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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Birth_and_family_background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_and_family_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Birth and family background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_and_family_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Childhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Childhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Childhood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Childhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_political_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_political_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Early political involvement</span> </div> </a> <ul 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career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Queensland_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Queensland_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Queensland politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Queensland_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Federal politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Party_leader" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_leader"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Party leader</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Party_leader-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prime_Ministership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prime_Ministership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Prime Ministership</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prime_Ministership-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prime Ministership subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prime_Ministership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_term_(1908–1909)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_term_(1908–1909)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>First term (1908–1909)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_term_(1908–1909)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_term_(1910–1913)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_term_(1910–1913)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Second term (1910–1913)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_term_(1910–1913)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_term_(1914–1915)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_term_(1914–1915)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Third term (1914–1915)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_term_(1914–1915)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_Commissioner_to_the_United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_Commissioner_to_the_United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>High Commissioner to the United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_Commissioner_to_the_United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Final years and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evaluation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evaluation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Evaluation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evaluation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Andrew Fisher</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="أندرو فيشر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أندرو فيشر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83_%D0%A4%D1%96%D1%88%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Эндру Фішэр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эндру Фішэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83_%D0%A4%D1%96%D1%88%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Эндру Фішэр – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эндру Фішэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Fisher" title="Andrew Fisher – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Andrew Fisher" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Fisher" title="Andrew Fisher – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Andrew Fisher" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Fisher" title="Andrew Fisher – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Andrew Fisher" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Fisher" title="Andrew Fisher – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Andrew Fisher" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Fisher" title="Andrew Fisher – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Andrew Fisher" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88_%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="اندرو فیشر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اندرو فیشر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Fisher" title="Andrew Fisher – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Andrew Fisher" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Fisher" title="Andrew Fisher – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Andrew Fisher" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%A4%EB%93%9C%EB%A3%A8_%ED%94%BC%EC%85%94" title="앤드루 피셔 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="앤드루 피셔" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82_%D5%96%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Էնդրյու Ֆիշեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էնդրյու Ֆիշեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0" title="एंड्रू फिशर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एंड्रू फिशर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Fisher" title="Andrew Fisher – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Andrew Fisher" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Fisher" title="Andrew Fisher – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Andrew Fisher" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Fisher" title="Andrew Fisher – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Andrew Fisher" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8" title="אנדרו פישר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנדרו פישר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Fisher" title="Andreas Fisher – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Andreas Fisher" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Fisher" title="Andrew Fisher – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Andrew Fisher" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0" title="अँड्रु फिशर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अँड्रु फिशर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Fisher" title="Andrew Fisher – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Andrew Fisher" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0" title="एन्ड्रियू फिसर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="एन्ड्रियू फिसर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC" title="アンドリュー・フィッシャー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アンドリュー・フィッシャー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Fisher" title="Andrew Fisher – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Andrew Fisher" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Fisher" title="Andrew Fisher – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Andrew Fisher" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Fisher" title="Andrew Fisher – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Andrew Fisher" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Fisher" title="Andrew Fisher – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Andrew Fisher" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%89%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88_%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="انډریو فیشر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="انډریو فیشر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Fisher" title="Andrew Fisher – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Andrew Fisher" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Fisher" title="Andrew Fisher – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Andrew Fisher" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8E" title="Фишер, Эндрю – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фишер, Эндрю" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Fisher" title="Andrew Fisher – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Andrew Fisher" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Fisher" title="Andrew Fisher – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Andrew Fisher" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Fisher" title="Andrew Fisher – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Andrew Fisher" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Fisher" title="Andrew Fisher – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Andrew Fisher" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8E_%D0%A4%D1%96%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ендрю Фішер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ендрю Фішер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Fisher" title="Andrew Fisher – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Andrew Fisher" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E9%B2%81%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E5%B8%8C%E5%B0%94" title="安德鲁·费希尔 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="安德鲁·费希尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Fisher" title="Andrew Fisher – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Andrew Fisher" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Three-time Australian prime minister (1862–1928)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Andrew Fisher, see <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fisher_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Andrew Fisher (disambiguation)">Andrew Fisher (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Andrew Fisher</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrew_Fisher_1912_(b%26w).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Andrew_Fisher_1912_%28b%26w%29.jpg/220px-Andrew_Fisher_1912_%28b%26w%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Andrew_Fisher_1912_%28b%26w%29.jpg/330px-Andrew_Fisher_1912_%28b%26w%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Andrew_Fisher_1912_%28b%26w%29.jpg/440px-Andrew_Fisher_1912_%28b%26w%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1669" data-file-height="2335" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Fisher in 1912</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">5th <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister of Australia</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />17 September 1914 – 27 October 1915</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governor‑General</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Ronald_Munro_Ferguson" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Ronald Munro Ferguson">Sir Ronald Munro Ferguson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cook" title="Joseph Cook">Joseph Cook</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Billy_Hughes" title="Billy Hughes">Billy Hughes</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />29 April 1910 – 24 June 1913</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarchs</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a></li><li>George V</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governors‑General</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Ward,_2nd_Earl_of_Dudley" title="William Ward, 2nd Earl of Dudley">Lord Dudley</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Denman,_3rd_Baron_Denman" title="Thomas Denman, 3rd Baron Denman">Lord Denman</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Alfred Deakin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Joseph Cook</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />13 November 1908 – 2 June 1909</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">Edward VII</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governor‑General</th><td class="infobox-data">Lord Dudley</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Alfred Deakin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Alfred Deakin</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Australia)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Australia)">Leader of the Opposition</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />8 July 1913 – 17 September 1914</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Joseph Cook</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Joseph Cook</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Joseph Cook</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />2 June 1909 – 29 April 1910</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Alfred Deakin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Alfred Deakin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Alfred Deakin</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party#ALP_Federal_Parliamentary_Leaders" title="Australian Labor Party">Leader of the Labor Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />30 October 1907 – 27 October 1915</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_McGregor" title="Gregor McGregor">Gregor McGregor</a></li><li>Billy Hughes</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Watson" title="Chris Watson">Chris Watson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Billy Hughes</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_of_Australia_to_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioner of Australia to the United Kingdom">High Commissioner to the United Kingdom</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1 January 1916 – 22 April 1921</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Reid" title="George Reid">Sir George Reid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Joseph Cook</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">Australian Parliament</a></span><br />for <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Wide_Bay" title="Division of Wide Bay">Wide Bay</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />30 March 1901 – 26 October 1915</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Seat created</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Corser" title="Edward Corser">Edward Corser</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Legislative_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Queensland Legislative Assembly">Queensland Legislative Assembly</a> for <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Gympie" title="Electoral district of Gympie">Gympie</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />25 March 1899 – 9 May 1901<div style="line-height:normal; padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.1em">Serving with <a href="/wiki/George_Ryland_(Queensland_politician)" title="George Ryland (Queensland politician)">George Ryland</a></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Stumm" title="Jacob Stumm">Jacob Stumm</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Mulcahy_(Queensland_politician)" title="Daniel Mulcahy (Queensland politician)">Daniel Mulcahy</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />25 May 1893 – 11 April 1896<div style="line-height:normal; padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.1em">Serving with <a href="/wiki/William_Smyth_(Australian_politician)" title="William Smyth (Australian politician)">William Smyth</a></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Mellor" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew Mellor">Matthew Mellor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Jacob Stumm</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1862-08-29</span>)</span>29 August 1862<br /><a href="/wiki/Crosshouse" title="Crosshouse">Crosshouse</a>, Ayrshire, Scotland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">22 October 1928<span style="display:none">(1928-10-22)</span> (aged 66)<br /><a href="/wiki/Hampstead" title="Hampstead">Hampstead</a>, London, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Hampstead_Cemetery" title="Hampstead Cemetery">Hampstead Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data">Australian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Labor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fisher" title="Margaret Fisher">Margaret Irvine</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1901)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">6</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Miner</li><li>trade union official</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrew_Fisher_signature_1915.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Andrew Fisher's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Andrew_Fisher_signature_1915.svg/128px-Andrew_Fisher_signature_1915.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Andrew_Fisher_signature_1915.svg/192px-Andrew_Fisher_signature_1915.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Andrew_Fisher_signature_1915.svg/256px-Andrew_Fisher_signature_1915.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="248" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Andrew Fisher</b> (29 August 1862 – 22 October 1928) was an Australian politician and trade unionist who served as the fifth <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister of Australia">prime minister of Australia</a> from 1908 to 1909, 1910 to 1913 and 1914 to 1915. He held office as the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Australian_Labor_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader of the Australian Labor Party">Australian Labor Party</a> (ALP), and was particularly notable for leading the party to its first federal election victory and first <a href="/wiki/Majority_government" title="Majority government">majority government</a> at the <a href="/wiki/1910_Australian_federal_election" title="1910 Australian federal election">1910 federal election</a>. </p><p>Fisher was born in <a href="/wiki/Crosshouse" title="Crosshouse">Crosshouse</a>, Ayrshire, Scotland. He left school at a young age to work in the nearby coal mines, becoming secretary of the local branch of the <a href="/wiki/Ayrshire_Miners%27_Union" title="Ayrshire Miners' Union">Ayrshire Miners' Union</a> at the age of 17. Fisher emigrated to Australia in 1885, where he continued his involvement with trade unionism. He settled in <a href="/wiki/Gympie" title="Gympie">Gympie</a>, Queensland, and <a href="/wiki/1893_Queensland_colonial_election" title="1893 Queensland colonial election">in 1893</a> was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Legislative_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Queensland Legislative Assembly">Queensland Legislative Assembly</a> as a representative of the Labor Party. Fisher lost his seat <a href="/wiki/1896_Queensland_colonial_election" title="1896 Queensland colonial election">in 1896</a>, but returned <a href="/wiki/1899_Queensland_colonial_election" title="1899 Queensland colonial election">in 1899</a> and later that year briefly was a minister in the government of <a href="/wiki/Anderson_Dawson" title="Anderson Dawson">Anderson Dawson</a>. </p><p>In 1901, Fisher was elected to the new <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">federal parliament</a> representing the <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Wide_Bay" title="Division of Wide Bay">Division of Wide Bay</a>. He was the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Trade_and_Customs" title="Department of Trade and Customs">Minister for Trade and Customs</a> for a few months in 1904, in the short-lived government of <a href="/wiki/Chris_Watson" title="Chris Watson">Chris Watson</a>. Fisher was elected deputy leader of the ALP in 1905 and replaced Watson as leader in 1907. He initially provided support to the <a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">minority government</a> of <a href="/wiki/Protectionist_Party" title="Protectionist Party">Protectionist</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Alfred Deakin</a>, but in November 1908 the ALP withdrew its support and Deakin resigned as prime minister. Fisher subsequently formed a minority government of his own. It lasted only a few months, as in June 1909 Deakin returned as prime minister at the head of a new anti-socialist <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Australia,_1909)" title="Liberal Party (Australia, 1909)">Liberal Party</a>. </p><p>Fisher returned as prime minister after the <a href="/wiki/1910_Australian_federal_election" title="1910 Australian federal election">1910 federal election</a>, which saw Labor attain majority government for the first time in its history. His second government passed wide-ranging reforms – old-age and disability pensions, enshrined new <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers' rights">workers' rights</a> in legislation, established the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Bank" title="Commonwealth Bank">Commonwealth Bank</a>, oversaw the continued expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy" title="Royal Australian Navy">Royal Australian Navy</a>, began construction on the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Australian_Railway" title="Trans-Australian Railway">Trans-Australian Railway</a>, and formally established what is now the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a>. However, at the <a href="/wiki/1913_Australian_federal_election" title="1913 Australian federal election">1913 election</a> the ALP narrowly lost its House of Representatives majority to the Liberal Party, with Fisher being replaced as prime minister by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cook" title="Joseph Cook">Joseph Cook</a>. </p><p>After just over a year in office, Cook was forced to call <a href="/wiki/1914_Australian_federal_election" title="1914 Australian federal election">a new election</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Double_dissolution" title="Double dissolution">double dissolution</a>. Labor won back its majority in the House, and Fisher returned for a third term as prime minister. During the election campaign he famously declared that Australia would defend Britain "to the last man and the last shilling". However, he struggled with the demands of <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Australia during World War I">Australia's participation in World War I</a> and in October 1915 resigned in favour of his deputy <a href="/wiki/Billy_Hughes" title="Billy Hughes">Billy Hughes</a>. Fisher subsequently accepted an appointment as the <a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_of_Australia_to_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioner of Australia to the United Kingdom">High Commissioner of Australia to the United Kingdom</a>, holding the position from 1916 to 1920. After a brief return to Australia, he retired to London, dying there at the age of 66. His cumulative total of just under five years as prime minister is the second-longest by an ALP leader, surpassed only by <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hawke" title="Bob Hawke">Bob Hawke</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Fisher&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_and_family_background">Birth and family background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Fisher&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Birth and family background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fisher1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Fisher1.JPG/170px-Fisher1.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Fisher1.JPG/255px-Fisher1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Fisher1.JPG/340px-Fisher1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2288" /></a><figcaption>Memorial <a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">cairn</a> in <a href="/wiki/Crosshouse" title="Crosshouse">Crosshouse</a>, Fisher's birthplace in rural Scotland</figcaption></figure> <p>Fisher was born on 29 August 1862 in <a href="/wiki/Crosshouse" title="Crosshouse">Crosshouse</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a mining village 2 miles (3.2 km) west of <a href="/wiki/Kilmarnock" title="Kilmarnock">Kilmarnock</a>, Scotland. He was the second of eight children born to Jane (née Garven or Garvin) and Robert Fisher; he had one older brother, four younger brothers, and two younger sisters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay20082_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay20082-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His younger sister died at the age of 10 in 1879, the only one of the siblings not to live to adulthood.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fisher's mother was the daughter of a blacksmith and worked as a domestic servant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay20082_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay20082-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On his father's side, he was descended from a long line of <a href="/wiki/Ayrshire" title="Ayrshire">Ayrshire</a> coalminers. According to family tradition, his paternal grandfather was persecuted for his involvement in the fledgling union movement, and on one occasion was left homeless with five young children.<sup id="cite_ref-day5_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-day5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he was probably only partially literate,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fisher's father was prominent in the local community and involved with various community organisations. He was the leader of a <a href="/wiki/Temperance_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperance society">temperance society</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBastian200915_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBastian200915-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1863 was one of ten miners who co-founded a <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperative society">cooperative society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-day5_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-day5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and his family were active members of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(1843%E2%80%931900)" title="Free Church of Scotland (1843–1900)">Free Church of Scotland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBastian200912_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBastian200912-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood">Childhood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Fisher&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Childhood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fisher spent most of his childhood living in a miners' row, which had an earthen floor and no running water.<sup id="cite_ref-bas6_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bas6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was kicked in the head by a cow as a small child, leaving him mostly deaf in one ear. The injury may have contributed to a childhood speech impediment and his reserved nature as an adult.<sup id="cite_ref-bas5_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bas5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a boy, Fisher and his brothers fished in Carmel Water, a tributary of the <a href="/wiki/River_Irvine" title="River Irvine">River Irvine</a>, and enjoyed long walks across the countryside.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was athletic, helping form a local football team, and stood 178 centimetres (5 ft 10 in) as an adult, above the average at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-bas5_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bas5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later life, Fisher recalled attending four schools as a boy. The exact details are uncertain, but he is known to have finished his schooling in Crosshouse and to have attended a school in nearby <a href="/wiki/Dreghorn" title="Dreghorn">Dreghorn</a> for a period.<sup id="cite_ref-day89_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-day89-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The standard of public education in Scotland was relatively high at the time, and his schoolmaster in Crosshouse had received formal training in Edinburgh; the main focus of the curriculum was on <a href="/wiki/The_three_Rs" title="The three Rs">the three Rs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later supplemented his limited formal education by attending night school in Kilmarnock and reading at the town library.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBastian20097_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBastian20097-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The exact age at which Fisher left school is uncertain, but he could have been as young as nine or as old as thirteen.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is believed to have begun his working life as a <a href="/wiki/Coal_trapper" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal trapper">coal trapper</a>, opening and closing the trapdoors that allowed for ventilation and the movement of coal. He was later placed in charge of the <a href="/wiki/Pit_pony" title="Pit pony">pit ponies</a>, and finally took his place performing "pick-and-shovel work" at the coalface. When he was 16, he was promoted to air-pump operator, which required additional training and was seen as a relatively prestigious position.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fisher's father had <a href="/wiki/Black_lung_disease" title="Black lung disease">black lung disease</a>, and gave up mining around the same time as his oldest sons began working. He subsequently became the manager of the foodstore at the local cooperative, and the family moved out of miners' row. They later lived in <a href="/wiki/Kilmaurs" title="Kilmaurs">Kilmaurs</a> for a period, but eventually returned to Crosshouse and leased a small farm. Fisher's father then worked as a gardener and apiarist, supplementing his income with contract work repairing the machinery at local mines.<sup id="cite_ref-bas6_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bas6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died of lung disease in 1887, aged 53.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_political_involvement">Early political involvement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Fisher&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early political involvement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1879, aged 17, Fisher was elected secretary of the Crosshouse branch of the <a href="/wiki/Ayrshire_Miners%27_Union" title="Ayrshire Miners' Union">Ayrshire Miners' Union</a>. He soon came into contact with <a href="/wiki/Keir_Hardie" title="Keir Hardie">Keir Hardie</a>, a leading figure in the union and a future leader of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">British Labour Party</a>. The pair met frequently to discuss politics and would renew their acquaintance later in life.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fisher and Hardie were leaders of the 1881 Ayrshire miners' strike, which was widely seen as a failure. The ten-week strike resulted in only a small pay rise rather than the 10 percent that had been asked for; many workers depleted their savings and some cooperatives came close to bankruptcy. Fisher had originally been opposed to the strike, and unsuccessfully attempted to negotiate a compromise with mine-owners. He lost his job, but soon found work at a different mine.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like many miners, Fisher was a supporter of Gladstone's <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a>, in particular the "<a href="/wiki/Liberal-Labour_(UK)" title="Liberal-Labour (UK)">Liberal-Labour</a>" candidates who had the support of the unions. In 1884, he chaired a public meeting in Crosshouse in support of the <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1884" title="Representation of the People Act 1884">Third Reform Bill</a>. He subsequently wrote a letter to Gladstone and received a reply thanking him for his support.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, Fisher was involved in another miners' strike. He was not only sacked but also <a href="/wiki/Blacklist_(employment)" title="Blacklist (employment)">blacklisted</a>. He was left with little future in Scotland and decided to emigrate; his older brother John had already left for England a few years earlier, becoming a police constable in <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Immigration_to_Australia">Immigration to Australia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Fisher&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Immigration to Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrew_Fisher_1899.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Andrew_Fisher_1899.jpg/170px-Andrew_Fisher_1899.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Andrew_Fisher_1899.jpg/255px-Andrew_Fisher_1899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Andrew_Fisher_1899.jpg/340px-Andrew_Fisher_1899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Fisher as a young man in Queensland</figcaption></figure> <p>Fisher and his younger brother James arrived in <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, on 17 August 1885, after a two-month steamship journey from London.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He first saw Australia during a stopover at <a href="/wiki/Thursday_Island" title="Thursday Island">Thursday Island</a>, where whites were a minority and there was a large Japanese population. His biographer <a href="/wiki/David_Day_(historian)" title="David Day (historian)">David Day</a> has speculated that this initial first impression may have contributed to his later opposition to non-white immigration.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fisher's path to Australia was virtually identical to that of <a href="/wiki/Billy_Hughes" title="Billy Hughes">Billy Hughes</a>, who had arrived less than a year earlier in December 1884 – both men took assisted passage, arrived at the age of 22, and travelled from London to Brisbane.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike Hughes, Fisher never lost his original accent and retained a thick Scottish "brogue" for the rest of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After arriving in Brisbane, Fisher made his way to the <a href="/wiki/Burrum_River" title="Burrum River">Burrum River</a> coalfields where there were already a number of Scottish miners. He began as an ordinary miner and joined the local miners' union, but after successfully sinking a new shaft at <a href="/wiki/Torbanlea,_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Torbanlea, Queensland">Torbanlea</a>, he was employed as a mine manager.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prospering financially for the first time in his life, he built a timber cottage at <a href="/wiki/Howard,_Queensland" title="Howard, Queensland">Howard</a> and began investing in shares.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fisher moved to the larger gold-mining town of <a href="/wiki/Gympie,_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Gympie, Queensland">Gympie</a> in 1888, initially working in the No. 1 North Phoenix mine and then in the South Great Eastern Extended.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He continued his involvement in unionism, helping form the Gympie branch of the Amalgamated Miners' Association (AMA) and serving terms as secretary and president.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He obtained an engine-driver's certificate in 1891, and was elected president of the related <a href="/wiki/Craft_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Craft union">craft union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This new job allowed him to work above-ground, operating the machinery that raised and lowered the cages in the mineshaft.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his time in Gympie, Fisher stayed in a boardinghouse in <a href="/wiki/Red_Hill,_Queensland" title="Red Hill, Queensland">Red Hill</a>; it is now heritage-listed as "<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fisher%27s_Cottage" title="Andrew Fisher's Cottage">Andrew Fisher's Cottage</a>". He would eventually marry his landlady's daughter, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fisher" title="Margaret Fisher">Margaret Irvine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within years of arriving in the town, Fisher had become "an important figure in the Gympie labour movement, straddling both its political and industrial wings".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a founding member of the Gympie cooperative, and in 1891 became the secretary of the Gympie Joint Labour Committee, the local <a href="/wiki/Labour_council" title="Labour council">labour council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He helped establish a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_(Queensland_Branch)" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Labor Party (Queensland Branch)">Workers' Political Association</a>, the forerunner of the Labor Party, and was the inaugural branch president with <a href="/wiki/George_Ryland_(Queensland_politician)" title="George Ryland (Queensland politician)">George Ryland</a> as secretary. In 1892, he represented Gympie at the Labour-in-Politics Convention in Brisbane.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was sacked from his engine-driving job in the same year, and subsequently devoted his full attention to politics.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_political_career">Early political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Fisher&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Queensland_politics">Queensland politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Fisher&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Queensland politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrewfisher.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Andrewfisher.JPG/170px-Andrewfisher.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Andrewfisher.JPG/255px-Andrewfisher.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Andrewfisher.JPG/340px-Andrewfisher.JPG 2x" data-file-width="929" data-file-height="1381" /></a><figcaption>Fisher as a Queensland MP, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1899</span></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1891, Fisher was elected as the first president of the Gympie branch of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Labour Party</a>. In 1893, he was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Queensland" title="Legislative Assembly of Queensland">Legislative Assembly of Queensland</a> as Labour member for the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Gympie" title="Electoral district of Gympie">Electoral district of Gympie</a> and by the following year had become Labour's deputy leader in the Legislative Assembly. In his maiden speech, he pushed for a 50% decrease in military spending and declared support for a federation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay2008_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay2008-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also active in the Amalgamated Miners Union, becoming President of the Gympie branch by 1891.<sup id="cite_ref-Fisher16_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisher16-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another policy area that captured his attention during this term, was the employment of workers from the Pacific Islands in sugar plantations, a practice that Fisher and Labour both strongly opposed. He lost his seat in 1896 following a campaign in which he was charged by his opponent <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Stumm" title="Jacob Stumm">Jacob Stumm</a> with being a dangerous revolutionary and an anti-Catholic, accusations that were propagated by the newspaper <i>Gympie Times</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay2008_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay2008-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1896 establishment of the <i>Gympie Truth</i>, a newspaper that he was to partly own,<sup id="cite_ref-adb_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adb-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was part of his response. Intended as a medium to broadcast Labour's message, the newspaper played a vital role in Fisher's return to parliament in 1899. This time, he was the beneficiary of a scare campaign, in which conservative candidate Francis Power was consistently painted by the <i>Gympie Truth</i> as being a supporter of black labour and the alleged economic and social ills that accompanied it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay2008_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay2008-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that year he was Secretary for Railways and Public Works in the seven-day government of <a href="/wiki/Anderson_Dawson" title="Anderson Dawson">Anderson Dawson</a>, the first parliamentary Labour government in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-adb_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adb-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_politics">Federal politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Fisher&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Federal politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Labor_1901b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Labor_1901b.jpg/220px-Labor_1901b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Labor_1901b.jpg/330px-Labor_1901b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Labor_1901b.jpg/440px-Labor_1901b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2944" data-file-height="2059" /></a><figcaption>Labour Party MPs elected at the inaugural <a href="/wiki/1901_Australian_federal_election" title="1901 Australian federal election">1901 election</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Chris_Watson" title="Chris Watson">Watson</a>, Fisher, <a href="/wiki/Billy_Hughes" title="Billy Hughes">Hughes</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_O%27Malley" title="King O'Malley">O'Malley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Tudor" title="Frank Tudor">Tudor</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The state Labour parties and their MPs were mixed in their support for the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">Federation of Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However Fisher was a firm believer in federation, supporting the union of the Australian colonies and campaigned for the 'Yes' vote in Queensland's 1899 referendum.<sup id="cite_ref-adb_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adb-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fisher stood for the <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Wide_Bay" title="Division of Wide Bay">Division of Wide Bay</a> at the inaugural <a href="/wiki/1901_Australian_federal_election" title="1901 Australian federal election">1901 Australian federal election</a> and won the seat, which he held continuously for the rest of his political career.<sup id="cite_ref-Fisher16_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisher16-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of 1901, Fisher married <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fisher" title="Margaret Fisher">Margaret Irvine</a>, his previous landlady's daughter.<sup id="cite_ref-apmb_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apmb-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fisher supported the <a href="/wiki/White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">White Australia policy</a> but also argued that any Kanaka who had converted to Christianity and married should be allowed to remain in Australia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Labour improved their position at the <a href="/wiki/1903_Australian_federal_election" title="1903 Australian federal election">1903 election</a>, gaining enough seats to be on par with the other two, a legislative time colloquially known as the "three elevens". When the Deakin government resigned in 1904, <a href="/wiki/George_Reid" title="George Reid">George Reid</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Trade_Party" title="Free Trade Party">Free Trade Party</a> declined to take office, resulting in Labour taking power and <a href="/wiki/Chris_Watson" title="Chris Watson">Chris Watson</a> becoming Labour's first prime minister for a four-month period in 1904. Fisher established and demonstrated his ministerial capabilities as <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Trade_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Trade (Australia)">Minister for Trade and Customs</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Watson_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Watson Ministry">Watson Ministry</a>. The fourth Labour member in the ministry after Watson, Hughes, and <a href="/wiki/Lee_Batchelor" title="Lee Batchelor">Lee Batchelor</a>, Fisher was promoted to Deputy Leader of the Labour Party in 1905.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrew_Fisher_1904.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Andrew_Fisher_1904.jpg/200px-Andrew_Fisher_1904.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Andrew_Fisher_1904.jpg/300px-Andrew_Fisher_1904.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Andrew_Fisher_1904.jpg/400px-Andrew_Fisher_1904.jpg 2x" data-file-width="771" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Fisher in 1904, around the time of the <a href="/wiki/Watson_government" title="Watson government">Watson government</a></figcaption></figure> <p>George Reid adopted a strategy of trying to reorient the party system along Labour vs non-Labour lines – prior to the <a href="/wiki/1906_Australian_federal_election" title="1906 Australian federal election">1906 election</a>, he renamed his <a href="/wiki/Free_Trade_Party" title="Free Trade Party">Free Trade Party</a> to the Anti-Socialist Party. Reid envisaged a spectrum running from socialist to anti-socialist, with the <a href="/wiki/Protectionist_Party" title="Protectionist Party">Protectionist Party</a> in the middle. This attempt struck a chord with politicians who were steeped in the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster tradition</a> and regarded a <a href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">two-party system</a> as very much the norm.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Party_leader">Party leader</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Fisher&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Party leader"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the 1906 election, Deakin remained prime minister even though Labour gained considerably more seats than the Protectionists. When Watson resigned in 1907, Fisher succeeded him as Labour leader, although Hughes and <a href="/wiki/William_Spence" title="William Spence">William Spence</a> also stood for the position. Fisher was considered to have a better understanding of economic matters, was better at handling caucus, had better relations with the party organisation and the unions, and was more in touch with party opinion. He did not share Hughes' passion for free trade or that of Watson and Hughes for defence (and later conscription). In political terms he was a radical, on the left-wing of his party, with a strong sense of Labour's part in British working-class history.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At the 1908 Labour Federal Conference, Fisher argued for female representation in parliament: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I trust that not another Federal election will take place without there being a woman endorsed as a Labour candidate for the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-adb_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adb-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>With a majority of seats in the Labour-Protectionist government, Labour caucus by early 1908 had become restive as to the future of the Deakin minority government. With the Deakin ministry in trouble, Deakin spoke to Fisher and Watson about a possible coalition, and following a report agreed to it providing Labour had a majority in cabinet, that there was immediate legislation for old-age <a href="/wiki/Pension" title="Pension">pensions</a>, that New Protection was carried and that at the following election the government would promise a progressive <a href="/wiki/Land_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Land tax">land tax</a>. No coalition was formed, however the pressure from Labour brought about productive change by Deakin: he agreed to a <a href="/wiki/Royal_commission" title="Royal commission">royal commission</a> into the post office, old-age pensions were to be provided from the surplus revenue fund and £250,000 set aside for ships for an <a href="/wiki/Australian_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Navy">Australian Navy</a>. New Protection was declared invalid by the High Court in June, Fisher found the tariff proposals of Deakin unsatisfactory, while caucus was also dissatisfied with the old-age pension proposals. Without Labour support the Deakin government collapsed in November 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-adb_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adb-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the parliamentary ballots that selected Yass-Canberra as the site of the national capital, in October 1908, Fisher voted consistently for <a href="/wiki/Dalgety,_New_South_Wales" title="Dalgety, New South Wales">Dalgety</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prime_Ministership">Prime Ministership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Fisher&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Prime Ministership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_term_(1908–1909)"><span id="First_term_.281908.E2.80.931909.29"></span>First term (1908–1909)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Fisher&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: First term (1908–1909)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrew_Fisher_1908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Andrew_Fisher_1908.jpg/200px-Andrew_Fisher_1908.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Andrew_Fisher_1908.jpg/300px-Andrew_Fisher_1908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Andrew_Fisher_1908.jpg/400px-Andrew_Fisher_1908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="924" /></a><figcaption>Fisher in 1908</figcaption></figure> <p>Fisher formed his only <a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">minority government</a> and the <a href="/wiki/First_Fisher_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="First Fisher Ministry">First Fisher Ministry</a>. The government passed the <a href="/wiki/Seat_of_Government_Act_1908" title="Seat of Government Act 1908">Seat of Government Act 1908</a>, providing for the new federal capital to be in the <a href="/wiki/Yass,_New_South_Wales" title="Yass, New South Wales">Yass</a>-<a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a> area, passed the Manufacturers' Encouragement Act to provide bounties for iron and steel manufacturers who paid fair and reasonable wages,<sup id="cite_ref-adb_41-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adb-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ordered three <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_boat" title="Torpedo boat">torpedo boat</a> <a href="/wiki/Destroyers" class="mw-redirect" title="Destroyers">destroyers</a>, and assumed local naval defence responsibility and placed the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Navy">Australian Navy</a> at the disposal of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> in wartime. </p><p>Fisher committed Labour to amending the Constitution to give the Commonwealth power over <a href="/wiki/Labour_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour (economics)">labour</a>, wages and prices, to expanding the navy and providing compulsory <a href="/wiki/Military_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Military training">military training</a> for youths, to extending <a href="/wiki/Pension" title="Pension">pensions</a>, to a <a href="/wiki/Land_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Land tax">land tax</a>, to the construction of a <a href="/wiki/Transcontinental_railroad" title="Transcontinental railroad">transcontinental railway</a>, to the replacement of <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pound sterling</a> with <a href="/wiki/Australian_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian currency">Australian currency</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a> to protect the sugar industry.<sup id="cite_ref-apmio_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apmio-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1909, the more conservative Protectionists and Freetraders merged to form the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Liberal_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Liberal Party">Commonwealth Liberal Party</a>, while the more liberal Protectionists joined Labour. With a majority of seats, the CLP led by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Alfred Deakin</a> ousted Labour from office, with Fisher failing to persuade the Governor-General <a href="/wiki/William_Ward,_2nd_Earl_of_Dudley" title="William Ward, 2nd Earl of Dudley">Lord Dudley</a> to dissolve Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-adb_41-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adb-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_term_(1910–1913)"><span id="Second_term_.281910.E2.80.931913.29"></span>Second term (1910–1913)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Fisher&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Second term (1910–1913)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AFisherFamily.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/AFisherFamily.jpg/220px-AFisherFamily.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/AFisherFamily.jpg/330px-AFisherFamily.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/AFisherFamily.jpg/440px-AFisherFamily.jpg 2x" data-file-width="616" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>A studio portrait of the prime ministerial family in 1910</figcaption></figure> <p>At the <a href="/wiki/1910_Australian_federal_election" title="1910 Australian federal election">1910 election</a>, Labour gained sixteen additional seats to hold a total of forty-two of the seventy-five House of Representatives' seats, and all eighteen Senate seats up for election to hold a total of twenty-two out of thirty-six seats. This gave Labour control of both upper and lower houses and enabled Fisher to form his <a href="/wiki/Second_Fisher_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Fisher Ministry">Second Fisher Ministry</a>, Australia's first elected federal <a href="/wiki/Majority_government" title="Majority government">majority government</a>, Australia's first elected Senate majority, and the world's first <a href="/wiki/List_of_Labour_Parties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Labour Parties">Labour Party</a> majority government.<sup id="cite_ref-adb_41-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adb-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 113 acts passed in the three years of the second Fisher government exceeded even the output of the second Deakin government over a similar period.<sup id="cite_ref-apmio_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apmio-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Labor MP and historian <a href="/wiki/Denis_Murphy_(Australian_politician)" title="Denis Murphy (Australian politician)">Denis Murphy</a>, the second Fisher government represented "the culmination of Labor's involvement in politics", and was "a period of reform unmatched in the Commonwealth until the 1940s", under <a href="/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin">John Curtin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ben_Chifley" title="Ben Chifley">Ben Chifley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-adb_41-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adb-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Fisher government carried out many reforms in defence, finance, transport and communications, and social security, achieving the vast majority of their aims in just three years of government. These included extending old-age and disability pensions,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> introducing a <a href="/wiki/Maternity" class="mw-redirect" title="Maternity">maternity</a> allowance and issuing Australia's first <a href="/wiki/Paper_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper currency">paper currency</a>, forming the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy" title="Royal Australian Navy">Royal Australian Navy</a>, the start of construction of the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Australian_Railway" title="Trans-Australian Railway">Trans-Australian Railway</a>, expanding the bench of the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court of Australia</a>, the founding of <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a>, and the establishment of the state-owned <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Bank" title="Commonwealth Bank">Commonwealth Bank</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-apmio_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apmio-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fisher's second government also introduced uniform postal charges throughout Australia, carried out measures to break up land monopolies, put forward proposals for closer regulation of working hours, wages and employment conditions,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and amended the 1904 Conciliation and Arbitration Act to provide greater authority for the court president, and to allow for Commonwealth employees' industrial unions, registered with the Arbitration Court.<sup id="cite_ref-adb_41-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adb-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A land tax, aimed at breaking up big estates and give wider scope for small-scale farming, was also introduced, while coverage of the Arbitration system was extended to agricultural workers, domestics, and federal public servants. In addition, the age at which women became entitled to the old-age pension was lowered from sixty-five to sixty. The introduction of the maternity allowance was a major reform, because it enabled more births to be attended by doctors, thus leading to reductions in infant mortality rates.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the maternity allowance was only available to white women, with the legislation barring "women who are Asiatic, or are aboriginal natives of Australia, Papua or the Pacific Islands" in line with the racial exclusions in the old-age pension.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compulsory preference to trade unionists in federal employment was also introduced,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the Seaman's Compensation Act of 1911<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Navigation Act of 1912<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were enacted to improve conditions for those working at sea, together with compensatory arrangements for seamen and next of kin.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eligibility for pensions was also widened. From December 1912 onwards, naturalised residents no longer had to wait three years to be eligible for a pension.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, the value of a pensioner's home was excluded from consideration when assessing the value of their property.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aussie_pm_Andrew_Fisher_cropped_from_naming_of_Canberra.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Aussie_pm_Andrew_Fisher_cropped_from_naming_of_Canberra.JPG/200px-Aussie_pm_Andrew_Fisher_cropped_from_naming_of_Canberra.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Aussie_pm_Andrew_Fisher_cropped_from_naming_of_Canberra.JPG/300px-Aussie_pm_Andrew_Fisher_cropped_from_naming_of_Canberra.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Aussie_pm_Andrew_Fisher_cropped_from_naming_of_Canberra.JPG/400px-Aussie_pm_Andrew_Fisher_cropped_from_naming_of_Canberra.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1174" /></a><figcaption>Andrew Fisher at the naming of <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a> ceremony, 1913<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Fisher wanted additional Commonwealth power in certain areas, such as the <a href="/wiki/Nationalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalisation">nationalisation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Monopolies" class="mw-redirect" title="Monopolies">monopolies</a>. A <a href="/wiki/1911_Australian_referendum" title="1911 Australian referendum">constitutional referendum was initiated in 1911</a> which aimed to increase the federal government's legislative powers over trade and commerce and over monopolies. Both questions were defeated, with around 61 per cent voting 'No'. The Fisher government made another attempt, holding a <a href="/wiki/1913_Australian_referendum" title="1913 Australian referendum">referendum in 1913</a> which asked for greater federal powers over trade and commerce, corporations, industrial matters, trusts, monopolies, and railway disputes. All six questions were defeated, with around 51 per cent voting 'No'. At the <a href="/wiki/1913_Australian_federal_election" title="1913 Australian federal election">1913 election</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Liberal_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Liberal Party">Commonwealth Liberal Party</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cook" title="Joseph Cook">Joseph Cook</a>, defeated the Labor Party by a single seat.<sup id="cite_ref-adb_41-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adb-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_term_(1914–1915)"><span id="Third_term_.281914.E2.80.931915.29"></span>Third term (1914–1915)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Fisher&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Third term (1914–1915)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Labor retained control of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Australian Senate</a> despite defeat. In 1914, Cook, frustrated by the Labor-controlled Senate's rejection of his legislation, recommended to the new Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Munro_Ferguson,_1st_Viscount_Novar" title="Ronald Munro Ferguson, 1st Viscount Novar">Sir Ronald Munro Ferguson</a> that both houses of the parliament be dissolved and elections called. This was Australia's first <a href="/wiki/Double_dissolution" title="Double dissolution">double dissolution</a> election, and the only one until the <a href="/wiki/1951_Australian_federal_election" title="1951 Australian federal election">1951 election</a>. The <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> had <a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">broken out in the middle of</a> the <a href="/wiki/1914_Australian_federal_election" title="1914 Australian federal election">1914 election</a> campaign, with both sides committing Australia to the British Empire. Fisher campaigned on Labor's record of support for an independent Australian defence force, and pledged that Australia would "stand beside the mother country to help and defend her to the last man and the last shilling". Labor won the election with another absolute majority in both houses and Fisher formed <a href="/wiki/Third_Fisher_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Fisher Ministry">his third government</a> on 17 September 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-adb_41-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adb-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SajBoll_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SajBoll-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StateLibQld_1_178907_Hon._Andrew_Fisher_and_his_party_visit_the_Army_camp,_1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/StateLibQld_1_178907_Hon._Andrew_Fisher_and_his_party_visit_the_Army_camp%2C_1914.jpg/220px-StateLibQld_1_178907_Hon._Andrew_Fisher_and_his_party_visit_the_Army_camp%2C_1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/StateLibQld_1_178907_Hon._Andrew_Fisher_and_his_party_visit_the_Army_camp%2C_1914.jpg/330px-StateLibQld_1_178907_Hon._Andrew_Fisher_and_his_party_visit_the_Army_camp%2C_1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/StateLibQld_1_178907_Hon._Andrew_Fisher_and_his_party_visit_the_Army_camp%2C_1914.jpg/440px-StateLibQld_1_178907_Hon._Andrew_Fisher_and_his_party_visit_the_Army_camp%2C_1914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="706" /></a><figcaption>Fisher and his party visit the Army camp in 1914</figcaption></figure> <p>Fisher and his party were immediately underway in organising urgent defence measures for planning and implementing Australian war effort. Fisher visited New Zealand during this time which saw <a href="/wiki/Billy_Hughes" title="Billy Hughes">Billy Hughes</a> serve as acting prime minister for two months. Fisher and Labor continued to implement promised peacetime legislation, including the <i>River Murray Waters Act 1915</i>, the <i>Freight Arrangements Act 1915</i>, the <i>Sugar Purchase Act 1915</i>, the <i>Estate Duty Assessment</i> and the <i>Estate Duty</i> acts in 1914. Wartime legislation in 1914 and 1915 included the <i>War Precautions</i> acts (giving the Governor-General power to make regulations for national security), a <i>Trading with the Enemy Act</i>, <i>War Census</i> acts, a <i>Crimes Act</i>, a <i>Belgium Grant Act</i>, and an <i>Enemy Contracts Annulment Act</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-apmio_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apmio-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1914, a War Pensions Act was passed to provide for the grant of Pensions upon the death or incapacity of Members of the Defence Force of the Commonwealth and Members of the Imperial Reserve Forces residents in Australia whose death or incapacity resulted from their employment in connection with warlike operations.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1915, journalist <a href="/wiki/Keith_Murdoch" title="Keith Murdoch">Keith Murdoch</a> reported on the situation in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gallipoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gallipoli">Gallipoli</a> at Fisher's request, and advised him, "Your fears have been justified". He described the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Dardanelles Expedition">Dardanelles Expedition</a> as being "a series of disastrous underestimations" and "one of the most terrible chapters in our history" concluding: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>What I want to say to you now very seriously is that the continuous and ghastly bungling over the Dardanelles enterprise was to be expected from such a general staff as the British Army possesses ... the conceit and self complacency of the red feather men are equalled only by their incapacity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AndrewFisher.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/AndrewFisher.jpg/170px-AndrewFisher.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/AndrewFisher.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Fisher in 1915</figcaption></figure> <p>Fisher passed this report on to Hughes and to Defence Minister <a href="/wiki/George_Pearce" title="George Pearce">George Pearce</a>, ultimately leading to the evacuation of the Australian troops in December 1915. The report was also used by the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles_Commission" title="Dardanelles Commission">Dardanelles Commission</a> on which Fisher served, while <a href="/wiki/High_Commission_of_Australia_in_London" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commission of Australia in London">High Commissioner in London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-apmio_46-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apmio-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fisher resigned as prime minister and from Parliament on 27 October 1915 after being absent from parliament without explanation for three sitting days.<sup id="cite_ref-apmio_46-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apmio-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three days later, Labor Caucus unanimously elected <a href="/wiki/Billy_Hughes" title="Billy Hughes">Billy Hughes</a> leader of the Federal Parliamentary Party.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fisher's seat was narrowly won by the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Liberal_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Liberal Party">Commonwealth Liberal Party</a> on a 0.2% margin at the <a href="/wiki/1915_Wide_Bay_by-election" title="1915 Wide Bay by-election">1915 Wide Bay by-election</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="High_Commissioner_to_the_United_Kingdom">High Commissioner to the United Kingdom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Fisher&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: High Commissioner to the United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AndrewFisher3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/AndrewFisher3.jpg/170px-AndrewFisher3.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/AndrewFisher3.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="195" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption>Australia's second <a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_High_Commissioners_to_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Australian High Commissioners to the United Kingdom">High Commissioner to the United Kingdom</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Fisher was Australia's second <a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_High_Commissioners_to_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Australian High Commissioners to the United Kingdom">High Commissioner to the United Kingdom</a> from 1 January 1916 until 1 January 1921. Fisher opposed conscription which made his dealings with Billy Hughes difficult. Hughes asked Fisher for support by cable three weeks before the first referendum, but Fisher cabled back "Am unable to sign appeal. Position forbids." He subsequently refused to publicly comment on the issue. Hughes' <a href="/wiki/Australian_plebiscite,_1916" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian plebiscite, 1916">1916 referendum</a> on conscription had a No vote of around 52 per cent, while the <a href="/wiki/Australian_plebiscite,_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian plebiscite, 1917">1917 referendum</a> had a No vote of around 54 per cent. Fisher visited Australian troops serving in Belgium and France in 1919, and later presented Pearce with an album of battlefield photos from 1917 and 1918, showing the horrendous conditions experienced by the troops.<sup id="cite_ref-apma_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apma-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles_Commission" title="Dardanelles Commission">Dardanelles Commission</a>, including Fisher, interviewed witnesses in 1916 and 1917 and issued its final report in 1919. It concluded that the expedition was poorly planned and executed and that difficulties had been underestimated, problems which were exacerbated by supply shortages and by personality clashes and procrastination at high levels. Some 480,000 Allied troops had been dedicated to the failed campaign, with around half in casualties. The report's conclusions were regarded as insipid with no figures (political or military) heavily censured. The report of the commission and information gathered by the inquiry remain a key source of documents on the campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Final_years_and_death">Final years and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Fisher&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Final years and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grave_of_Andrew_Fisher,_Australian_Prime_Minister,_in_West_Hampstead_Cemetery.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Grave_of_Andrew_Fisher%2C_Australian_Prime_Minister%2C_in_West_Hampstead_Cemetery.JPG/220px-Grave_of_Andrew_Fisher%2C_Australian_Prime_Minister%2C_in_West_Hampstead_Cemetery.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Grave_of_Andrew_Fisher%2C_Australian_Prime_Minister%2C_in_West_Hampstead_Cemetery.JPG/330px-Grave_of_Andrew_Fisher%2C_Australian_Prime_Minister%2C_in_West_Hampstead_Cemetery.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Grave_of_Andrew_Fisher%2C_Australian_Prime_Minister%2C_in_West_Hampstead_Cemetery.JPG/440px-Grave_of_Andrew_Fisher%2C_Australian_Prime_Minister%2C_in_West_Hampstead_Cemetery.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="2824" /></a><figcaption>Fisher's grave in <a href="/wiki/Hampstead_Cemetery" title="Hampstead Cemetery">Hampstead Cemetery</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Fisher's term as High Commissioner officially ended on 22 April 1921, although it concluded with three months' paid leave and he left for Australia on 29 January.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He arrived back in Melbourne with no firm plans for his future, but the rapturous receptions he received at labour movement gatherings led him to contemplate a return to active politics. He was the only remaining former prime minister in the Labor Party, which had lost many experienced MPs in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_split_of_1916" title="Australian Labor Party split of 1916">1916 party split</a>. The party's leader <a href="/wiki/Frank_Tudor" title="Frank Tudor">Frank Tudor</a> had had frequent bouts of ill health, and <a href="/wiki/T._J._Ryan" title="T. J. Ryan">T. J. Ryan</a>, who was widely seen as Tudor's heir apparent, died suddenly of pneumonia in August 1921. Fisher seriously considered standing in <a href="/wiki/1921_West_Sydney_by-election" title="1921 West Sydney by-election">the resulting by-election</a>, but found there was no guarantee that the local party would accept him as a candidate. He was unwilling to actively campaign for preselection, and decided he would only stand if he were drafted, which did not happen.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With little else to keep them in Australia, Fisher and his wife decided to return to London to be closer to their children.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They rented a property in <a href="/wiki/Highgate" title="Highgate">Highgate</a> for a period, and then in October 1922 bought a home on <a href="/wiki/South_Hill_Park,_London" title="South Hill Park, London">South Hill Park</a> near <a href="/wiki/Hampstead_Heath" title="Hampstead Heath">Hampstead Heath</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He explored the possibility of standing for the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">British House of Commons</a>, but eventually opted for a permanent retirement from politics. By the time he was 60, Fisher's family and friends had begun to notice a decline in his mental faculties, which was probably a form of early-onset <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a>. It was judged unsafe for him to be out alone in public, and in 1925 his assets were placed in trust. By 1928, he was unable to sign his own name, and his children were seriously considering having him institutionalised.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fisher contracted a severe case of influenza in September 1928, and eventually died from complications of the disease on 22 October, aged 66.<sup id="cite_ref-adb_41-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adb-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is one of only three Australian prime ministers to die overseas, and he and <a href="/wiki/George_Reid" title="George Reid">George Reid</a> are the only ones who both began and ended their lives outside Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fisher was buried at <a href="/wiki/Hampstead_Cemetery" title="Hampstead Cemetery">Hampstead Cemetery</a> on 26 October 1928. On the same day, a memorial service was held at <a href="/wiki/St_Columba%27s_Church,_London" title="St Columba's Church, London">St Columba's Church, London</a>, which was attended by representatives of King <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a> and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Arthur Henderson</a> representing the British <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>. In February 1930, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a> unveiled a granite obelisk above Fisher's grave. His widow eventually moved back to Australia, dying there in 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evaluation">Evaluation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Fisher&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Evaluation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical rankings of Prime Ministers of Australia">Historical rankings of Prime Ministers of Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrew_Fisher,_1913_(E._Phillips_Fox).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Andrew_Fisher%2C_1913_%28E._Phillips_Fox%29.png/220px-Andrew_Fisher%2C_1913_%28E._Phillips_Fox%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="373" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Andrew_Fisher%2C_1913_%28E._Phillips_Fox%29.png/330px-Andrew_Fisher%2C_1913_%28E._Phillips_Fox%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Andrew_Fisher%2C_1913_%28E._Phillips_Fox%29.png/440px-Andrew_Fisher%2C_1913_%28E._Phillips_Fox%29.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="1017" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Canberra" title="Parliament House, Canberra">Parliament House</a> portrait of Fisher by <a href="/wiki/E._Phillips_Fox" title="E. Phillips Fox">E. Phillips Fox</a>, 1913</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite the length of Fisher's service as prime minister, for many years he and his government were given relatively little scholarly attention. His decision to retire to England placed him out of the public eye, while his mental deterioration and early death deprived him of the opportunity to dictate his own legacy. Writers interested in the post-Federation era did not generally view him as an attractive biographical subject, which has been attributed to the relative orthodoxy of his political views and a reputation for propriety to the point of dullness.<sup id="cite_ref-humphreys_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humphreys-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fisher's 1981 entry in the <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography" title="Australian Dictionary of Biography">Australian Dictionary of Biography</a></i> was written by <a href="/wiki/Denis_Murphy_(Australian_politician)" title="Denis Murphy (Australian politician)">Denis Murphy</a>, who had planned a full-length biography but died in 1984 before completing it. Clem Lloyd also began a biography in the 1990s, which was unfinished at the time of his death in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first complete biographies of Fisher did not emerge until the 100th anniversary of his prime ministership. These were <a href="/wiki/David_Day_(historian)" title="David Day (historian)">David Day</a>'s <i>Andrew Fisher: Prime Minister of Australia</i> (2008) and Peter Bastian's <i>Andrew Fisher: An Underestimated Man</i> (2009), as well as a shorter volume by Edward Humphreys, <i>Andrew Fisher: The Forgotten Man</i> (2008).<sup id="cite_ref-matchett_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matchett-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Obituarists of Fisher generally emphasised his modesty, integrity, and dedication to the labour movement. Writing for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Australian_Worker" title="The Australian Worker">The Australian Worker</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ernest_Boote" title="Henry Ernest Boote">Henry Ernest Boote</a> praised him as "loyal to his class, courageous in the advocacy of their cause, and absolutely incorruptible".<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the decades after his death, a general view emerged of Fisher as a competent rather than brilliant leader. He was praised for successfully managing the conflicting personalities within his own party, but as a leader of his country was often compared unfavourably with Deakin and Hughes. In general, his prime ministership was seen as a relatively inconsequential interlude. However, beginning in the 1970s a different view of Fisher began to emerge, which coincided with more of his personal papers becoming available to researchers. His more recent biographers have credited Fisher with establishing Labor as a viable party of government and demonstrating that the party's platform did not have to be sacrificed for political expediency, and argued that he deserves the primary credit for the political and electoral accomplishments of his governments.<sup id="cite_ref-humphreys_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humphreys-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is now generally seen as one of the most significant figures in the early years of his party.<sup id="cite_ref-matchett_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matchett-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Fisher&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrew_Fisher_bust.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Andrew_Fisher_bust.jpg/170px-Andrew_Fisher_bust.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Andrew_Fisher_bust.jpg/255px-Andrew_Fisher_bust.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Andrew_Fisher_bust.jpg/340px-Andrew_Fisher_bust.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Bust of Andrew Fisher by sculptor Wallace Anderson located in the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Ministers_Avenue" title="Prime Ministers Avenue">Prime Ministers Avenue</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ballarat_Botanical_Gardens" title="Ballarat Botanical Gardens">Ballarat Botanical Gardens</a></figcaption></figure> <p>At the end of the First World War, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> awarded him the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Légion d'honneur">Légion d'honneur</a>, but he declined it; he did not like decorations of any kind and adhered to this view throughout his life.<sup id="cite_ref-adb_41-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adb-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1911 Fisher declined the offer of <a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">honorary degrees</a> from the universities of <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">Glasgow</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, although he did accept the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City" title="Freedom of the City">Freedom of the City</a> from the cities of <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another honour Fisher did accept was appointment to the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council of the United Kingdom">Privy Council of the United Kingdom</a> on his visit to the UK in 1911 for the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_King_George_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronation of King George V">Coronation of King George V</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1911_Imperial_Conference" title="1911 Imperial Conference">Imperial Conference</a> at the same time as New Zealand Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ward" title="Joseph Ward">Sir Joseph Ward</a> and Governor <a href="/wiki/John_Dickson-Poynder,_1st_Baron_Islington" title="John Dickson-Poynder, 1st Baron Islington">Lord Islington</a>, granting him use of "<a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public reaction to his appointment was positive, with the <i><a href="/wiki/Truth_(Brisbane_newspaper)" title="Truth (Brisbane newspaper)">Brisbane Truth</a></i> noting it would not change his humble nature: "To plain Andrew Fisher, who lately refused to-be decorated with empty, unearned University degrees, a Privy Councillorship has been awarded. This is an honor to which our Prime Minister is justly entitled by reason of his inclusion in the secret councils of the Imperial Conference, which secrets include the private advice, tendered by him to the administrators of and in the administration of his Majesty's Imperial Government."<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although admitted as a Privy Counsellor <i>in absentia</i> on 6 July 1911, it wasn't until 14 February 1916 when he was High Commissioner in London that he formally took his oath of office.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The federal electorate of <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Fisher" title="Division of Fisher">Fisher</a> was named after him. A Canberra suburb, <a href="/wiki/Fisher,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Fisher, Australian Capital Territory">Fisher</a>, was also created in his memory, with its streets reflecting a mining theme in honour of Fisher's occupation before entering public life. <a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a>, Britain's first <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> Prime Minister, unveiled a memorial to Fisher in Hampstead Cemetery in 1930. A memorial garden was also dedicated to Fisher at his birthplace in the late 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-apma_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apma-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1972 he was honoured on a <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">postage stamp</a> bearing his portrait issued by <a href="/wiki/Australia_Post" title="Australia Post">Australia Post</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1992, his home in Gympie (<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fisher%27s_Cottage" title="Andrew Fisher's Cottage">Andrew Fisher's Cottage</a>) was listed on the <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register" title="Queensland Heritage Register">Queensland Heritage Register</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-qhr_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qhr-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, Labor Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Rudd" title="Kevin Rudd">Kevin Rudd</a>, a fellow Queenslander, launched a biography titled <i>Andrew Fisher</i>, written by David Day. In turn, Rudd was presented with an item that once belonged to Fisher – a slightly battered gold pen engraved with Fisher's signature, which had been held in safekeeping for 80 years.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Fisher&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Fisher_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="First Fisher Ministry">First Fisher Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Fisher_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Fisher Ministry">Second Fisher Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Fisher_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Fisher Ministry">Third Fisher Ministry</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Fisher&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Fisher&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTucker2005" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PA417"><i>World War I: Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 417. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851094202" title="Special:BookSources/9781851094202"><bdi>9781851094202</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+I%3A+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=417&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781851094202&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2YqjfHLyyj8C%26pg%3DPA417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay20082-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay20082_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay20082_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDay2008">Day 2008</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Bastian2009" class="citation book cs1">Peter Bastian (2009). <i>Andrew Fisher: An Underestimated Man</i>. UNSW Press. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrew+Fisher%3A+An+Underestimated+Man&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=UNSW+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Peter+Bastian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-day5-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-day5_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-day5_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Day (2008), p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBastian200915-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBastian200915_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBastian2009">Bastian 2009</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBastian200912-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBastian200912_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBastian2009">Bastian 2009</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bas6-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bas6_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bas6_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bastian (2009), p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bas5-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bas5_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bas5_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bastian (2009), p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Day (2008), p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-day89-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-day89_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-day89_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Day (2008), pp. 8–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Day (2008), p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBastian20097-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBastian20097_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBastian2009">Bastian 2009</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBastian200918–19-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBastian200918–19_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBastian2009">Bastian 2009</a>, pp. 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay200818-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay200818_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDay2008">Day 2008</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bastian (2009), p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Day (2008), p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Day (2008), p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Day (2008), pp. 24–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Day (2008), p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Day (2008), p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bastian (2009), p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Day (2008), p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Day (2008), p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bastian (2009), p. 230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Day (2008), p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Day (2008), pp. 37–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Day (2008), p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Day (2008), p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Day (2008), p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Day (2008), p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Day (2008), p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bastian (2009), p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Day (2008), p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Day (2008), p. 55–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Day (2008), p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay2008-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay2008_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay2008_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay2008_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDay2008">Day 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fisher16-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fisher16_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fisher16_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fisher, Kathleen (2006) "From pit boy to prime minister: Andrew Fisher", in <i>National Library of Australia News</i>, XVI (9), June 2006, p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-adb-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-adb_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adb_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adb_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adb_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adb_41-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adb_41-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adb_41-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adb_41-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adb_41-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adb_41-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adb_41-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adb_41-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adb_41-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adb_41-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy1981" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Denis_Murphy_(Australian_politician)" title="Denis Murphy (Australian politician)">Murphy, D. J.</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/fisher-andrew-378">"Fisher, Andrew (1862–1928)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography" title="Australian Dictionary of Biography">Australian Dictionary of Biography</a></i>. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7"><bdi>978-0-522-84459-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1833-7538">1833-7538</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70677943">70677943</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Humphreys' <i>Andrew Fisher: The Forgotten Man</i>". <i>History Australia</i>. <b>6</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Australia&rft.atitle=Review+of+Edward+W.+Humphreys%27+Andrew+Fisher%3A+The+Forgotten+Man&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2009&rft.au=David+Day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Day (2008), p. 412.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article175073791">"Hon. A. Fisher"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. Queensland. 12 May 1911. p. 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2021</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Hon.+A.+Fisher.&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1911-05-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article175073791&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article185030719">"Hon. Andrew Fisher"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Week_(Brisbane)" title="The Week (Brisbane)">The Week</a></i>. Queensland. 16 June 1911. p. 12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2021</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Week&rft.atitle=Hon.+Andrew+Fisher&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1911-06-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article185030719&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article72367468">"Let Glasgow Flourish"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Worker_(Brisbane)" title="The Worker (Brisbane)">Worker</a></i>. Queensland. 15 July 1911. p. 17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2021</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Worker&rft.atitle=Let+Glasgow+Flourish&rft.pages=17&rft.date=1911-07-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article72367468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article88840857">"Mr. Andrew Fisher"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chronicle_(South_Australia)" title="The Chronicle (South Australia)">Chronicle</a></i>. South Australia. 1 August 1914. p. 44<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2021</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chronicle&rft.atitle=Mr.+Andrew+Fisher&rft.pages=44&rft.date=1914-08-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article88840857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article190883906">"Latest Telegrams"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Gympie_Times_and_Mary_River_Mining_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="Gympie Times and Mary River Mining Gazette">Gympie Times and Mary River Mining Gazette</a></i>. Queensland. 8 July 1911. p. 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2021</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gympie+Times+and+Mary+River+Mining+Gazette&rft.atitle=Latest+Telegrams&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1911-07-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article190883906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article201755013">"On Honors"</a>. <i>Truth</i>. Queensland. 25 June 1911. p. 7<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2021</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Truth&rft.atitle=On+Honors&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1911-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article201755013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article175064750">"Pointed Pars"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_(Brisbane)" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph (Brisbane)">The Telegraph</a></i>. Queensland. 21 June 1911. p. 4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2021</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Pointed+Pars&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1911-06-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article175064750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article20065581">"Right Hon. Andrew Fisher"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Brisbane_Courier" class="mw-redirect" title="The Brisbane Courier">The Brisbane Courier</a></i>. Queensland. 17 February 1916. p. 7<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2021</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Brisbane+Courier&rft.atitle=Right+Hon.+Andrew+Fisher&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1916-02-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article20065581&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.australianstamp.com/images/large/0009980.jpg">"Australia Post stamp – Andrew Fisher"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australia+Post+stamp+%E2%80%93+Andrew+Fisher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.australianstamp.com%2Fimages%2Flarge%2F0009980.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-qhr-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-qhr_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQHR15312" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://environment.ehp.qld.gov.au/heritage-register/detail/?id=600537">"Andrew Fishers Cottage (entry 600537)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register" title="Queensland Heritage Register">Queensland Heritage Register</a></i>. Queensland Heritage Council<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Queensland+Heritage+Register&rft.atitle=Andrew+Fishers+Cottage+%28entry+600537%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenvironment.ehp.qld.gov.au%2Fheritage-register%2Fdetail%2F%3Fid%3D600537&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.theage.com.au/national/rudd-launches-biography-of-expm-fisher-20081029-5b8n.html">"Rudd launches biography of ex-PM Fisher"</a>. News.theage.com.au – The Age. 29 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rudd+launches+biography+of+ex-PM+Fisher&rft.pub=News.theage.com.au+%E2%80%93+The+Age&rft.date=2008-10-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.theage.com.au%2Fnational%2Frudd-launches-biography-of-expm-fisher-20081029-5b8n.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/media/pressrel/QL2S6/upload_binary/ql2s61.pdf;fileType=application/pdf">"Prime Minister launches biography of Andrew Fisher (Full speech)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Australian Government<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prime+Minister+launches+biography+of+Andrew+Fisher+%28Full+speech%29&rft.pub=Australian+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fparlinfo.aph.gov.au%2FparlInfo%2Fdownload%2Fmedia%2Fpressrel%2FQL2S6%2Fupload_binary%2Fql2s61.pdf%3BfileType%3Dapplication%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Fisher&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On his marriage certificate, Fisher's mother signed her name but his father signed an "X". He may have been able to read, however, as schools in the early 19th century sometimes charged separately for reading and writing.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fisher recounted in 1911 that he had begun his education at "a little private school", before attending "the old schoolhouse" in Crosshouse, the village school in Dreghorn, and then a new school in Crosshouse. He probably also attended Sunday school.<sup id="cite_ref-day89_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-day89-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bastian believes that Fisher left when he was nine years old, and may have exaggerated his leaving age as an adult because he was self-conscious about his lack of education. He suggests that he was withdrawn from school early to avoid the provisions of the newly enacted <i>Education (Scotland) Act 1872</i>, which mandated compulsory attendance until the age of 13. The price of coal and miners' wages increased during the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>, which may have provided a financial incentive for younger children to begin work; however, it would still have been illegal for a nine-year-old to work in the mines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBastian200918–19_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBastian200918–19-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Day instead argues that Fisher remained in school until he was thirteen. His parents were known to value education and could afford to have him stay in school until the legal leaving age. He notes a 1911 interview in which Fisher gave his leaving age as thirteen, and suggests that references to him being underground at an earlier age are ambiguous, as he could have simply been visiting his father and older brother rather than actually working.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay200818_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay200818-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Governor-General, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Denman,_3rd_Baron_Denman" title="Thomas Denman, 3rd Baron Denman">Lord Denman</a>, is standing to the left of Fisher, while <a href="/wiki/King_O%27Malley" title="King O'Malley">King O'Malley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Home_Affairs_(Australia)" title="Minister for Home Affairs (Australia)">Minister for Home Affairs</a>, is at the far left of the photo (conversing with Lady Denman who was given the honour of pronouncing the new capital's name for the first time).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Fisher&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2001" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, W. K. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/IELAPA.200116650">"Andrew Fisher: 'a proud, honest man of Scotland'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society</i>. <b>87</b> (2): 189–208.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Australian+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Andrew+Fisher%3A+%27a+proud%2C+honest+man+of+Scotland%27&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=189-208&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=W.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.informit.org%2Fdoi%2F10.3316%2FIELAPA.200116650&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAttard1995" class="citation journal cs1">Attard, Bernard (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27516357">"Andrew Fisher, the High Commissionership and the Collapse of Labor"</a>. <i>Labour History</i> (68). Liverpool University Press: 115–131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F27516357">10.2307/27516357</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27516357">27516357</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Labour+History&rft.atitle=Andrew+Fisher%2C+the+High+Commissionership+and+the+Collapse+of+Labor&rft.issue=68&rft.pages=115-131&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F27516357&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27516357%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Attard&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27516357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBastian2009" class="citation book cs1">Bastian, Peter (2009). <i>Andrew Fisher: An Underestimated Man</i>. UNSW Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781742231822" title="Special:BookSources/9781742231822"><bdi>9781742231822</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrew+Fisher%3A+An+Underestimated+Man&rft.pub=UNSW+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781742231822&rft.aulast=Bastian&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Day_(historian)" title="David Day (historian)">Day, David</a> (2008). <i>Andrew Fisher: Prime Minister of Australia</i>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780732276102" title="Special:BookSources/9780732276102"><bdi>9780732276102</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrew+Fisher%3A+Prime+Minister+of+Australia&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780732276102&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrattan2013" class="citation book cs1">Grattan, Michelle (2013). <i>Australian Prime Ministers</i> (Revised and updated ed.). Chatswood, N.S.W.: New Holland Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74257-429-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74257-429-5"><bdi>978-1-74257-429-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australian+Prime+Ministers&rft.place=Chatswood%2C+N.S.W.&rft.edition=Revised+and+updated&rft.pub=New+Holland+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-74257-429-5&rft.aulast=Grattan&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkins2008" class="citation journal cs1">Hawkins, John (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.treasury.gov.au/uploads/sites/1/2017/06/07_Andrew_Fisher.pdf">"Andrew Fisher: a reforming treasurer"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Economic Roundup</i> (2). Department of the Treasury: 105–114.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Roundup&rft.atitle=Andrew+Fisher%3A+a+reforming+treasurer&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=105-114&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Hawkins&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.treasury.gov.au%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F1%2F2017%2F06%2F07_Andrew_Fisher.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Hughes" title="Colin Hughes">Hughes, Colin A.</a> (1976). "Chapter 6". <i>Mr Prime Minister. Australian Prime Ministers 1901–1972</i>. Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-550471-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-550471-2"><bdi>0-19-550471-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+6&rft.btitle=Mr+Prime+Minister.+Australian+Prime+Ministers+1901%E2%80%931972&rft.place=Melbourne%2C+Victoria&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-19-550471-2&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Colin+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphreys2008" class="citation book cs1">Humphreys, Edward W. (2008). <i>Andrew Fisher: The Forgotten Man</i>. Sports and Editorial Services Australia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780975197059" title="Special:BookSources/9780975197059"><bdi>9780975197059</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrew+Fisher%3A+The+Forgotten+Man&rft.pub=Sports+and+Editorial+Services+Australia&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780975197059&rft.aulast=Humphreys&rft.aufirst=Edward+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurdoch1998" class="citation book cs1">Murdoch, John R. M. (1998). <i>A Million to One Against: A Portrait of Andrew Fisher</i>. Minerva. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0754101398" title="Special:BookSources/0754101398"><bdi>0754101398</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Million+to+One+Against%3A+A+Portrait+of+Andrew+Fisher&rft.pub=Minerva&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0754101398&rft.aulast=Murdoch&rft.aufirst=John+R.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Fisher" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Fisher&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Andrew_Fisher" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Andrew Fisher">Andrew Fisher</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090602063532/http://www.treasury.gov.au/documents/1396/HTML/docshell.asp?URL=07_Fisher.htm">Andrew Fisher: a reforming treasurer – treasury.gov.au</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nma.gov.au/primeministers/andrew_fisher">Prime Ministers of Australia: Andrew Fisher</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180408031609/http://www.nma.gov.au/primeministers/andrew_fisher">Archived</a> 8 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Australia" title="National Museum of Australia">National Museum of Australia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070809201952/http://www.gavmag.com/austpm/pm_fisher.htm">Andrew Fisher – Scaramouche</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Queensland" title="Parliament of Queensland">Parliament of Queensland</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Mellor" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew Mellor">Matthew Mellor</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member for <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Gympie" title="Electoral district of Gympie">Gympie</a> </b><br />1893–1896 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/William_Smyth_(Australian_politician)" title="William Smyth (Australian politician)">William Smyth</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Stumm" title="Jacob Stumm">Jacob Stumm</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Stumm" title="Jacob Stumm">Jacob Stumm</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member for <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Gympie" title="Electoral district of Gympie">Gympie</a> </b><br />1899–1901 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/George_Ryland_(Queensland_politician)" title="George Ryland (Queensland politician)">George Ryland</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Mulcahy_(Queensland_politician)" title="Daniel Mulcahy (Queensland politician)">Daniel Mulcahy</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament of Australia</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New division</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Wide_Bay" title="Division of Wide Bay">Member for Wide Bay</a> </b><br />1901–1915 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Corser" title="Edward Corser">Edward Corser</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Lyne" title="William Lyne">William Lyne</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Trade_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Trade (Australia)">Minister for Trade and Customs</a> </b><br />1904 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Allan_McLean_(Australian_politician)" title="Allan McLean (Australian politician)">Allan McLean</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Alfred Deakin</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister of Australia</a> </b><br />1908–1909 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Alfred Deakin</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Lyne" title="William Lyne">Sir William Lyne</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_Australia" title="Treasurer of Australia">Treasurer of Australia</a> </b><br />1908–1909 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Forrest" title="John Forrest">Sir John Forrest</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Alfred Deakin</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister of Australia</a> </b><br />1910–1913 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cook" title="Joseph Cook">Joseph Cook</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Forrest" title="John Forrest">Sir John Forrest</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_Australia" title="Treasurer of Australia">Treasurer of Australia</a> </b><br />1910–1913 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Forrest" title="John Forrest">Sir John Forrest</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cook" title="Joseph Cook">Joseph Cook</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister of Australia</a> </b><br />1914–1915 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Billy_Hughes" title="Billy Hughes">Billy Hughes</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Forrest" title="John Forrest">Sir John Forrest</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_Australia" title="Treasurer of Australia">Treasurer of Australia</a> </b><br />1914–1915 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Higgs_(politician)" title="William Higgs (politician)">William Higgs</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Watson" title="Chris Watson">Chris Watson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Leader of the Australian Labor Party</a> </b><br />1907–1915 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Billy_Hughes" title="Billy Hughes">Billy Hughes</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Reid" title="George Reid">Sir George Reid</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_High_Commissioners_to_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Australian High Commissioners to the United Kingdom">Australian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom</a> </b><br />1916–1920 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cook" title="Joseph Cook">Sir Joseph Cook</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Australia" title="Template:Prime ministers of Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_Australia" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prime_ministers_of_Australia_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime ministers of Australia</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Australia" title="List of prime ministers of Australia">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Barton" title="Edmund Barton">Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Deakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Watson" title="Chris Watson">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Reid" title="George Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Deakin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Deakin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cook" title="Joseph Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Hughes" title="Billy Hughes">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Bruce" title="Stanley Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Scullin" title="James Scullin">Scullin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lyons" title="Joseph Lyons">Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earle_Page" title="Earle Page">Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Menzies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Fadden" title="Arthur Fadden">Fadden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin">Curtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Forde" title="Frank Forde">Forde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Chifley" title="Ben Chifley">Chifley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Menzies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Holt" title="Harold Holt">Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McEwen" title="John McEwen">McEwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gorton" title="John Gorton">Gorton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McMahon" title="William McMahon">McMahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Whitlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Fraser" title="Malcolm Fraser">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Hawke" title="Bob Hawke">Hawke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Keating" title="Paul Keating">Keating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Rudd" title="Kevin Rudd">Rudd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Gillard" title="Julia Gillard">Gillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Rudd" title="Kevin Rudd">Rudd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Abbott" title="Tony Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Turnbull" title="Malcolm Turnbull">Turnbull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Morrison" title="Scott Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Albanese" title="Anthony Albanese">Albanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Prime_Ministers_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Prime Ministers of Australia (page does not exist)">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_Australian_Labor_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Leaders_of_the_Australian_Labor_Party" title="Template:Leaders of the Australian Labor Party"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Leaders_of_the_Australian_Labor_Party" title="Template talk:Leaders of the Australian Labor Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Leaders_of_the_Australian_Labor_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Leaders of the Australian Labor Party"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_Australian_Labor_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_the_Australian_Labor_Party" title="Leaders of the Australian Labor Party">Leaders of the Australian Labor Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Chris_Watson" title="Chris Watson">Watson</a></b></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fisher</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Billy_Hughes" title="Billy Hughes">Hughes</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Tudor" title="Frank Tudor">Tudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Charlton" title="Matthew Charlton">Charlton</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/James_Scullin" title="James Scullin">Scullin</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin">Curtin</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ben_Chifley" title="Ben Chifley">Chifley</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._V._Evatt" title="H. V. Evatt">Evatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Calwell" title="Arthur Calwell">Calwell</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Whitlam</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Hayden" title="Bill Hayden">Hayden</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bob_Hawke" title="Bob Hawke">Hawke</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Paul_Keating" title="Paul Keating">Keating</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Beazley" title="Kim Beazley">Beazley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Crean" title="Simon Crean">Crean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Latham" title="Mark Latham">Latham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Beazley" title="Kim Beazley">Beazley</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Rudd" title="Kevin Rudd">Rudd</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Julia_Gillard" title="Julia Gillard">Gillard</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Rudd" title="Kevin Rudd">Rudd</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Shorten" title="Bill Shorten">Shorten</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Albanese" title="Anthony Albanese">Albanese</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Australian_Labor_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#F00011;color:#FFFFFF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Australian_Labor_Party" title="Template:Australian Labor Party"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Australian_Labor_Party" title="Template talk:Australian Labor Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Australian_Labor_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Australian Labor Party"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Australian_Labor_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Australian Labor Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F00011;color:#FFFFFF;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_the_Australian_Labor_Party" title="Leaders of the Australian Labor Party"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Leaders</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Chris_Watson" title="Chris Watson">Chris Watson</a></b></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Andrew Fisher</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Billy_Hughes" title="Billy Hughes">Billy Hughes</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Tudor" title="Frank Tudor">Frank Tudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Charlton" title="Matthew Charlton">Matthew Charlton</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/James_Scullin" title="James Scullin">James Scullin</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin">John Curtin</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ben_Chifley" title="Ben Chifley">Ben Chifley</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._V._Evatt" title="H. V. Evatt">H. V. Evatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Calwell" title="Arthur Calwell">Arthur Calwell</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Gough Whitlam</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Hayden" title="Bill Hayden">Bill Hayden</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bob_Hawke" title="Bob Hawke">Bob Hawke</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Paul_Keating" title="Paul Keating">Paul Keating</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Beazley" title="Kim Beazley">Kim Beazley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Crean" title="Simon Crean">Simon Crean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Latham" title="Mark Latham">Mark Latham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Beazley" title="Kim Beazley">Kim Beazley</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Rudd" title="Kevin Rudd">Kevin Rudd</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Julia_Gillard" title="Julia Gillard">Julia Gillard</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Rudd" title="Kevin Rudd">Kevin Rudd</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Shorten" title="Bill Shorten">Bill Shorten</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Albanese" title="Anthony Albanese">Anthony Albanese</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F00011;color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Deputy leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_McGregor" title="Gregor McGregor">Gregor McGregor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Hughes" title="Billy Hughes">Billy Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pearce" title="George Pearce">George Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Gardiner" title="Albert Gardiner">Albert Gardiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Scullin" title="James Scullin">James Scullin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Blakeley" title="Arthur Blakeley">Arthur Blakeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Theodore" title="Ted Theodore">Ted Theodore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Forde" title="Frank Forde">Frank Forde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._V._Evatt" title="H. V. Evatt">H. V. Evatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Calwell" title="Arthur Calwell">Arthur Calwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Gough Whitlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lance_Barnard" title="Lance Barnard">Lance Barnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Cairns" title="Jim Cairns">Jim Cairns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Crean" title="Frank Crean">Frank Crean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Uren" title="Tom Uren">Tom Uren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Bowen" title="Lionel Bowen">Lionel Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Keating" title="Paul Keating">Paul Keating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Howe_(politician)" title="Brian Howe (politician)">Brian Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Beazley" title="Kim Beazley">Kim Beazley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gareth_Evans_(politician)" title="Gareth Evans (politician)">Gareth Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Crean" title="Simon Crean">Simon Crean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Macklin" title="Jenny Macklin">Jenny Macklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Gillard" title="Julia Gillard">Julia Gillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Swan" title="Wayne Swan">Wayne Swan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Albanese" title="Anthony Albanese">Anthony Albanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanya_Plibersek" title="Tanya Plibersek">Tanya Plibersek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Marles" title="Richard Marles">Richard Marles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F00011;color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Watson_government" title="Watson government">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_government_(1908%E2%80%931909)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisher government (1908–1909)">Fisher I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_government_(1910%E2%80%931913)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisher government (1910–1913)">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_government_(1914%E2%80%931915)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisher government (1914–1915)">III</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hughes_government_(1915%E2%80%931916)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hughes government (1915–1916) (page does not exist)">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scullin_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Scullin government">Scullin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtin_government" title="Curtin government">Curtin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forde_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forde government (page does not exist)">Forde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chifley_government" title="Chifley government">Chifley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitlam_government" title="Whitlam government">Whitlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawke_government" title="Hawke government">Hawke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keating_government" title="Keating government">Keating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudd_government_(2007%E2%80%932010)" title="Rudd government (2007–2010)">Rudd I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillard_government" title="Gillard government">Gillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudd_government_(2013)" title="Rudd government (2013)">Rudd II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanese_government" title="Albanese government">Albanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F00011;color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Ministries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Watson_ministry" title="Watson ministry">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Fisher_ministry" title="First Fisher ministry">Fisher 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Fisher_ministry" title="Second Fisher ministry">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Fisher_ministry" title="Third Fisher ministry">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hughes_ministry" title="First Hughes ministry">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scullin_ministry" title="Scullin ministry">Scullin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Curtin_ministry" title="First Curtin ministry">Curtin 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Curtin_ministry" title="Second Curtin ministry">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forde_ministry" title="Forde ministry">Forde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chifley_ministry" title="First Chifley ministry">Chifley 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chifley_ministry" title="Second Chifley ministry">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Whitlam_ministry" title="First Whitlam ministry">Whitlam 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Whitlam_ministry" title="Second Whitlam ministry">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Whitlam_ministry" title="Third Whitlam ministry">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hawke_ministry" title="First Hawke ministry">Hawke 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hawke_ministry" title="Second Hawke ministry">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Hawke_ministry" title="Third Hawke ministry">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Hawke_ministry" title="Fourth Hawke ministry">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Keating_ministry" title="First Keating ministry">Keating 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Keating_ministry" title="Second Keating ministry">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Rudd_ministry" title="First Rudd ministry">Rudd 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Gillard_ministry" title="First Gillard ministry">Gillard 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Gillard_ministry" title="Second Gillard ministry">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Rudd_ministry" title="Second Rudd ministry">Rudd 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanese_ministry" title="Albanese ministry">Albanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F00011;color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Shadow cabinets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Ministry_of_Gough_Whitlam_(1967%E2%80%9372)" title="Shadow Ministry of Gough Whitlam (1967–72)">Whitlam (1967–72)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Ministry_of_Gough_Whitlam_(1975%E2%80%9377)" title="Shadow Ministry of Gough Whitlam (1975–77)">Whitlam (1975–77)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Ministry_of_Bill_Hayden" title="Shadow Ministry of Bill Hayden">Hayden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Ministry_of_Bob_Hawke" title="Shadow Ministry of Bob Hawke">Hawke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Ministry_of_Kim_Beazley_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Shadow Ministry of Kim Beazley (1996–2001)">Beazley (1996–2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Ministry_of_Simon_Crean" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadow Ministry of Simon Crean">Crean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Ministry_of_Mark_Latham" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadow Ministry of Mark Latham">Latham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Ministry_of_Kim_Beazley_(2005%E2%80%9306)" title="Shadow Ministry of Kim Beazley (2005–06)">Beazley (2005–06)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Ministry_of_Kevin_Rudd" title="Shadow Ministry of Kevin Rudd">Rudd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Ministry_of_Bill_Shorten" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadow Ministry of Bill Shorten">Shorten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Ministry_of_Anthony_Albanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadow Ministry of Anthony Albanese">Albanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F00011;color:#FFFFFF;width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_branches&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State branches (page does not exist)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">State branches</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACT_Labor_Party" title="ACT Labor Party">Australian Capital Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Labor_Party" title="New South Wales Labor Party">New South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_Labor_Party" title="Territory Labor Party">Northern Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queensland_Labor_Party" title="Queensland Labor Party">Queensland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Labor_Party" title="South Australian Labor Party">South Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_Labor_Party" title="Tasmanian Labor Party">Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_Labor_Party" title="Victorian Labor Party">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_Labor_Party" title="Western Australian Labor Party">Western Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F00011;color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Party institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_National_Conference" title="Australian Labor Party National Conference">National Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_National_Executive" title="Australian Labor Party National Executive">National Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Young_Labor" title="Australian Young Labor">Australian Young Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Fabian_Society" title="Australian Fabian Society">Australian Fabian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chifley_Research_Centre" title="Chifley Research Centre">Chifley Research Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_Caucus" title="Australian Labor Party Caucus">Federal Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Curtin_House" title="John Curtin House">John Curtin House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F00011;color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F00011;color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Right" title="Labor Right">Labor Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Left" title="Labor Left">Labor Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Labor_(Australia)" title="Independent Labor (Australia)">Independent Labor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F00011;color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferguson_Left" title="Ferguson Left">Ferguson Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lang_Labor" title="Lang Labor">Lang Labor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F00011;color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Australian_Labor_Party" title="History of the Australian Labor Party">History of the Australian Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_split_of_1916" title="Australian Labor Party split of 1916">1916 split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_split_of_1931" title="Australian Labor Party split of 1931">1931 split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_split_of_1955" title="Australian Labor Party split of 1955">1955 split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Australian_constitutional_crisis" title="1975 Australian constitutional crisis">1975 Australian constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faceless_men" title="Faceless men">Faceless men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Labor_Party_(NSW)" title="Federal Labor Party (NSW)">Federal Labor (NSW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four_(Australian_Labor_Party)" title="Gang of Four (Australian Labor Party)">Gang of Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Groups" title="Industrial Groups">Industrial Groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island_Labor_Party" title="Norfolk Island Labor Party">Norfolk Island Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_light_on_the_hill" title="The light on the hill">The light on the hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Knowledge_(Australia)" title="Tree of Knowledge (Australia)">Tree of Knowledge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F00011;color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Leadership votes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1901_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1901 Australian Labor Party leadership election (page does not exist)">1901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_election" title="1907 Australian Labor Party leadership election">1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_spill" title="1913 Australian Labor Party leadership spill">1913</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1915_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1915 Australian Labor Party leadership election (page does not exist)">1915</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1916_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1916 Australian Labor Party leadership election (page does not exist)">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1920_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_spill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1920 Australian Labor Party leadership spill (page does not exist)">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_election" title="1922 Australian Labor Party leadership election">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_election" title="1928 Australian Labor Party leadership election">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_spill" title="1931 Australian Labor Party leadership spill">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_election" title="1935 Australian Labor Party leadership election">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_election" title="1945 Australian Labor Party leadership election">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_election" title="1951 Australian Labor Party leadership election">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_spill" title="1954 Australian Labor Party leadership spill">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_spill" title="1956 Australian Labor Party leadership spill">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_spill" title="1959 Australian Labor Party leadership spill">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_election" title="1960 Australian Labor Party leadership election">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_spill" title="1966 Australian Labor Party leadership spill">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_election" title="1967 Australian Labor Party leadership election">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_spill" title="1968 Australian Labor Party leadership spill">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_spill" title="1976 Australian Labor Party leadership spill">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1977_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_spill" title="May 1977 Australian Labor Party leadership spill">1977 (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1977_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_election" title="December 1977 Australian Labor Party leadership election">1977 (Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_spill" title="1982 Australian Labor Party leadership spill">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_spill" title="1983 Australian Labor Party leadership spill">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1991_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_spill" title="June 1991 Australian Labor Party leadership spill">1991 (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1991_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_spill" title="December 1991 Australian Labor Party leadership spill">1991 (Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_election" title="1996 Australian Labor Party leadership election">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_election" title="2001 Australian Labor Party leadership election">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_spills" title="2003 Australian Labor Party leadership spills">2003 (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_spills" title="2003 Australian Labor Party leadership spills">2003 (Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_spill" title="2005 Australian Labor Party leadership spill">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_spill" title="2006 Australian Labor Party leadership spill">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_spill" title="2010 Australian Labor Party leadership spill">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_spill" title="2012 Australian Labor Party leadership spill">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2013_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_spill" title="March 2013 Australian Labor Party leadership spill">2013 (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2013_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_spill" title="June 2013 Australian Labor Party leadership spill">2013 (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2013_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_election" title="October 2013 Australian Labor Party leadership election">2013 (Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_election" title="2019 Australian Labor Party leadership election">2019</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Treasurers_of_Australia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Treasurers_of_Australia" title="Template:Treasurers of Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Treasurers_of_Australia" title="Template talk:Treasurers of Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Treasurers_of_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Treasurers of Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Treasurers_of_Australia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_Australia" title="Treasurer of Australia">Treasurers of Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Turner_(Australian_politician)" title="George Turner (Australian politician)">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Watson" title="Chris Watson">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Forrest" title="John Forrest">Forrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyne" title="William Lyne">Lyne</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Higgs_(politician)" title="William Higgs (politician)">Higgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Poynton" title="Alexander Poynton">Poynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Watt_(Australian_politician)" title="William Watt (Australian politician)">Watt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cook" title="Joseph Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Bruce" title="Stanley Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earle_Page" title="Earle Page">Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Theodore" title="Ted Theodore">Theodore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Scullin" title="James Scullin">Scullin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lyons" title="Joseph Lyons">Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Casey,_Baron_Casey" title="Richard Casey, Baron Casey">Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Menzies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Spender" title="Percy Spender">Spender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Fadden" title="Arthur Fadden">Fadden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Chifley" title="Ben Chifley">Chifley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Holt" title="Harold Holt">Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McMahon" title="William McMahon">McMahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Bury" title="Les Bury">Bury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Snedden" title="Billy Snedden">Snedden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Whitlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Crean" title="Frank Crean">Crean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Cairns" title="Jim Cairns">Cairns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Hayden" title="Bill Hayden">Hayden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillip_Lynch" title="Phillip Lynch">Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Keating" title="Paul Keating">Keating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerin" title="John Kerin">Kerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Willis" title="Ralph Willis">Willis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dawkins" title="John Dawkins">Dawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Costello" title="Peter Costello">Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Swan" title="Wayne Swan">Swan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Bowen" title="Chris Bowen">Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Hockey" title="Joe Hockey">Hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Morrison" title="Scott Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Frydenberg" title="Josh Frydenberg">Frydenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Chalmers" title="Jim Chalmers">Chalmers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q314016#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q314016#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q314016#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000008200577X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/15664437">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1913522/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgCGPJCYDKcyRkDkVqmh3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/122882385">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2008025748">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb167498890">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb167498890">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35086187">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5064244">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007572250005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/469236">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/fisher-andrew-378">Australia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6tx3mr1">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Fisher&oldid=1259103459">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Fisher&oldid=1259103459</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Prime_ministers_of_Australia" title="Category:Prime ministers of Australia">Prime ministers of 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