2Fsep%2F20%2Fthai-ex-mp-pannika-wanich-banned-for-life-for-disrespecting-monarchy-2616645.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAFP2023" class="citation web cs1">AFP (20 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nst.com.my/world/world/2023/09/957690/thai-ex-mp-banned-life-disrespecting-monarchy">"Thai ex-MP banned for life for 'disrespecting monarchy' | New Straits Times"</a>. New Straits Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Thai+ex-MP+banned+for+life+for+%27disrespecting+monarchy%27+%26%23124%3B+New+Straits+Times&rft.date=2023-09-20&rft.au=AFP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nst.com.my%2Fworld%2Fworld%2F2023%2F09%2F957690%2Fthai-ex-mp-banned-life-disrespecting-monarchy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Economist1-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Economist1_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/asia/2024/08/07/thailands-top-court-tramples-over-the-countrys-democracy">"Thailand's top court tramples over the country's democracy"</a>. The Economist. 7 August 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240816203416/https://www.economist.com/asia/2024/08/07/thailands-top-court-tramples-over-the-countrys-democracy">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2024. Retrieved 17 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Thailand%27s+top+court+tramples+over+the+country%27s+democracy&rft.date=2024-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fasia%2F2024%2F08%2F07%2Fthailands-top-court-tramples-over-the-countrys-democracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prachataienglish.com/node/10782">"Chiang Rai activist sentenced to 50 years in prison for royal defamation"</a>. Prachatai. 19 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Prachatai&rft.atitle=Chiang+Rai+activist+sentenced+to+50+years+in+prison+for+royal+defamation&rft.date=2024-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprachataienglish.com%2Fnode%2F10782&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-นพพล-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-นพพล_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-นพพล_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-นพพล_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-นพพล_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-นพพล_14-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-นพพล_14-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-นพพล_14-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-นพพล_14-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-นพพล_14-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-นพพล_14-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-นพพล_14-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-นพพล_14-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-นพพล_14-12">m</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFอาชามาส2014" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">อาชามาส, นพพล (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://so01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/CMUJLSS/article/view/64625/53011">"ประมวลกฎหมายอาญามาตรา 112 กับการประกอบสร้างสถานะอัน "ล่วงละเมิดมิได้""</a> [Article 112 of the Criminal Code and contribution to establish "inviolable" status]. นิติสังคมศาสตร์ (in Thai). 7 (1): 19–49. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200802225626/https://so01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/CMUJLSS/article/view/64625/53011">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8E%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2+112+%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99+%22%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%89%22&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19-49&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA&rft.aufirst=%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fso01.tci-thaijo.org%2Findex.php%2FCMUJLSS%2Farticle%2Fview%2F64625%2F53011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CMU-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CMU_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CMU_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CMU_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CMU_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CMU_15-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CMU_15-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CMU_15-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CMU_15-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CMU_15-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CMU_15-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CMU_15-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CMU_15-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CMU_15-12">m</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreechasilpakulStreckfuss" class="citation news cs1">Preechasilpakul, Somchai; Streckfuss, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cmu.ac.th/law2011/journal/20682.pdf">"Ramification and Re-Sacralization of the Lese Majesty Law in Thailand"</a> (PDF). law.cmu.ac.th. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201216141425/https://www.law.cmu.ac.th/law2011/journal/20682.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 December 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=law.cmu.ac.th&rft.atitle=Ramification+and+Re-Sacralization+of+the+Lese+Majesty+Law+in+Thailand&rft.aulast=Preechasilpakul&rft.aufirst=Somchai&rft.au=Streckfuss%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cmu.ac.th%2Flaw2011%2Fjournal%2F20682.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedom.ilaw.or.th/en/node/263">"วิวัฒนาการของ "กฎหมายหมิ่นประมาทพระมหากษัตริย์" ในรอบ 200 ปี ตามบริบทสังคมการเมือง"</a>. iLaw. Freedom of Expression Documentation Center | ศูนย์ข้อมูลกฎหมายและคดีเสรีภาพ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160705184934/http://freedom.ilaw.or.th/en/node/263">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=iLaw&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87+%22%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8E%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%22+%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A+200+%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5+%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedom.ilaw.or.th%2Fen%2Fnode%2F263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-narc-17"><a href="#cite_ref-narc_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110917072652/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2519/A/134/46.PDF">คำสั่งของคณะปฏิรูปการปกครองแผ่นดิน ฉบับที่ 41</a> [National Administrative Reform Council No.41] (PDF) (Order, 1) (in Thai). 21 October 1976. p. 1-2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2519/A/134/46.PDF">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99+%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88+41&rft.pages=1-2&rft.date=1976-10-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th%2FDATA%2FPDF%2F2519%2FA%2F134%2F46.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-David-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-David_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_18-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_18-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_18-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_18-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_18-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_18-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_18-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_18-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_18-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Streckfuss2014" class="citation book cs1">David Streckfuss (2014). "Freedom and Silencing Under the Neo-Absolutist Monarchy Regime in Thailand, 2006–2011". In Chachavalpongpun, Pavin (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fHqZBQAAQBAJ&q=%22Good+Coup%22+Gone+Bad:+Thailand%27s+Political+Development+since+Thaksin%27s+Downfall">"Good Coup" Gone Bad: Thailand's Political Development since Thaksin's Downfall</a>. Singapore: ISEAS publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789814459617" title="Special:BookSources/9789814459617"><bdi>9789814459617</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201216141432/https://books.google.com/books?id=fHqZBQAAQBAJ&q=%22Good+Coup%22+Gone+Bad%3A+Thailand%27s+Political+Development+since+Thaksin%27s+Downfall">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2020. Retrieved 3 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Freedom+and+Silencing+Under+the+Neo-Absolutist+Monarchy+Regime+in+Thailand%2C+2006%E2%80%932011&rft.btitle=%22Good+Coup%22+Gone+Bad%3A+Thailand%27s+Political+Development+since+Thaksin%27s+Downfall&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=ISEAS+publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9789814459617&rft.au=David+Streckfuss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfHqZBQAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Good%2BCoup%2522%2BGone%2BBad%3A%2BThailand%2527s%2BPolitical%2BDevelopment%2Bsince%2BThaksin%2527s%2BDownfall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090111051501/http://in.reuters.com/article/asiaCompanyAndMarkets/idINBKK26310120080602">"BBC rejects Thai royal slur complaint"</a>. in.reuters.com. 2 June 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://in.reuters.com/article/asiaCompanyAndMarkets/idINBKK26310120080602">the original</a> on 11 January 2009. Retrieved 15 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=in.reuters.com&rft.atitle=BBC+rejects+Thai+royal+slur+complaint&rft.date=2008-06-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fin.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FasiaCompanyAndMarkets%2FidINBKK26310120080602&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbcjailed-20"><a href="#cite_ref-bbcjailed_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6505237.stm">"Swiss man jailed for Thai insult"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 29 March 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070913194656/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6505237.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2007. Retrieved 26 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Swiss+man+jailed+for+Thai+insult&rft.date=2007-03-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F6505237.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/6498297.stm">"Sensitive Heads of State"</a>. BBC UK. 30 March 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109001449/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/6498297.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+UK&rft.atitle=Sensitive+Heads+of+State&rft.date=2007-03-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fin_depth%2F6498297.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/apr/12/thailand">"Thai king pardons man who defaced his portrait"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 12 April 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180426012027/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/apr/12/thailand">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Thai+king+pardons+man+who+defaced+his+portrait&rft.date=2007-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2007%2Fapr%2F12%2Fthailand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-iLaw-23"><a href="#cite_ref-iLaw_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedom.ilaw.or.th/en/content/charges-against-individuals-after-2014-coup">"List of individuals charged with Article 112 of the Criminal Code (lèse majesté)"</a>. iLAW. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171118222457/https://freedom.ilaw.or.th/en/content/charges-against-individuals-after-2014-coup">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2017. Retrieved 17 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iLAW&rft.atitle=List+of+individuals+charged+with+Article+112+of+the+Criminal+Code+%28l%C3%A8se+majest%C3%A9%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedom.ilaw.or.th%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Fcharges-against-individuals-after-2014-coup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-increase-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-increase_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-increase_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd_Pitman_and_Sinfah_Tunsarawuth2011" class="citation news cs1">Todd Pitman and Sinfah Tunsarawuth (27 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mcall.com/sdut-thailand-arrests-american-for-alleged-king-insult-2011may27-story.html">"Thailand arrests American for alleged king insult"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030123853/https://www.mcall.com/sdut-thailand-arrests-american-for-alleged-king-insult-2011may27-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Thailand+arrests+American+for+alleged+king+insult&rft.date=2011-03-27&rft.au=Todd+Pitman+and+Sinfah+Tunsarawuth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcall.com%2Fsdut-thailand-arrests-american-for-alleged-king-insult-2011may27-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-protlaw-25"><a href="#cite_ref-protlaw_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulian_Gearing1999" class="citation journal cs1">Julian Gearing (3 December 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-cgi.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/magazine/99/1203/soc.thailand.lesemajeste.html">"A Protective Law: It's called lèse-majesté, and it is taken seriously"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Asiaweek" title="Asiaweek">Asiaweek</a>. 25 (48). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140905214129/http://www-cgi.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/magazine/99/1203/soc.thailand.lesemajeste.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2014. Retrieved 5 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asiaweek&rft.atitle=A+Protective+Law%3A+It%27s+called+l%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9%2C+and+it+is+taken+seriously&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=48&rft.date=1999-12-03&rft.au=Julian+Gearing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-cgi.cnn.com%2FASIANOW%2Fasiaweek%2Fmagazine%2F99%2F1203%2Fsoc.thailand.lesemajeste.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-turkish-26"><a href="#cite_ref-turkish_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930181828/http://www.turkishpress.com/news.asp?id=142951">"Thai coup leader says new PM within two weeks"</a>. TurkishPress. 19 September 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkishpress.com/news.asp?id=142951">the original</a> on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 26 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thai+coup+leader+says+new+PM+within+two+weeks&rft.pub=TurkishPress&rft.date=2006-09-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkishpress.com%2Fnews.asp%3Fid%3D142951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-worldnotes-27"><a href="#cite_ref-worldnotes_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jcgi.pathfinder.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,962326,00.html">"World Notes Thailand"</a>. Time. 15 September 1986. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070620163553/http://jcgi.pathfinder.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,962326,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2007. Retrieved 26 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=World+Notes+Thailand&rft.date=1986-09-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjcgi.pathfinder.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C962326%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064442/http://en.rsf.org/thailande-lese-majeste-charge-used-to-02-05-2011,40121.html">"Court refuses to free editor held for six months on lèse-majesté charge"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.rsf.org/thailande-lese-majeste-charge-used-to-02-05-2011,40121.html">the original</a> on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reporters+Without+Borders&rft.atitle=Court+refuses+to+free+editor+held+for+six+months+on+l%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+charge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.rsf.org%2Fthailande-lese-majeste-charge-used-to-02-05-2011%2C40121.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120419152445/http://www.seapabkk.org/alerts/100447-seapa-alert-thai-history-professor-faces-lese-majeste-complaint.html">"SEAPA Alert: Thai history professor faces lèse-majesté complaint"</a>. seapabkk.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seapabkk.org/alerts/100447-seapa-alert-thai-history-professor-faces-lese-majeste-complaint.html">the original</a> on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 15 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=seapabkk.org&rft.atitle=SEAPA+Alert%3A+Thai+history+professor+faces+l%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+complaint&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seapabkk.org%2Falerts%2F100447-seapa-alert-thai-history-professor-faces-lese-majeste-complaint.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thaipoliticalprisoners.wordpress.com/pendingcases/somsak-jeamteerasakul/">"Somsak Jeamteerasakul"</a>. thaipoliticalprisoners.com. 23 April 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200929194041/https://thaipoliticalprisoners.wordpress.com/pendingcases/somsak-jeamteerasakul/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thaipoliticalprisoners.com&rft.atitle=Somsak+Jeamteerasakul&rft.date=2011-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthaipoliticalprisoners.wordpress.com%2Fpendingcases%2Fsomsak-jeamteerasakul%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/feb/09/professor-thailand-charged-king">"British professor flees Thailand after charge of insulting king"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 9 February 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519073749/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/feb/09/professor-thailand-charged-king">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=British+professor+flees+Thailand+after+charge+of+insulting+king&rft.date=2009-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2009%2Ffeb%2F09%2Fprofessor-thailand-charged-king&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinfah_Tunsarawuth2012" class="citation cs2">Sinfah Tunsarawuth (September 2012), "Royal Chill", <a href="/wiki/Index_on_Censorship" title="Index on Censorship">Index on Censorship</a>, 41 (3): 103–107, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0306422012456809">10.1177/0306422012456809</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220923628">220923628</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Index+on+Censorship&rft.atitle=Royal+Chill&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=103-107&rft.date=2012-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0306422012456809&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220923628%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Sinfah+Tunsarawuth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BP115-33"><a href="#cite_ref-BP115_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAchara_Ashayagachat2012" class="citation news cs1">Achara Ashayagachat (11 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/politics/292743/ampon-team-of-lawyers-say-their-best-not-good-enough">"Ampon team of lawyers say their best 'not good enough'"</a>. Bangkok Post. Retrieved 11 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=Ampon+team+of+lawyers+say+their+best+%27not+good+enough%27&rft.date=2012-05-11&rft.au=Achara+Ashayagachat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F292743%2Fampon-team-of-lawyers-say-their-best-not-good-enough&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/f3ad24f4-b305-11e0-86b8-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1h67G3sai">"High time to concede the Thai king can do wrong"</a>. Financial Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201216141451/https://www.ft.com/content/f3ad24f4-b305-11e0-86b8-00144feabdc0#axzz1h67G3sai">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=High+time+to+concede+the+Thai+king+can+do+wrong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2Ff3ad24f4-b305-11e0-86b8-00144feabdc0.html%23axzz1h67G3sai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prachatai.com/english/node/4021">"All crimes involving alleged lese majeste, sedition subjected to Military Court: Thai Coup makers"</a>. pracchatai.com. 25 May 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200907190802/https://prachatai.com/english/node/4021">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pracchatai.com&rft.atitle=All+crimes+involving+alleged+lese+majeste%2C+sedition+subjected+to+Military+Court%3A+Thai+Coup+makers&rft.date=2014-05-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prachatai.com%2Fenglish%2Fnode%2F4021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/09/18/world/asia/thailand-king-lese-majeste.html">"Running Afoul of the Thai Monarchy (Published 2015)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 20 September 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101005537/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/09/18/world/asia/thailand-king-lese-majeste.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Running+Afoul+of+the+Thai+Monarchy+%28Published+2015%29&rft.date=2015-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2015%2F09%2F18%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fthailand-king-lese-majeste.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/09/21/thailand-upr-submission-2015">"Thailand: UPR Submission 2015"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. 21 September 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151010095808/https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/09/21/thailand-upr-submission-2015">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Thailand%3A+UPR+Submission+2015&rft.date=2015-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2015%2F09%2F21%2Fthailand-upr-submission-2015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time14-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Time14_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Time14_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Time14_38-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/3650981/thailand-lese-majeste-article-112/">"The Vicious Law Silencing Thai Dissent"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201029194047/https://time.com/3650981/thailand-lese-majeste-article-112/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Vicious+Law+Silencing+Thai+Dissent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F3650981%2Fthailand-lese-majeste-article-112%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khaosodenglish.com/politics/2015/07/14/1436851966/">"Thai Minister Asks French Diplomat to Extradite Lese Majeste Suspects"</a>. Khaosod English. 14 July 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201029160137/https://www.khaosodenglish.com/politics/2015/07/14/1436851966/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Khaosod+English&rft.atitle=Thai+Minister+Asks+French+Diplomat+to+Extradite+Lese+Majeste+Suspects&rft.date=2015-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.khaosodenglish.com%2Fpolitics%2F2015%2F07%2F14%2F1436851966%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freedom.ilaw.or.th/en/report/2014/LeseMajeste">"2014 Situation Summary Report 2/5: Lèse majesté cases: One step forward, three steps backward"</a>. iLaw. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200928093548/https://freedom.ilaw.or.th/en/report/2014/LeseMajeste">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=iLaw&rft.atitle=2014+Situation+Summary+Report+2%2F5%3A+L%C3%A8se+majest%C3%A9+cases%3A+One+step+forward%2C+three+steps+backward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreedom.ilaw.or.th%2Fen%2Freport%2F2014%2FLeseMajeste&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-31828475">"Parents of Thai ex-princess given jail term for lese majeste"</a>. BBC News. 11 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190507131049/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-31828475">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Parents+of+Thai+ex-princess+given+jail+term+for+lese+majeste&rft.date=2015-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-31828475&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/prachatai/22168436089/">"Prachatai Infographic 20151021"</a>. 21 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161110004847/https://www.flickr.com/photos/prachatai/22168436089">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2016. Retrieved 1 May 2019 – via Flickr.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prachatai+Infographic+20151021&rft.date=2015-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Fprachatai%2F22168436089%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prachatai.com/english/node/4584">"3 lèse majesté complaints filed against women wearing black around King's birthday"</a>. Prachatai English. 10 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150124041442/http://www.prachatai.com/english/node/4584">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Prachatai+English&rft.atitle=3+l%C3%A8se+majest%C3%A9+complaints+filed+against+women+wearing+black+around+King%27s+birthday&rft.date=2014-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prachatai.com%2Fenglish%2Fnode%2F4584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10QA-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-10QA_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-10QA_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedom.ilaw.or.th/en/freedom-of-expression-101/QA-112">"10 Q&A about lèse majesté law | Freedom of Expression Documentation Center | ศูนย์ข้อมูลกฎหมายและคดีเสรีภาพ"</a>. iLaw. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109003646/https://freedom.ilaw.or.th/en/freedom-of-expression-101/QA-112">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=iLaw&rft.atitle=10+Q%26A+about+l%C3%A8se+majest%C3%A9+law+%7C+Freedom+of+Expression+Documentation+Center+%7C+%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8E%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedom.ilaw.or.th%2Fen%2Ffreedom-of-expression-101%2FQA-112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKetbungkan2016" class="citation news cs1">Ketbungkan, Kaewta (3 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khaosodenglish.com/politics/2016/12/03/activist-pai-dao-din-arrested-lese-majeste/">"Activist 'Pai Dao Din' Arrested For Lese Majeste"</a>. Khaosod English. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201105070520/https://www.khaosodenglish.com/politics/2016/12/03/activist-pai-dao-din-arrested-lese-majeste/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Khaosod+English&rft.atitle=Activist+%27Pai+Dao+Din%27+Arrested+For+Lese+Majeste&rft.date=2016-12-03&rft.aulast=Ketbungkan&rft.aufirst=Kaewta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.khaosodenglish.com%2Fpolitics%2F2016%2F12%2F03%2Factivist-pai-dao-din-arrested-lese-majeste%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmy_Sawitta_LefevreAukkarapon_Niyomyat2017" class="citation news cs1">Amy Sawitta Lefevre; Aukkarapon Niyomyat (22 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-thailand-insult-idUSKBN18I0WG">"Thailand extends web controls from composers of illicit content to viewers"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170608121953/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-thailand-insult-idUSKBN18I0WG">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Thailand+extends+web+controls+from+composers+of+illicit+content+to+viewers&rft.date=2017-05-22&rft.au=Amy+Sawitta+Lefevre&rft.au=Aukkarapon+Niyomyat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-thailand-insult-idUSKBN18I0WG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bangkokpost.com/news/general/1578126/us-tv-series-slammed-over-monarchy-reference">"US TV series slammed over monarchy reference"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Post" title="Bangkok Post">Bangkok Post</a>. 19 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=US+TV+series+slammed+over+monarchy+reference&rft.date=2018-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fnews%2Fgeneral%2F1578126%2Fus-tv-series-slammed-over-monarchy-reference&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tlhr60-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tlhr60_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tlhr60_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tlhr60_48-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tlhr2014.com/?p=5864#pll_switcher">"1 ปี การคุมขัง 'ไผ่ ดาวดิน' กับสถานการณ์มาตรา 112 ในรอบปี 2560"</a>. Thai Lawyers for Human Rights (in Thai). 22 December 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030204510/https://tlhr2014.com/?p=5864#pll_switcher">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Thai+Lawyers+for+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=1+%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5+%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87+%27%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88+%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%27+%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2+112+%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5+2560&rft.date=2017-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tlhr2014.com%2F%3Fp%3D5864%23pll_switcher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PE-20171115-49"><a href="#cite_ref-PE-20171115_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWongwat2017" class="citation news cs1">Wongwat, Metta (15 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prachatai.com/english/node/7466">"A Decade of Article 112 Cases"</a>. Prachatai English. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171118222930/https://prachatai.com/english/node/7466">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2017. Retrieved 17 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prachatai+English&rft.atitle=A+Decade+of+Article+112+Cases&rft.date=2017-11-15&rft.aulast=Wongwat&rft.aufirst=Metta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprachatai.com%2Fenglish%2Fnode%2F7466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tlhr-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tlhr_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tlhr_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tlhr_50-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tlhr2014.com/?p=10431&lang=en">"Changes in Thailand's lèse majesté prosecutions in 2018"</a>. tlhr2014.com. 15 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201102023924/https://tlhr2014.com/?p=10431&lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tlhr2014.com&rft.atitle=Changes+in+Thailand%27s+l%C3%A8se+majest%C3%A9+prosecutions+in+2018&rft.date=2019-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tlhr2014.com%2F%3Fp%3D10431%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglish2020" class="citation news cs1">English, Khaosod (15 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khaosodenglish.com/politics/2020/06/15/hm-king-puts-stop-on-uses-of-royal-insult-law-pm/">"HM King Puts Stop on Uses of Royal Insult Law: PM"</a>. Khaosod English. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200714171509/https://www.khaosodenglish.com/politics/2020/06/15/hm-king-puts-stop-on-uses-of-royal-insult-law-pm/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Khaosod+English&rft.atitle=HM+King+Puts+Stop+on+Uses+of+Royal+Insult+Law%3A+PM&rft.date=2020-06-15&rft.aulast=English&rft.aufirst=Khaosod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.khaosodenglish.com%2Fpolitics%2F2020%2F06%2F15%2Fhm-king-puts-stop-on-uses-of-royal-insult-law-pm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/thai/thailand-53103498">"8 ปี หลังความเคลื่อนไหวยกเลิก ม. 112 ความพยายามที่ยังไม่เกิดผล"</a>. BBC Thai (in Thai). 20 June 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101015944/https://www.bbc.com/thai/thailand-53103498">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Thai&rft.atitle=8+%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5+%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81+%E0%B8%A1.+112+%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%A5&rft.date=2020-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fthai%2Fthailand-53103498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/thai/thailand-53737348">"รวมปฏิกิริยาต่อ 10 ข้อเรียกร้องของแนวร่วมธรรมศาสตร์และการชุมนุม"</a>. BBC News ไทย (in Thai). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201020211157/https://www.bbc.com/thai/thailand-53737348">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD+10+%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fthai%2Fthailand-53737348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/press-release/2021/01/thailand-87-prison-sentence-lese-majeste/">"87-year prison sentence handed in Thailand's harshest "lèse majesté" conviction"</a>. Amnesty International. 19 January 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amnesty+International&rft.atitle=87-year+prison+sentence+handed+in+Thailand%27s+harshest+%22l%C3%A8se+majest%C3%A9%22+conviction&rft.date=2021-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Flatest%2Fpress-release%2F2021%2F01%2Fthailand-87-prison-sentence-lese-majeste%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-thailand-politics-vaccine/thai-police-charge-politician-for-insulting-king-over-vaccine-remarks-idUSKBN2BM0UG">"Thai police charge politician for insulting king over vaccine remarks"</a>. Reuters. 30 March 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Thai+police+charge+politician+for+insulting+king+over+vaccine+remarks&rft.date=2021-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-thailand-politics-vaccine%2Fthai-police-charge-politician-for-insulting-king-over-vaccine-remarks-idUSKBN2BM0UG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-thailand-politics/thai-government-foe-ordered-to-erase-vaccine-supply-criticism-idUSKBN2A00FL">"Thai government foe ordered to erase vaccine supply criticism"</a>. Reuters. 31 January 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Thai+government+foe+ordered+to+erase+vaccine+supply+criticism&rft.date=2021-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-thailand-politics%2Fthai-government-foe-ordered-to-erase-vaccine-supply-criticism-idUSKBN2A00FL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/thai/thailand-55878039">"ศาลสั่งลบโพสต์วัคซีนโควิดของคณะก้าวหน้า เหตุผิดกม.คอมพิวเตอร์"</a>. BBC News ไทย (in Thai).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2+%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A1.%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fthai%2Fthailand-55878039&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/politics/2167967/thanathorn-hit-with-2-more-lese-majeste-charges">"Thanathorn hit with 2 more lese majeste charges"</a>. Bangkok Post. Bangkok Post. Retrieved 28 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=Thanathorn+hit+with+2+more+lese+majeste+charges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fthailand%2Fpolitics%2F2167967%2Fthanathorn-hit-with-2-more-lese-majeste-charges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fidh.org/en/issues/human-rights-defenders/thailand-arbitrary-detention-of-eight-pro-democracy-activists">"Thailand: Arbitrary detention of eight pro-democracy activists"</a>. International Federation for Human Rights. 12 August 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Federation+for+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=Thailand%3A+Arbitrary+detention+of+eight+pro-democracy+activists&rft.date=2021-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fidh.org%2Fen%2Fissues%2Fhuman-rights-defenders%2Fthailand-arbitrary-detention-of-eight-pro-democracy-activists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsendip.com/prison-for-lese-majeste-because-of-a-sticker-on-a-portrait-of-thailands-king/">"Prison for lèse-majesté for a sticker on the portrait of Thailand's King"</a>. 4 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prison+for+l%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+for+a+sticker+on+the+portrait+of+Thailand%27s+King&rft.date=2022-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsendip.com%2Fprison-for-lese-majeste-because-of-a-sticker-on-a-portrait-of-thailands-king%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0v005j1j91o">"Thai activist Netiporn Sanesangkhom dies after hunger strike"</a>. BBC. Retrieved 14 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Thai+activist+Netiporn+Sanesangkhom+dies+after+hunger+strike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fc0v005j1j91o&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khaosodenglish.com/politics/2024/05/14/lese-majeste-detainee-bung-thaluwang-28-has-died-after-a-long-hunger-strike/">"LESE MAJESTE DETAINEE "BUNG THALUWANG," 28, HAS DIED AFTER A LONG HUNGER STRIKE"</a>. Khaosod English. Retrieved 14 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Khaosod+English&rft.atitle=LESE+MAJESTE+DETAINEE+%22BUNG+THALUWANG%2C%22+28%2C+HAS+DIED+AFTER+A+LONG+HUNGER+STRIKE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.khaosodenglish.com%2Fpolitics%2F2024%2F05%2F14%2Flese-majeste-detainee-bung-thaluwang-28-has-died-after-a-long-hunger-strike%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationthailand.com/thailand/politics/40029545">"Bhumjaithai won't join coalition that includes Move Forward: Anutin"</a>. Nation Thailand. 20 July 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nation+Thailand&rft.atitle=Bhumjaithai+won%27t+join+coalition+that+includes+Move+Forward%3A+Anutin&rft.date=2023-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationthailand.com%2Fthailand%2Fpolitics%2F40029545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRatcliffe2024" class="citation news cs1">Ratcliffe, Rebecca (31 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/31/thai-court-rules-move-forward-party-must-end-bid-reform-lese-majesty-law">"Thai court rules Move Forward party must end bid to reform lese-majesty law"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 17 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Thai+court+rules+Move+Forward+party+must+end+bid+to+reform+lese-majesty+law&rft.date=2024-01-31&rft.aulast=Ratcliffe&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2024%2Fjan%2F31%2Fthai-court-rules-move-forward-party-must-end-bid-reform-lese-majesty-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSetboonsarngWongcha-um2024" class="citation news cs1">Setboonsarng, Chayut; Wongcha-um, Panu (7 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240807180900/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/thai-politics-edge-court-decides-fate-anti-establishment-party-2024-08-06/">"Thai court orders dissolution of anti-establishment election winner"</a>. Reuters. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/thai-politics-edge-court-decides-fate-anti-establishment-party-2024-08-06/">the original</a> on 7 August 2024. Retrieved 7 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Thai+court+orders+dissolution+of+anti-establishment+election+winner&rft.date=2024-08-07&rft.aulast=Setboonsarng&rft.aufirst=Chayut&rft.au=Wongcha-um%2C+Panu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fasia-pacific%2Fthai-politics-edge-court-decides-fate-anti-establishment-party-2024-08-06%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Head-20071205-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Head-20071205_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHead2007" class="citation news cs1">Head, Jonathan (5 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7128935.stm">"Why Thailand's king is so revered"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090217135052/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7128935.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2009. Retrieved 17 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Why+Thailand%27s+king+is+so+revered&rft.date=2007-12-05&rft.aulast=Head&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F7128935.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-frenchmanjail-67"><a href="#cite_ref-frenchmanjail_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201216141431/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/?xml=%2Fnews%2F2007%2F03%2F13%2Fwthai13.xml">"Swiss man faces jail for lèse majesté"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. London. 13 March 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/03/13/wthai13.xml">the original</a> on 16 December 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Swiss+man+faces+jail+for+l%C3%A8se+majest%C3%A9&rft.date=2007-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmain.jhtml%3Fxml%3D%2Fnews%2F2007%2F03%2F13%2Fwthai13.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuetze2018" class="citation news cs1">Schuetze, Christopher (11 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/world/europe/dutch-parliament-reduces-penalties-for-insulting-king-20180411-p4z8yx.html">"Dutch Parliament reduces penalties for insulting king"</a>. The Sydney Morning Herald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101000816/https://www.smh.com.au/world/europe/dutch-parliament-reduces-penalties-for-insulting-king-20180411-p4z8yx.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Dutch+Parliament+reduces+penalties+for+insulting+king&rft.date=2018-04-11&rft.aulast=Schuetze&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fdutch-parliament-reduces-penalties-for-insulting-king-20180411-p4z8yx.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News_2011-70"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_2011_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16081337">"US man jailed in Thai royal case"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 8 December 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160526062341/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16081337">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2016. Retrieved 28 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=US+man+jailed+in+Thai+royal+case&rft.date=2011-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-16081337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-foes-71"><a href="#cite_ref-foes_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pages.citebite.com/v1x4o9y3g2jxi">"Authorities close in on Prem's foes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Post" title="Bangkok Post">Bangkok Post</a>. 5 April 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930184725/http://pages.citebite.com/v1x4o9y3g2jxi">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 26 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=Authorities+close+in+on+Prem%27s+foes&rft.date=2007-04-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpages.citebite.com%2Fv1x4o9y3g2jxi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nationxyz-72"><a href="#cite_ref-nationxyz_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930010354/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2007/04/03/headlines/headlines_30030967.php">"Row festers over website seeking to oust Prem"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Nation_(Thailand)" title="The Nation (Thailand)">The Nation (Thailand)</a>. 3 April 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2007/04/03/headlines/headlines_30030967.php">the original</a> on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 26 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Nation+%28Thailand%29&rft.atitle=Row+festers+over+website+seeking+to+oust+Prem&rft.date=2007-04-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationmultimedia.com%2F2007%2F04%2F03%2Fheadlines%2Fheadlines_30030967.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nationabc-73"><a href="#cite_ref-nationabc_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930024647/http://nationmultimedia.com/2007/04/05/headlines/headlines_30031154.php">"Special Branch chief demoted in reshuffle"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Nation_(Thailand)" title="The Nation (Thailand)">The Nation (Thailand)</a>. 5 April 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nationmultimedia.com/2007/04/05/headlines/headlines_30031154.php">the original</a> on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 26 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Nation+%28Thailand%29&rft.atitle=Special+Branch+chief+demoted+in+reshuffle&rft.date=2007-04-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnationmultimedia.com%2F2007%2F04%2F05%2Fheadlines%2Fheadlines_30031154.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedom.ilaw.or.th/en/blog/new-lese-majeste-precedence-set-thailand%E2%80%99s-public-prosecutors-and-court">"New lese majeste precedence set by Thailand's public prosecutors and Court"</a>. iLaw. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201102091348/https://freedom.ilaw.or.th/en/blog/new-lese-majeste-precedence-set-thailand%E2%80%99s-public-prosecutors-and-court">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=iLaw&rft.atitle=New+lese+majeste+precedence+set+by+Thailand%27s+public+prosecutors+and+Court&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedom.ilaw.or.th%2Fen%2Fblog%2Fnew-lese-majeste-precedence-set-thailand%25E2%2580%2599s-public-prosecutors-and-court&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharuvastra2016" class="citation news cs1">Charuvastra, Teeranai (1 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.khaosodenglish.com/politics/2016/06/01/singer-gets-7-years-for-lese-majeste-must-write-reconciliation-song/">"Singer Gets 7 Years for Lese Majeste, Must Write 'Reconciliation Song'"</a>. Khaosod English. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111181018/https://www.khaosodenglish.com/politics/2016/06/01/singer-gets-7-years-for-lese-majeste-must-write-reconciliation-song/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Khaosod+English&rft.atitle=Singer+Gets+7+Years+for+Lese+Majeste%2C+Must+Write+%27Reconciliation+Song%27&rft.date=2016-06-01&rft.aulast=Charuvastra&rft.aufirst=Teeranai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khaosodenglish.com%2Fpolitics%2F2016%2F06%2F01%2Fsinger-gets-7-years-for-lese-majeste-must-write-reconciliation-song%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thethaiger.com/news/national/ex-mp-takes-legal-action-against-thai-comedian-udom">"Ex-MP takes legal action against Thai comedian Udom"</a>. thethaiger.com. 8 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thethaiger.com&rft.atitle=Ex-MP+takes+legal+action+against+Thai+comedian+Udom&rft.date=2024-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthethaiger.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fex-mp-takes-legal-action-against-thai-comedian-udom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tlhr1mo-77"><a href="#cite_ref-tlhr1mo_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tlhr2014.com/?p=2754">"1 เดือนหลังการสวรรคต: ประมวลสถานการณ์ความขัดแย้งและการดำเนินคดีมาตรา 112"</a>. Thai Lawyers for Human Rights (in Thai). 15 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101001416/https://tlhr2014.com/?p=2754">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Thai+Lawyers+for+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=1+%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%95%3A+%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2+112&rft.date=2016-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tlhr2014.com%2F%3Fp%3D2754&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2011/12/02/thailand-end-harsh-punishments-lese-majeste-offenses">"Thailand: End Harsh Punishments for Lese Majeste Offenses"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. 2 December 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111174424/http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/12/02/thailand-end-harsh-punishments-lese-majeste-offenses">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Thailand%3A+End+Harsh+Punishments+for+Lese+Majeste+Offenses&rft.date=2011-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2011%2F12%2F02%2Fthailand-end-harsh-punishments-lese-majeste-offenses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ศาลทหาร-79"><a href="#cite_ref-ศาลทหาร_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prachatai.com/journal/2011/12/38272">"พุฒิพงศ์ พงศ์เอนกกุล "มาตรา 112: ผลพวงรัฐประหาร 6 ตุลา 2519""</a>. Prachatai (in Thai). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101160137/https://prachatai.com/journal/2011/12/38272">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prachatai&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C+%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5+%22%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2+112%3A+%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3+6+%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2+2519%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprachatai.com%2Fjournal%2F2011%2F12%2F38272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/29/thai-students-in-deteriorating-health-after-hunger-strike-say-lawyers">"Thai students in deteriorating health after hunger strike, say lawyers"</a>. the Guardian. 29 April 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Thai+students+in+deteriorating+health+after+hunger+strike%2C+say+lawyers&rft.date=2021-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2Fapr%2F29%2Fthai-students-in-deteriorating-health-after-hunger-strike-say-lawyers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/politics/2361936/hunger-striking-democracy-activists-freed-on-bail">"Hunger striking democracy activists freed on bail"</a>. Bangkok Post. Retrieved 27 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=Hunger+striking+democracy+activists+freed+on+bail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fthailand%2Fpolitics%2F2361936%2Fhunger-striking-democracy-activists-freed-on-bail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34764619">"Second Thailand lese majeste detainee dies in military custody"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 9 November 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108115439/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34764619">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Second+Thailand+lese+majeste+detainee+dies+in+military+custody&rft.date=2015-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-34764619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationthailand.com/news/30186584">"Court defers lese majeste case, defence advised"</a>. Nation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201106214812/https://www.nationthailand.com/news/30186584">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nation&rft.atitle=Court+defers+lese+majeste+case%2C+defence+advised&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationthailand.com%2Fnews%2F30186584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-having_no_compassion-84"><a href="#cite_ref-having_no_compassion_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFสิทธิศักดิ์_วนะชกิจ2012" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">สิทธิศักดิ์ วนะชกิจ (9 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.coj.go.th/document/03022012101049rkong2.pdf">"อากงปลงไม่ตก (2)"</a> (PDF) (in Thai). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150120233945/http://news.coj.go.th/document/03022012101049rkong2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 January 2015. Retrieved 16 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81+%282%29&rft.date=2012-05-09&rft.au=%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%8C+%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.coj.go.th%2Fdocument%2F03022012101049rkong2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ilaw112-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ilaw112_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ilaw112_85-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedom.ilaw.or.th/acomparisonbetweenverdictofthecourtofthefirstinstanceandthecourtofappeal">"คดี 112 จากชั้นต้นถึงอุทธรณ์ กับการให้เหตุผลของศาลที่ต่างกัน | Freedom of Expression Documentation Center | ศูนย์ข้อมูลกฎหมายและคดีเสรีภาพ"</a>. iLaw. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201102231702/https://freedom.ilaw.or.th/acomparisonbetweenverdictofthecourtofthefirstinstanceandthecourtofappeal">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=iLaw&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5+112+%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C+%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99+%7C+Freedom+of+Expression+Documentation+Center+%7C+%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8E%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedom.ilaw.or.th%2Facomparisonbetweenverdictofthecourtofthefirstinstanceandthecourtofappeal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bangkokpost.com/breaking_news/breakingnews.php?id=131678">"Thailand firewall to block 'offensive' websites"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Post" title="Bangkok Post">Bangkok Post</a>. 28 October 2008. Retrieved 2 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thailand+firewall+to+block+%27offensive%27+websites&rft.pub=Bangkok+Post&rft.date=2008-10-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fbreaking_news%2Fbreakingnews.php%3Fid%3D131678&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bangkokpost.com/breakingnews/136259/media-freedom-threats-worry-internet-community">"Media freedom threats worry internet community"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Post" title="Bangkok Post">Bangkok Post</a>. 5 February 2009. Retrieved 5 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Media+freedom+threats+worry+internet+community&rft.pub=Bangkok+Post&rft.date=2009-02-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fbreakingnews%2F136259%2Fmedia-freedom-threats-worry-internet-community&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-88"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller2011" class="citation news cs1">Fuller, Thomas (2 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/03/world/asia/03iht-thailand03.html">"A High-Tech War Against Slights to a Centuries-Old Monarchy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111003184853/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/03/world/asia/03iht-thailand03.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 4 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+High-Tech+War+Against+Slights+to+a+Centuries-Old+Monarchy&rft.date=2011-10-02&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F10%2F03%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F03iht-thailand03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cbsyoutube-89"><a href="#cite_ref-cbsyoutube_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/thai-youtube-ban-persists-over-king-clip/">"Thai YouTube Ban Persists Over King Clip"</a>. AP via CBS. 5 April 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070503084816/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/04/05/tech/main2651336.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2007. Retrieved 5 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Thai+YouTube+Ban+Persists+Over+King+Clip&rft.date=2007-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fthai-youtube-ban-persists-over-king-clip%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbcyoutube-90"><a href="#cite_ref-bbcyoutube_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/6532137.stm">"More Thai king videos on YouTube"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 5 April 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070504131554/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/6532137.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2007. Retrieved 8 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=More+Thai+king+videos+on+YouTube&rft.date=2007-04-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fasia-pacific%2F6532137.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nationyoutube-91"><a href="#cite_ref-nationyoutube_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930050613/http://nationmultimedia.com/2007/04/16/opinion/opinion_30031941.php">"Inconvenient truths of censorship"</a>. The Nation. 16 April 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nationmultimedia.com/2007/04/16/opinion/opinion_30031941.php">the original</a> on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 26 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inconvenient+truths+of+censorship&rft.pub=The+Nation&rft.date=2007-04-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnationmultimedia.com%2F2007%2F04%2F16%2Fopinion%2Fopinion_30031941.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/printer_friendly_wires/2008Jan06/0,4675,ThailandWebSiteBan,00.html">"Thailand Shuts Down Political Web Site"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200529191639/https://www.foxnews.com/printer_friendly_wires/2008Jan06/0,4675,ThailandWebSiteBan,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Thailand+Shuts+Down+Political+Web+Site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fprinter_friendly_wires%2F2008Jan06%2F0%2C4675%2CThailandWebSiteBan%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/thai-editor-loses-final-appeal-over-royal-slur-conviction">"Thai editor loses final appeal over royal slur conviction"</a>. The Straits Times. 23 December 2015. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0585-3923">0585-3923</a>. Retrieved 25 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Thai+editor+loses+final+appeal+over+royal+slur+conviction&rft.date=2015-12-23&rft.issn=0585-3923&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fasia%2Fse-asia%2Fthai-editor-loses-final-appeal-over-royal-slur-conviction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://advocacy.globalvoicesonline.org/2011/09/02/police-lese-majeste-%E2%80%9Cexperts%E2%80%9D-in-prachatai-trial/">"Police lèse majesté "experts" in Prachatai trial"</a>. Global Voices Advocacy. 2 September 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120607180320/http://advocacy.globalvoicesonline.org/2011/09/02/police-lese-majeste-%e2%80%9cexperts%e2%80%9d-in-prachatai-trial/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Voices+Advocacy&rft.atitle=Police+l%C3%A8se+majest%C3%A9+%22experts%22+in+Prachatai+trial&rft.date=2011-09-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadvocacy.globalvoicesonline.org%2F2011%2F09%2F02%2Fpolice-lese-majeste-%25E2%2580%259Cexperts%25E2%2580%259D-in-prachatai-trial%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://advocacy.globalvoicesonline.org/2011/02/05/thai-webmaster-facing-50-years-for-lese-majeste-postings/">"Thai webmaster facing 50 years for lèse majesté postings"</a>. Global Voices Advocacy. 5 February 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111108052307/http://advocacy.globalvoicesonline.org/2011/02/05/thai-webmaster-facing-50-years-for-lese-majeste-postings/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Voices+Advocacy&rft.atitle=Thai+webmaster+facing+50+years+for+l%C3%A8se+majest%C3%A9+postings&rft.date=2011-02-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadvocacy.globalvoicesonline.org%2F2011%2F02%2F05%2Fthai-webmaster-facing-50-years-for-lese-majeste-postings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharuvastra2016" class="citation news cs1">Charuvastra, Teeranai (5 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.khaosodenglish.com/politics/2016/05/05/1462426398/">"Facebook Blocks Thailand From Page Satirizing Monarchy"</a>. Khaosod English. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201028222611/https://www.khaosodenglish.com/politics/2016/05/05/1462426398/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Khaosod+English&rft.atitle=Facebook+Blocks+Thailand+From+Page+Satirizing+Monarchy&rft.date=2016-05-05&rft.aulast=Charuvastra&rft.aufirst=Teeranai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khaosodenglish.com%2Fpolitics%2F2016%2F05%2F05%2F1462426398%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-53899816">"Facebook blocks group critical of Thai monarchy"</a>. BBC News. 25 August 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200825050215/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-53899816">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Facebook+blocks+group+critical+of+Thai+monarchy&rft.date=2020-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-53899816&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200825045515/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-thailand-protests-idUKKCN25F0O9">"Thai police arrest activist over monarchy protest"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 19 August 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-thailand-protests-idUKKCN25F0O9">the original</a> on 25 August 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Thai+police+arrest+activist+over+monarchy+protest&rft.date=2020-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fuk-thailand-protests-idUKKCN25F0O9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prachatai.com/english/node/8748">"Royalist Marketplace returns"</a>. Prachatai English. 25 August 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200903062915/https://prachatai.com/english/node/8748">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Prachatai+English&rft.atitle=Royalist+Marketplace+returns&rft.date=2020-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprachatai.com%2Fenglish%2Fnode%2F8748&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglish2020" class="citation news cs1">English, Khaosod (22 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khaosodenglish.com/politics/2020/06/22/man-wears-lost-faith-in-the-monarchy-shirt-gets-cop-visit/">"Man Behind Viral 'Lost Faith' Shirt Gets Cop Visit"</a>. Khaosod English. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200712070037/https://www.khaosodenglish.com/politics/2020/06/22/man-wears-lost-faith-in-the-monarchy-shirt-gets-cop-visit/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Khaosod+English&rft.atitle=Man+Behind+Viral+%27Lost+Faith%27+Shirt+Gets+Cop+Visit&rft.date=2020-06-22&rft.aulast=English&rft.aufirst=Khaosod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.khaosodenglish.com%2Fpolitics%2F2020%2F06%2F22%2Fman-wears-lost-faith-in-the-monarchy-shirt-gets-cop-visit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prachatai.com/english/node/8646">"Facebook user behind viral 'lost faith' shirt committed to psychiatric hospital"</a>. Prachatai English. 13 July 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200713150137/https://prachatai.com/english/node/8646">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Prachatai+English&rft.atitle=Facebook+user+behind+viral+%27lost+faith%27+shirt+committed+to+psychiatric+hospital&rft.date=2020-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprachatai.com%2Fenglish%2Fnode%2F8646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isaanrecord.com/2020/07/22/after-court-rejects-petition-to-free-dissident-he-is-released-from-mental-hospital/">"After court rejects petition to free dissident, he is released from mental hospital"</a>. The Isaan Record. 22 July 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806163436/https://isaanrecord.com/2020/07/22/after-court-rejects-petition-to-free-dissident-he-is-released-from-mental-hospital/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Isaan+Record&rft.atitle=After+court+rejects+petition+to+free+dissident%2C+he+is+released+from+mental+hospital&rft.date=2020-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisaanrecord.com%2F2020%2F07%2F22%2Fafter-court-rejects-petition-to-free-dissident-he-is-released-from-mental-hospital%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bangkokpost.com/archive/address-un-rights-worries/972541">"Address UN rights worries"</a>. Editorial. <a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Post" title="Bangkok Post">Bangkok Post</a>. 14 May 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=Address+UN+rights+worries&rft.date=2016-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Farchive%2Faddress-un-rights-worries%2F972541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thaiembassy.sg/press_media/news-highlights/the-use-of-the-l%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9-law-in-thailand">"THE USE OF THE LÈSE-MAJESTÉ LAW IN THAILAND"</a>. Royal Thai Embassy Singapore. Government of Thailand. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180105233539/http://www.thaiembassy.sg/press_media/news-highlights/the-use-of-the-l%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9-law-in-thailand">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2018. Retrieved 5 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Thai+Embassy+Singapore&rft.atitle=THE+USE+OF+THE+L%C3%88SE-MAJEST%C3%89+LAW+IN+THAILAND&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thaiembassy.sg%2Fpress_media%2Fnews-highlights%2Fthe-use-of-the-l%25C3%25A8se-majest%25C3%25A9-law-in-thailand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mgronline.com/daily/detail/9550000007880">""The king can do no wrong" และกฎหมายอาญามาตรา 112"</a>. Manager Online (in Thai). Retrieved 11 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manager+Online&rft.atitle=%22The+king+can+do+no+wrong%22+%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8E%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2+112&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmgronline.com%2Fdaily%2Fdetail%2F9550000007880&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-106"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSombatpoonsiri2018" class="citation book cs1">Sombatpoonsiri, Janjira (2018). "Conservative Civil Society in Thailand". In Youngs, Richard (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnegieendowment.org/files/Youngs_Conservative_Civil_Society_FINAL.pdf">The mobilization of conservative civil society: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a> (PDF). Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace" title="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a>. pp. 27–32. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1059452133">1059452133</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190122104750/https://carnegieendowment.org/files/Youngs_Conservative_Civil_Society_FINAL.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 January 2019. Retrieved 29 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conservative+Civil+Society+in+Thailand&rft.btitle=The+mobilization+of+conservative+civil+society%3A+Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=27-32&rft.pub=Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1059452133&rft.aulast=Sombatpoonsiri&rft.aufirst=Janjira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarnegieendowment.org%2Ffiles%2FYoungs_Conservative_Civil_Society_FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-107"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"New Social Media and Politics in Thailand: The Emergence of Fascist Vigilante Groups on Facebook". ASEAS – Austrian Journal of South-East Asian Studies (in German). 9 (2): 215–234. 2016. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1999-2521">1999-2521</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7179244833">7179244833</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ASEAS+%E2%80%93+Austrian+Journal+of+South-East+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=New+Social+Media+and+Politics+in+Thailand%3A+The+Emergence+of+Fascist+Vigilante+Groups+on+Facebook&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=215-234&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7179244833&rft.issn=1999-2521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/politics/997653/singer-tom-dundee-gets-7-years-6-months-for-lese-majeste">"Singer Tom Dundee gets 7 years, 6 months for lese majeste"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Post" title="Bangkok Post">Bangkok Post</a>. Retrieved 11 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=Singer+Tom+Dundee+gets+7+years%2C+6+months+for+lese+majeste&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fthailand%2Fpolitics%2F997653%2Fsinger-tom-dundee-gets-7-years-6-months-for-lese-majeste&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34661870">"Thais examine 'lese majeste plot'"</a>. BBC News. 28 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200606211925/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34661870">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Thais+examine+%27lese+majeste+plot%27&rft.date=2015-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-34661870&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pressreader.com/thailand/bangkok-post/20110917/289308998523705">"All eyes on Article 112"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Post" title="Bangkok Post">Bangkok Post</a>. 18 September 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201216141503/https://www.pressreader.com/thailand/bangkok-post/20110917/289308998523705">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2020. Retrieved 13 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=All+eyes+on+Article+112&rft.date=2011-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pressreader.com%2Fthailand%2Fbangkok-post%2F20110917%2F289308998523705&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prachatai.com/journal/2014/09/55390">"ส.ศิวรักษ์ ชี้ รปห.-112 ล้วนกระทบสถาบันกษัตริย์ ถูกใช้เป็นเครื่องมือทางการเมือง"</a>. Prachatai (in Thai). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201026103344/https://prachatai.com/journal/2014/09/55390">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prachatai&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%AA.%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B9%8C+%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%89+%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AB.-112+%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C+%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprachatai.com%2Fjournal%2F2014%2F09%2F55390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/2068736/un-slams-thailand-first-royal-slur-charge-under-new-king">"UN slams Thailand for first royal slur charge under new king"</a>. <a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a>. Agence France-Presse. 7 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170402165519/http://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/2068736/un-slams-thailand-first-royal-slur-charge-under-new-king">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=UN+slams+Thailand+for+first+royal+slur+charge+under+new+king&rft.date=2017-02-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fasia%2Fsoutheast-asia%2Farticle%2F2068736%2Fun-slams-thailand-first-royal-slur-charge-under-new-king&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ambassador-113"><a href="#cite_ref-ambassador_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller2015" class="citation news cs1">Fuller, Thomas (9 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/10/world/asia/thailand-lese-majeste.html?_r=0">"Thai Police Investigate U.S. Ambassador on Suspicion of Insulting King (Published 2015)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108131825/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/10/world/asia/thailand-lese-majeste.html?_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Thai+Police+Investigate+U.S.+Ambassador+on+Suspicion+of+Insulting+King+%28Published+2015%29&rft.date=2015-12-09&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F12%2F10%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fthailand-lese-majeste.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKong_Rithdee2014" class="citation news cs1">Kong Rithdee (26 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/406703/poet-death-casts-chill-on-our-society">"Poet's death casts chill on our society"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Post" title="Bangkok Post">Bangkok Post</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=Poet%27s+death+casts+chill+on+our+society&rft.date=2014-04-26&rft.au=Kong+Rithdee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbangkokpost.com%2Fopinion%2Fopinion%2F406703%2Fpoet-death-casts-chill-on-our-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Walker2011" class="citation news cs1">Andrew Walker (7 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newmandala.org/ji-ungpakorn-on-lese-majest/">"Ji Ungpakorn on lese majeste"</a>. New Mandala. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180504164033/http://www.newmandala.org/ji-ungpakorn-on-lese-majest/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Mandala&rft.atitle=Ji+Ungpakorn+on+lese+majeste&rft.date=2011-08-07&rft.au=Andrew+Walker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newmandala.org%2Fji-ungpakorn-on-lese-majest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asiasentinel.com/society/a-thai-academic-in-peril-for-speaking-out/">"A Thai Academic in Peril for Speaking Out"</a>. Asia Sentinel. 13 June 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140824005613/http://www.asiasentinel.com/society/a-thai-academic-in-peril-for-speaking-out/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Sentinel&rft.atitle=A+Thai+Academic+in+Peril+for+Speaking+Out&rft.date=2012-06-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asiasentinel.com%2Fsociety%2Fa-thai-academic-in-peril-for-speaking-out%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prachatai.com/english/node/4108">"Nitirat academic Sawatree released from military camp"</a>. Prachatai English. 9 June 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160730092918/http://www.prachatai.com/english/node/4108">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2016. Retrieved 31 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prachatai+English&rft.atitle=Nitirat+academic+Sawatree+released+from+military+camp&rft.date=2014-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprachatai.com%2Fenglish%2Fnode%2F4108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-prachatai_11082020-118"><a href="#cite_ref-prachatai_11082020_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prachatai.com/english/node/8709">"[Full statement] The demonstration at Thammasat proposes monarchy reform"</a>. Prachatai English. 11 August 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200820123613/https://prachatai.com/english/node/8709">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2020. Retrieved 23 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prachatai+English&rft.atitle=%5BFull+statement%5D+The+demonstration+at+Thammasat+proposes+monarchy+reform&rft.date=2020-08-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprachatai.com%2Fenglish%2Fnode%2F8709&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnonymous2011" class="citation news cs1">Anonymous (28 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121227122837/http://notthenation.com/2011/08/us-embassy-disappointed-that-joe-gordon-not-blonde-young-female/">"About"</a>. Not the Nation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://notthenation.com/about/">the original</a> on 27 December 2012. Retrieved 11 May 2012. <q>Not The Nation is for entertainment purposes only. Redistribution of Not The Nation content with attribution is permitted. Some photos and images used on Not The Nation are taken from the Internet. If one of them is yours, we apologize and are grateful. The author(s) of Not The Nation choose(s) to remain anonymous.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Not+the+Nation&rft.atitle=About&rft.date=2011-09-28&rft.au=Anonymous&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnotthenation.com%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NTN_Joe-120"><a href="#cite_ref-NTN_Joe_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRealJoeGordon2011" class="citation web cs1">RealJoeGordon (19 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/REALJOEGORDON/photos/a.639107602806034.1073741827.639103739473087/1698502280199889/?type=3&theater">"EMBASSY STATEMENT ON U.S. CITIZEN JOE GORDON"</a>. Facebook. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201216141505/https://www.facebook.com/REALJOEGORDON/photos/a.639107602806034.1073741827.639103739473087/1698502280199889/?type=3&theater=">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2018. <q>EMBASSY STATEMENT ON U.S. CITIZEN JOE GORDONThe United States is disappointed by the prosecutor's decision to file lese majeste charges against U.S. citizen Joe Gordon. We have discussed Mr. Gordon's case extensively with Thai authorities, stressing at every possible opportunity his rights as an American citizen. We urge the Thai authorities to ensure freedom of expression is respected and that Mr. Gordon, a U.S. citizen, receives fair treatment.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Facebook&rft.atitle=EMBASSY+STATEMENT+ON+U.S.+CITIZEN+JOE+GORDON&rft.date=2011-08-19&rft.au=RealJoeGordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FREALJOEGORDON%2Fphotos%2Fa.639107602806034.1073741827.639103739473087%2F1698502280199889%2F%3Ftype%3D3%26theater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NTN_SMS-121"><a href="#cite_ref-NTN_SMS_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnonymous2011" class="citation news cs1">Anonymous (3 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120107043846/http://notthenation.com/2011/12/prosecutor-offers-%E2%80%9Cuncle-sms%E2%80%9D-reduced-sentence-in-exchange-for-acting-more-evil/">"Prosecutor Offers 'Uncle SMS' Reduced Sentence in Exchange For Acting More Evil"</a>. Not The Nation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://notthenation.com/2011/12/prosecutor-offers-%E2%80%9Cuncle-sms%E2%80%9D-reduced-sentence-in-exchange-for-acting-more-evil/">the original</a> on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 22 January 2013. <q>...Under the proposed agreement, Ampon's sentence will be reduced from 20 to only 5 years if he agrees to act more evil between now and his incarceration.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Not+The+Nation&rft.atitle=Prosecutor+Offers+%27Uncle+SMS%27+Reduced+Sentence+in+Exchange+For+Acting+More+Evil&rft.date=2011-12-03&rft.au=Anonymous&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnotthenation.com%2F2011%2F12%2Fprosecutor-offers-%25E2%2580%259Cuncle-sms%25E2%2580%259D-reduced-sentence-in-exchange-for-acting-more-evil%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnonymous2013" class="citation news cs1">Anonymous (3 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131207075814/http://notthenation.com/2013/12/thongdaeng-abdicates-to-foo-foo/">"Thongdaeng Abdicates To Foo Foo"</a>. Not The Nation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://notthenation.com/2013/12/thongdaeng-abdicates-to-foo-foo/">the original</a> on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2014. <q>In a shocking event that may forever alter the social and cultural landscape of the Kingdom of Thailand, His Majesty the King's royal dog Thongdaeng has abdicated his position as the nation's ruling pet of state to Foo Foo, Crown Prince Vajiralongkorn's longstanding dog-in-waiting.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Not+The+Nation&rft.atitle=Thongdaeng+Abdicates+To+Foo+Foo&rft.date=2013-12-03&rft.au=Anonymous&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnotthenation.com%2F2013%2F12%2Fthongdaeng-abdicates-to-foo-foo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.vice.com/article/thailands-military-government-thinks-john-oliver-is-a-threat-to-its-monarchy">"Thailand's Military Government Thinks John Oliver Is a Threat to Its Monarchy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vice_Media" title="Vice Media">Vice</a>. 25 July 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180619163841/https://news.vice.com/article/thailands-military-government-thinks-john-oliver-is-a-threat-to-its-monarchy">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 19 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vice&rft.atitle=Thailand%27s+Military+Government+Thinks+John+Oliver+Is+a+Threat+to+Its+Monarchy&rft.date=2014-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.vice.com%2Farticle%2Fthailands-military-government-thinks-john-oliver-is-a-threat-to-its-monarchy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2014/jul/29/thai-junta-comedian-john-oliver-royal-jibes">"Thai junta unamused by comedian John Oliver's royal jibes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 30 July 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180619163837/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2014/jul/29/thai-junta-comedian-john-oliver-royal-jibes">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Thai+junta+unamused+by+comedian+John+Oliver%27s+royal+jibes&rft.date=2014-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftv-and-radio%2F2014%2Fjul%2F29%2Fthai-junta-comedian-john-oliver-royal-jibes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prachatai_English_2021-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Prachatai_English_2021_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prachatai.com/english/node/9076">"Khaosod English deletes report on CP's 'LOVE112' discount campaign at the company's urging"</a>. Prachatai English. 19 February 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Prachatai+English&rft.atitle=Khaosod+English+deletes+report+on+CP%27s+%27LOVE112%27+discount+campaign+at+the+company%27s+urging&rft.date=2021-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprachatai.com%2Fenglish%2Fnode%2F9076&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFiLaw2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">iLaw (5 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilaw.or.th/node/6000">"เปิดร่าง "ยกเลิก 112" มาตราเดียว ประเด็นเดียว"</a>. iLaw (in Thai). Bangkok. Retrieved 6 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iLaw&rft.atitle=%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87+%22%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81+112%22+%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7+%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7&rft.date=2021-11-05&rft.au=iLaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilaw.or.th%2Fnode%2F6000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFiLaw2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">iLaw (6 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.facebook.com/iLawClub/posts/10166028300710551">"เว็บไซต์ลงชื่อยกเลิก 112 www.no112.org ทำสถิติ 100,556 รายชื่อภายใน 24 ชั่วโมง"</a>. iLawClub (in Thai). Bangkok: iLaw. Retrieved 6 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iLawClub&rft.atitle=%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81+112+www.no112.org+%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4+100%2C556+%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99+24+%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%87&rft.date=2021-11-06&rft.au=iLaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.facebook.com%2FiLawClub%2Fposts%2F10166028300710551&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnottFranke1993" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Arnott, David; Franke, Peter (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crossasia-journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/soai/article/view/8336">"Majestätsbeleidigung, Sulak und die thailändischen Generäle"</a>. Südostasien informationen (in German). 9 (2): 37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11588%2Fsoai.1993.2.8336">10.11588/soai.1993.2.8336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=S%C3%BCdostasien+informationen&rft.atitle=Majest%C3%A4tsbeleidigung%2C+Sulak+und+die+thail%C3%A4ndischen+Gener%C3%A4le&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=37&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11588%2Fsoai.1993.2.8336&rft.aulast=Arnott&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Franke%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcrossasia-journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de%2Findex.php%2Fsoai%2Farticle%2Fview%2F8336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChachavalpongpun2011" class="citation journal cs1">Chachavalpongpun, Pavin (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=418981010338337;res=IELHSS">"Lese-majeste: An anachronistic but potent weapon"</a>. East Asia Forum Quarterly. 3 (4): 26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+Asia+Forum+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Lese-majeste%3A+An+anachronistic+but+potent+weapon&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=26&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Chachavalpongpun&rft.aufirst=Pavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.informit.com.au%2FdocumentSummary%3Bdn%3D418981010338337%3Bres%3DIELHSS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenfield2013" class="citation journal cs1">Greenfield, Kate (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/sjlta19&div=19&id=&page=">"The Runaway Lese Majeste Train: How Thailand's Lese Majeste Law Must Be Reformed in Order to Stop Its Abuse"</a>. Southwestern Journal of International Law. 19: 377.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southwestern+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=The+Runaway+Lese+Majeste+Train%3A+How+Thailand%27s+Lese+Majeste+Law+Must+Be+Reformed+in+Order+to+Stop+Its+Abuse&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=377&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Greenfield&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FLandingPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Fsjlta19%26div%3D19%26id%3D%26page%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaberkorn2016" class="citation journal cs1">Haberkorn, Tyrell (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-17202003">"A Hyper-Royalist Parapolitics in Thailand"</a>. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. 172 (2–3): 225–248. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-17202003">10.1163/22134379-17202003</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F152278">1885/152278</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bijdragen+tot+de+Taal-%2C+Land-+en+Volkenkunde&rft.atitle=A+Hyper-Royalist+Parapolitics+in+Thailand&rft.volume=172&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=225-248&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1885%2F152278&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22134379-17202003&rft.aulast=Haberkorn&rft.aufirst=Tyrell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F22134379-17202003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStreckfuss1995" class="citation journal cs1">Streckfuss, David (1995). "Kings in the Age of Nations: The Paradox of Lese-Majeste as Political Crime in Thailand". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 37 (3): 445–475. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0010417500019769">10.1017/S0010417500019769</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-4175">0010-4175</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/179215">179215</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144930385">144930385</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.atitle=Kings+in+the+Age+of+Nations%3A+The+Paradox+of+Lese-Majeste+as+Political+Crime+in+Thailand&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=445-475&rft.date=1995&rft.issn=0010-4175&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144930385%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F179215%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0010417500019769&rft.aulast=Streckfuss&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Streckfuss2011" class="citation cs2">David Streckfuss (2011), Truth on Trial in Thailand: Defamation, Treason and Lèse-majesté, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-41425-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-41425-8"><bdi>978-0-415-41425-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Truth+on+Trial+in+Thailand%3A+Defamation%2C+Treason+and+L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-415-41425-8&rft.au=David+Streckfuss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Reuben2018" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Van Reuben, Regina (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crossasia-journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/soai/article/view/3947">"Majestätsbeleidigung im Königreich Thailand"</a>. Südostasien informationen (in German): 11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11588%2Fsoai.1984.0.3947">10.11588/soai.1984.0.3947</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=S%C3%BCdostasien+informationen&rft.atitle=Majest%C3%A4tsbeleidigung+im+K%C3%B6nigreich+Thailand&rft.pages=11&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11588%2Fsoai.1984.0.3947&rft.aulast=Van+Reuben&rft.aufirst=Regina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcrossasia-journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de%2Findex.php%2Fsoai%2Farticle%2Fview%2F3947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Lèse-majesté in Thailand">Lèse-majesté in Thailand</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2792690/jailed-activist-weakened-by-hunger-strike-dies">Jailed activist weakened by hunger strike dies</a> (2024-05-14) <a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Post" title="Bangkok Post">Bangkok Post</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSomyot_Pruksakasemsuk2014" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Somyot_Prueksakasemsuk" title="Somyot Prueksakasemsuk">Somyot Pruksakasemsuk</a> (29 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/407169/battling-lese-majeste-law-from-a-jail-cell">"Battling lese majeste law from a jail cell"</a>. Bangkok Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=Battling+lese+majeste+law+from+a+jail+cell&rft.date=2014-04-29&rft.au=Somyot+Pruksakasemsuk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbangkokpost.com%2Fopinion%2Fopinion%2F407169%2Fbattling-lese-majeste-law-from-a-jail-cell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20190613033752/http://bangkokpost.com/news/local/406700/trash%2Ddoc%2Durges%2Dharsh%2Dmedicine">"'Trash' doc urges harsh medicine – Slammed for his lese majeste stance, Dr Rienthong is still bent on weeding out wrongdoers"</a>. Bangkok Post. 26 April 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bangkokpost.com/news/local/406700/trash-doc-urges-harsh-medicine">the original</a> on 13 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=%27Trash%27+doc+urges+harsh+medicine+%E2%80%93+Slammed+for+his+lese+majeste+stance%2C+Dr+Rienthong+is+still+bent+on+weeding+out+wrongdoers&rft.date=2014-04-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbangkokpost.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2F406700%2Ftrash-doc-urges-harsh-medicine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20190613033801/http://bangkokpost.com/news/local/406084/monk%2Daccuses%2Dred%2Ddjs%2Dof%2Dlese%2Dmajeste">"Monk accuses red DJs of lese majeste"</a>. Bangkok Post. 22 April 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bangkokpost.com/news/local/406084/monk-accuses-red-djs-of-lese-majeste">the original</a> on 13 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=Monk+accuses+red+DJs+of+lese+majeste&rft.date=2014-04-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbangkokpost.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2F406084%2Fmonk-accuses-red-djs-of-lese-majeste&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKong_Rithdee2014" class="citation news cs1">Kong Rithdee (19 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/405619/free-speech-tied-in-lese-majeste-knot">"Free speech tied in lese majeste knot"</a>. Bangkok Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=Free+speech+tied+in+lese+majeste+knot&rft.date=2014-04-19&rft.au=Kong+Rithdee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbangkokpost.com%2Fopinion%2Fopinion%2F405619%2Ffree-speech-tied-in-lese-majeste-knot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Thailand_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thailand_topics" title="Template:Thailand topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thailand_topics" title="Template talk:Thailand topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thailand_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thailand topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Thailand_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Thailand" title="Outline of Thailand">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand" title="History of Thailand">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Thailand" title="Prehistoric Thailand">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Thailand" title="Peopling of Thailand">Peopling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Thailand" title="Early history of Thailand">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial_states_of_Thailand" title="Initial states of Thailand">Initial states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thonburi_Kingdom" title="Thonburi Kingdom">Thonburi Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom_(1782%E2%80%931932)" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)">Rattanakosin era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_revolution_of_1932" title="Siamese revolution of 1932">Siamese Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_(1932%E2%80%931973)" title="History of Thailand (1932–1973)">1932–1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="History of Thailand (1973–2001)">1973–2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_since_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thailand since 2001">since 2001</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeology_of_Thailand" title="Category:Archaeology of Thailand">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Thailand">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="History of education in Thailand">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Thailand" title="Military history of Thailand">Military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Thailand" title="Geography of Thailand">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_addressing_system" title="Thai addressing system">Addresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Thailand" title="Template:Borders of Thailand">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Thailand" title="List of municipalities in Thailand">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Thailand">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Thailand" title="List of earthquakes in Thailand">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Thailand" title="List of ecoregions in Thailand">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floods_in_Thailand" title="Floods in Thailand">Floods in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Thailand" title="Environmental issues in Thailand">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Thailand" title="List of islands of Thailand">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Thailand" title="List of mountains in Thailand">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas of Thailand">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Thailand" title="Provinces of Thailand">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Thailand" title="Regions of Thailand">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_systems_of_Thailand" title="River systems of Thailand">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Thailand" title="List of volcanoes in Thailand">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_species_native_to_Thailand" title="List of species native to Thailand">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Thailand" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Thailand">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand" title="Politics of Thailand">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Thailand" title="Administrative divisions of Thailand">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Thailand" title="Cabinet of Thailand">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand" title="Constitution of Thailand">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Thailand" title="Elections in Thailand">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_Thailand" title="Election Commission of Thailand">Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Thailand" title="Foreign relations of Thailand">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Thailand" title="Government of Thailand">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Thailand" title="Human rights in Thailand">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Thailand">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Thai_intelligence_agencies" title="Category:Thai intelligence agencies">Intelligence agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Thailand" title="Judiciary of Thailand">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Thailand" title="Law of Thailand">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Localism in Thailand">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_ministries_of_Thailand" title="List of government ministries of Thailand">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Thailand">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Army" title="Royal Thai Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Navy" title="Royal Thai Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Air_Force" title="Royal Thai Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Thailand">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Thailand)" title="House of Representatives (Thailand)">House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Thailand" title="Senate of Thailand">Senate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Police" title="Royal Thai Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Thailand" title="List of political parties in Thailand">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" title="Prime Minister of Thailand">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand">Deputy Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Thailand" title="Economy of Thailand">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Thailand" title="Agriculture in Thailand">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_baht" title="Thai baht">Baht (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Thailand" title="List of banks in Thailand">Banks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Thailand" title="Bank of Thailand">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Thailand" title="Automotive industry in Thailand">Car industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Thailand" title="Energy in Thailand">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Thailand" title="Nuclear power in Thailand">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Thailand" title="Renewable energy in Thailand">Renewable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Thailand">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_special_economic_zones#Thailand" title="List of special economic zones">Special economic zones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Economic_Corridor" title="Eastern Economic Corridor">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central%E2%80%93Western_Economic_Corridor" title="Central–Western Economic Corridor">CWEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Economic_Corridor" title="Northern Economic Corridor">NEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Economic_Corridor" title="Northeastern Economic Corridor">NEEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Economic_Corridor" title="Southern Economic Corridor">SEC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Science and technology in Thailand">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thai_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Thai inventions and discoveries">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_units_of_measurement" title="Thai units of measurement">Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Thai_medicine" title="Traditional Thai medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_Exchange_of_Thailand" title="Stock Exchange of Thailand">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Thailand" title="Telecommunications in Thailand">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Thailand" title="Tourism in Thailand">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Thailand" title="Transport in Thailand">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Thailand" title="List of airports in Thailand">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highways_in_Thailand" title="Controlled-access highways in Thailand">Controlled-access highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Thailand" title="Rail transport in Thailand">Railways</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Thailand" title="Category:Society of Thailand">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Thailand" title="Abortion in Thailand">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Thailand" title="Crime in Thailand">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Thailand" title="Corruption in Thailand">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8se_majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Lèse majesté in Thailand">Lèse majesté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Thailand" title="Prostitution in Thailand">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Thailand" title="Sex trafficking in Thailand">Sex trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Thailand" title="Demographics of Thailand">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Thailand" title="Education in Thailand">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Thailand" title="List of universities and colleges in Thailand">Universities and colleges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Thailand" title="Ethnic groups in Thailand">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Thailand" title="Feminism in Thailand">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Thailand" title="Gambling in Thailand">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Thailand" title="Health in Thailand">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Thailand" title="HIV/AIDS in Thailand">HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Thailand" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand">COVID-19</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Thailand" title="Racism in Thailand">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Thailand" title="Squatting in Thailand">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Thailand" title="Waste management in Thailand">Waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Water supply and sanitation in Thailand">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Thailand" title="Women in Thailand">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Thailand" title="Culture of Thailand">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_animation" title="Thai animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Thailand" title="Architecture of Thailand">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_art" title="Thai art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_comics" title="Thai comics">Comics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Thailand" title="Cinema of Thailand">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing" title="Traditional Thai clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thai_wine" title="Thai wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_television_soap_opera" title="Thai television soap opera">Drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Etiquette in Thailand">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Asia#Thailand" title="List of festivals in Asia">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_folklore" title="Thai folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_literature" title="Thai literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_poetry" title="Thai poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_name" title="Thai name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia_martial_arts#Thailand" title="Mainland Southeast Asia martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Thailand">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Thailand" title="Music of Thailand">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Thai_musical_instruments" title="Traditional Thai musical instruments">Traditional musical instruments</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Thailand" title="Dance in Thailand">Performing arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Thailand" title="Public holidays in Thailand">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Thailand" title="Sport in Thailand">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Thailand" title="National symbols of Thailand">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Animal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_fighting_fish" title="Siamese fighting fish">Aquatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_fireback" title="Siamese fireback">Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga#Thailand" title="Nāga">Mythological creature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_National_Anthem" title="Thai National Anthem">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sala_Thai" class="mw-redirect" title="Sala Thai">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_Devadhiraj" title="Siam Devadhiraj">Deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Thailand" title="Emblem of Thailand">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Thailand" title="Flag of Thailand">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassia_fistula" title="Cassia fistula">Flower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Thailand" title="Time in Thailand">Time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_lunar_calendar" title="Thai lunar calendar">Lunar calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar" title="Thai solar calendar">Solar calendar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_traditional_games" title="Thai traditional games">Traditional games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Thailand" title="Video games in Thailand">Video games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Thailand" title="Outline of Thailand">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Thailand" title="Outline of Thailand">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Thailand" title="Category:Thailand">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Thailand" title="Portal:Thailand">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lèse-majesté_in_Thailand&oldid=1260349322">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lèse-majesté_in_Thailand&oldid=1260349322</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:L%C3%A8se_majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand" title="Category:Lèse majesté in Thailand">Lèse majesté in Thailand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Censorship_in_Thailand" title="Category:Censorship in Thailand">Censorship in Thailand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Controversies_in_Thailand" title="Category:Controversies in Thailand">Controversies in Thailand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Category:Monarchy of Thailand">Monarchy of Thailand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crime_in_Thailand" title="Category:Crime in Thailand">Crime in Thailand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Freedom_of_expression_in_Thailand" title="Category:Freedom of expression in Thailand">Freedom of expression in Thailand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_crimes" title="Category:Political crimes">Political crimes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Speech_crimes" title="Category:Speech crimes">Speech crimes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_history_of_Thailand" title="Category:Political history of Thailand">Political history of Thailand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_history_of_Thailand" title="Category:Social history of Thailand">Social history of Thailand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Thai_criminal_law" title="Category:Thai criminal law">Thai criminal law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cults_of_personality" title="Category:Cults of personality">Cults of personality</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" title="Category:Lèse-majesté">Lèse-majesté</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Thai-language_sources_(th)" title="Category:CS1 Thai-language sources (th)">CS1 Thai-language sources (th)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_December_2020" title="Category:Use British English from December 2020">Use British English from December 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_December_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from December 2020">Use dmy dates from December 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_December_2020" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2020">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_November_2017" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2017">Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 November 2024, at 07:27 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.canary-556c5f94cd-x7h8j","wgBackendResponseTime":153,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.363","walltime":"1.567","ppvisitednodes":{"value":19267,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":369236,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":23835,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":28,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":507275,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1379.271 1 -total"," 47.58% 656.303 2 Template:Reflist"," 23.26% 320.756 83 Template:Cite_news"," 15.39% 212.329 44 Template:Rp"," 14.54% 200.483 44 Template:R/superscript"," 14.32% 197.528 36 Template:Cite_web"," 11.53% 159.032 1 Template:Thailand_topics"," 11.37% 156.871 1 Template:Country_topics"," 7.21% 99.445 132 Template:R/where"," 4.75% 65.565 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.786","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7534301,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-864bbfd546-wdtkc","timestamp":"20241201050901","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"L\u00e8se-majest\u00e9 in Thailand","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1714218","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1714218","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2012-04-08T21:02:32Z","dateModified":"2024-11-30T07:27:20Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/3c\/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5_%28%E0%B9%92%E0%B9%95%E0%B9%90%E0%B9%94-%E0%B9%90%E0%B9%95-%E0%B9%93%E0%B9%90%29.pdf","headline":"aspect of law of Thailand"}</script> </body> </html>