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class="mw-page-title-main">Cundi (Buddhism)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cundhi" title="Cundhi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cundhi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%86%E8%83%9D%E8%A6%B3%E9%9F%B3" title="准胝観音 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="准胝観音" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%84%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C" title="ព្រះចុន្ទីពោធិសត្វ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ព្រះចុន្ទីពោធិសត្វ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cundi" title="Cundi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cundi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C" title="พระจุนทีโพธิสัตว์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระจุนทีโพธิสัตว์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color:#FFD068">Chundī</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%87%86%E6%8F%90%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8%E5%83%8F%E8%BD%B4.%E6%98%8E%E4%BB%A3.%E7%BA%B8%E6%9C%AC%E8%AE%BE%E8%89%B2%E6%8F%8F%E9%87%91.%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%85%E5%AE%AB%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%99%A2%E8%97%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/%E5%87%86%E6%8F%90%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8%E5%83%8F%E8%BD%B4.%E6%98%8E%E4%BB%A3.%E7%BA%B8%E6%9C%AC%E8%AE%BE%E8%89%B2%E6%8F%8F%E9%87%91.%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%85%E5%AE%AB%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%99%A2%E8%97%8F.jpg/240px-%E5%87%86%E6%8F%90%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8%E5%83%8F%E8%BD%B4.%E6%98%8E%E4%BB%A3.%E7%BA%B8%E6%9C%AC%E8%AE%BE%E8%89%B2%E6%8F%8F%E9%87%91.%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%85%E5%AE%AB%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%99%A2%E8%97%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="355" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/%E5%87%86%E6%8F%90%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8%E5%83%8F%E8%BD%B4.%E6%98%8E%E4%BB%A3.%E7%BA%B8%E6%9C%AC%E8%AE%BE%E8%89%B2%E6%8F%8F%E9%87%91.%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%85%E5%AE%AB%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%99%A2%E8%97%8F.jpg/360px-%E5%87%86%E6%8F%90%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8%E5%83%8F%E8%BD%B4.%E6%98%8E%E4%BB%A3.%E7%BA%B8%E6%9C%AC%E8%AE%BE%E8%89%B2%E6%8F%8F%E9%87%91.%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%85%E5%AE%AB%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%99%A2%E8%97%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/%E5%87%86%E6%8F%90%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8%E5%83%8F%E8%BD%B4.%E6%98%8E%E4%BB%A3.%E7%BA%B8%E6%9C%AC%E8%AE%BE%E8%89%B2%E6%8F%8F%E9%87%91.%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%85%E5%AE%AB%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%99%A2%E8%97%8F.jpg/480px-%E5%87%86%E6%8F%90%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8%E5%83%8F%E8%BD%B4.%E6%98%8E%E4%BB%A3.%E7%BA%B8%E6%9C%AC%E8%AE%BE%E8%89%B2%E6%8F%8F%E9%87%91.%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%85%E5%AE%AB%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%99%A2%E8%97%8F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7900" data-file-height="11700" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Hanging scroll depicting the eighteen-armed form of Chundi, China, <a href="/wiki/Ming_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Dynasty">Ming Dynasty</a> (1368-1644)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">IAST</a>: Cundī<br />Cuṇḍī<br />Cundā<br />Cundavajrī<br />Saptakoṭibuddhamatṛ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">準提菩薩 <small>(<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional</a>)</small><br />准提菩萨 <small>(<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified</a>)</small><br />(<a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>: <i>Zhǔntí Púsà</i>)<br />準提佛母 (<i>Zhǔntí Fómǔ</i>)<br />七俱胝佛母 (<i>Qījùzhī Fómǔ</i>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">准胝観音<br />準胝観音<br />準提観音<br />(<i>Jundei</i> / <i>Juntei Kannon</i>)<br />准胝仏母 (<i>Juntei</i> / <i>Jundei Butsumo</i>)<br />七倶胝仏母 (<i>Shichikutei Butsumo</i>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></th><td class="infobox-data">준제보살<br />(<a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">RR</a>: <i>Junje Bosal</i>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Kundi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a></th><td class="infobox-data">พระจุนฑีโพธิสัตว์</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Tibetan" title="Classical Tibetan">Tibetan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">སྐུལ་བྱེད་མ<br />Wylie: skul byed ma</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Chuẩn Đề Bồ tát<br />Phật Mẫu Chuẩn Đề</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FFD068">Information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a><br /> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/K%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Davy%C5%ABhas%C5%ABtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kāraṇḍavyūhasūtra">Kāraṇḍavyūhasūtra</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Cund%C4%AB_Dh%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cundī Dhāraṇī">Cundī Dhāraṇī Sūtra</a>)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background-color: #EBEBEB"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="sa-Latn">Cundī</span></span></b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sa-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sanskrit" title="Help:IPA/Sanskrit">[t͜ɕʊndiː]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">準提</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i>Zhǔntí</i>; Japanese: <i>Juntei</i>; <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1106655535">.mw-parser-output .uchen{font-family:"Jomolhari","Uchen","Noto Serif Tibetan Medium","Noto Serif Tibetan","BabelStone Tibetan Slim","Yagpo Tibetan Uni","Noto Sans Tibetan","Microsoft Himalaya","Kailash","DDC Uchen","TCRC Youtso Unicode","Tibetan Machine Uni","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchen","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchung","Qomolangma-Uchen Suring","Qomolangma-Uchen Sutung","Qomolangma-Title","Qomolangma-Subtitle","DDC Rinzin","Qomolangma-Woodblock","Qomolangma-Dunhuang"}.mw-parser-output .ume{font-family:"Qomolangma-Betsu","Qomolangma-Chuyig","Qomolangma-Drutsa","Qomolangma-Edict","Qomolangma-Tsumachu","Qomolangma-Tsuring","Qomolangma-Tsutong","TibetanSambhotaYigchung","TibetanTsugRing","TibetanYigchung"}</style><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ལྷ་མོ་སྐུལ་བྱེད་མ།</span>, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>lha mo skul byed ma</i>, <a href="/wiki/THL_Simplified_Phonetic_Transcription" title="THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription">THL</a>: <i>lha-mo kül-jé-ma</i>) or <b><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="sa-Latn">Cundā</span></span></b> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sa-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sanskrit" title="Help:IPA/Sanskrit">[t͜ɕʊndaː]</a></span>; <small>Ch: 羅馬化</small>) is a female Indian <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_deities" title="Buddhist deities">Buddhist deity</a> who remains popular in <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Buddhism" title="East Asian Buddhism">East Asian Buddhism</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a>, she is associated with the practice of the well known <i>Cundī <a href="/wiki/Dharani" title="Dharani">dharani</a></i>, which is performed along with a specific <a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">mudra</a> (hand gesture), as well as the use of a circular mirror.<sup id="cite_ref-PDB_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is considered to be able to purify negative karma, provide protection, support spiritual practice which allows one to quickly attain Buddhahood.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This deity is also called by various other names and epithets, including Cundavajrī, Saptakoṭi Buddha-<a href="/wiki/Bhagavati" title="Bhagavati">bhagavatī</a> ("The Blessed Buddha of the Seventy Million", 七俱胝佛母), "Zhunti Buddha Mother" (準提佛母<i>, Zhǔntí Fómǔ</i>) in Chinese and Saptakoṭibuddhamatṛ ("Mother of Seventy Million Buddhas", though this Sanskrit reconstruction of 佛母 is speculative).<sup id="cite_ref-PDB_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some depictions of Cundī share many iconographic and symbolic elements with another female Buddhist deity, <a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81p%C4%81ramit%C4%81_Devi" class="mw-redirect" title="Prajñāpāramitā Devi">Prajñāpāramitā Devi</a>. As such, some images of these goddesses are difficult to identify.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> she is known by the name Lhamo Cunda, Chunde or Cundi ('Lhamo' in Tibetan is '<a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a>' in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, a term of veneration meaning '<a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">goddess</a>').<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_India">In India</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cundi_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: In India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nationalmuseum_Neu-Delhi_2017-12-27ze.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Nationalmuseum_Neu-Delhi_2017-12-27ze.jpg/220px-Nationalmuseum_Neu-Delhi_2017-12-27ze.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Nationalmuseum_Neu-Delhi_2017-12-27ze.jpg/330px-Nationalmuseum_Neu-Delhi_2017-12-27ze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Nationalmuseum_Neu-Delhi_2017-12-27ze.jpg/440px-Nationalmuseum_Neu-Delhi_2017-12-27ze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3185" data-file-height="4671" /></a><figcaption>Stone statue of Chunda from <a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>), time of <a href="/wiki/Gahadavala_dynasty" title="Gahadavala dynasty">Gahadavala dynasty</a>, 11th century CE, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_India" title="National Museum of India">National Museum, New Delhi</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Name">Name</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cundi_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name Cundī (along with other variations like Cundā, Cundrā, Candrā, Caṇḍā, and Cuṇḍrā) refers to an Indian Mahayana <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_deities" title="Buddhist deities">Buddhist deity</a> found in numerous Indian sources such as the <i>Śikṣāsamuccaya</i>, <i>Cundādhāriṇī Sūtra</i>, <i>Sādhanamālā,</i> <i>Niṣpannayogāvalī</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%B1ju%C5%9Br%C4%AB-m%C5%ABla-kalpa" title="Mañjuśrī-mūla-kalpa">Mañjuśrīmūlakalpa</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Guhyasam%C4%81ja_Tantra" title="Guhyasamāja Tantra">Guhyasamāja</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Conze" title="Edward Conze">Conze</a> notes that the Tibetan terms for the goddess goes back to the Sanskrit: Cundī, Caṇḍī (a name for hindu goddess <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a>), Cunda, Chundi, or Cuṇṭi.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benoytosh Bhattacharyya argues the correct Sanskrit name should be Cundā.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The deity's mantra, "oṃ cale cule cunde svāhā," seems to indicate the original name being Cundā. Peter Alan Roberts comments, in a note to a translation of the Tibetan version of the <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Davy%C5%ABhas%C5%ABtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kāraṇḍavyūhasūtra">Kāraṇḍavyūhasūtra</a></i></span></i>: "Cale cule cunde are the <a href="/wiki/Vocative_case" title="Vocative case">vocative</a> forms of Calā, Culā, and Cundā, three variations of her name. Cundi is the vocative for Cundī."<sup id="cite_ref-:6_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The meaning of these names is not always clear. The name Cundī connotes a low caste woman, prostitute or other low class female position (such as a madam/<a href="/wiki/Procuring_(prostitution)" title="Procuring (prostitution)">procuress</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:7_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PDB_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert Gimello and the <i>Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism</i> claim that the deity may have emerged as a local <a href="/wiki/Yakshini" title="Yakshini">yakshini</a> that became important in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">Indian Buddhism</a> in around the 8th century.<sup id="cite_ref-PDB_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <i>The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary,</i> the word Cuṇḍā in Sanskrit can also mean a small well or reservoir.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regarding Candrā, the name means moon in Sanskrit and the goddess is often described as being the color of the moon.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japanese Buddhism</a>, there is no agreed upon etymology. Proposals include Śundhi (purity), Sunda (bright and beautiful), Cuṇṭi (<a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">well</a>), or Cuṇḍī (to become smaller).<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oda Tokunō (織田得能) interpreted the name as "purity, in praise of the purity of mind and nature" which refers to the <a href="/wiki/Dharmak%C4%81ya" title="Dharmakāya">Dharmakāya</a> (in <i>Bukkyo daijiten</i> [Buddhist Dictionary], rev. ed. Tokyo 1954, p. 993b, s.v. "Juntei 準提").<sup id="cite_ref-:8_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to C. N. Tay, "the <i><a href="/wiki/Fo_Guang_Shan" title="Fo Guang Shan">Fo Guang</a> Buddhist Dictionary</i>, ed. Ding Fubao (丁福保) follows this interpretation."<sup id="cite_ref-:8_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Indian_Buddhist_sources">In Indian Buddhist sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cundi_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In Indian Buddhist sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An 11th century manuscript of the <i><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADas%C4%81hasrik%C4%81_Praj%C3%B1%C4%81p%C4%81ramit%C4%81_S%C5%ABtra" title="Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra">Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra</a></i> (at the Cambridge University Library) contains a miniature illustration of "Cundā of the Cundā temple of Paṭṭikerā" (in the Tippera, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <i>Sādhanamālā,</i> Cundā is considered to be affiliated with <a href="/wiki/Vairocana" title="Vairocana">Vairocana</a> Buddha and the <i>Niṣpannayogāvalī</i> states that she is the embodiment of the <i>Cundādhāriṇī,</i> a <a href="/wiki/Dharani" title="Dharani">dharani</a> also mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Shantideva" title="Shantideva">Shantideva</a> in his <i>Śikṣāsamuccaya</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i><a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%B1ju%C5%9Br%C4%AB-m%C5%ABla-kalpa" title="Mañjuśrī-mūla-kalpa">Mañjuśrīmūlakalpa</a>,</i> she appears under the name Candrā (which generally means moon in Sanskrit).<sup id="cite_ref-:4_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Images of the deity also appear in illustrated <a href="/wiki/Prajnaparamita" title="Prajnaparamita">Prajñāpāramitā</a> sutra manuscripts.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cundī and the <i>Cundī Dhāraṇī</i> are also featured in the <i>Cundī Dhāraṇī Sūtra</i>, which was translated three times from Sanskrit into <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> in the late 7th century and early 8th century by the Indian esoteric masters Divākara (685 CE), <a href="/wiki/Vajrabodhi" title="Vajrabodhi">Vajrabodhi</a> (723 CE), and <a href="/wiki/Amoghavajra" title="Amoghavajra">Amoghavajra</a> (8th century).<sup id="cite_ref-Studholme,_Alexander_2002_p._175_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Studholme,_Alexander_2002_p._175-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The worship of this deity became popular in north India during the <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a>, where she was taken as a patron deity of the Pāla dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-PDB_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Tibetan historian <a href="/wiki/Taranatha" title="Taranatha">Taranatha</a>, the founder of the dynasty, <a href="/wiki/Gopala_I" title="Gopala I">Gopala I</a>, was a devotee of Cundā.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deity spread throughout the Buddhist world to the rest of India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia and the Himalayan regions, also becoming popular in East Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-PDB_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 8th century, various texts related to the deity were translated into Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-PDB_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another important Buddhist textual source of Cundī and the <i><a href="/wiki/Cund%C4%AB_Dh%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cundī Dhāraṇī">Cundī Dhāraṇī</a></i> is the <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Davy%C5%ABhas%C5%ABtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kāraṇḍavyūhasūtra">Kāraṇḍavyūhasūtra</a></i></span></i>, a sūtra centered around the bodhisattva <a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> that introduced the popular mantra <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">oṃ maṇi padme hūṃ</a></i></span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Studholme,_Alexander_2002_p._175_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Studholme,_Alexander_2002_p._175-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This text is first dated to around the late 4th century CE to the early 5th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This text may be the reason the deity later came to be identified with <a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a>. In the <i>Kāraṇḍavyūha,</i> her mantra appears after <a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a> is pronounced. Seventy million Buddhas appear and recite <i>Cundī Dhāraṇī</i>. Gimello writes that the sutra "relates an occasion on which seventy-seven krore of tathagatas recited the <i>Cundī Dhāraṇī</i>, thereby causing a pore in Avalokitesvara's body to open and reveal in brilliant illumination a vast multitude of world systems (T. 1050: 20.63a)".<sup id="cite_ref-:7_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iconography">Iconography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cundi_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Iconography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%AF%B6%E6%AE%BF_-_Lingyin_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/%E5%AF%B6%E6%AE%BF_-_Lingyin_2.jpg/220px-%E5%AF%B6%E6%AE%BF_-_Lingyin_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/%E5%AF%B6%E6%AE%BF_-_Lingyin_2.jpg/330px-%E5%AF%B6%E6%AE%BF_-_Lingyin_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/%E5%AF%B6%E6%AE%BF_-_Lingyin_2.jpg/440px-%E5%AF%B6%E6%AE%BF_-_Lingyin_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Shrine and statue of the eighteen-armed form of Cundi from the <a href="/wiki/Mahavira_Hall" title="Mahavira Hall">Mahavira Hall</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lingyin_Temple" title="Lingyin Temple">Lingyin Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cundī is usually depicted with multiple arms.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A common form of Cundī found in East Asia has eighteen arms, each wielding implements that symbolize <i><a href="/wiki/Upaya" title="Upaya">skillful means</a></i>. Her eighteen arms also represent the eighteen merits of attaining Buddhahood, as described in an appendix to the <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Cundī Dhāraṇī Sūtra</i></span></i>. There are forms of Cundī with four, six, sixteen or twenty-six arms.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The four arms of the four-armed form of Cundī symbolize the <a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">four immeasurables</a>: loving-kindness or benevolence (<i>maitrī</i>), compassion (<i>karuṇā</i>), empathetic joy (<i>muditā</i>), and equanimity (<i>upekṣā</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In the <i>Sādhanamālā,</i> she is described as follows:</p><blockquote><p>She is of the colour of the autumn moon, and is four-armed. She shows the <i>varada-mudrā</i> in the right hand and holds the book on a lotus in the left. The two other hands hold the bowl. She is decked in all ornaments.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote><p><a href="/wiki/Abhayakaragupta" title="Abhayakaragupta">Abhayakaragupta's</a> <i>Niṣpannayogāvalī</i> describes the deity in the <i>mañjuvajra-maṇḍala</i> as follows:</p><blockquote><p>Cundā is moon-white in colour. She has twenty-six arms. With the two principal hands she exhibits the chief <i>mudrā</i>. In the remaining right hands she shows the 1. <i>abhaya-mudrā</i>, 2. sword, 3. garland of jewels, 4. citron, 5. arrow, 6. axe, 7. club, 8. hammer, 9. goad, 10. thunderbolt, 11. <i>tripatākā</i> and 12. rosary. In the remaining left hands she shows the 1. flag marked with <i>cintāmaṇi</i> jewel, 2. lotus, 3. Kamaṇḍalu, 4. noose, 5. bow, 6. javelin, 7. discus, 8. sword, 9. <i>tarjaṇī</i> (raised index finger), 10. bowl, 11. <i>bhiṇḍipāla</i> and 12. the <i>prajñāpāramitā</i> Scripture.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote><p>A three-faced, twenty-six armed Cundā form exists in the Rinjung Gyatsa, a collection of deities from all four classes of tantra, compiled in the sixteenth century by the Tibetan master Lama Taranatha.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many images of Cundā, her arms hold numerous symbolic objects or make Buddhist hand gestures - <a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">mudras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Important mudras which are often depicted in images of Cundā include the dharmachakra mudra (which symbolizes turning the <a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">dharmawheel</a>), the varada mudra (symbolizes granting fulfillment) and the abhaya mudra (fearlessness).<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regarding the symbols that she holds, Puspa Niyogi writes:</p><blockquote><p>Among the objects held, the lotus is a symbol of purity; the book held by Cundā is <i>Cundādhāriṇī,</i> the rosary is for counting the number of repetitions of the mantra; the <a href="/wiki/Chakram" title="Chakram">cakra</a> is the symbol of absolute completeness; <a href="/wiki/Dhvaja" title="Dhvaja">dhvaja</a> is the banner of victory; the <a href="/wiki/Trishula" title="Trishula">trisula</a> is held to symbolize "the sun with a flame" but there is much diversity of opinion regarding it; the sword is the symbol of the emptiness which constitutes the core of the doctrine of perfect wisdom. The begging-bowl typifies renunciation of all possessions.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cundi_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindu</a> texts, a deity also called Cundā is considered a vindictive form of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durgā</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Pārvatī</a>, wife of the god <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Śiva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RoutledgeCurzon_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoutledgeCurzon-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as Gimello notes "the often repeated claim that she is the Buddhist form of the <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Saivite</a> deity Durgā invites suspicion, except insofar as both goddesses are examples of the general growth of devotion to female and maternal deities so rife throughout <a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">medieval India</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-:7_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_East_Asian_Buddhism">In East Asian Buddhism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cundi_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In East Asian Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%9F%BA%E9%9A%86%E4%BB%99%E6%B4%9E%E5%B7%96%E5%85%A7%E7%9F%B3%E9%9B%95%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E8%87%82%E8%A7%80%E9%9F%B3%E5%83%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%E5%9F%BA%E9%9A%86%E4%BB%99%E6%B4%9E%E5%B7%96%E5%85%A7%E7%9F%B3%E9%9B%95%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E8%87%82%E8%A7%80%E9%9F%B3%E5%83%8F.jpg/220px-%E5%9F%BA%E9%9A%86%E4%BB%99%E6%B4%9E%E5%B7%96%E5%85%A7%E7%9F%B3%E9%9B%95%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E8%87%82%E8%A7%80%E9%9F%B3%E5%83%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%E5%9F%BA%E9%9A%86%E4%BB%99%E6%B4%9E%E5%B7%96%E5%85%A7%E7%9F%B3%E9%9B%95%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E8%87%82%E8%A7%80%E9%9F%B3%E5%83%8F.jpg/330px-%E5%9F%BA%E9%9A%86%E4%BB%99%E6%B4%9E%E5%B7%96%E5%85%A7%E7%9F%B3%E9%9B%95%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E8%87%82%E8%A7%80%E9%9F%B3%E5%83%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%E5%9F%BA%E9%9A%86%E4%BB%99%E6%B4%9E%E5%B7%96%E5%85%A7%E7%9F%B3%E9%9B%95%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E8%87%82%E8%A7%80%E9%9F%B3%E5%83%8F.jpg/440px-%E5%9F%BA%E9%9A%86%E4%BB%99%E6%B4%9E%E5%B7%96%E5%85%A7%E7%9F%B3%E9%9B%95%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E8%87%82%E8%A7%80%E9%9F%B3%E5%83%8F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="795" /></a><figcaption>Cundī carving at <a href="/wiki/Xian_Dong_Yan" title="Xian Dong Yan">Xian Dong Yan</a> (仙洞巖), <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_history">Chinese history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cundi_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chinese history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Robert Gimello, Cundī "came to be a, if not <i>the,</i> central focus of esoteric Buddhist practice in late traditional Chinese Buddhism. She is still a significant presence in Chinese Buddhism today."<sup id="cite_ref-:7_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In China she became known as <i>Zhǔntí Fómǔ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">準提佛母</span>, "Buddha-Mother Zhunti").<sup id="cite_ref-:9_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is also called <i>Zhǔntí Púsà</i> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">準提菩薩</span>, "Cundi Bodhisattva"). </p><p>She was introduced into China in the 8th century when the <i>Cundīdevīdhāraṇīsūtra</i> was translated by Divakara (Dipoheluo, 613–88).<sup id="cite_ref-:7_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zanning (919-1001) mentions that <a href="/wiki/Vajrabodhi" title="Vajrabodhi">Vajrabodhi</a> (who also translated a version of the <i>Cundīdevīdhāraṇīsūtra</i>) conducted a Cundī ritual for the Tang emperor <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xuanzong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Xuanzong of Tang">Xuanzong</a> (r. 712–36) to help end a long drought, a rite which was deemed to be successful.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Amoghavajra" title="Amoghavajra">Amoghavajra</a> translated another version of the sutra, <i>Cundīdevīdhāraṇīsūtra</i> (<i>Qi Juzhi Fomu Suo Shuo Zhun Ti Tuoluoni Jing</i>) which is significantly larger.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various related ritual manuals (like the <i>Seven Koti Buddha Devi Cundi Heart Dharani Ritual</i> and the <i>Seven Koti Devi Ritual,</i> are attributed to <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aubhakarasi%E1%B9%83ha" title="Śubhakarasiṃha">Śubhakarasiṃha</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:7_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further sources were translated during the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> which augmented the Chinese cult of Cundī and her status as an esoteric deity including <i><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Davy%C5%ABha_S%C5%ABtra" title="Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra">Kāraṇḍavyūha sūtra</a></i>, the <i>Māyājāla tantra</i>, and the <i>Cundī (Cundā) tantra</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 11th century Buddhism of the <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a> (916–1125), Chinese Cundī practice developed into its most well known form (which remains influential today). This was led by the work of Daoshen who wrote the <i>Collection of Essentials for the Attainment of Buddhahood by Total [Inter-]Penetration of the Esoteric and the Exoteric,</i>. Daoshen's work linked <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a>, especially Cundī esotericism, with <a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a> philosophy. According to Gimello, Daoshen's work is the foundation of what is today known as Chinese "Cundī Esotericism".<sup id="cite_ref-:7_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cundī Esotericism continued to be practiced in China after the Liao. During the 17th century (in the late <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>), there was another period of growth of Cundī Esotericism, especially in southern China.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this era, at least six works on Cundī practice were composed. These six texts are today part of the addendum to the <i>Jiaxing Canon</i> as well as in the <i>Supplement to the [Kyoto] Buddhist Canon</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further sources from this period also contain many references to Cundī. There are aso many paintings and images of the goddess from this period. Many of the figures associated with the late Ming Buddhist revival, such as Yunqi Zhuhong (1532-1612), Hanshan Deqiing (1546-1623), and Ouyi Zhixu (1599-1655), were very engaged with Cundī practice.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:China_monumentis_1667_(3756994).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/China_monumentis_1667_%283756994%29.jpg/220px-China_monumentis_1667_%283756994%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/China_monumentis_1667_%283756994%29.jpg/330px-China_monumentis_1667_%283756994%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/China_monumentis_1667_%283756994%29.jpg/440px-China_monumentis_1667_%283756994%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4461" data-file-height="3601" /></a><figcaption>Reproduction of a Ming Zhunti image, <i><a href="/wiki/China_Illustrata" title="China Illustrata">China Illustrata</a></i> (1667).</figcaption></figure> <p>The slightly later figure Shoudeng (1607-1675) was also important in promoting Cundī Esotericism. He wrote the popular guide to practice titled <i>Method for the Practice of Zhunti Meditation</i> (<i>Zhunti sanmei xingfa</i> 准提三昧行法).<sup id="cite_ref-:10_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cundī Esotericism was also widely practiced by Chinese Buddhist laypersons during the Ming. In P'eng Chi-ch'ing's (1740-1796) biography of lay Buddhists, the most popular mantras among laypersons were the Cundī mantra and the <a href="/wiki/N%C4%ABlaka%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%ADha_Dh%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%AB" title="Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī">Great Compassion Mantra.</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is also prominent in the art of the late Ming, such as in the paintings of <a href="/wiki/Chen_Hongshou" title="Chen Hongshou">Chen Hongshou</a> (1598–1652).<sup id="cite_ref-:9_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The popularity of Cundī Esotericism among the laypeople in the late Ming is also attested by German <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuit</a> <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_Kircher" title="Athanasius Kircher">Athanasius Kircher</a> (1602-1680) who included an illustration of the deity in his famous <i><a href="/wiki/China_Illustrata" title="China Illustrata">China Illustrata</a></i> (1667).<sup id="cite_ref-:10_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_status">Current status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cundi_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Current status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juntei_Kannon_Butsuzo_Zui.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Juntei_Kannon_Butsuzo_Zui.jpg/220px-Juntei_Kannon_Butsuzo_Zui.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Juntei_Kannon_Butsuzo_Zui.jpg/330px-Juntei_Kannon_Butsuzo_Zui.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Juntei_Kannon_Butsuzo_Zui.jpg/440px-Juntei_Kannon_Butsuzo_Zui.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1076" /></a><figcaption>Japanese depiction of the deity</figcaption></figure> <p>Cundī is still widely revered in <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Buddhism" title="East Asian Buddhism">East Asian Buddhism</a>, especially in China where Cundī practices were promoted by some modern Chinese Buddhist figures, like <a href="/wiki/Nan_Huai-Chin" title="Nan Huai-Chin">Nan Huai-Chin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her mantra is also used by contemporary Chinese healers.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She is also sometimes considered a manifestation of <a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a> and in this form she is called <i>Zhǔntí Guānyīn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 準提觀音, "Cundi Avalokiteśvara"). She is known as <i>Junje Gwan-eum Bosal</i> (준제관음보살, <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>: 准提觀音菩薩, "Cundi Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva") in Korean, while in Japan she is known as <i>Jundei Kannon</i> (准胝観音, "Cundi Avalokiteśvara") and in Vietnam she is known as <i>Chuẩn Đề Quan Âm</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">Chữ Hán</a>: 準提觀音, "Cundi Avalokiteśvara"). </p><p>In modern <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a>, she is also sometimes identified with <a href="/wiki/Marici_(Buddhism)" title="Marici (Buddhism)">Marīci</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Doumu" title="Doumu">Queen of Heaven</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RoutledgeCurzon_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoutledgeCurzon-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Chinese Buddhist temples in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, statues of Cundī are traditionally enshrined in vegetarian halls (齋堂; <i>zhaitang</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cundī_Dhāraṇī"><span id="Cund.C4.AB_Dh.C4.81ra.E1.B9.87.C4.AB"></span>Cundī Dhāraṇī</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cundi_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cundī Dhāraṇī"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Cundī Dhāraṇī Sūtra</i></span></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Dh%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhāraṇī">dhāraṇī</a> (incantation, spell) associated with Cundī is the following (in Sanskrit, English, Chinese):<sup id="cite_ref-The_Cundī_Dhāraṇī_Sūtra_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Cundī_Dhāraṇī_Sūtra-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Namaḥ saptānāṃ samyaksaṃbuddha koṭīnāṃ tadyathā Oṁ cale cule cunde svāhā</i></span></i> <sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The homage by seven times ten million samyaksaṃbuddhas is like this: Oṁ cale cule cunde svāhā</li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">南無颯哆喃三藐三菩陀俱胝喃怛姪他唵折隸主隸准提娑婆訶</span></span></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Nan_Huaijin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nan Huaijin">Nan Huaijin</a>'s version adds <i>Om Bhrūm</i> (<i>Ong Bu Lin</i>) to the end of the dhāraṇī.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> According to Gimello, "in some later texts, the longer version is routinely framed by certain preliminary and concluding dharani uttered for purificatory and protective purposes."<sup id="cite_ref-:7_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One example is:<sup id="cite_ref-:7_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><blockquote><p>Om raṃ om jrīṃ <a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">oṃ maṇī padme huṃ</a> </p><p>Namaḥ saptānāṃ samyaksaṃbuddha koṭīnāṃ tadyathā: </p><p>Oṁ cale cule cunde svāhā </p><p> vrāṃ</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Practice">Practice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cundi_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_Cundi-Avalokitesvara_mirror.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Bronze_Cundi-Avalokitesvara_mirror.jpg/220px-Bronze_Cundi-Avalokitesvara_mirror.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Bronze_Cundi-Avalokitesvara_mirror.jpg/330px-Bronze_Cundi-Avalokitesvara_mirror.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Bronze_Cundi-Avalokitesvara_mirror.jpg/440px-Bronze_Cundi-Avalokitesvara_mirror.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3985" data-file-height="1945" /></a><figcaption> The backs of a pair of bronze mirrors showing Cundi, one with a Sanskrit inscription in <a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a> script, and one with a Sanskrit inscription in Chinese script. <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> (1271–1368). Held at the <a href="/wiki/Capital_Museum" title="Capital Museum">Capital Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%BA%9C%E7%B4%B0%E4%BA%9C%E5%A4%A7%E8%A6%B3_12_114_%22%E9%95%B7%E5%BA%97%E5%A0%A1%E6%BA%96%E6%8F%90%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/%E4%BA%9C%E7%B4%B0%E4%BA%9C%E5%A4%A7%E8%A6%B3_12_114_%22%E9%95%B7%E5%BA%97%E5%A0%A1%E6%BA%96%E6%8F%90%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%22.jpg/220px-%E4%BA%9C%E7%B4%B0%E4%BA%9C%E5%A4%A7%E8%A6%B3_12_114_%22%E9%95%B7%E5%BA%97%E5%A0%A1%E6%BA%96%E6%8F%90%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/%E4%BA%9C%E7%B4%B0%E4%BA%9C%E5%A4%A7%E8%A6%B3_12_114_%22%E9%95%B7%E5%BA%97%E5%A0%A1%E6%BA%96%E6%8F%90%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%22.jpg/330px-%E4%BA%9C%E7%B4%B0%E4%BA%9C%E5%A4%A7%E8%A6%B3_12_114_%22%E9%95%B7%E5%BA%97%E5%A0%A1%E6%BA%96%E6%8F%90%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/%E4%BA%9C%E7%B4%B0%E4%BA%9C%E5%A4%A7%E8%A6%B3_12_114_%22%E9%95%B7%E5%BA%97%E5%A0%A1%E6%BA%96%E6%8F%90%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%22.jpg/440px-%E4%BA%9C%E7%B4%B0%E4%BA%9C%E5%A4%A7%E8%A6%B3_12_114_%22%E9%95%B7%E5%BA%97%E5%A0%A1%E6%BA%96%E6%8F%90%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1597" data-file-height="2218" /></a><figcaption>Chinese Zhunti statue shown making the Zhunti esoteric mudra</figcaption></figure><p> Robert Gimello describes an element of the practice of the <i>Cundī Dhāraṇī</i> as follows:</p><blockquote><p>It is a defining feature of Zhunti practice, beginning with the Tang translation of the <i>Cundī Dhāraṇī</i> scriptures, that devotees are encouraged to use a mirror – "as an altar" (wei tan), some of the texts say – to facilitate visualization. Gazing into a mirror while reciting the <i>dhāraṇī</i>, one is to visualize both the image of the deity and the mystic letters that embody her. In time, the small disc-shaped bronze mirrors used for this purpose came to be commonly imprinted, on the back, with the deity's iconic form, according to the canonical description, and, on the front and/or the back, with the inscribed <i>dhāraṇī</i>. It was not unusual to have the Sanskrit version of the spell embossed on the outer edge of the front or reflecting side of the disc, and to have the transliterated Chinese version embossed on the circumference of the back. The effect is of an image of the goddess encircled by "garlands" of sacred syllables, as though to reinforce the claim that the goddess and the incantation were inseparable, perhaps even mutually constitutive. And, of course, as the instrument in question is a mirror, the fusion of goddess and spell is further fused with the practitioner's own reflection. Sometimes, to emphasize the theme of communion between devotee and deity, the goddess's image is imprinted on the back of the mirror, facing backwards, so that someone viewing the rear of the mirror would see the back of the goddess and could therefore easily imagine, when gazing at his or her own image in the front of the mirror, that it was the goddess herself, in the guise of one's own visage, who is gazing back.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote><p>The visualization of the icon and the recitation of the mantra are also coupled with the formation of a specific <i>Cundī</i> mudra. These three elements (mirror mandala, dharani and mudra) make up the practice of the "three mysteries" (sanmi), a key element of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Gimello, the Chinese Cundi practitioner Daoshen held that by invoking the deity Cundi through esoteric ritual and reciting the mantra one could also attain the truth of the <a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a> teaching.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gimello writes that Daoshen held that "the "body" of Huayan doctrine and the envisaged image of Cundi are somehow co-inherent, and that by invoking the presence of the goddess we somehow confirm the truth of the doctrines and render them practically efficacious". As such he "urges upon his readers a kind of religious <a href="/wiki/Synesthesia" title="Synesthesia">synesthesia</a> in which hearing or reading doctrine, as distilled in dharani, and seeing a deity – the apprehension of the word and the apprehension of the image – entail and merge with each other."<sup id="cite_ref-:7_2-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benefits">Benefits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cundi_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the sūtra, the Buddha speaks extensively about the various effects and benefits of reciting the Cundī dhāraṇī. Many of the effects are purifying and uplifting in nature. For example, after pronouncing the dhāraṇī, the Buddha then says:<sup id="cite_ref-The_Cundī_Dhāraṇī_Sūtra_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Cundī_Dhāraṇī_Sūtra-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If there are <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">bhikṣus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhikkhuni">bhikṣuṇīs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">upāsakas, or upāsikās</a> who memorize and recite this dhāraṇī 800,000 times, their deadly <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a> in every place, created over innumerable eons, will be completely annihilated. In every place where they are born or reside, they will always meet Buddhas and bodhisattvas. They will always have adequate resources and abilities to do as they wish. In any birth, they will always be able to leave the home life, and will have the ability to maintain the pure precepts of a bodhisattva. They will be born in human or heavenly realms, they will not fall into evil destinies, and they will always be protected by all the heavenly guardians.</p></blockquote> <p>The dhāraṇī is also closely associated with <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">buddhahood</a> and complete <a href="/wiki/Bodhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhi">enlightenment</a> (Skt. <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Anuttarā Samyaksaṃbodhi</i></span></i>). At the end of the sūtra, the Buddha closes the teaching by saying:<sup id="cite_ref-The_Cundī_Dhāraṇī_Sūtra_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Cundī_Dhāraṇī_Sūtra-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>This great dhāraṇī of Cundī is a great brilliant mantra teaching that is spoken by all Buddhas of the past, all Buddhas of the future, and all Buddhas of the present time. I also now speak it thusly to benefit all sentient beings, causing them to attain Anuttarā Samyaksaṃbodhi. If there are sentient beings with little merit, who lack the roots of goodness, natural ability, and the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Enlightenment" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Factors of Enlightenment">Factors of Bodhi</a>, if they obtain hearing of this dhāraṇī method, they will quickly realize the attainment of Anuttarā Samyaksaṃbodhi. If there are people who are always able to remember, recite, and maintain this dhāraṇī, they will all obtain immeasurable roots of goodness.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cundi_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandi" title="Chandi">Chandi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cundi_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PDB-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PDB_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PDB_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PDB_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PDB_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PDB_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PDB_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PDB_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBuswellLopez2013" class="citation book cs1">Buswell, Robert E.; Lopez, Donald S., eds. (24 November 2013). <i>The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+and+West&rft.atitle=Cund%C4%81+-+a+Popular+Buddhist+Goddess&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1%2F4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E299-%3C%2Fspan%3E308&rft.date=1977-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29756386%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Niyogi&rft.aufirst=Puspa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29756386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACundi+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShinoharaGranoff2004" class="citation book cs1">Shinohara, Koichi; <a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Granoff" title="Phyllis Granoff">Granoff, Phyllis</a> (2004). <i>Images in Asian Religions: Texts and Contexts</i>. UBC Press. p. 247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780774809481" title="Special:BookSources/9780774809481"><bdi>9780774809481</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Images+in+Asian+Religions%3A+Texts+and+Contexts&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780774809481&rft.aulast=Shinohara&rft.aufirst=Koichi&rft.au=Granoff%2C+Phyllis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACundi+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZopa2017" class="citation web cs1">Zopa, Thubten (7 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lamayeshe.com/article/rinjung-gyatsa">"Rinjung Gyatsa"</a>. <i>Lama Yeshe Wisdom Archive</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230715152622/https://www.lamayeshe.com/article/rinjung-gyatsa">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lama+Yeshe+Wisdom+Archive&rft.atitle=Rinjung+Gyatsa&rft.date=2017-07-07&rft.aulast=Zopa&rft.aufirst=Thubten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lamayeshe.com%2Farticle%2Frinjung-gyatsa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACundi+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RoutledgeCurzon-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RoutledgeCurzon_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RoutledgeCurzon_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/275253538"><i>A dictionary of Chinese Buddhist terms : with Sanskrit and English equivalents and a Sanskrit-Pali index</i></a>. Lewis Hodous, William Edward Soothill. London: RoutledgeCurzon. 2004. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-64186-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-64186-8"><bdi>0-203-64186-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/275253538">275253538</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+of+Chinese+Buddhist+terms+%3A+with+Sanskrit+and+English+equivalents+and+a+Sanskrit-Pali+index&rft.place=London&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F275253538&rft.isbn=0-203-64186-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F275253538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACundi+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bentley, Tamara Heimarck (2017). <i>Repentant Monk: Illusion and Disillusion in the Art of Chen Hongshou,</i> p. 47. Univ of California Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://china.usc.edu/calendar/esotericism-late-ming-%E2%80%94-early-qing-buddhist-revival">"Esotericism in the Late Ming — Early Qing Buddhist Revival | US-China Institute"</a>. <i>china.usc.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114160844/https://china.usc.edu/calendar/esotericism-late-ming-%E2%80%94-early-qing-buddhist-revival">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-11-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=china.usc.edu&rft.atitle=Esotericism+in+the+Late+Ming+%E2%80%94+Early+Qing+Buddhist+Revival+%7C+US-China+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchina.usc.edu%2Fcalendar%2Fesotericism-late-ming-%25E2%2580%2594-early-qing-buddhist-revival&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACundi+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bentley, Tamara Heimarck (2017). <i>Repentant Monk: Illusion and Disillusion in the Art of Chen Hongshou,</i> p. 48. Univ of California Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Twitchett, Denis Crispin; Fairbank, John King (1978). <i>The Cambridge History of China, Volume 8, Part 2, The Ming Dynasty 1368-1644,</i> p. 949. Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ownby, David (2017). <i>Making Saints in Modern China.</i> p. 376. Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zwier, Karen R. et al (2022). <i>Miracles: An Exercise in Comparative Philosophy of Religion,</i> p. 144. Springer Nature.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYing" class="citation book cs1">Ying, Ruo Show. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1086162650"><i>Chinese Buddhist vegetarian halls (zhaitang) in Southeast Asia : their origins and historical implications</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1086162650">1086162650</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Buddhist+vegetarian+halls+%28zhaitang%29+in+Southeast+Asia+%3A+their+origins+and+historical+implications&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1086162650&rft.aulast=Ying&rft.aufirst=Ruo+Show&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1086162650&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACundi+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Cundī_Dhāraṇī_Sūtra-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Cundī_Dhāraṇī_Sūtra_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Cundī_Dhāraṇī_Sūtra_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Cundī_Dhāraṇī_Sūtra_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lapislazulitexts.com/cundi_dharani_sutra.html">"<i>The Cundī Dhāraṇī Sūtra</i>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100613102638/http://www.lapislazulitexts.com/cundi_dharani_sutra.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-06-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cund%C4%AB+Dh%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%AB+S%C5%ABtra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flapislazulitexts.com%2Fcundi_dharani_sutra.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACundi+%28Buddhism%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberts notes that this is the Sanskrit reading found in the Tibetan edition and in the Cambridge manuscript. However, the Vaidya and Sāmaśrami editions instead have <i>cunye.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fjdh.cn/wumin/2010/05/171913110718.html">南怀瑾大师1985年准提菩萨圣诞准提法开示-佛教导航</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140223041657/http://www.fjdh.cn/wumin/2010/05/171913110718.html">Archived</a> 2014-02-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cundi_(Buddhism)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism_topics" title="Template talk:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag1225" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/25px-Buddhism_Symbol.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/38px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/50px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="278" /></a></span>   Topics in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>   <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/25px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/38px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/50px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna <small>(father)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā <small>(mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī<small> (aunt, adoptive mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā <small>(wife)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula <small>(son)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda <small>(cousin)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta <small>(cousin)</small></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern,_Eastern_and_Northern_Buddhism" title="Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism">Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" class="mw-redirect" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandharan_Buddhism" title="Gandharan Buddhism">Gandharan Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ran_Buddhist_texts" title="Gandhāran Buddhist texts">Texts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">In Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">In Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_Buddhist_movement" title="Dalit Buddhist movement">Dalit Buddhist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">Chinese invasion of Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions" title="Buddhism and Eastern religions">East Asian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" title="Buddhism and Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism-related_lists" title="Category:Buddhism-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bodhisattvas" title="List of bodhisattvas">Bodhisattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhas">Buddhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suttas" title="List of suttas">Suttas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_temples" title="List of Buddhist temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhist festivals">Festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism" title="Category:Buddhism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/16px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/24px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/32px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Buddhism" title="Portal:Buddhism">Buddhism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bodhisattvas92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffd068;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bodhisattvas" title="Template:Bodhisattvas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bodhisattvas" title="Template talk:Bodhisattvas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bodhisattvas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bodhisattvas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bodhisattvas92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_bodhisattvas" title="List of bodhisattvas">Major</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai%E1%B9%A3ajyar%C4%81ja" title="Bhaiṣajyarāja">Bhaiṣajyarāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candraprabha" title="Candraprabha">Candraprabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nio_(Buddhism)" title="Nio (Buddhism)">Niō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supratisthitacaritra" title="Supratisthitacaritra">Supratiṣṭhitacāritra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supushpachandra" title="Supushpachandra">Supuṣpacandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%ABryaprabha" title="Sūryaprabha">Sūryaprabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasudhara" title="Vasudhara">Vasudhārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi%C5%9Bi%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADac%C4%81ritra" title="Viśiṣṭacāritra">Viśiṣṭacāritra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi%C5%9Buddhac%C4%81ritra" title="Viśuddhacāritra">Viśuddhacāritra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimalakirti" title="Vimalakirti">Vimalakirti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chinese_Buddhist_pantheon508" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_Buddhist_Pantheon" title="Template:Chinese Buddhist Pantheon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_Buddhist_Pantheon" title="Template talk:Chinese Buddhist Pantheon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_Buddhist_Pantheon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese Buddhist Pantheon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chinese_Buddhist_pantheon508" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chinese Buddhist pantheon</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhas</a><br />佛 (Fó)/如來 (Rúlái)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Tath%C4%81gatas" title="Five Tathāgatas">Five Wisdom Tathāgatas (Wǔfāng Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood#The_Seven_Buddhas_of_Antiquity" title="Buddhahood">Seven Buddhas of Antiquity (Guòqù Qīfó)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhas_of_the_Ten_Directions_(Sh%C3%ADf%C4%81ng_F%C3%B3)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhas of the Ten Directions (Shífāng Fó) (page does not exist)">Buddhas of the Ten Directions (Shífāng Fó)</a><sup><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E6%96%B9%E4%BD%9B" class="extiw" title="zh:十方佛">[zh]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty-eight_Buddhas_Great_Repentance_Text" title="Eighty-eight Buddhas Great Repentance Text">Eighty-eight Buddhas (Bāshíbā Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Śākyamuni (Shìjiāmóuní Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairocana" title="Vairocana">Vairocana (Pílúzhēnǎ Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha (Āmítuó Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaisajyaguru" title="Bhaisajyaguru">Bhaisajyaguru (Yàoshī Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoghasiddhi" title="Amoghasiddhi">Amoghasiddhi (Bùkōngchéngjiù Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshobhya" title="Akshobhya">Akshobhya (Āchù Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratnasambhava" title="Ratnasambhava">Ratnasambhava (Bǎoshēng Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipankara" title="Dipankara">Dīpankara (Rándēng Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipass%C4%AB" title="Vipassī">Vipassī (Pípóshī Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vessabh%C5%AB" title="Vessabhū">Vessabhū (Píshèpó Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakusandha" title="Kakusandha">Kakusandha (Jūliúsūn Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%E1%B9%87%C4%81gamana" title="Koṇāgamana">Koṇāgamana (Jūnàhán Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassapa_Buddha" title="Kassapa Buddha">Kassapa (Jiāshè Fó)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guanyin_00.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Guanyin_00.jpg/200px-Guanyin_00.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Guanyin_00.jpg/300px-Guanyin_00.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Guanyin_00.jpg/400px-Guanyin_00.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a><br />菩薩 (Púsà)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Four_Great_Bodhisattvas_(S%C3%ACd%C3%A0_P%C3%BAs%C3%A0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Four Great Bodhisattvas (Sìdà Púsà) (page does not exist)">Four Great Bodhisattvas (Sìdà Púsà)</a><sup><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8)" class="extiw" title="zh:四大菩萨)">[zh]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eight_Great_Bodhisattvas_(B%C4%81d%C3%A0_P%C3%BAs%C3%A0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eight Great Bodhisattvas (Bādà Púsà) (page does not exist)">Eight Great Bodhisattvas (Bādà Púsà)</a><sup><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%A4%A7%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8)" class="extiw" title="zh:八大菩萨)">[zh]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra_of_Perfect_Enlightenment" title="Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment">Twelve Bodhisattvas of Perfect Enlightenment (Shí'èr Yuánjué Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Avalokiteśvara (Guānyīn Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Manjushri (Wénshū Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra (Pǔxián Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha (Dìzàng Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta (Dàshìzhì Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi (Jīngāngshǒu Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya (Mílè Púsa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha (Xūkōngzàng Púsà)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cundī (Zhǔntí Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tara (Duōluó Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%ABryaprabha" title="Sūryaprabha">Sūryaprabha (Rìguāng Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candraprabha" title="Candraprabha">Candraprabha (Yuèguāng Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai%E1%B9%A3ajyar%C4%81ja" title="Bhaiṣajyarāja">Bhaiṣajyarāja (Yàowáng Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai%E1%B9%A3ajyasamudgata" title="Bhaiṣajyasamudgata">Bhaiṣajyasamudgata (Yàoshàng Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cint%C4%81ma%E1%B9%87icakra" title="Cintāmaṇicakra">Cintāmaṇicakra (Rúyìlún Guānyīn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrasattva" title="Vajrasattva">Vajrasattva (Jīngāng Sàduǒ Púsà)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_King" title="Wisdom King">Wisdom Kings</a><br />明王 (Míngwáng)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_King#The_Eight_Wisdom_Kings" title="Wisdom King">Eight Wisdom Kings (Bādà Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_King#The_Ten_Wisdom_Kings" title="Wisdom King">Ten Wisdom Kings (Shídà Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamayuri" title="Mahamayuri">Mahamayuri (Kǒngquè Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ucchusma" title="Ucchusma">Ucchuṣma (Huìjì Jīngāng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dali" title="Kuṇḍali">Kuṇḍali (Jūntúlì Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayagriva_(Buddhism)" title="Hayagriva (Buddhism)">Hayagriva (Mǎtóu Guānyīn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acala" title="Acala">Acala (Bùdòng Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokyavijaya" title="Trailokyavijaya">Trailokyavijaya (Xiángsānshì Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamantaka" title="Yamantaka">Yamāntaka (Dàwēidé Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahacakra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahacakra (page does not exist)">Mahacakra (Dàlún Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Padanaksipa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Padanaksipa (page does not exist)">Padanaksipa (Bùzhì Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahabala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahabala (page does not exist)">Mahabala (Dàlì Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aparajita_(Wisdom_King)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aparajita (Wisdom King) (page does not exist)">Aparajita (Wúnéngshēng Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vajrah%C4%81sa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vajrahāsa (page does not exist)">Vajrahāsa (Dàxiào Míngwáng)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deities and Demons</a><br />諸天鬼神 (Zhūtiān Guǐshén)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-Four_Protective_Deities" title="Twenty-Four Protective Deities">Twenty-Four Protective Deities (Èrshísì Zhūtiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Heavenly_Generals" title="Twelve Heavenly Generals">Twelve Heavenly Generals (Shí'èr Shénjiāng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Great_Yak%E1%B9%A3a_Generals" title="Eight Great Yakṣa Generals">Eight Great Yakṣa Generals (Bādà Yèchā Dàjiàng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Legions" title="Eight Legions">Eight Legions of Devas and Nāgas (Tiānlóng bābù)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Heavenly_Kings" title="Four Heavenly Kings">Four Heavenly Kings (Sì Tiānwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahma (Fàntiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aakra_(Buddhism)" title="Śakra (Buddhism)">Indra (Dìshìtiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_in_Buddhism" title="Shiva in Buddhism">Shiva (Dàzìzàitiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissh%C5%8Dten" title="Kisshōten">Lakshmi (Gōngdétiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzaiten" title="Benzaiten">Saraswati (Biàncáitiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%ABryaprabha" title="Sūryaprabha">Surya (Rìtiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candraprabha" title="Candraprabha">Chandra (Yuètiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%B1cika" title="Pañcika">Pañcika (Sànzhī Dàjiàng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hariti" title="Hariti">Hārītī (Guǐzǐmǔ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yama_(Buddhism)" title="Yama (Buddhism)">Yama (Yán Wáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marici_(Buddhism)" title="Marici (Buddhism)">Marici (Mólìzhītiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasudhara" title="Vasudhara">Prithvi (Jiānláo Dishén)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81gara_(Dragon_King)" title="Sāgara (Dragon King)">Sāgara (Suōjiéluó Lóngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nio_(Buddhism)" title="Nio (Buddhism)">Vajra-Weilding God (Zhíjīngāng shén)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nio_(Buddhism)" title="Nio (Buddhism)">Gunyapati (Mìjī Jīngāng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nio_(Buddhism)" title="Nio (Buddhism)">Narayana (Nàluóyántiān)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitatapatra" title="Sitatapatra">Sitātapatrā (Báisǎngài Fúdǐng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakala" title="Mahakala">Mahākāla (Dàhēitiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudhana" title="Sudhana">Sudhana (Shàncái)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longn%C3%BC" title="Longnü">Nagakanya (Lóngnǚ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puti_Shushen" title="Puti Shushen">Puti Shushen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziwei_Emperor" title="Ziwei Emperor">Ziwei Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongyue_Dadi" title="Dongyue Dadi">Dongyue Emperor (Dōngyuè Dàdì)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leigong" title="Leigong">Thunder god (Léigōng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda (Wéituó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guan_Yu" title="Guan Yu">Sangharama Bodhisattva (Qíelán Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva (Tiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">Nāga (Lóng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">Asura (Āxiūluō)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">Yaksha (Yèchà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda (Jiālóuluó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandharva" title="Gandharva">Gandharva (Gāntàpó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinnara" title="Kinnara">Kinnara (Jǐnnàluō)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahoraga" title="Mahoraga">Mahoraga (Móhóuluójiā)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apsara" title="Apsara">Apsara (Fēitiān Nǚshén)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalavi%E1%B9%85ka" title="Kalaviṅka">Kalaviṅka (Jiālíngpínqié)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhats</a><br />羅漢 (Luóhàn)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E7%99%BE%E7%BD%97%E6%B1%89" class="extiw" title="zh-tw:五百罗汉">Five Hundred Arhats (Wǔbǎi luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Arhats" title="Eighteen Arhats">Eighteen Arhats (Shíbā Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Arhats" title="Sixteen Arhats">Sixteen Arhats (Shíliù Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākāśyapa (Xiánglóng Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena(Wāěr Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rahula (Chénsāi Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindola_Bharadvaja" title="Pindola Bharadvaja">Pindola Bharadvaja (Qílù Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma (Guojiāng Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita (Chángméi Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanaka_the_Vatsa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanaka the Vatsa (page does not exist)">Kanaka the Vatsa (Xǐqìng Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanaka_the_Bharadvaja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanaka the Bharadvaja (page does not exist)">Kanaka the Bharadvaja (Jǔbō Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subinda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subinda (page does not exist)">Subinda (Tuōda Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nakula_(arhat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nakula (arhat) (page does not exist)">Nakula (Jìngzuò Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalika_(arhat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalika (arhat) (page does not exist)">Kalika (Qíxiàng Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vijraputra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vijraputra (page does not exist)">Vijraputra (Xiàoshī Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gobaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gobaka (page does not exist)">Gobaka (Kāixīn Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantha_the_Elder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pantha the Elder (page does not exist)">Pantha the Elder (Tànshǒu Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanavasa" title="Vanavasa">Vanavasa (Bājiāo Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantha_the_Younger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pantha the Younger (page does not exist)">Pantha the Younger (Kānmén Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai (Bùdài Luóhàn)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a><br />高僧・祖師 (Gāosēng・Zǔshī)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Moggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma (Dámó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Shigao" title="An Shigao">An Shigao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuánzàng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faxian" title="Faxian">Fǎxiǎn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yijing_(monk)" title="Yijing (monk)">Yìjìng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shàn Dào</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huiguo" title="Huiguo">Huìguǒ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Gong" title="Ji Gong">Jìgōng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ming_of_Han" title="Emperor Ming of Han">Emperor Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Liang" title="Emperor Wu of Liang">Emperor Wu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a></li> <li><a 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