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the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Lèse-majesté in Thailand</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" > 10 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%83_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF)" title="انتهاك حرمة الذات الملكية (تايلاند) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="انتهاك حرمة الذات الملكية (تايلاند)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majest%C3%A4tsbeleidigung_in_Thailand" title="Majestätsbeleidigung in Thailand – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Majestätsbeleidigung in Thailand" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%8E%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%A4%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B7" title="Έγκλημα καθοσιώσεως στην Ταϊλάνδη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έγκλημα καθοσιώσεως στην Ταϊλάνδη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesa_majestad_en_Tailandia" title="Lesa majestad en Tailandia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lesa majestad en Tailandia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_de_l%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_(Tha%C3%AFlande)" title="Crime de lèse-majesté (Thaïlande) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Crime de lèse-majesté (Thaïlande)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_di_Thailand" title="Lèse-majesté di Thailand – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lèse-majesté di Thailand" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesa_maest%C3%A0_in_Thailandia" title="Lesa maestà in Thailandia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lesa maestà in Thailandia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Оскорбление величества в Таиланде – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оскорбление величества в Таиланде" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2" title="ความผิดต่อองค์พระมหากษัตริย์ไทย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ความผิดต่อองค์พระมหากษัตริย์ไทย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%99i_khi_qu%C3%A2n_t%E1%BA%A1i_Th%C3%A1i_Lan" title="Tội khi quân tại Thái Lan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tội khi quân tại Thái Lan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Thai prohibition on denigrating the monarch</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5_(%E0%B9%92%E0%B9%95%E0%B9%90%E0%B9%94-%E0%B9%90%E0%B9%95-%E0%B9%93%E0%B9%90).pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5_%28%E0%B9%92%E0%B9%95%E0%B9%90%E0%B9%94-%E0%B9%90%E0%B9%95-%E0%B9%93%E0%B9%90%29.pdf/page1-260px-%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5_%28%E0%B9%92%E0%B9%95%E0%B9%90%E0%B9%94-%E0%B9%90%E0%B9%95-%E0%B9%93%E0%B9%90%29.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5_%28%E0%B9%92%E0%B9%95%E0%B9%90%E0%B9%94-%E0%B9%90%E0%B9%95-%E0%B9%93%E0%B9%90%29.pdf/page1-390px-%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5_%28%E0%B9%92%E0%B9%95%E0%B9%90%E0%B9%94-%E0%B9%90%E0%B9%95-%E0%B9%93%E0%B9%90%29.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5_%28%E0%B9%92%E0%B9%95%E0%B9%90%E0%B9%94-%E0%B9%90%E0%B9%95-%E0%B9%93%E0%B9%90%29.pdf/page1-520px-%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5_%28%E0%B9%92%E0%B9%95%E0%B9%90%E0%B9%94-%E0%B9%90%E0%B9%95-%E0%B9%93%E0%B9%90%29.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="831" data-file-height="1168" /></a><figcaption>Order of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Sarit_Thanarat" title="Sarit Thanarat">Sarit Thanarat</a> for <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary execution</a> of two men on lèse majesté charges in 1961</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" title="Lèse-majesté">lèse-majesté</a> is a crime according to Section 112 of the <a href="/wiki/Thai_Criminal_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai Criminal Code">Thai Criminal Code</a>, which makes it illegal to <a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">defame</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insult_(legal)" title="Insult (legal)">insult</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Threat" title="Threat">threaten</a> the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Thailand">king of Thailand</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Thailand">queen of Thailand</a>, the heir to the throne of Thailand, or the <a href="/wiki/Regent_of_Thailand" title="Regent of Thailand">regent of Thailand</a>. Modern Thai lèse-majesté law has been on the statute books since 1908. Thailand is the only <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> to have strengthened its lèse-majesté law since the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. With penalties ranging from three to fifteen years imprisonment for each <a href="/wiki/Criminal_charge" title="Criminal charge">count</a>, it has been described as the "world's harshest lèse majesté law"<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> and "possibly the strictest criminal-defamation law anywhere".<a href="#cite_note-economist-2">[2]</a> Its enforcement has been described as being "in the interest of the palace".<a href="#cite_note-Connors-3">[3]</a>: 134  The law has criminalised acts of insult since 1957. There is substantial room for <a href="/wiki/Judicial_interpretation" title="Judicial interpretation">interpretation</a>, which causes controversy. Broad interpretation of the law reflects the <a href="/wiki/Inviolable" class="mw-redirect" title="Inviolable">inviolable</a> status of the king, resembling <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchs</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Thailand" title="Supreme Court of Thailand">Supreme Court of Thailand</a> decided the law also applies to prior monarchs. Criticism of any <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Thailand" title="Privy Council of Thailand">Privy Council member</a> has raised the question whether lèse-majesté applies by association. Even attempting to commit lèse-majesté, making sarcastic comments about the King's pet, and failure to rebuke an offense have been prosecuted as lèse-majesté. Anyone can file a lèse-majesté complaint, and the police formally investigate all of them.<a href="#cite_note-explained-4">[4]</a> Details of the charges are rarely made public. A Section 112 defendant meets with official obstruction throughout the case. There are <a href="/wiki/Indefinite_detention_without_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Indefinite detention without trial">months-long pretrial detentions</a>, and courts routinely deny <a href="/wiki/Bail" title="Bail">bail</a> to those charged. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/Working_Group_on_Arbitrary_Detention" title="Working Group on Arbitrary Detention">Working Group on Arbitrary Detention</a> determined that the pretrial detention of an alleged lèse-majesté offender violated <a href="/wiki/International_human_rights_law" title="International human rights law">international human rights law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HRW14-5">[5]</a> The courts seem not to recognise the principle of granting defendants the <a href="/wiki/Reasonable_doubt" title="Reasonable doubt">benefit of the doubt</a>. Judges have said accusers did not have to prove the factuality of the alleged lèse-majesté material but only claim it is defamatory. <a href="/wiki/Pleading_guilty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleading guilty">Pleading guilty</a>, then asking for a royal <a href="/wiki/Pardon" title="Pardon">pardon</a>, is seen as the quickest route to freedom for any accused. Since the <a href="/wiki/6_October_1976_massacre#Immediate_aftermath" title="6 October 1976 massacre">1976 coup</a>, coup makers have regularly cited a surge of alleged lèse-majesté charges as a reason for overthrowing elected governments. This was cited as one of the major reasons for the <a href="/wiki/2006_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2006 Thai coup d'état">2006 coup</a><a href="#cite_note-2014highest-6">[6]</a> and that of <a href="/wiki/2014_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2014 Thai coup d'état">2014</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2014highest-6">[6]</a> In 2006 and 2007, there were notable changes in the trend. Those targeted by lèse-majesté complaints included more average citizens who were given longer jail sentences. Human rights groups condemned its use as a political weapon and a means to restrict freedom. The 2014 <a href="/wiki/National_Council_for_Peace_and_Order" title="National Council for Peace and Order">military junta government</a> granted authority to <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">army courts</a> to prosecute lèse-majesté, which has usually resulted in <a href="/wiki/Secret_trial" title="Secret trial">secret trials</a> and harsh sentences. Prior to the law's revival in 2020,<a href="#cite_note-2020revival-7">[7]</a> for three years the Thai government often invoked other laws, such as the Computer Crimes Act and <a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">sedition</a> laws, to deal with perceived damages and insults to the monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-Team_2020-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-International_Federation_for_Human_Rights_2020-9">[9]</a> In 2023, the Supreme Court ordered a female politician from the <a href="/wiki/Move_Forward_Party" title="Move Forward Party">Move Forward Party</a> to be banned from politics for life due to her alleged lèse-majesté posts on social media.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> On August 7, 2024, the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Thailand" title="Constitutional Court of Thailand">Constitutional Court</a> banned the victors of the <a href="/wiki/2023_Thai_general_election" title="2023 Thai general election">2023 parliamentary elections</a>, the Move Forward Party and all of its leaders from politics for its proposal to reform the lèse-majesté law, arguing it posed a threat to the constitutional order.<a href="#cite_note-Economist1-12">[12]</a> The 50-year imprisonment imposed on Mongkhon Thirakot in 2024 for shared posts and messages on Facebook is the longest sentence ever given for a lèse-majesté case, breaking the previous record of 43-year imprisonment given in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_and_early_developments">Origin and early developments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin and early developments">edit</a>]</div> In the feudal era, monarchs, royal officials, royal symbols, and wrongdoings in the palace were protected from many kinds of "violation".<a href="#cite_note-นพพล-14">[14]</a>: 23–24  Crimes against royal symbols greatly affected the social structure of the <a href="/wiki/Sakdina" title="Sakdina">sakdina</a> era.<a href="#cite_note-นพพล-14">[14]</a>: 24–5 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] The oldest version of lèse-majesté law was in the modern defamation law of 1900, enacted to protect the monarch's reputation.<a href="#cite_note-CMU-15">[15]</a>: 3  It made acts against the king acts against the state.<a href="#cite_note-CMU-15">[15]</a>: 3  The Siamese criminal code of 1908 separated the King and the state. It penalised persons who displayed malice or defamed the King, the Queen Consort, the Heir-apparent, or the Regent. Anyone doing so was subject to imprisonment not exceeding seven years or fines of not more than 5,000 baht, or both.<a href="#cite_note-CMU-15">[15]</a>: 3  Other sections provided protection from displays of malice or defamation of "the princes or princesses from whichever reign"<a href="#cite_note-CMU-15">[15]</a>: 3  or from those who "create disloyalty" or "insult the king", and "cause the people to transgress the royal laws".<a href="#cite_note-CMU-15">[15]</a>: 3–4  As the print media was becoming widespread, the criminal code was strengthened in 1928 to penalise crimes of "advocates or teachers of any political or economic doctrine or system, intended or calculated to bring into hatred or contempt the Sovereign".<a href="#cite_note-CMU-15">[15]</a>: 4  Lèse-majesté law did not change significantly after the <a href="/wiki/1932_Siamese_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1932 Siamese Revolution">1932 Siamese Revolution</a>, because the <a href="/wiki/Khana_Ratsadon" title="Khana Ratsadon">Khana Ratsadon</a> compromised and added the inviolable status of the king in the Constitution, which continues to the present day.|date=September 2023<a href="#cite_note-นพพล-14">[14]</a>: 28  However, the law included an exclusion clause for "an expression of good faith" or "a critical and unbiased comment on governmental or administrative acts".<a href="#cite_note-CMU-15">[15]</a>: 4  During that time, discussion about the monarchy was still free. This allowed discussion over whether Thailand be a constitutional monarchy in 1949, and a 1956 lecture by a legal scholar which said the king should not express an opinion on economic, political and social problems with no <a href="/wiki/Countersign_(legal)" title="Countersign (legal)">countersign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-นพพล-14">[14]</a>: 30 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1957_changes:_criminalisation_of_insult">1957 changes: criminalisation of insult</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1957 changes: criminalisation of insult">edit</a>]</div> <blockquote class="quote-frame pullquote" style="font-size: 95%; padding: 0.5em 2em; background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa ); color: var( --color-base, black ); border: 1px solid #aaa; display:table; float:right; width:30%;"><div style="padding: 0.6em 1em;"> "…it might not be true, and even if it were true, [it] should not be publicized as there is no legislation that allows it. And regarding the institution of the monarchy, it should be revered by the people, in an inviolable status, always above any criticism."<a href="#cite_note-นพพล-14">[14]</a>: 38–9  <cite style="display: block; text-align: right;"> — A Court decision in 1986, ruling that gossip could be lèse-majesté even if it were true.</cite></div></blockquote> On 1 January 1957, the criminal code of 1956 came into force.<a href="#cite_note-CMU-15">[15]</a>: 18  Since then, lèse-majesté forbade <a href="/wiki/Insult_(legal)" title="Insult (legal)">insult</a>, in addition to the existing crimes of threats or defamation. The change broadly expanded the applicability of the law.<a href="#cite_note-CMU-15">[15]</a>: 6  Lèse-majesté was changed from an offense against the monarchy to an offense against national security,<a href="#cite_note-Connors-3">[3]</a>: 133  removing the right to express opinions which might be insulting to the monarchy if said within the spirit of the constitution.<a href="#cite_note-CMU-15">[15]</a>: 6  Claiming national security, Thai Cold War dictator <a href="/wiki/Sarit_Thanarat" title="Sarit Thanarat">Sarit Thanarat</a> used lèse-majesté charges to suppress political opponents, leading to some executions. He also handed over lèse-majesté cases to courts-martial.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Court decisions shortly after the change still took context into consideration. In December 1957, a case against a politician was dismissed because a political campaign was underway.<a href="#cite_note-นพพล-14">[14]</a>: 32–3  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Change_after_the_6_October_1976_massacre">Change after the 6 October 1976 massacre</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Change after the 6 October 1976 massacre">edit</a>]</div> On 21 October 1976, two weeks after the <a href="/wiki/6_October_1976_massacre" title="6 October 1976 massacre">6 October 1976 massacre</a> and the same day coup by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Administrative_Reform_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Administrative Reform Council (page does not exist)">National Administrative Reform Council</a> (NARC), led by Admiral <a href="/wiki/Sangad_Chaloryu" title="Sangad Chaloryu">Sangad Chaloryu</a>, NARC issued Order No.41 that including Article 112 revision to strengthen defamation laws as they explained in the order that current laws had been unsuitable for the unstable political situation at that time. They mentioned the Monarchy and religion for example.<a href="#cite_note-narc-17">[17]</a> In Order No.41, the penalty for lèse-majesté was increased from a maximum of seven years imprisonment to three to fifteen years per count. Other than the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> during World War II, Thailand is the only <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> that strengthened lèse-majesté in the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-David-18">[18]</a>: 115–6  Between 1977 and 1986 when the royal power base grew among the urban middle class, the "kinship" and "bond" relationship was created between the people and the king as well as its modern "inviolable" status.<a href="#cite_note-นพพล-14">[14]</a>: 37–8  Since then, court decisions and legal scholars' comments have interpreted the lèse-majesté law to mean the king could not be criticized in any way.<a href="#cite_note-นพพล-14">[14]</a>: 38–9  Examples of cases of insult include a politician, in 1988, who served four years in prison for suggesting that life would have been easier had he been born in the palace,<a href="#cite_note-Connors-3">[3]</a>: 134  and a man in 1976 who was arrested on charges of lèse-majesté for using a royal <a href="/wiki/Village_Scouts" title="Village Scouts">village scout</a> scarf to wipe a table.<a href="#cite_note-Connors-3">[3]</a>: 134  Acts deemed insulting to the royal image include placing photographs of anybody on a website above those of the king.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In March 2007, Oliver Jufer, a Swiss man, was sentenced to 10 years in prison for daubing black paint on portraits of King Bhumibol while drunk in <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai">Chiang Mai</a>,<a href="#cite_note-bbcjailed-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> although he received a royal <a href="/wiki/Pardon" title="Pardon">pardon</a> the following month.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_weaponisation">Political weaponisation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Political weaponisation">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>lèse-majesté cases filed in Thailand, 2007–17<a href="#cite_note-iLaw-23">[23]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>No. of case </th></tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td>36 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td>55 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009</td> <td>104 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td>65 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011</td> <td>37 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012</td> <td>25 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013</td> <td>57 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014</td> <td>99 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015</td> <td>116 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016</td> <td>101 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017 (9 mo.)</td> <td>45 </td></tr></tbody></table> Between 1990 and 2005, there was an average of five new lèse-majesté cases per year. Since then, however, there have been at least 400 cases—an estimated 1,500 per cent increase.<a href="#cite_note-increase-24">[24]</a> Prior to the 2006 coup, targets of lèse-majesté were mostly politicians, high-ranking bureaucrats and extra-constitutional figures, but after 2007, common people were charged.<a href="#cite_note-David-18">[18]</a>: 124  The law was interpreted to cover past monarchs and symbols associated with the monarch. No one had been sentenced to more than ten years in jail before 2007.<a href="#cite_note-นพพล-14">[14]</a>: 40–1  Observers attributed the increasing number of lèse-majesté cases to King Bhumibol's public invitation of criticism in 2005, increased polarization following the 2006 military coup, and to speculation over his declining health in the period before his death in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-increase-24">[24]</a> In 2005, cases registered in the Attorney General's office rose sharply from 12 new cases in 2000–2004 to 17.<a href="#cite_note-CMU-15">[15]</a>: 17  Thai Rak Thai and Democrat Party as well as opposition movement <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Alliance_for_Democracy" title="People's Alliance for Democracy">People's Alliance for Democracy</a> traded lèse-majesté accusations.<a href="#cite_note-David-18">[18]</a>: 124  Former prime minister <a href="/wiki/Thaksin_Shinawatra" title="Thaksin Shinawatra">Thaksin Shinawatra</a>'s alleged lèse-majesté was one of the stated reasons for the Thai military's <a href="/wiki/2006_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2006 Thai coup d'état">2006 coup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-protlaw-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-turkish-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-worldnotes-27">[27]</a> After the coup, dozens of radio stations were shut down because of alleged lèse-majesté.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Academics have been investigated, imprisoned, and forced into exile over accusations of lèse-majesté. Prominent historian <a href="/wiki/Somsak_Jeamteerasakul" title="Somsak Jeamteerasakul">Somsak Jeamteerasakul</a> was arrested for proposing an eight-point plan to reform of the monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Professor <a href="/wiki/Giles_Ji_Ungpakorn" title="Giles Ji Ungpakorn">Giles Ji Ungpakorn</a> went into exile in 2007 after his book, <a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Coup_for_the_Rich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Coup for the Rich (page does not exist)">A Coup for the Rich</a>, questioned Bhumibol's role in the 2006 coup.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In March 2011, <a href="/wiki/Worachet_Pakeerat" class="mw-redirect" title="Worachet Pakeerat">Worachet Pakeerat</a>, a law lecturer, banded together with same-minded lecturers and formed the <a href="/wiki/Nitirat_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitirat Group">Nitirat Group</a>, aiming to amend the lèse-majesté law. He proposed reducing the maximum jail term to three years, a circumstance for pardoning, and that only the Office of His Majesty's Principal Private Secretary could file a complaint. His actions angered many people. In February 2012, he was assaulted in broad daylight in Bangkok.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> During the government of <a href="/wiki/Yingluck_Shinawatra" title="Yingluck Shinawatra">Yingluck Shinawatra</a>, the number of arrests and convictions for lèse-majesté offences declined significantly.<a href="#cite_note-HRW14-5">[5]</a> However, she said she would not seek to reform the law.<a href="#cite_note-BP115-33">[33]</a> There were 478 cases in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thai-coup-detat-2014-social-media-banner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Thai-coup-detat-2014-social-media-banner.jpg/260px-Thai-coup-detat-2014-social-media-banner.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Thai-coup-detat-2014-social-media-banner.jpg/390px-Thai-coup-detat-2014-social-media-banner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Thai-coup-detat-2014-social-media-banner.jpg/520px-Thai-coup-detat-2014-social-media-banner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2606" data-file-height="1971" /></a><figcaption>A banner in Bangkok warns readers that using social media to "like" or "share" anti-monarchist content could land them in prison. The banner asks people to "join together to protect the monarchy".</figcaption></figure> In May 2014, the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_for_Peace_and_Order" title="National Council for Peace and Order">National Council for Peace and Order</a> (NCPO), the <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">military junta</a>, granted authority to a military tribunal to prosecute lèse-majesté in Thailand.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Military courts routinely imposed harsher sentences than civilian courts would. In August 2015, the Bangkok Military Court sentenced Pongsak Sriboonpeng to 60 years in prison for his six Facebook postings (later reduced to 30 years, when he pleaded guilty). This was Thailand's longest recorded sentence for lèse-majesté.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The courts were dubbed "<a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_court" title="Kangaroo court">kangaroo courts</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Time14-38">[38]</a> The military government has never successfully extradited someone living abroad.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> iLaw, a Thai non-profit organisation, reported that the junta hold persons in custody for seven days without charges. <a href="/wiki/Secret_trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret trials">Secret trials</a> were held. Officials seized personal communication devices to search for incriminating evidence.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In December 2014, the parents of <a href="/wiki/Srirasmi_Suwadee" title="Srirasmi Suwadee">Srirasmi Suwadee</a>, formerly a Thai princess, were sentenced for "insulting the royal family and lodging a malicious claim".<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In 2015, Prachatai published an infographic showing that bathroom <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a>, a hand gesture, a hearsay report of a taxi conversation, and not standing during the playing of the <a href="/wiki/Sansoen_Phra_Barami" title="Sansoen Phra Barami">royal anthem</a>, among other things, could be punished as acts of lèse-majesté.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> A nurse wearing black on <a href="/wiki/Bhumibol_Adulyadej" title="Bhumibol Adulyadej">Bhumibol Adulyadej</a>'s birthday was charged with lèse-majesté.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The last formal attempt to amend the law occurred in May 2012 when more than 10,000 people signed a petition to parliament, but Speaker of the House of Representatives, Somsak Kiatsuranont, dismissed it citing that amendment of the law concerning the monarchy was not a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_right" title="Constitutional right">constitutional right</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10QA-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_under_Vajiralongkorn">Use under Vajiralongkorn</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Use under Vajiralongkorn">edit</a>]</div> In December 2016, Jatupat "Pai" Boonpattararaksa, a rights group member, was accused of lèse-majesté for sharing a BBC Thai biography of Thailand's new king, <a href="/wiki/Vajiralongkorn" title="Vajiralongkorn">Vajiralongkorn</a>. He was the only person to be arrested even though more than 2,600 people also shared the story, as well as the publisher BBC Thai, which did not face prosecution.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> In May 2017, the military junta stated that merely viewing material is considered lèse-majesté and is a violation of the law.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> As of November 2018, at least 127 people have been charged with lèse-majesté since the latest coup.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In 2017, there was a case of a 14-year-old who was accused of lèse-majesté for burning down a royal decoration arch in <a href="/wiki/Khon_Kaen" title="Khon Kaen">Khon Kaen</a>. This was the first prosecution of a minor.<a href="#cite_note-tlhr60-48">[48]</a> A lawyer who did not accept legal proceeding claiming that the court act in the name of the King who had conflict of interest in such cases, thus impartial and unjust.<a href="#cite_note-tlhr60-48">[48]</a> There were several low-profile instances where the authorities did not prosecute, but used other intimidation methods instead, such as holding the individual in military custody for seven days, checking for communication devices, asking them to unfollow a Facebook page, or asking them to make a video expressing loyalty to the monarch.<a href="#cite_note-tlhr60-48">[48]</a> As of November 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=edit">[update]</a>, a total of 38 of these cases, 34.2 per cent, were in the military court system.<a href="#cite_note-PE-20171115-49">[49]</a> The Attorney General's directive, dated 21 February 2018, issued a new guideline for prosecution. Now, only the Attorney General can file a lèse-majesté case. In June 2018, a new regulation was issued, allowing public persecutors to decide against prosecuting cases that did not serve the public interest.<a href="#cite_note-tlhr-50">[50]</a> Unprecedented moves followed, including dismissal of lèse-majesté cases even though the defendants pleaded guilty, and those charged had received bail in certain cases.<a href="#cite_note-tlhr-50">[50]</a> However, the authorities now favour invoking other laws instead, such as the Computer Crime Act and the <a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">sedition</a> law.<a href="#cite_note-tlhr-50">[50]</a> On 15 June 2020, Thai prime minister and former <a href="/wiki/2014_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2014 Thai coup d'état">2014 Thai coup d'état</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Prayut_Chan-o-cha" title="Prayut Chan-o-cha">Prayut Chan-o-cha</a> confirmed this stance, stating that <a href="/wiki/King_Vajiralongkorn" class="mw-redirect" title="King Vajiralongkorn">King Vajiralongkorn</a> had called for no further use of Section 112.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Forced_disappearance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced disappearance">forced disappearance</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wanchalearm_Satsaksit" title="Wanchalearm Satsaksit">Wanchalearm Satsaksit</a>, an alleged lèse-majesté offender, in June 2020, #ยกเลิก112 (repeal 112) trended first on <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> in Thailand with more than 500,000 retweets, as netizens believed his accusations motivated his abduction.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> In August, <a href="/wiki/2020_Thai_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Thai protests">protests</a> against the government included calls to reform the monarchy, including the abolition of Article 112.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ekachai_Hongkangwan,_Arnon_Nampa,_and_Somyot_Prueksakasemsuk.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ekachai_Hongkangwan%2C_Arnon_Nampa%2C_and_Somyot_Prueksakasemsuk.png/220px-Ekachai_Hongkangwan%2C_Arnon_Nampa%2C_and_Somyot_Prueksakasemsuk.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ekachai_Hongkangwan%2C_Arnon_Nampa%2C_and_Somyot_Prueksakasemsuk.png/330px-Ekachai_Hongkangwan%2C_Arnon_Nampa%2C_and_Somyot_Prueksakasemsuk.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ekachai_Hongkangwan%2C_Arnon_Nampa%2C_and_Somyot_Prueksakasemsuk.png/440px-Ekachai_Hongkangwan%2C_Arnon_Nampa%2C_and_Somyot_Prueksakasemsuk.png 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="385" /></a><figcaption>Lèse-majesté victims, Ekachai Hongkangwan, <a href="/wiki/Arnon_Nampa" title="Arnon Nampa">Arnon Nampa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Somyot_Prueksakasemsuk" title="Somyot Prueksakasemsuk">Somyot Prueksakasemsuk</a> got bail on 2 November 2020</figcaption></figure> Anchan P. was handed 87-year prison sentence for uploading and sharing videos on the internet of an online talk show after she had been detained in jail for nearly four years from 2015. Then, in 2021, the court reduced her conviction by half to 43 and a half years due to her guilty plea. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Committee" title="United Nations Human Rights Committee">UN Human Rights Committee</a> has declared that "imprisonment is never an appropriate penalty" for lèse-majesté cases.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In January 2021, ousted opposition political leader <a href="/wiki/Thanathorn_Juangroongruangkit" title="Thanathorn Juangroongruangkit">Thanathorn Juangroongruangkit</a> was charged with lèse-majesté after criticizing <a href="/wiki/Prayut_Chan-o-cha" title="Prayut Chan-o-cha">Prayut Chan-o-cha</a>'s government's mismanagement of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Thailand" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand">COVID-19</a> <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Thailand" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Thailand">vaccination</a> by relying too much on the <a href="/wiki/AstraZeneca_vaccine" class="mw-redirect" title="AstraZeneca vaccine">AstraZeneca vaccine</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Siam_Bioscience" title="Siam Bioscience">Siam Bioscience</a>, owned by the King, supplies the amount of, even with a lack of vaccine experience. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Police" title="Royal Thai Police">The Royal Thai Police</a> charged him for publishing his 18 January Facebook Live stream.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Later, <a href="/wiki/Puttipong_Punnakanta" title="Puttipong Punnakanta">Puttipong Punnakanta</a> filed the charge through <a href="/w/index.php?title=Technology_Crime_Suppression_Division&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Technology Crime Suppression Division (page does not exist)">Technology Crime Suppression Division</a> and the court ordered that the video be taken down.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Later, in August 2021, <a href="/wiki/Thanathorn_Juangroongruangkit" title="Thanathorn Juangroongruangkit">Thanathorn</a> faced two more lèse-majesté charges for the same act.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Prayuth_Chan-o-cha" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayuth Chan-o-cha">Prayuth Chan-o-cha</a> revived lèse-majesté law in response to the <a href="/wiki/2020-2021_Thai_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2020-2021 Thai protests">2020-2021 Thai protests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2020revival-7">[7]</a> Because of the particular law, by the end of 2021, the leading figures <a href="/wiki/Arnon_Nampa" title="Arnon Nampa">Arnon Nampa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panupong_Jadnok" title="Panupong Jadnok">Panupong Jadnok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parit_Chiwarak" title="Parit Chiwarak">Parit Chiwarak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jatupat_Boonpattararaksa" title="Jatupat Boonpattararaksa">Jatupat (Pai Dao Din)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panusaya_Sithijirawattanakul" title="Panusaya Sithijirawattanakul">Panusaya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Benja_Apan" title="Benja Apan">Benja Apan</a> were all detained awaiting trial in series of <a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention" title="Arbitrary arrest and detention">detainments and releases</a>, some were imprisoned accumulatively for more than 300 days.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Since November 2020, Thailand has charged at least 173 people for lèse-majesté.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> On 14 May 2024, <a href="/wiki/Netiporn_Sanesangkhom" title="Netiporn Sanesangkhom">Netiporn Sanesangkhom</a>, a Thai activist charged with lèse-majesté, died in detention after months-long hunger strike calling for reform of the justice system and protest against imprisonment of political dissenters.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/2023_Thai_general_election" title="2023 Thai general election">2023 Thai general election</a>, <a href="/wiki/Move_Forward_Party" title="Move Forward Party">Move Forward Party</a>, a progressive party which gained the most seats, was repeatedly rejected forming a coalition government because of the platform to amend the lèse-majesté law.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> In 2024, the Constitutional Court ordered the party to cease any effort to amend the law.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Later that year, the Constitutional Court dissolved the party.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Statistics">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Statistics of lèse-majesté cases in Thailand<a href="#cite_note-CMU-15">[15]</a>: 17  </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>New cases</th> <th>Conviction </th></tr> <tr> <td>1984–1989</td> <td>30</td> <td>15/19 (78.95%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990–1994</td> <td>26</td> <td>18/19 (94.74%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995–1999</td> <td>32</td> <td>21/23 (91.30%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000–2005</td> <td>29</td> <td>15/16 (93.75%) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_context_and_impact">Social context and impact</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Social context and impact">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_immunity" title="Sovereign immunity">Sovereign immunity</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2012_CM_Governors_reception_for_HM%27s_birthday_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/2012_CM_Governors_reception_for_HM%27s_birthday_02.jpg/260px-2012_CM_Governors_reception_for_HM%27s_birthday_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/2012_CM_Governors_reception_for_HM%27s_birthday_02.jpg/390px-2012_CM_Governors_reception_for_HM%27s_birthday_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/2012_CM_Governors_reception_for_HM%27s_birthday_02.jpg/520px-2012_CM_Governors_reception_for_HM%27s_birthday_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The late King <a href="/wiki/Bhumibol_Adulyadej" title="Bhumibol Adulyadej">Bhumibol Adulyadej</a> was accorded an almost divine reverence,<a href="#cite_note-Head-20071205-66">[66]</a> which still holds true today.</figcaption></figure> According to King Rama IV, insults to the king are also insults to his power source — the people. The king felt every subject is also insulted.<a href="#cite_note-นพพล-14">[14]</a>: 26–7  David Streckfuss, a scholar on Thai human rights and politics, commented that lèse-majesté is one factor defining neo-absolutism in Thailand.<a href="#cite_note-David-18">[18]</a>: 110  Lèse-majesté is used in less democratic monarchies to protect the system of power.<a href="#cite_note-David-18">[18]</a>: 113  Thai mainstream media has supported the use of the law and avoid covering it.<a href="#cite_note-David-18">[18]</a>: 117  The media do not discuss the role of the monarchy in politics, thus creating a distorted view of the political scene.<a href="#cite_note-David-18">[18]</a>: 117  Lèse-majesté and communism were once the definition of the ultimate <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">traitor</a>. With the decline of communism, however, lèse-majesté began to define new kinds of traitors.<a href="#cite_note-David-18">[18]</a>: 127  Michael Kelly Connors, a professor in social science at the University of Nottingham, wrote the king had a dual position—an agent of political and economic interests and the soul of the nation showing the glaring disparity between social classes, and thus required controlled imagery. The stage-managed role of the monarch, the compulsory respect shown to the institution, and the pressure of social conformity left many people with a taste of bitterness which few felt confident to express. Thai elites feared the Thai monarchy would be subjected to mockery once it was open to scrutiny, just like the British monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-Connors-3">[3]</a>: 133–4  Streckfuss and Preechasilpakul wrote that lèse-majesté remains the most potent political charge in Thailand and the number of charges increased in times of political <a href="/wiki/Upheaval" title="Upheaval">upheaval</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CMU-15">[15]</a>: 2  Human rights groups say the lèse-majesté laws have been used as a political weapon to stifle <a href="/wiki/Free_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Free speech">free speech</a>.<a href="#cite_note-explained-4">[4]</a> Political scientist <a href="/wiki/Giles_Ungpakorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Giles Ungpakorn">Giles Ungpakorn</a> noted that "the lèse-majesté laws are not really designed to protect the institution of the monarchy. In the past, the laws have been used to protect governments and to shield military coups from lawful criticism. This whole [royal] image is created to bolster a conservative elite well beyond the walls of the palace."<a href="#cite_note-frenchmanjail-67">[67]</a> However, Connors argued that while some have used it as a political weapon, it has always been in the interests of the palace.<a href="#cite_note-Connors-3">[3]</a>: 134  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_scope_of_the_law">Contemporary scope of the law</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Contemporary scope of the law">edit</a>]</div> <blockquote class="quote-frame pullquote" style="font-size: 95%; padding: 0.5em 2em; background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa ); color: var( --color-base, black ); border: 1px solid #aaa; display:table; float:right; width:30%;"><div style="padding: 0.6em 1em;"> "Article 112 of the Criminal Code is a legislation which supports Article 8 of the Constitution<a href="#cite_note-68">[a]</a> for practical implementation, so there are no grounds to claim it violates or is inconsistent with Article 8 of the Constitution."<a href="#cite_note-นพพล-14">[14]</a>: 20  <cite style="display: block; text-align: right;"> — A Constitutional Court decision in 2012.</cite></div></blockquote> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Comparison of lèse-majesté laws<a href="#cite_note-David-18">[18]</a>: 115  </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>Max. jail term (years) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Netherlands</td> <td>0.3<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Denmark</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Spain</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Morocco</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Norway</td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sweden</td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thailand</td> <td>15 </td></tr></tbody></table> Section 112 of Thai Criminal Code currently reads as follows: <blockquote>"Whoever defames, insults or threatens the King, the Queen, the Heir-apparent or the Regent, shall be punished with imprisonment of three to fifteen years."</blockquote> As lèse-majesté is one of the offences relating to the security of the kingdom, according to Section 7 of the Thai Criminal Code. Even alleged offences committed outside the kingdom can be punished within Thailand. Thai courts have demonstrated they will prosecute and jail even non-Thai citizens for offences committed outside of the kingdom as proven in the case against American citizen Joe Gordon who police arrested in May 2011 when he visited Thailand for medical treatment. The court later sentenced him to five years in jail.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_2011-70">[69]</a> David Streckfuss opined that lèse majesté law is not necessarily controversial, even some Western democratic countries seem to have severe jail punishment, if rarely used.<a href="#cite_note-David-18">[18]</a>: 119  In 2007, a controversy arose over whether criticism of members of King Bhumibol's <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Thailand" title="Privy Council of Thailand">privy council</a> also constituted criticism of Bhumibol.<a href="#cite_note-foes-71">[70]</a> Police Special Branch Commander Lt Gen Theeradech Rodpho-thong, who refused to file charges of lèse-majesté against activists who launched a petition to oust Privy Council President <a href="/wiki/Prem_Tinsulanonda" title="Prem Tinsulanonda">Prem Tinsulanonda</a>,<a href="#cite_note-nationxyz-72">[71]</a> was demoted within days of the incident by Police Commander <a href="/wiki/Seripisut_Temiyavet" class="mw-redirect" title="Seripisut Temiyavet">Seripisut Temiyavet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nationabc-73">[72]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Thailand" title="Supreme Court of Thailand">Supreme Court of Thailand</a> decided in 2013 that the law also applies to all previous monarchs, further broadening the law's reach. In 2013, a man was found guilty of "preparing and <a href="/wiki/Attempt" title="Attempt">attempting</a>" to commit an act of lèse-majesté. He had images and captions deemed lèse-majesté in his electronic device—which, his accusers said, potentially could have been spread online. He was found guilty despite the law providing that mere preparation of the act is not a legal offence.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> In 2016, a singer and activist, in addition to his prison sentence for defaming the monarchy, was ordered to write a song promoting "national reconciliation" after completing his sentence. The court order to write a song is outside the scope of the punishments in the Criminal Code.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> Comments on the <a href="/wiki/Sufficiency_economy" title="Sufficiency economy">sufficiency economy</a> theory published by King Bhumibol Adulyadej can also lead to lèse-majesté prosecution, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Udom_Taepanich" title="Udom Taepanich">Udom Taepanich</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> Because of the uncertain and unpredictable nature of the offense charges, defendants often do not contest them and plead guilty.<a href="#cite_note-นพพล-14">[14]</a>: 43  Lèse-majesté leads to self-censorship and <a href="/wiki/Vigilantism" title="Vigilantism">vigilantism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-นพพล-14">[14]</a>: 43–4  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_proceedings">Legal proceedings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legal proceedings">edit</a>]</div> In 2013, a person filed lèse-majesté charges against his own brother, showing how easily the law can be misused, and that the law has now become a potential weapon in family feuds. Often the police, courts, and prosecutors are afraid they will be accused of disloyalty to the monarch if they fail to prosecute allegations of lèse-majesté.<a href="#cite_note-HRW14-5">[5]</a> Additionally, there are <a href="/wiki/Cyberbullying" title="Cyberbullying">cyberbullying</a> cases where fake accounts were created and lèse-majesté material was posted to create misunderstanding that the person actually committed a crime.<a href="#cite_note-tlhr1mo-77">[76]</a> Article 14 of the Computer Crimes Act BE 2550 (2007), which broadly bars the circulation through computer systems of information and material deemed detrimental to national security, has also been used to prosecute cases of lèse-majesté.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> There have been occasions when lèse-majesté cases have been transferred to court-martial, most recently during the National Council for Peace and Order regime after the 2014 coup. There are differences between court-martial decisions compared to civilian court ones, including protection of any previous monarchs. Alleged counts are considered separately, making the punishment twice as harsh; the right to bail is restricted in wartime.<a href="#cite_note-ศาลทหาร-79">[78]</a> Even so, pre-trial detentions are widespread and requests for bail are difficult; recent offenders used hunger strike to highlight the issue.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> Detainees are seen barefoot and shackled at the ankles when brought to court.<a href="#cite_note-Time14-38">[38]</a> The courts sometimes use <a href="/wiki/Videoconferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Videoconferencing">videoconferencing</a> systems for court proceedings, so that defendants do not have to be physically present in the court. Two detainees have <a href="/wiki/Death_in_custody" title="Death in custody">died in military custody</a>. One hanged himself, and the other died of a <a href="/wiki/Blood_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood infection">blood infection</a>, according to his <a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">autopsy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> Judges have also said the accuser did not necessarily have to prove the information was factual claiming, "because if it is true, it is more defamatory, and if it isn't true, then it's super-defamatory".<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> Asked why the Criminal Court did not grant the benefit of the doubt to the defendant in the case of <a href="/wiki/Ampon_Tangnoppakul" title="Ampon Tangnoppakul">Ampon Tangnoppakul</a>, Court of Justice spokesperson Sitthisak Wanachaikit replied: <blockquote>When the public prosecutor who institutes the proceedings can exercise his <a href="/wiki/Legal_burden_of_proof" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal burden of proof">burden of proof</a> to the extent of bringing to light the evil intent of the defendant...the defendant needs to be punished according to the gravity of the case.<a href="#cite_note-having_no_compassion-84">[83]</a></blockquote> Professor Peter Leyland of SOAS, University of London and Professor Emeritus of London Metropolitan University, explained: <blockquote>It [the lese majeste offence] can be committed entirely without criminal intent. There is no need for the prosecuting authorities to bring any evidence to bear relating to foresight on the part of the defendant with regard to the fact of the statement or conduct. [...] The police, prosecuting authorities and judges not only act in the name of the King, but there is an expectation that their loyalty to the Crown will be reflected in an outcome that confirms the dignity of the King at the expense of the accused.<a href="#cite_note-David-18">[18]</a>: 130 </blockquote> Pointing that Article 112 was typically deployed with politically expedient timing, rather than at the time of the supposed offense, <a href="/wiki/Jakrapob_Penkair" title="Jakrapob Penkair">Jakrapob Penkair</a>, a former minister to the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Prime_Minister_(Thailand)" title="Office of the Prime Minister (Thailand)">Office of the Prime Minister</a> who was charged with lèse-majesté himself, commented: "It's not about your action; it's about the timing. They wait until the moment when you seem most vulnerable."<a href="#cite_note-Time14-38">[38]</a> Court proceedings are lengthy, and defendants often pleading guilty as the quickest route to freedom.<a href="#cite_note-ilaw112-85">[84]</a> Court decisions are often overturned in the higher courts, thus lengthening the proceedings.<a href="#cite_note-ilaw112-85">[84]</a> Civilian courts often handed sentences of five years imprisonment per count, while military courts often handed sentences of 10 years per count.<a href="#cite_note-10QA-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_measures">Government measures</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Government measures">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet_censorship">Internet censorship</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Internet censorship">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Thailand" title="Internet censorship in Thailand">Internet censorship in Thailand</a></div> The Office of Prevention and Suppression of Information Technology Crimes maintains a "war room" to monitor for pages which disparage the monarchy. A <a href="/wiki/Web_crawler" title="Web crawler">web crawler</a> is used to search the internet. When an offending image or language is found, the office obtains a court order blocking the site. On 28 October 2008, The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_and_Communication_Technology_(Thailand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Information and Communication Technology (Thailand)">Ministry of Information and Communication Technology</a> (MICT) announced plans to spend about 100–500 million baht to build a gateway to block websites with contents defaming the royal institution.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> In 2008, more than 4,800 webpages deemed insulting to Thailand's royal family were blocked.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> In December 2010, nearly 60,000 websites had been banned for alleged insults against Bhumibol. In 2011, the number increased to 70,000.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-88">[87]</a> On 4 April 2007, the Thai government blocked Thai access to <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> as a result of a video clip which it deemed insulting to the king.<a href="#cite_note-cbsyoutube-89">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbcyoutube-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-nationyoutube-91">[90]</a> The website of Same Sky Books, publishers of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Same_Sky_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Same Sky (magazine) (page does not exist)">Same Sky</a> magazine, was shut down after comments on its bulletin board questioned mainstream media's claims that the entire country was in mourning over the death of Princess <a href="/wiki/Galyani_Vadhana" title="Galyani Vadhana">Galyani Vadhana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> In December 2015, the court verdict against <a href="/wiki/Prachatai" title="Prachatai">Chiranuch Premchaiporn</a>, webmaster of the news website Prachatai, was upheld in the highest court: "an eight-month suspended jail sentence and a 20,000 baht fine". Previously, she had been jailed without bail for nearly a year for not removing—in 2008—an allegedly insulting comment from an article fast enough. Although the comments did not directly mention Bhumibol or members of his family, the court found that Chiranuch displayed an intent to insult. Arrested in September 2010, she could face up to 50 years' imprisonment if found guilty.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> In 2016, <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> blocked users in Thailand from accessing a page satirising Thailand's royal family, citing the lèse-majesté law. Around the same time, there was speculation that the junta was able to obtain private chat logs of Facebook users.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> In 2019, the Facebook page "Royalist Marketplace" was launched as a forum by academic <a href="/wiki/Pavin_Chachavalpongpun" title="Pavin Chachavalpongpun">Pavin Chachavalpongpun</a> to discuss and criticise the Thai monarchy freely. The Thai authorities shut down access in Thailand to the Facebook page, which has accumulated around one million users. Facebook may be appealing,<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> while Chachavalpongpun is facing a charge of <a href="/wiki/Cybercrime" title="Cybercrime">cybercrime</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> He has since launched a replacement Facebook page.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abuse_of_psychiatry">Abuse of psychiatry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Abuse of psychiatry">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry#Thailand" title="Political abuse of psychiatry">Political abuse of psychiatry § Thailand</a></div> On July 9, 2020, <a href="/wiki/Tiwagorn_Withiton" title="Tiwagorn Withiton">Tiwagorn Withiton</a>, a Facebook user who went viral after posting a picture of himself wearing a t-shirt printed with the message, "I lost faith in the monarchy" was forcibly detained by police officers and admitted to Rajanagarindra Psychiatric Hospital in Khon Kaen.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> Tiwagorn is quoted as saying, "I well understand that it is political to have to make people think I'm insane. I won't hold it against the officials if there is a diagnosis that I'm insane, because I take it that they have to follow orders."<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> He was discharged about two weeks later.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opinion">Opinion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Opinion">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support">Support</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Support">edit</a>]</div> The stated rationale for supporting lèse-majesté often center around Thai identity and the presence of lèse-majesté and crimes against head of state law in other countries. <a href="/wiki/Borwornsak_Uwanno" title="Borwornsak Uwanno">Borwornsak Uwanno</a>, Thai legal scholar, said that countries limited free speech according to their cultural-legal circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-David-18">[18]</a>: 129  In May 2016, justice minister <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paiboon_Koomchaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paiboon Koomchaya (page does not exist)">Paiboon Koomchaya</a> remarked on "concerns raised by United Nations Security Council member countries during the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Periodic_Review" title="Universal Periodic Review">Universal Periodic Review</a> (UPR) in Geneva" on 11 May 2016: "that foreign countries would not understand why Thailand needs the lèse-majesté law because they are not "civilised" nations with cultural refinement like ours".<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> A Thai official said that the lèse-majesté law is similar to a <a href="/wiki/Libel" class="mw-redirect" title="Libel">libel</a> law for commoners. Some abuse their rights by spreading <a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">hate speech</a> or distorted information to incite hatred towards the monarchical institution. He also assert that those who are accused of lèse-majesté have the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Right to a fair trial">right to a fair trial</a>, and the opportunity to contest the charges and assistance from a lawyer, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_appeal" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to appeal">right to appeal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> An attorney said lèse-majesté does not go against democracy and does not know why there is activism around the law.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rubbish_Collection_Organization" title="Rubbish Collection Organization">Rubbish Collection Organization</a>, a fascist ultra-royalist organization, supports persecution for lèse-majesté, and launched an ongoing online campaign of mobbing and <a href="/wiki/Doxxing" class="mw-redirect" title="Doxxing">doxxing</a> victims, together with other methods of intimidation.<a href="#cite_note-:0-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-107">[106]</a> A judge in a 2016 lèse-majesté case, when a man was sentenced to seven years and six months in prison said he would have given him a longer sentence, but the court's deputy president advised him on giving a shorter term.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition">Opposition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Opposition">edit</a>]</div> The lèse-majesté law is described as "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/draconian" class="extiw" title="wikt:draconian">draconian</a>".<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> considers anyone jailed for insulting Bhumibol to be a <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">political prisoner</a>; if they had a peaceful expression and intent, a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_conscience" title="Prisoner of conscience">prisoner of conscience</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sulak_Sivaraksa" title="Sulak Sivaraksa">Sulak Sivaraksa</a>, a Thai social activist, said that he felt sad that most Thai intellectuals did not see any harm in this law, calling them "docile livestock."<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/UN_Special_Rapporteur" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Special Rapporteur">Special Rapporteur</a> on the Promotion and Protection of the Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression, <a href="/wiki/David_Kaye_(law_professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Kaye (law professor)">David Kaye</a>, commenting "Public figures, including those exercising the highest political authority, may be subject to criticism, and the fact that some forms of expression are considered to be insulting to a public figure is not sufficient to justify restrictions or penalties." Kaye went on to say that such laws, "have no place in a democratic country" and called for Thailand to repeal them.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> In November 2015, <a href="/wiki/Glyn_T._Davies" title="Glyn T. Davies">Glyn T. Davies</a>, the US ambassador to Thailand, gave a speech criticising the long prison sentences handed to those found guilty of lèse-majesté. Police then investigated him.<a href="#cite_note-ambassador-113">[112]</a> Activists against the law or those who seek to reform it include: Mainueng Kor Kunatee (a poet who was assassinated in 2014);<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> Somsak Jeamteerasakul; Giles Ji Ungpakorn;<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pavin_Chachavalpongpun" title="Pavin Chachavalpongpun">Pavin Chachavalpongpun</a>,<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> a former diplomat, and an associate professor at the <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_University" title="Kyoto University">Kyoto University</a> and a leader of a campaign to abolish Article 112 of the Thai criminal code; and The Nitirat group—an association of law lecturers who campaign for constitutional reform and a change of Thailand's lèse-majesté law–including <a href="/wiki/Worachet_Pakeerut" title="Worachet Pakeerut">Worachet Pakeerut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piyabutr_Saengkanokkul" title="Piyabutr Saengkanokkul">Piyabutr Saengkanokkul</a>, and Sawatree Suksri.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> During 2020–2021 Thai protests, demands on reform of the monarchy, which included reform or abolition of lèse-majesté law, were part of the protest goals.<a href="#cite_note-prachatai_11082020-118">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satirical_reaction">Satirical reaction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Satirical reaction">edit</a>]</div> Not The Nation, an anonymous website<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> that <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satirises</a> a Thai newspaper, <a href="/wiki/The_Nation_(Thailand)#Satirical_Reaction" title="The Nation (Thailand)">The Nation</a>, satirised the media and the public response to the case of <a href="/wiki/Thai_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai American">Thai American</a> Joe Gordon in contrast to that paid to the drug-related case of Australian <a href="/wiki/Schapelle_Corby#Media_and_public_response" title="Schapelle Corby">Schapelle Corby</a> and to the pardoning of Greek-Cypriot-Australian <a href="/wiki/Harry_Nicolaides#Pardon" title="Harry Nicolaides">Harry Nicolaides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NTN_Joe-120">[119]</a> NTN later satirised <a href="/wiki/Plea_bargain" title="Plea bargain">plea bargaining</a> in the "Uncle SMS" case.<a href="#cite_note-NTN_SMS-121">[120]</a> In December 2013, NTN circumvented the chilling effect of LMIT on discussion of <a href="/wiki/1924_Palace_Law_of_Succession" title="1924 Palace Law of Succession">succession</a> with a discussion of the abdication of royal dog <a href="/wiki/Thong_Daeng" class="mw-redirect" title="Thong Daeng">Thong Daeng</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> In July 2014, British comedian <a href="/wiki/John_Oliver_(comedian)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Oliver (comedian)">John Oliver</a> described Crown Prince Vajiralongkorn as a "buffoon" and showed the leaked video of Vajiralongkorn and his topless wife celebrating the birthday of the prince's poodle, <a href="/wiki/Fufu_(dog)" title="Fufu (dog)">Air Chief Marshal Foo Foo</a>, in a satirical piece about monarchy in general on <a href="/wiki/Last_Week_Tonight_with_John_Oliver" title="Last Week Tonight with John Oliver">Last Week Tonight with John Oliver</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> The Thai military government described Oliver as "undermining the royal institution", to which Oliver responded by saying: "It seems my Thailand vacation is going to have to be postponed very much indefinitely. If I can bring down your monarchy, you have—at best—a wobbly monarchy."<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_controversies">Related controversies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Related controversies">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Charoen_Pokphand" title="Charoen Pokphand">Charoen Pokphand (CP) group</a> is alleged to have supported Section 112 via a CP Freshmart marketing discount campaign that ran from 12–15 February 2021 titled "LOVE112" that offered a 112 baht discount for online purchases worth at least 666 baht.<a href="#cite_note-Prachatai_English_2021-125">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abolition_campaign">Abolition campaign</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Abolition campaign">edit</a>]</div> On 5 November 2021, the law activist group <a href="/w/index.php?title=ILaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ILaw (page does not exist)">iLaw</a> launched the first ever campaign to abolish Section 112 of the Penal Code through an <a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative" title="Popular initiative">initiative petition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> The petition attracted more than 100,000 subscribers overnight, despite Thai law merely requiring 10,000 signatures for the petition to be submitted to the parliament.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prosecuted_l%C3%A8se_majest%C3%A9_cases_in_Thailand" title="List of prosecuted lèse majesté cases in Thailand">List of prosecuted lèse majesté cases in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Thailand" title="Censorship in Thailand">Censorship in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber_Scouts_(Thailand)" title="Cyber Scouts (Thailand)">Cyber Scouts (Thailand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Thailand" title="Human rights in Thailand">Human rights in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Gaurs" title="Red Gaurs">Red Gaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubbish_Collection_Organization" title="Rubbish Collection Organization">Rubbish Collection Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawaphon" title="Nawaphon">Nawaphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Sanction_(Thailand)" title="Social Sanction (Thailand)">Social Sanction (Thailand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netiporn_Sanesangkhom" title="Netiporn Sanesangkhom">Netiporn Sanesangkhom</a>, an activist who died during a hunger strike in 2024, opposed to the lèse-majesté laws</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> It reads: "The King shall be enthroned in a position of revered worship and shall not be violated. No person shall expose the King to any sort of accusation or action." </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCochrane2017" class="citation web cs1">Cochrane, Liam (11 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-01-10/thai-king-requests-constitutional-changes-to-ensure-powers/8174062">"New Thai King requests constitutional changes to 'ensure his royal powers': Prime Minister"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)" title="ABC News (Australia)">ABC News</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2519/A/134/46.PDF">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99+%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88+41&rft.pages=1-2&rft.date=1976-10-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th%2FDATA%2FPDF%2F2519%2FA%2F134%2F46.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-David-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-David_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_18-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_18-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_18-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_18-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_18-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_18-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_18-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_18-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_18-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Streckfuss2014" class="citation book cs1">David Streckfuss (2014). 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Retrieved 29 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conservative+Civil+Society+in+Thailand&rft.btitle=The+mobilization+of+conservative+civil+society%3A+Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=27-32&rft.pub=Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1059452133&rft.aulast=Sombatpoonsiri&rft.aufirst=Janjira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarnegieendowment.org%2Ffiles%2FYoungs_Conservative_Civil_Society_FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-107"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"New Social Media and Politics in Thailand: The Emergence of Fascist Vigilante Groups on Facebook". ASEAS – Austrian Journal of South-East Asian Studies (in German). 9 (2): 215–234. 2016. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1999-2521">1999-2521</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7179244833">7179244833</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ASEAS+%E2%80%93+Austrian+Journal+of+South-East+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=New+Social+Media+and+Politics+in+Thailand%3A+The+Emergence+of+Fascist+Vigilante+Groups+on+Facebook&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=215-234&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7179244833&rft.issn=1999-2521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/politics/997653/singer-tom-dundee-gets-7-years-6-months-for-lese-majeste">"Singer Tom Dundee gets 7 years, 6 months for lese majeste"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Post" title="Bangkok Post">Bangkok Post</a>. Retrieved 11 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=Singer+Tom+Dundee+gets+7+years%2C+6+months+for+lese+majeste&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fthailand%2Fpolitics%2F997653%2Fsinger-tom-dundee-gets-7-years-6-months-for-lese-majeste&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34661870">"Thais examine 'lese majeste plot'"</a>. BBC News. 28 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200606211925/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34661870">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Thais+examine+%27lese+majeste+plot%27&rft.date=2015-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-34661870&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pressreader.com/thailand/bangkok-post/20110917/289308998523705">"All eyes on Article 112"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Post" title="Bangkok Post">Bangkok Post</a>. 18 September 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201216141503/https://www.pressreader.com/thailand/bangkok-post/20110917/289308998523705">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2020. Retrieved 13 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=All+eyes+on+Article+112&rft.date=2011-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pressreader.com%2Fthailand%2Fbangkok-post%2F20110917%2F289308998523705&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prachatai.com/journal/2014/09/55390">"ส.ศิวรักษ์ ชี้ รปห.-112 ล้วนกระทบสถาบันกษัตริย์ ถูกใช้เป็นเครื่องมือทางการเมือง"</a>. Prachatai (in Thai). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201026103344/https://prachatai.com/journal/2014/09/55390">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prachatai&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%AA.%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B9%8C+%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%89+%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AB.-112+%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C+%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprachatai.com%2Fjournal%2F2014%2F09%2F55390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/2068736/un-slams-thailand-first-royal-slur-charge-under-new-king">"UN slams Thailand for first royal slur charge under new king"</a>. <a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a>. Agence France-Presse. 7 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170402165519/http://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/2068736/un-slams-thailand-first-royal-slur-charge-under-new-king">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=UN+slams+Thailand+for+first+royal+slur+charge+under+new+king&rft.date=2017-02-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fasia%2Fsoutheast-asia%2Farticle%2F2068736%2Fun-slams-thailand-first-royal-slur-charge-under-new-king&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ambassador-113"><a href="#cite_ref-ambassador_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller2015" class="citation news cs1">Fuller, Thomas (9 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/10/world/asia/thailand-lese-majeste.html?_r=0">"Thai Police Investigate U.S. Ambassador on Suspicion of Insulting King (Published 2015)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108131825/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/10/world/asia/thailand-lese-majeste.html?_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Thai+Police+Investigate+U.S.+Ambassador+on+Suspicion+of+Insulting+King+%28Published+2015%29&rft.date=2015-12-09&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F12%2F10%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fthailand-lese-majeste.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKong_Rithdee2014" class="citation news cs1">Kong Rithdee (26 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/406703/poet-death-casts-chill-on-our-society">"Poet's death casts chill on our society"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Post" title="Bangkok Post">Bangkok Post</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=Poet%27s+death+casts+chill+on+our+society&rft.date=2014-04-26&rft.au=Kong+Rithdee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbangkokpost.com%2Fopinion%2Fopinion%2F406703%2Fpoet-death-casts-chill-on-our-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Walker2011" class="citation news cs1">Andrew Walker (7 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newmandala.org/ji-ungpakorn-on-lese-majest/">"Ji Ungpakorn on lese majeste"</a>. New Mandala. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180504164033/http://www.newmandala.org/ji-ungpakorn-on-lese-majest/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Mandala&rft.atitle=Ji+Ungpakorn+on+lese+majeste&rft.date=2011-08-07&rft.au=Andrew+Walker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newmandala.org%2Fji-ungpakorn-on-lese-majest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asiasentinel.com/society/a-thai-academic-in-peril-for-speaking-out/">"A Thai Academic in Peril for Speaking Out"</a>. Asia Sentinel. 13 June 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140824005613/http://www.asiasentinel.com/society/a-thai-academic-in-peril-for-speaking-out/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Sentinel&rft.atitle=A+Thai+Academic+in+Peril+for+Speaking+Out&rft.date=2012-06-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asiasentinel.com%2Fsociety%2Fa-thai-academic-in-peril-for-speaking-out%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prachatai.com/english/node/4108">"Nitirat academic Sawatree released from military camp"</a>. Prachatai English. 9 June 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160730092918/http://www.prachatai.com/english/node/4108">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2016. Retrieved 31 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prachatai+English&rft.atitle=Nitirat+academic+Sawatree+released+from+military+camp&rft.date=2014-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprachatai.com%2Fenglish%2Fnode%2F4108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-prachatai_11082020-118"><a href="#cite_ref-prachatai_11082020_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prachatai.com/english/node/8709">"[Full statement] The demonstration at Thammasat proposes monarchy reform"</a>. Prachatai English. 11 August 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200820123613/https://prachatai.com/english/node/8709">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2020. Retrieved 23 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prachatai+English&rft.atitle=%5BFull+statement%5D+The+demonstration+at+Thammasat+proposes+monarchy+reform&rft.date=2020-08-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprachatai.com%2Fenglish%2Fnode%2F8709&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnonymous2011" class="citation news cs1">Anonymous (28 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121227122837/http://notthenation.com/2011/08/us-embassy-disappointed-that-joe-gordon-not-blonde-young-female/">"About"</a>. Not the Nation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://notthenation.com/about/">the original</a> on 27 December 2012. Retrieved 11 May 2012. <q>Not The Nation is for entertainment purposes only. Redistribution of Not The Nation content with attribution is permitted. Some photos and images used on Not The Nation are taken from the Internet. If one of them is yours, we apologize and are grateful. The author(s) of Not The Nation choose(s) to remain anonymous.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Not+the+Nation&rft.atitle=About&rft.date=2011-09-28&rft.au=Anonymous&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnotthenation.com%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NTN_Joe-120"><a href="#cite_ref-NTN_Joe_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRealJoeGordon2011" class="citation web cs1">RealJoeGordon (19 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/REALJOEGORDON/photos/a.639107602806034.1073741827.639103739473087/1698502280199889/?type=3&theater">"EMBASSY STATEMENT ON U.S. CITIZEN JOE GORDON"</a>. Facebook. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201216141505/https://www.facebook.com/REALJOEGORDON/photos/a.639107602806034.1073741827.639103739473087/1698502280199889/?type=3&theater=">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2018. <q>EMBASSY STATEMENT ON U.S. CITIZEN JOE GORDONThe United States is disappointed by the prosecutor's decision to file lese majeste charges against U.S. citizen Joe Gordon. We have discussed Mr. Gordon's case extensively with Thai authorities, stressing at every possible opportunity his rights as an American citizen. We urge the Thai authorities to ensure freedom of expression is respected and that Mr. Gordon, a U.S. citizen, receives fair treatment.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Facebook&rft.atitle=EMBASSY+STATEMENT+ON+U.S.+CITIZEN+JOE+GORDON&rft.date=2011-08-19&rft.au=RealJoeGordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FREALJOEGORDON%2Fphotos%2Fa.639107602806034.1073741827.639103739473087%2F1698502280199889%2F%3Ftype%3D3%26theater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NTN_SMS-121"><a href="#cite_ref-NTN_SMS_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnonymous2011" class="citation news cs1">Anonymous (3 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120107043846/http://notthenation.com/2011/12/prosecutor-offers-%E2%80%9Cuncle-sms%E2%80%9D-reduced-sentence-in-exchange-for-acting-more-evil/">"Prosecutor Offers 'Uncle SMS' Reduced Sentence in Exchange For Acting More Evil"</a>. Not The Nation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://notthenation.com/2011/12/prosecutor-offers-%E2%80%9Cuncle-sms%E2%80%9D-reduced-sentence-in-exchange-for-acting-more-evil/">the original</a> on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 22 January 2013. <q>...Under the proposed agreement, Ampon's sentence will be reduced from 20 to only 5 years if he agrees to act more evil between now and his incarceration.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Not+The+Nation&rft.atitle=Prosecutor+Offers+%27Uncle+SMS%27+Reduced+Sentence+in+Exchange+For+Acting+More+Evil&rft.date=2011-12-03&rft.au=Anonymous&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnotthenation.com%2F2011%2F12%2Fprosecutor-offers-%25E2%2580%259Cuncle-sms%25E2%2580%259D-reduced-sentence-in-exchange-for-acting-more-evil%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnonymous2013" class="citation news cs1">Anonymous (3 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131207075814/http://notthenation.com/2013/12/thongdaeng-abdicates-to-foo-foo/">"Thongdaeng Abdicates To Foo Foo"</a>. Not The Nation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://notthenation.com/2013/12/thongdaeng-abdicates-to-foo-foo/">the original</a> on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2014. <q>In a shocking event that may forever alter the social and cultural landscape of the Kingdom of Thailand, His Majesty the King's royal dog Thongdaeng has abdicated his position as the nation's ruling pet of state to Foo Foo, Crown Prince Vajiralongkorn's longstanding dog-in-waiting.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Not+The+Nation&rft.atitle=Thongdaeng+Abdicates+To+Foo+Foo&rft.date=2013-12-03&rft.au=Anonymous&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnotthenation.com%2F2013%2F12%2Fthongdaeng-abdicates-to-foo-foo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.vice.com/article/thailands-military-government-thinks-john-oliver-is-a-threat-to-its-monarchy">"Thailand's Military Government Thinks John Oliver Is a Threat to Its Monarchy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vice_Media" title="Vice Media">Vice</a>. 25 July 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180619163841/https://news.vice.com/article/thailands-military-government-thinks-john-oliver-is-a-threat-to-its-monarchy">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 19 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vice&rft.atitle=Thailand%27s+Military+Government+Thinks+John+Oliver+Is+a+Threat+to+Its+Monarchy&rft.date=2014-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.vice.com%2Farticle%2Fthailands-military-government-thinks-john-oliver-is-a-threat-to-its-monarchy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2014/jul/29/thai-junta-comedian-john-oliver-royal-jibes">"Thai junta unamused by comedian John Oliver's royal jibes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 30 July 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180619163837/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2014/jul/29/thai-junta-comedian-john-oliver-royal-jibes">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Thai+junta+unamused+by+comedian+John+Oliver%27s+royal+jibes&rft.date=2014-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftv-and-radio%2F2014%2Fjul%2F29%2Fthai-junta-comedian-john-oliver-royal-jibes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prachatai_English_2021-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Prachatai_English_2021_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prachatai.com/english/node/9076">"Khaosod English deletes report on CP's 'LOVE112' discount campaign at the company's urging"</a>. Prachatai English. 19 February 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Prachatai+English&rft.atitle=Khaosod+English+deletes+report+on+CP%27s+%27LOVE112%27+discount+campaign+at+the+company%27s+urging&rft.date=2021-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprachatai.com%2Fenglish%2Fnode%2F9076&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFiLaw2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">iLaw (5 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilaw.or.th/node/6000">"เปิดร่าง "ยกเลิก 112" มาตราเดียว ประเด็นเดียว"</a>. iLaw (in Thai). Bangkok. Retrieved 6 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iLaw&rft.atitle=%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87+%22%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81+112%22+%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7+%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7&rft.date=2021-11-05&rft.au=iLaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilaw.or.th%2Fnode%2F6000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFiLaw2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">iLaw (6 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.facebook.com/iLawClub/posts/10166028300710551">"เว็บไซต์ลงชื่อยกเลิก 112 www.no112.org ทำสถิติ 100,556 รายชื่อภายใน 24 ชั่วโมง"</a>. iLawClub (in Thai). Bangkok: iLaw. Retrieved 6 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iLawClub&rft.atitle=%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81+112+www.no112.org+%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4+100%2C556+%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99+24+%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%87&rft.date=2021-11-06&rft.au=iLaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.facebook.com%2FiLawClub%2Fposts%2F10166028300710551&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnottFranke1993" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Arnott, David; Franke, Peter (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crossasia-journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/soai/article/view/8336">"Majestätsbeleidigung, Sulak und die thailändischen Generäle"</a>. Südostasien informationen (in German). 9 (2): 37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11588%2Fsoai.1993.2.8336">10.11588/soai.1993.2.8336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=S%C3%BCdostasien+informationen&rft.atitle=Majest%C3%A4tsbeleidigung%2C+Sulak+und+die+thail%C3%A4ndischen+Gener%C3%A4le&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=37&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11588%2Fsoai.1993.2.8336&rft.aulast=Arnott&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Franke%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcrossasia-journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de%2Findex.php%2Fsoai%2Farticle%2Fview%2F8336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChachavalpongpun2011" class="citation journal cs1">Chachavalpongpun, Pavin (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=418981010338337;res=IELHSS">"Lese-majeste: An anachronistic but potent weapon"</a>. East Asia Forum Quarterly. 3 (4): 26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+Asia+Forum+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Lese-majeste%3A+An+anachronistic+but+potent+weapon&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=26&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Chachavalpongpun&rft.aufirst=Pavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.informit.com.au%2FdocumentSummary%3Bdn%3D418981010338337%3Bres%3DIELHSS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenfield2013" class="citation journal cs1">Greenfield, Kate (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/sjlta19&div=19&id=&page=">"The Runaway Lese Majeste Train: How Thailand's Lese Majeste Law Must Be Reformed in Order to Stop Its Abuse"</a>. Southwestern Journal of International Law. 19: 377.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southwestern+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=The+Runaway+Lese+Majeste+Train%3A+How+Thailand%27s+Lese+Majeste+Law+Must+Be+Reformed+in+Order+to+Stop+Its+Abuse&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=377&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Greenfield&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FLandingPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Fsjlta19%26div%3D19%26id%3D%26page%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaberkorn2016" class="citation journal cs1">Haberkorn, Tyrell (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-17202003">"A Hyper-Royalist Parapolitics in Thailand"</a>. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. 172 (2–3): 225–248. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-17202003">10.1163/22134379-17202003</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F152278">1885/152278</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bijdragen+tot+de+Taal-%2C+Land-+en+Volkenkunde&rft.atitle=A+Hyper-Royalist+Parapolitics+in+Thailand&rft.volume=172&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=225-248&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1885%2F152278&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22134379-17202003&rft.aulast=Haberkorn&rft.aufirst=Tyrell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F22134379-17202003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStreckfuss1995" class="citation journal cs1">Streckfuss, David (1995). "Kings in the Age of Nations: The Paradox of Lese-Majeste as Political Crime in Thailand". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 37 (3): 445–475. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0010417500019769">10.1017/S0010417500019769</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-4175">0010-4175</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/179215">179215</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144930385">144930385</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.atitle=Kings+in+the+Age+of+Nations%3A+The+Paradox+of+Lese-Majeste+as+Political+Crime+in+Thailand&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=445-475&rft.date=1995&rft.issn=0010-4175&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144930385%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F179215%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0010417500019769&rft.aulast=Streckfuss&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Streckfuss2011" class="citation cs2">David Streckfuss (2011), Truth on Trial in Thailand: Defamation, Treason and Lèse-majesté, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-41425-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-41425-8"><bdi>978-0-415-41425-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Truth+on+Trial+in+Thailand%3A+Defamation%2C+Treason+and+L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-415-41425-8&rft.au=David+Streckfuss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Reuben2018" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Van Reuben, Regina (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crossasia-journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/soai/article/view/3947">"Majestätsbeleidigung im Königreich Thailand"</a>. Südostasien informationen (in German): 11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11588%2Fsoai.1984.0.3947">10.11588/soai.1984.0.3947</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=S%C3%BCdostasien+informationen&rft.atitle=Majest%C3%A4tsbeleidigung+im+K%C3%B6nigreich+Thailand&rft.pages=11&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11588%2Fsoai.1984.0.3947&rft.aulast=Van+Reuben&rft.aufirst=Regina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcrossasia-journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de%2Findex.php%2Fsoai%2Farticle%2Fview%2F3947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Lèse-majesté in Thailand">Lèse-majesté in Thailand</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2792690/jailed-activist-weakened-by-hunger-strike-dies">Jailed activist weakened by hunger strike dies</a> (2024-05-14) <a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Post" title="Bangkok Post">Bangkok Post</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSomyot_Pruksakasemsuk2014" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Somyot_Prueksakasemsuk" title="Somyot Prueksakasemsuk">Somyot Pruksakasemsuk</a> (29 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/407169/battling-lese-majeste-law-from-a-jail-cell">"Battling lese majeste law from a jail cell"</a>. Bangkok Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=Battling+lese+majeste+law+from+a+jail+cell&rft.date=2014-04-29&rft.au=Somyot+Pruksakasemsuk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbangkokpost.com%2Fopinion%2Fopinion%2F407169%2Fbattling-lese-majeste-law-from-a-jail-cell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20190613033752/http://bangkokpost.com/news/local/406700/trash%2Ddoc%2Durges%2Dharsh%2Dmedicine">"'Trash' doc urges harsh medicine – Slammed for his lese majeste stance, Dr Rienthong is still bent on weeding out wrongdoers"</a>. Bangkok Post. 26 April 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bangkokpost.com/news/local/406700/trash-doc-urges-harsh-medicine">the original</a> on 13 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=%27Trash%27+doc+urges+harsh+medicine+%E2%80%93+Slammed+for+his+lese+majeste+stance%2C+Dr+Rienthong+is+still+bent+on+weeding+out+wrongdoers&rft.date=2014-04-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbangkokpost.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2F406700%2Ftrash-doc-urges-harsh-medicine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20190613033801/http://bangkokpost.com/news/local/406084/monk%2Daccuses%2Dred%2Ddjs%2Dof%2Dlese%2Dmajeste">"Monk accuses red DJs of lese majeste"</a>. Bangkok Post. 22 April 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bangkokpost.com/news/local/406084/monk-accuses-red-djs-of-lese-majeste">the original</a> on 13 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=Monk+accuses+red+DJs+of+lese+majeste&rft.date=2014-04-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbangkokpost.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2F406084%2Fmonk-accuses-red-djs-of-lese-majeste&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9+in+Thailand" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKong_Rithdee2014" class="citation news cs1">Kong Rithdee (19 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/405619/free-speech-tied-in-lese-majeste-knot">"Free speech tied in lese majeste knot"</a>. 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href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom_(1782%E2%80%931932)" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)">Rattanakosin era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_revolution_of_1932" title="Siamese revolution of 1932">Siamese Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_(1932%E2%80%931973)" title="History of Thailand (1932–1973)">1932–1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="History of Thailand (1973–2001)">1973–2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_since_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thailand since 2001">since 2001</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeology_of_Thailand" title="Category:Archaeology of Thailand">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Thailand">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="History of education in Thailand">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Thailand" title="Military history of Thailand">Military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Thailand" title="Geography of Thailand">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_addressing_system" title="Thai addressing system">Addresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Thailand" title="Template:Borders of Thailand">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Thailand" title="List of municipalities in Thailand">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Thailand">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Thailand" title="List of earthquakes in Thailand">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Thailand" title="List of ecoregions in Thailand">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floods_in_Thailand" title="Floods in Thailand">Floods in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Thailand" title="Environmental issues in Thailand">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Thailand" title="List of islands of Thailand">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Thailand" title="List of mountains in Thailand">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas of Thailand">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Thailand" title="Provinces of Thailand">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Thailand" title="Regions of Thailand">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_systems_of_Thailand" title="River systems of Thailand">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Thailand" title="List of volcanoes in Thailand">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_species_native_to_Thailand" title="List of species native to Thailand">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Thailand" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Thailand">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand" title="Politics of Thailand">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Thailand" title="Administrative divisions of Thailand">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Thailand" title="Cabinet of Thailand">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand" title="Constitution of Thailand">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Thailand" title="Elections in Thailand">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_Thailand" title="Election Commission of Thailand">Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Thailand" title="Foreign relations of Thailand">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Thailand" title="Government of Thailand">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Thailand" title="Human rights in Thailand">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Thailand">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Thai_intelligence_agencies" title="Category:Thai intelligence agencies">Intelligence agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Thailand" title="Judiciary of Thailand">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Thailand" title="Law of Thailand">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Localism in Thailand">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_ministries_of_Thailand" title="List of government ministries of Thailand">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Thailand">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Army" title="Royal Thai Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Navy" title="Royal Thai Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Air_Force" title="Royal Thai Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Thailand">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Thailand)" title="House of Representatives (Thailand)">House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Thailand" title="Senate of Thailand">Senate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Police" title="Royal Thai Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Thailand" title="List of political parties in Thailand">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" title="Prime Minister of Thailand">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand">Deputy Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Thailand" title="Economy of Thailand">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Thailand" title="Agriculture in Thailand">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_baht" title="Thai baht">Baht (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Thailand" title="List of banks in Thailand">Banks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Thailand" title="Bank of Thailand">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Thailand" title="Automotive industry in Thailand">Car industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Thailand" title="Energy in Thailand">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Thailand" title="Nuclear power in Thailand">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Thailand" title="Renewable energy in Thailand">Renewable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Thailand">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_special_economic_zones#Thailand" title="List of special economic zones">Special economic zones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Economic_Corridor" title="Eastern Economic Corridor">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central%E2%80%93Western_Economic_Corridor" title="Central–Western Economic Corridor">CWEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Economic_Corridor" title="Northern Economic Corridor">NEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Economic_Corridor" title="Northeastern Economic Corridor">NEEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Economic_Corridor" title="Southern Economic Corridor">SEC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Science and technology in Thailand">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thai_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Thai inventions and discoveries">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_units_of_measurement" title="Thai units of measurement">Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Thai_medicine" title="Traditional Thai medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_Exchange_of_Thailand" title="Stock Exchange of Thailand">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Thailand" title="Telecommunications in Thailand">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Thailand" title="Tourism in Thailand">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Thailand" title="Transport in Thailand">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Thailand" title="List of airports in Thailand">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highways_in_Thailand" title="Controlled-access highways in Thailand">Controlled-access highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Thailand" title="Rail transport in Thailand">Railways</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Thailand" title="Category:Society of Thailand">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Thailand" title="Abortion in Thailand">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Thailand" title="Crime in Thailand">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Thailand" title="Corruption in Thailand">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8se_majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Lèse majesté in Thailand">Lèse majesté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Thailand" title="Prostitution in Thailand">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Thailand" title="Sex trafficking in Thailand">Sex trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Thailand" title="Demographics of Thailand">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Thailand" title="Education in Thailand">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Thailand" title="List of universities and colleges in Thailand">Universities and colleges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Thailand" title="Ethnic groups in Thailand">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Thailand" title="Feminism in Thailand">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Thailand" title="Gambling in Thailand">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Thailand" title="Health in Thailand">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Thailand" title="HIV/AIDS in Thailand">HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Thailand" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand">COVID-19</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Thailand" title="Racism in Thailand">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Thailand" title="Squatting in Thailand">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Thailand" title="Waste management in Thailand">Waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Water supply and sanitation in Thailand">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Thailand" title="Women in Thailand">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Thailand" title="Culture of Thailand">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_animation" title="Thai animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Thailand" title="Architecture of Thailand">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_art" title="Thai art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_comics" title="Thai comics">Comics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Thailand" title="Cinema of Thailand">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing" title="Traditional Thai clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thai_wine" title="Thai wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_television_soap_opera" title="Thai television soap opera">Drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Etiquette in Thailand">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Asia#Thailand" title="List of festivals in Asia">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_folklore" title="Thai folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_literature" title="Thai literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_poetry" title="Thai poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_name" title="Thai name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia_martial_arts#Thailand" title="Mainland Southeast Asia martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Thailand">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Thailand" title="Music of Thailand">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Thai_musical_instruments" title="Traditional Thai musical instruments">Traditional musical instruments</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Thailand" title="Dance in Thailand">Performing arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Thailand" title="Public holidays in Thailand">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Thailand" title="Sport in Thailand">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Thailand" title="National symbols of Thailand">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Animal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_fighting_fish" title="Siamese fighting fish">Aquatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_fireback" title="Siamese fireback">Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga#Thailand" title="Nāga">Mythological creature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_National_Anthem" title="Thai National Anthem">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sala_Thai" class="mw-redirect" title="Sala Thai">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_Devadhiraj" title="Siam Devadhiraj">Deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Thailand" title="Emblem of Thailand">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Thailand" title="Flag of Thailand">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassia_fistula" title="Cassia fistula">Flower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Thailand" title="Time in Thailand">Time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_lunar_calendar" title="Thai lunar calendar">Lunar calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar" title="Thai solar calendar">Solar calendar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_traditional_games" title="Thai traditional games">Traditional games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Thailand" title="Video games in Thailand">Video games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Thailand" title="Outline of Thailand">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Thailand" title="Outline of Thailand">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Thailand" title="Category:Thailand">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Thailand" title="Portal:Thailand">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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