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0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">C++ Origin and philosophy - History of C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">9 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/difference-between-c-and-cplusplus/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Difference Between C and C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">5 min</h5></div></div></div></div></div><div class="hub-content-list_module_box_hub__mxeMz"><div role="button" aria-hidden="true" class="hub-content-list_module_header_container__NGa0M cursor hub-content-list_module_active__ZQz5_"><div class="row flex-ac full-width"><object class="hub-content-list_module_cover_img__XyLD_"><span 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0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">C++ Environment Setup</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">12 min</h5></div></div></div></div></div><div class="hub-content-list_module_box_hub__mxeMz"><div role="button" aria-hidden="true" class="hub-content-list_module_header_container__NGa0M cursor hub-content-list_module_active__ZQz5_"><div class="row flex-ac full-width"><object class="hub-content-list_module_cover_img__XyLD_"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:relative;max-width:100%"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:block;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100%"><img style="display:block;max-width:100%;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0" alt="" aria-hidden="true" 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class="hub-content-list_module__order__teUvv">MODULE 3</p><h4 class="hub-content-list_module__title__yWq1o no-mgn-b">Programme Structure and Best Practices in C++</h4></div><div class="row hub-content-list_icon_font__XY5_B"><div class="hub-content-list_course_progress_box__vlFFT hide-in-tablet"></div><span class="p-r-xs row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" class="hub-content-list_clock__lw2Qm" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M16 5c-6.075 0-11 4.925-11 11s4.925 11 11 11c6.075 0 11-4.925 11-11s-4.925-11-11-11zM3 16c0-7.18 5.82-13 13-13s13 5.82 13 13c0 7.18-5.82 13-13 13s-13-5.82-13-13z"></path><path d="M16 8c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1v6h6c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1s-0.448 1-1 1h-7c-0.552 0-1-0.448-1-1v-7c0-0.552 0.448-1 1-1z"></path></svg><span class="p-l-xxs hub-content-list_time__UKUSv">34 m</span></span><div> <svg fill="currentColor" class="icons_icon_chevron__cl99H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M9.875 20.563l-1.875-1.875 8-8 8 8-1.875 1.875-6.125-6.125z"></path></svg> </div></div></div></div><div class="hub-content-list_course_progress_box_tablet__wXbr1"></div></div><div class="hub_course_module_container__I0H2E"><div class="module-list_module_content__6UB7c"><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/comments-in-cpp/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">C++ Comments and C-style Comment in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">8 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/cpp-header-files/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">C++ Header Files</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">7 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/namespace-in-cpp/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Namespaces in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">5 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/cpp-coding-standards/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">C++ Coding Standards</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">9 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/statements-in-cpp/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Statements in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">5 min</h5></div></div></div></div></div><div class="hub-content-list_module_box_hub__mxeMz"><div role="button" aria-hidden="true" class="hub-content-list_module_header_container__NGa0M cursor hub-content-list_module_active__ZQz5_"><div class="row flex-ac full-width"><object class="hub-content-list_module_cover_img__XyLD_"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:relative;max-width:100%"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:block;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100%"><img style="display:block;max-width:100%;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0" alt="" aria-hidden="true" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg%20xmlns=%27http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%27%20version=%271.1%27%20width=%2772%27%20height=%2772%27/%3e"/></span><img alt="module" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" decoding="async" data-nimg="intrinsic" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%"/><noscript><img alt="module" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="intrinsic" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%" src="https://www.scaler.com/topics/images/Data_Dealing_in_C__.webp"/></noscript></span></object><div class="row space-between hub-content-list_row_header__iD6xV"><div class="column"><p class="hub-content-list_module__order__teUvv">MODULE 4</p><h4 class="hub-content-list_module__title__yWq1o no-mgn-b">Data Dealing in C++</h4></div><div class="row hub-content-list_icon_font__XY5_B"><div class="hub-content-list_course_progress_box__vlFFT hide-in-tablet"></div><span class="p-r-xs row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" class="hub-content-list_clock__lw2Qm" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M16 5c-6.075 0-11 4.925-11 11s4.925 11 11 11c6.075 0 11-4.925 11-11s-4.925-11-11-11zM3 16c0-7.18 5.82-13 13-13s13 5.82 13 13c0 7.18-5.82 13-13 13s-13-5.82-13-13z"></path><path d="M16 8c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1v6h6c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1s-0.448 1-1 1h-7c-0.552 0-1-0.448-1-1v-7c0-0.552 0.448-1 1-1z"></path></svg><span class="p-l-xxs hub-content-list_time__UKUSv">56 m</span></span><div> <svg fill="currentColor" class="icons_icon_chevron__cl99H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M9.875 20.563l-1.875-1.875 8-8 8 8-1.875 1.875-6.125-6.125z"></path></svg> </div></div></div></div><div class="hub-content-list_course_progress_box_tablet__wXbr1"></div></div><div class="hub_course_module_container__I0H2E"><div class="module-list_module_content__6UB7c"><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/data-types-in-cpp/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Data Types in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">8 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/modifiers-in-cpp/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Modifiers in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">2 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/constants-in-cpp/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 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0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Keywords in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">4 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/variables-in-c-plus-plus/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 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xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Binary Representation of A Given Number in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">5 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/type-conversion-in-cpp/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 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0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Expressions in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">4 min</h5></div></div></div></div></div><div class="hub-content-list_module_box_hub__mxeMz"><div role="button" aria-hidden="true" class="hub-content-list_module_header_container__NGa0M cursor hub-content-list_module_active__ZQz5_"><div class="row flex-ac full-width"><object class="hub-content-list_module_cover_img__XyLD_"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:relative;max-width:100%"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:block;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100%"><img 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src="https://www.scaler.com/topics/images/flowcontrol.webp"/></noscript></span></object><div class="row space-between hub-content-list_row_header__iD6xV"><div class="column"><p class="hub-content-list_module__order__teUvv">MODULE 5</p><h4 class="hub-content-list_module__title__yWq1o no-mgn-b">Control Flow in C++</h4></div><div class="row hub-content-list_icon_font__XY5_B"><div class="hub-content-list_course_progress_box__vlFFT hide-in-tablet"></div><span class="p-r-xs row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" class="hub-content-list_clock__lw2Qm" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M16 5c-6.075 0-11 4.925-11 11s4.925 11 11 11c6.075 0 11-4.925 11-11s-4.925-11-11-11zM3 16c0-7.18 5.82-13 13-13s13 5.82 13 13c0 7.18-5.82 13-13 13s-13-5.82-13-13z"></path><path d="M16 8c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1v6h6c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1s-0.448 1-1 1h-7c-0.552 0-1-0.448-1-1v-7c0-0.552 0.448-1 1-1z"></path></svg><span class="p-l-xxs hub-content-list_time__UKUSv">12 m</span></span><div> <svg fill="currentColor" class="icons_icon_chevron__cl99H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M9.875 20.563l-1.875-1.875 8-8 8 8-1.875 1.875-6.125-6.125z"></path></svg> </div></div></div></div><div class="hub-content-list_course_progress_box_tablet__wXbr1"></div></div><div class="hub_course_module_container__I0H2E"><div class="module-list_module_content__6UB7c"><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/statements-in-cpp/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Statements in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">5 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/loop-in-cpp/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Loop in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">3 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/jump-statement-in-cpp/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Jump Statement in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">4 min</h5></div></div></div></div></div><div class="hub-content-list_module_box_hub__mxeMz"><div role="button" aria-hidden="true" class="hub-content-list_module_header_container__NGa0M cursor hub-content-list_module_active__ZQz5_"><div class="row flex-ac full-width"><object class="hub-content-list_module_cover_img__XyLD_"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:relative;max-width:100%"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:block;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100%"><img style="display:block;max-width:100%;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0" alt="" aria-hidden="true" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg%20xmlns=%27http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%27%20version=%271.1%27%20width=%2772%27%20height=%2772%27/%3e"/></span><img alt="module" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" decoding="async" data-nimg="intrinsic" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%"/><noscript><img alt="module" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="intrinsic" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%" src="https://www.scaler.com/topics/images/p_functions.webp"/></noscript></span></object><div class="row space-between hub-content-list_row_header__iD6xV"><div class="column"><p class="hub-content-list_module__order__teUvv">MODULE 6</p><h4 class="hub-content-list_module__title__yWq1o no-mgn-b">Functions in C++</h4></div><div class="row hub-content-list_icon_font__XY5_B"><div class="hub-content-list_course_progress_box__vlFFT hide-in-tablet"></div><span class="p-r-xs row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" class="hub-content-list_clock__lw2Qm" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M16 5c-6.075 0-11 4.925-11 11s4.925 11 11 11c6.075 0 11-4.925 11-11s-4.925-11-11-11zM3 16c0-7.18 5.82-13 13-13s13 5.82 13 13c0 7.18-5.82 13-13 13s-13-5.82-13-13z"></path><path d="M16 8c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1v6h6c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1s-0.448 1-1 1h-7c-0.552 0-1-0.448-1-1v-7c0-0.552 0.448-1 1-1z"></path></svg><span class="p-l-xxs hub-content-list_time__UKUSv">36 m</span></span><div> <svg fill="currentColor" class="icons_icon_chevron__cl99H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M9.875 20.563l-1.875-1.875 8-8 8 8-1.875 1.875-6.125-6.125z"></path></svg> </div></div></div></div><div class="hub-content-list_course_progress_box_tablet__wXbr1"></div></div><div class="hub_course_module_container__I0H2E"><div class="module-list_module_content__6UB7c"><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/functions-in-cpp/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Functions in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">2 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/library-functions-in-cpp/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Library Functions in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">9 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/recursion-in-cpp/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">C++ Recursion</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">5 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/cpp-preprocessor-directives/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Preprocessor Directives in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">5 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/adventures-in-functions/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">More about functions in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">15 min</h5></div></div></div></div></div><div class="hub-content-list_module_box_hub__mxeMz"><div role="button" aria-hidden="true" class="hub-content-list_module_header_container__NGa0M cursor hub-content-list_module_active__ZQz5_"><div class="row flex-ac full-width"><object class="hub-content-list_module_cover_img__XyLD_"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:relative;max-width:100%"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:block;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100%"><img style="display:block;max-width:100%;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0" alt="" aria-hidden="true" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg%20xmlns=%27http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%27%20version=%271.1%27%20width=%2772%27%20height=%2772%27/%3e"/></span><img alt="module" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" decoding="async" data-nimg="intrinsic" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%"/><noscript><img alt="module" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="intrinsic" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%" src="https://www.scaler.com/topics/images/PointersinC.webp"/></noscript></span></object><div class="row space-between hub-content-list_row_header__iD6xV"><div class="column"><p class="hub-content-list_module__order__teUvv">MODULE 7</p><h4 class="hub-content-list_module__title__yWq1o no-mgn-b">Pointers and References in C++</h4></div><div class="row hub-content-list_icon_font__XY5_B"><div class="hub-content-list_course_progress_box__vlFFT hide-in-tablet"></div><span class="p-r-xs row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" class="hub-content-list_clock__lw2Qm" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M16 5c-6.075 0-11 4.925-11 11s4.925 11 11 11c6.075 0 11-4.925 11-11s-4.925-11-11-11zM3 16c0-7.18 5.82-13 13-13s13 5.82 13 13c0 7.18-5.82 13-13 13s-13-5.82-13-13z"></path><path d="M16 8c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1v6h6c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1s-0.448 1-1 1h-7c-0.552 0-1-0.448-1-1v-7c0-0.552 0.448-1 1-1z"></path></svg><span class="p-l-xxs hub-content-list_time__UKUSv">36 m</span></span><div> <svg fill="currentColor" class="icons_icon_chevron__cl99H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M9.875 20.563l-1.875-1.875 8-8 8 8-1.875 1.875-6.125-6.125z"></path></svg> </div></div></div></div><div class="hub-content-list_course_progress_box_tablet__wXbr1"></div></div><div class="hub_course_module_container__I0H2E"><div class="module-list_module_content__6UB7c"><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/pointers-in-cpp/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Pointers in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">3 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/pointers-vs-references-in-cplusplus/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Pointers vs References in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">5 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/opaque-pointer-in-cpp/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Opaque Pointer in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">4 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/smart-pointers-in-cpp/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Smart Pointers in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">8 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/pointer-to-pointer-cpp/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Pointers to Pointers in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">2 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/functions-with-variable-number-of-arguments-in-cpp/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Functions with Variable Number of Arguments in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">3 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/complex-declarations-in-cpp/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Complex Declarations in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">5 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/function-pointer-cpp/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Pointers to Functions in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">6 min</h5></div></div></div></div></div><div class="hub-content-list_module_box_hub__mxeMz"><div role="button" aria-hidden="true" class="hub-content-list_module_header_container__NGa0M cursor hub-content-list_module_active__ZQz5_"><div class="row flex-ac full-width"><object class="hub-content-list_module_cover_img__XyLD_"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:relative;max-width:100%"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:block;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100%"><img style="display:block;max-width:100%;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0" alt="" aria-hidden="true" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg%20xmlns=%27http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%27%20version=%271.1%27%20width=%2772%27%20height=%2772%27/%3e"/></span><img alt="module" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" decoding="async" data-nimg="intrinsic" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%"/><noscript><img alt="module" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="intrinsic" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%" src="https://www.scaler.com/topics/images/Compound_Data_Types_in_C__.webp"/></noscript></span></object><div class="row space-between hub-content-list_row_header__iD6xV"><div class="column"><p class="hub-content-list_module__order__teUvv">MODULE 8</p><h4 class="hub-content-list_module__title__yWq1o no-mgn-b">Compound Data Types in C++</h4></div><div class="row hub-content-list_icon_font__XY5_B"><div class="hub-content-list_course_progress_box__vlFFT hide-in-tablet"></div><span class="p-r-xs row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" class="hub-content-list_clock__lw2Qm" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M16 5c-6.075 0-11 4.925-11 11s4.925 11 11 11c6.075 0 11-4.925 11-11s-4.925-11-11-11zM3 16c0-7.18 5.82-13 13-13s13 5.82 13 13c0 7.18-5.82 13-13 13s-13-5.82-13-13z"></path><path d="M16 8c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1v6h6c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1s-0.448 1-1 1h-7c-0.552 0-1-0.448-1-1v-7c0-0.552 0.448-1 1-1z"></path></svg><span class="p-l-xxs hub-content-list_time__UKUSv">13 m</span></span><div> <svg fill="currentColor" class="icons_icon_chevron__cl99H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M9.875 20.563l-1.875-1.875 8-8 8 8-1.875 1.875-6.125-6.125z"></path></svg> </div></div></div></div><div class="hub-content-list_course_progress_box_tablet__wXbr1"></div></div><div class="hub_course_module_container__I0H2E"><div class="module-list_module_content__6UB7c"><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/array-in-cpp/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Array in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">4 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/strings-in-cpp/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Strings in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">5 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/union-and-enum-in-Cpp/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Union and Enum in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">4 min</h5></div></div></div></div></div><div class="hub-content-list_module_box_hub__mxeMz"><div role="button" aria-hidden="true" class="hub-content-list_module_header_container__NGa0M cursor hub-content-list_module_active__ZQz5_"><div class="row flex-ac full-width"><object class="hub-content-list_module_cover_img__XyLD_"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:relative;max-width:100%"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:block;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100%"><img style="display:block;max-width:100%;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0" alt="" aria-hidden="true" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg%20xmlns=%27http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%27%20version=%271.1%27%20width=%2772%27%20height=%2772%27/%3e"/></span><img alt="module" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" decoding="async" data-nimg="intrinsic" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%"/><noscript><img alt="module" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="intrinsic" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%" src="https://www.scaler.com/topics/images/Storage_Classes_in_C__.webp"/></noscript></span></object><div class="row space-between hub-content-list_row_header__iD6xV"><div class="column"><p class="hub-content-list_module__order__teUvv">MODULE 9</p><h4 class="hub-content-list_module__title__yWq1o no-mgn-b">Storage Classes in C++</h4></div><div class="row hub-content-list_icon_font__XY5_B"><div class="hub-content-list_course_progress_box__vlFFT hide-in-tablet"></div><span class="p-r-xs row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" class="hub-content-list_clock__lw2Qm" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M16 5c-6.075 0-11 4.925-11 11s4.925 11 11 11c6.075 0 11-4.925 11-11s-4.925-11-11-11zM3 16c0-7.18 5.82-13 13-13s13 5.82 13 13c0 7.18-5.82 13-13 13s-13-5.82-13-13z"></path><path d="M16 8c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1v6h6c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1s-0.448 1-1 1h-7c-0.552 0-1-0.448-1-1v-7c0-0.552 0.448-1 1-1z"></path></svg><span class="p-l-xxs hub-content-list_time__UKUSv">3 m</span></span><div> <svg fill="currentColor" class="icons_icon_chevron__cl99H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M9.875 20.563l-1.875-1.875 8-8 8 8-1.875 1.875-6.125-6.125z"></path></svg> </div></div></div></div><div class="hub-content-list_course_progress_box_tablet__wXbr1"></div></div><div class="hub_course_module_container__I0H2E"><div class="module-list_module_content__6UB7c"><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/storage-classes-in-cpp/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Storage Classes in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">3 min</h5></div></div></div></div></div><div class="hub-content-list_module_box_hub__mxeMz"><div role="button" aria-hidden="true" class="hub-content-list_module_header_container__NGa0M cursor hub-content-list_module_active__ZQz5_"><div class="row flex-ac full-width"><object class="hub-content-list_module_cover_img__XyLD_"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:relative;max-width:100%"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:block;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100%"><img style="display:block;max-width:100%;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0" alt="" aria-hidden="true" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg%20xmlns=%27http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%27%20version=%271.1%27%20width=%2772%27%20height=%2772%27/%3e"/></span><img alt="module" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" decoding="async" data-nimg="intrinsic" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%"/><noscript><img alt="module" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="intrinsic" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%" src="https://www.scaler.com/topics/images/Object_Oriented_Programming.webp"/></noscript></span></object><div class="row space-between hub-content-list_row_header__iD6xV"><div class="column"><p class="hub-content-list_module__order__teUvv">MODULE 10</p><h4 class="hub-content-list_module__title__yWq1o no-mgn-b">Object Oriented Programming</h4></div><div class="row hub-content-list_icon_font__XY5_B"><div class="hub-content-list_course_progress_box__vlFFT hide-in-tablet"></div><span class="p-r-xs row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" class="hub-content-list_clock__lw2Qm" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M16 5c-6.075 0-11 4.925-11 11s4.925 11 11 11c6.075 0 11-4.925 11-11s-4.925-11-11-11zM3 16c0-7.18 5.82-13 13-13s13 5.82 13 13c0 7.18-5.82 13-13 13s-13-5.82-13-13z"></path><path d="M16 8c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1v6h6c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1s-0.448 1-1 1h-7c-0.552 0-1-0.448-1-1v-7c0-0.552 0.448-1 1-1z"></path></svg><span class="p-l-xxs hub-content-list_time__UKUSv">38 m</span></span><div> <svg fill="currentColor" class="icons_icon_chevron__cl99H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M9.875 20.563l-1.875-1.875 8-8 8 8-1.875 1.875-6.125-6.125z"></path></svg> </div></div></div></div><div class="hub-content-list_course_progress_box_tablet__wXbr1"></div></div><div class="hub_course_module_container__I0H2E"><div class="module-list_module_content__6UB7c"><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/procedural-programming/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Procedural Programming and Object Oriented Programming in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">4 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/class-and-object-in-cpp/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Classes and Objects in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">4 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/constructor-and-destructor-in-cpp/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Constructor and Destructor in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">6 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/abstraction-in-cpp/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Abstraction in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">3 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/generic-programming-in-cpp/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Generic Programming in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">13 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/this-pointer-in-cpp/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">‘this’ Pointer in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">3 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/static-member-in-cpp/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Static Member in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">5 min</h5></div></div></div></div></div><div class="hub-content-list_module_box_hub__mxeMz"><div role="button" aria-hidden="true" class="hub-content-list_module_header_container__NGa0M cursor hub-content-list_module_active__ZQz5_"><div class="row flex-ac full-width"><object class="hub-content-list_module_cover_img__XyLD_"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:relative;max-width:100%"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:block;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100%"><img style="display:block;max-width:100%;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0" alt="" aria-hidden="true" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg%20xmlns=%27http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%27%20version=%271.1%27%20width=%2772%27%20height=%2772%27/%3e"/></span><img alt="module" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" decoding="async" data-nimg="intrinsic" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%"/><noscript><img alt="module" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="intrinsic" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%" src="https://www.scaler.com/topics/images/oops.webp"/></noscript></span></object><div class="row space-between hub-content-list_row_header__iD6xV"><div class="column"><p class="hub-content-list_module__order__teUvv">MODULE 11</p><h4 class="hub-content-list_module__title__yWq1o no-mgn-b">Advance Concepts of OOPS</h4></div><div class="row hub-content-list_icon_font__XY5_B"><div class="hub-content-list_course_progress_box__vlFFT hide-in-tablet"></div><span class="p-r-xs row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" class="hub-content-list_clock__lw2Qm" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M16 5c-6.075 0-11 4.925-11 11s4.925 11 11 11c6.075 0 11-4.925 11-11s-4.925-11-11-11zM3 16c0-7.18 5.82-13 13-13s13 5.82 13 13c0 7.18-5.82 13-13 13s-13-5.82-13-13z"></path><path d="M16 8c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1v6h6c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1s-0.448 1-1 1h-7c-0.552 0-1-0.448-1-1v-7c0-0.552 0.448-1 1-1z"></path></svg><span class="p-l-xxs hub-content-list_time__UKUSv">1 hr 11 m</span></span><div> <svg fill="currentColor" class="icons_icon_chevron__cl99H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M9.875 20.563l-1.875-1.875 8-8 8 8-1.875 1.875-6.125-6.125z"></path></svg> </div></div></div></div><div class="hub-content-list_course_progress_box_tablet__wXbr1"></div></div><div class="hub_course_module_container__I0H2E"><div class="module-list_module_content__6UB7c"><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/operator-overloading-in-cpp/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Operator Overloading in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">9 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/friend-function-in-cpp/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Friend Function in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">7 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/dynamic-memory-allocation-in-cpp/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Dynamic Memory Allocation in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">7 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/dynamic-member/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Dynamic Members</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">11 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/inheritance-in-cpp/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Inheritance in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">5 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/type-conversions-in-class-hierarchies/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Type Conversions in Class Hierarchies</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">5 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/polymorphism-in-cpp/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Polymorphism in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">4 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/abstract-class-in-cpp/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Abstract Class in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">3 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/multiple-inheritance-in-cpp/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Multiple Inheritance in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">4 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/templates-in-cpp/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Templates in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">5 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/exception-handling-in-cpp/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Exception Handling in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">5 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/file-handling-in-cpp/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">File Handling in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">6 min</h5></div></div></div></div></div><div class="hub-content-list_module_box_hub__mxeMz"><div role="button" aria-hidden="true" class="hub-content-list_module_header_container__NGa0M cursor hub-content-list_module_active__ZQz5_"><div class="row flex-ac full-width"><object class="hub-content-list_module_cover_img__XyLD_"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:relative;max-width:100%"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:block;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100%"><img 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src="https://www.scaler.com/topics/images/STL.webp"/></noscript></span></object><div class="row space-between hub-content-list_row_header__iD6xV"><div class="column"><p class="hub-content-list_module__order__teUvv">MODULE 12</p><h4 class="hub-content-list_module__title__yWq1o no-mgn-b">STL</h4></div><div class="row hub-content-list_icon_font__XY5_B"><div class="hub-content-list_course_progress_box__vlFFT hide-in-tablet"></div><span class="p-r-xs row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" class="hub-content-list_clock__lw2Qm" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M16 5c-6.075 0-11 4.925-11 11s4.925 11 11 11c6.075 0 11-4.925 11-11s-4.925-11-11-11zM3 16c0-7.18 5.82-13 13-13s13 5.82 13 13c0 7.18-5.82 13-13 13s-13-5.82-13-13z"></path><path d="M16 8c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1v6h6c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1s-0.448 1-1 1h-7c-0.552 0-1-0.448-1-1v-7c0-0.552 0.448-1 1-1z"></path></svg><span class="p-l-xxs hub-content-list_time__UKUSv">55 m</span></span><div> <svg fill="currentColor" class="icons_icon_chevron__cl99H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M9.875 20.563l-1.875-1.875 8-8 8 8-1.875 1.875-6.125-6.125z"></path></svg> </div></div></div></div><div class="hub-content-list_course_progress_box_tablet__wXbr1"></div></div><div class="hub_course_module_container__I0H2E"><div class="module-list_module_content__6UB7c"><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/map-in-cpp/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Map in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">5 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/containers-in-cpp/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">C++ Container Types and Sequences</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">7 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/set-in-cpp/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Set in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">5 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/multiset-in-cpp/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Multiset in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">5 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/multimap-in-cpp/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Multimap in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">3 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/stack-in-cpp/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Stack in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">5 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/queue-in-cpp/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Queue in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">1 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/deque-in-cpp/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Deque in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">8 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/vector-in-cpp/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Vector in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">5 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/list-in-cpp/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">List in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">6 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/priority-queue-cpp/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Priority Queue in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">4 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/pair-in-cpp/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Pair in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">1 min</h5></div></div></div></div></div><div class="hub-content-list_module_box_hub__mxeMz"><div role="button" aria-hidden="true" class="hub-content-list_module_header_container__NGa0M cursor hub-content-list_module_active__ZQz5_"><div class="row flex-ac full-width"><object class="hub-content-list_module_cover_img__XyLD_"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:relative;max-width:100%"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:block;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100%"><img style="display:block;max-width:100%;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0" alt="" aria-hidden="true" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg%20xmlns=%27http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%27%20version=%271.1%27%20width=%2772%27%20height=%2772%27/%3e"/></span><img alt="module" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" decoding="async" data-nimg="intrinsic" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%"/><noscript><img alt="module" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="intrinsic" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%" src="https://www.scaler.com/topics/images/Miscellaneous-7.webp"/></noscript></span></object><div class="row space-between hub-content-list_row_header__iD6xV"><div class="column"><p class="hub-content-list_module__order__teUvv">MODULE 13</p><h4 class="hub-content-list_module__title__yWq1o no-mgn-b">Miscellaneous</h4></div><div class="row hub-content-list_icon_font__XY5_B"><div class="hub-content-list_course_progress_box__vlFFT hide-in-tablet"></div><span class="p-r-xs row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" class="hub-content-list_clock__lw2Qm" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M16 5c-6.075 0-11 4.925-11 11s4.925 11 11 11c6.075 0 11-4.925 11-11s-4.925-11-11-11zM3 16c0-7.18 5.82-13 13-13s13 5.82 13 13c0 7.18-5.82 13-13 13s-13-5.82-13-13z"></path><path d="M16 8c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1v6h6c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1s-0.448 1-1 1h-7c-0.552 0-1-0.448-1-1v-7c0-0.552 0.448-1 1-1z"></path></svg><span class="p-l-xxs hub-content-list_time__UKUSv">21 m</span></span><div> <svg fill="currentColor" class="icons_icon_chevron__cl99H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M9.875 20.563l-1.875-1.875 8-8 8 8-1.875 1.875-6.125-6.125z"></path></svg> </div></div></div></div><div class="hub-content-list_course_progress_box_tablet__wXbr1"></div></div><div class="hub_course_module_container__I0H2E"><div class="module-list_module_content__6UB7c"><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/lambda-function-cpp/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Lambda Expression in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">3 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/lvalue-and-rvalue/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">lvalue and rvalue in C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">3 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/cpp/concurrent-programming/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 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1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Uses of C++</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">4 min</h5></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="hub_content__pJHLc"><div class="markdown-body"><section class="main"><h2 id="what-is-c---" level="2">What is C++?</h2><p>C++ is a general purpose programming language developed by Bjarne Stroustrup in <span class="highlight--red">1979</span>. It was created as an extension to the C programming language and was initially called "C with classes".</p><p>C++ is a <span class="highlight--red">middle-level programming language</span>. It has features of both high and low level programming languages.</p></section> <section class="main"><h2 id="why-learn-c---" level="2">Why Learn C++?</h2><p>If anyone wants to learn to program, the C++ programming language can be a great choice. Let us look at the reason why anyone should learn C++:</p><ul> <li>C++ teaches you the concept of object-oriented programming.</li> <li>C++ is close to the hardware. It lets you manage your program's memory, resulting in efficient and robust software development.</li> <li>C++ is faster than the most commonly used languages like Java, Python, or JavaScript.</li> <li>C++ is used to develop browsers, games, and even operating systems.</li> <li>C++ teaches you about different data types, the scope of variables, the difference between a compiler, linker, and loader, and much more.</li> <li>After learning C++, it becomes much easier to learn new languages like Python or JavaScript.</li> </ul></section> <section class="main"><h2 id="c---program" level="2">C++ Program</h2><p>This C++ tutorial provides C++ programs and their Explanation along with a C++ compiler, allowing you to easily modify the code:</p><pre><div class="code-box-module_snippetContainer__Zspjo"><pre style="display:block;overflow-x:auto;padding:0.5em;color:#abb2bf;background:#282c34"><code class="language-cpp" style="white-space:pre"><span style="color:#61aeee">#</span><span class="hljs-meta-keyword" style="color:#61aeee">include</span><span style="color:#61aeee"> </span><span style="color:#98c379"><iostream></span><span> </span><span></span><span style="color:#F92672">using</span><span> </span><span style="color:#F92672">namespace</span><span> std; </span><span></span><span style="color:#F92672">int</span><span style="color:#61aeee"> </span><span style="color:#61aeee">main</span><span style="color:#61aeee">()</span><span style="color:#61aeee"> </span><span style="color:#61aeee"></span><span>{ </span><span> cout << </span><span style="color:#98c379">"Hello World!"</span><span>; </span><span> </span><span style="color:#F92672">return</span><span> </span><span style="color:#d19a66">0</span><span>; </span>} </code></pre><a class="tappable btn-icon code-box-module_copyIcon__JbgTP" data-for="copy" data-tip="Copied" data-place="left" data-effect="solid" data-event="CopyTooltipEvent" data-scroll-hide="true"><i class="icon-copy code-box-module_copy_icon__ftVgJ"></i></a></div></pre><p><strong>Output</strong></p><pre><div class="code-box-module_snippetContainer__Zspjo"><pre style="display:block;overflow-x:auto;padding:0.5em;color:#abb2bf;background:#282c34"><code class="language-plaintext" style="white-space:pre"><span>Hello World! </span></code></pre><a class="tappable btn-icon code-box-module_copyIcon__JbgTP" data-for="copy" data-tip="Copied" data-place="left" data-effect="solid" data-event="CopyTooltipEvent" data-scroll-hide="true"><i class="icon-copy code-box-module_copy_icon__ftVgJ"></i></a></div></pre></section> <section class="main"><h2 id="applications-of-c---programming" level="2">Applications of C++ Programming</h2><p>C++ is being used in various popular fields like:</p><ul> <li><strong>Operating Systems</strong>: <span class="highlight--red">Windows, Mac OS and Linux</span>, are all developed in C++. C++ is the backbone of many operating systems because it is fast, reliable, and efficient.</li> <li><strong>Databases</strong>: <span class="highlight--red">Postgres and MySQL</span> are written in C++ and C. These databases are two of the most widely used databases across the world.</li> <li><strong>Cloud Storage Systems</strong>: C++ is used to develop cloud storage systems because is it very close to the hardware and is compatible with many machines.</li> <li><strong>Programming Libraries</strong>: C++ is used to develop many high level libraries like TensorFlow because of its high speed.</li> <li><strong>Browsers</strong>: The rendering engine of many browsers is written in C++ because of its speed and low latency.</li> </ul></section> <section class="main"><h2 id="object-oriented-programming--oops-" level="2">Object-Oriented Programming (OOPs)</h2><p><span class="highlight--red">Object-oriented programming</span> is an approach to programming that allows us to create classes and objects in our code. The main reason why C++ was created over C was to introduce object-oriented programming.</p><p>The four major concepts of object-oriented programming used in C++ are:</p><ol> <li>Inheritance</li> <li>Polymorphism</li> <li>Abstraction</li> <li>Encapsulation</li> </ol></section> <section class="main"><h2 id="c---standard-libraries" level="2">C++ Standard Libraries</h2><p>The standard C++ library is composed of:</p><ol> <li><strong>The core library</strong> - It includes variables, data types, etc.</li> <li><strong>The Standard Library</strong> - It includes functions, manipulating strings, files, etc.</li> <li><strong>The Standard Template Library (STL)</strong> - It includes methods to manipulate a data structure.</li> </ol></section> <section class="main"><h2 id="usage-of-c--" level="2">Usage of C++</h2><p>We can use C++ programs to develop various applications like:</p><ul> <li>Client-Server applications</li> <li>Windows applications</li> <li>Embedded firmware</li> <li>Drivers</li> </ul></section> <section class="main"><h2 id="prerequisites" level="2">Prerequisites</h2><p>The only prerequisite to learning C++ is the basic functionality of computer programs.</p></section> <section class="main"><h2 id="audience" level="2">Audience</h2><p>By following this C++ tutorial, you will gain a solid understanding of the language and be able to progress to more advanced topics. This tutorial is intended for software programmers who want to learn the C++ programming language from the very beginning. It provides enough knowledge to serve as a foundation for building a higher level of expertise in C++ programming.</p></section> <section class="main"><h2 id="what-will-you-learn-in-this-c---tutorial-" level="2">What will you Learn in This C++ Tutorial?</h2><p>In this C++ tutorial, we will learn:</p><ul> <li>History of C++</li> <li>C++ features</li> <li>Variables and data types in C++</li> <li>C++ operators</li> <li>Control statements in C++</li> <li>Functions in C++</li> <li>C++ pointers</li> <li>C++ arrays</li> <li>Object-oriented programming</li> <li>Namespaces in C++</li> <li>C++ templates</li> <li>Exception handling in C++</li> <li>Standard Library in C++</li> </ul></section></div></div></div><div class="hub_hub_sidebox__zmP6c"><div class="hub_sidebox_course_detail_box__pWTtS hide-in-tablet"><div class="column flex-c p-s"><div class="column full-width flex-c show-in-tablet hub_sidebox_fixed_button__eiGXB"><div class="hub_sidebox_alignment_box__9_FEl column flex-ac"><a 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class="courseDetailBox_static_icon__hofMu" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="26" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M8.977 11.107c-0.967-0.192-1.97-0.093-2.881 0.285s-1.69 1.017-2.237 1.837c-0.548 0.82-0.84 1.784-0.84 2.77s0.292 1.95 0.84 2.77c0.548 0.82 1.326 1.46 2.237 1.837s1.914 0.477 2.881 0.285c0.958-0.19 1.839-0.657 2.534-1.343l1.067-1.201c0.367-0.413 0.999-0.45 1.412-0.083s0.45 0.999 0.083 1.412l-1.088 1.224c-0.013 0.015-0.027 0.029-0.041 0.043-0.978 0.976-2.223 1.641-3.578 1.91s-2.76 0.13-4.036-0.399c-1.276-0.529-2.367-1.425-3.135-2.574s-1.177-2.5-1.177-3.881 0.41-2.732 1.177-3.881c0.767-1.149 1.858-2.045 3.135-2.574s2.681-0.668 4.036-0.399c1.355 0.269 2.6 0.933 3.578 1.91 0.014 0.014 0.028 0.029 0.041 0.044l7.503 8.451c0.695 0.686 1.576 1.153 2.534 1.343 0.967 0.192 1.97 0.093 2.881-0.285s1.69-1.017 2.237-1.837 0.84-1.784 0.84-2.771c0-0.986-0.292-1.95-0.84-2.77s-1.326-1.459-2.237-1.837c-0.911-0.378-1.914-0.477-2.881-0.285-0.958 0.19-1.839 0.657-2.534 1.343l-1.067 1.201c-0.367 0.413-0.999 0.45-1.412 0.083s-0.45-0.999-0.083-1.412l1.088-1.224c0.013-0.015 0.027-0.029 0.041-0.043 0.978-0.976 2.223-1.641 3.578-1.91s2.76-0.13 4.036 0.399c1.276 0.529 2.367 1.425 3.135 2.574s1.177 2.5 1.177 3.881-0.41 2.732-1.177 3.881c-0.768 1.149-1.858 2.045-3.135 2.574s-2.681 0.668-4.036 0.399c-1.355-0.269-2.601-0.933-3.578-1.91-0.014-0.014-0.028-0.029-0.041-0.044l-7.503-8.451c-0.695-0.686-1.576-1.153-2.534-1.343z"></path></svg><span class="courseDetailBox_text__0XVGJ">Unlimited access forever</span></span></div></div><div class="hub_sidebox_alignment_box__9_FEl hide-in-tablet hub_sidebox_alignment_box__last_child__5QGQx"><div class="column p-l-s p-t-s hub_sidebox_alignment_box_modules__sROxB"><span class="hub_sidebox_detail_box__Ejz_b"><svg fill="currentColor" class="hub_sidebox_alignment_icon__uWbHk" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M16 29.667c-0 0-0 0-0 0-0.124 0-0.239-0.034-0.339-0.092l0.003 0.002-12-7c-0.22-0.112-0.368-0.337-0.368-0.596 0-0.368 0.298-0.667 0.667-0.667 0.137 0 0.264 0.041 0.37 0.112l-0.002-0.002 11.664 6.8 11.664-6.8c0.087-0.045 0.19-0.071 0.299-0.071 0.368 0 0.667 0.298 0.667 0.667 0 0.231-0.118 0.435-0.297 0.555l-0.002 0.002-12 7c-0.093 0.055-0.205 0.089-0.325 0.091h-0.001z"></path><path d="M16 23.667c-0 0-0 0-0 0-0.124 0-0.239-0.034-0.339-0.092l0.003 0.002-12-7c-0.181-0.121-0.299-0.325-0.299-0.556 0-0.368 0.298-0.667 0.667-0.667 0.109 0 0.212 0.026 0.303 0.073l-0.004-0.002 11.664 6.8 11.664-6.8c0.087-0.045 0.19-0.071 0.299-0.071 0.368 0 0.667 0.298 0.667 0.667 0 0.231-0.118 0.435-0.297 0.555l-0.002 0.002-12 7c-0.093 0.055-0.205 0.089-0.325 0.091h-0.001z"></path><path d="M16 2.333c0 0 0 0 0 0 0.124 0 0.239 0.034 0.339 0.092l-0.003-0.002 12 7c0.199 0.118 0.331 0.332 0.331 0.576s-0.132 0.458-0.328 0.574l-0.003 0.002-12 7c-0.096 0.056-0.211 0.089-0.333 0.089s-0.238-0.033-0.336-0.091l0.003 0.002-12-7c-0.199-0.118-0.331-0.332-0.331-0.576s0.132-0.458 0.328-0.574l0.003-0.002 12-7c0.095-0.056 0.209-0.090 0.33-0.091h0zM26.677 10l-10.677-6.228-10.677 6.228 10.677 6.228z"></path></svg><span class="hub_sidebox_text__B66am">13   Modules</span></span><span class="hub_sidebox_detail_box__Ejz_b"><svg fill="currentColor" class="hub_sidebox_alignment_icon__uWbHk" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M16 5c-6.075 0-11 4.925-11 11s4.925 11 11 11c6.075 0 11-4.925 11-11s-4.925-11-11-11zM3 16c0-7.18 5.82-13 13-13s13 5.82 13 13c0 7.18-5.82 13-13 13s-13-5.82-13-13z"></path><path d="M16 8c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1v6h6c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1s-0.448 1-1 1h-7c-0.552 0-1-0.448-1-1v-7c0-0.552 0.448-1 1-1z"></path></svg><span class="hub_sidebox_text__B66am">6 Hour 41 Minutes</span></span><span class="hub_sidebox_detail_box__Ejz_b"><svg fill="currentColor" class="hub_sidebox_alignment_icon__uWbHk" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M23.637 2.783h-13.884c-1.542 0-2.797 1.276-2.797 2.845v18.642c0 1.569 1.255 2.845 2.798 2.845h1.485v1.457c0 0.224 0.12 0.431 0.312 0.54 0.192 0.11 0.426 0.106 0.615-0.011l2.182-1.35 2.215 1.376c0.097 0.060 0.207 0.090 0.317 0.090 0.103 0 0.206-0.026 0.298-0.079 0.192-0.11 0.312-0.316 0.312-0.54v-1.483h6.148c1.543 0 2.798-1.276 2.798-2.845v-18.642c0-1.569-1.255-2.845-2.798-2.845zM10.251 4.174h0.817v15.033c0 0.092 0.022 0.178 0.063 0.257h-1.066c-0.632 0-1.22 0.163-1.717 0.441v-14.076c0-0.913 0.853-1.656 1.903-1.656zM16.696 27.826l-1.759-0.813c-0.211-0.097-0.48-0.1-0.693 0l-1.722 0.792v-2.762h4.174v2.783zM25.043 24.42c0 1.11-0.765 2.015-1.707 2.015h-6.641v-2.246h6.808c0.568 0 1.095-0.199 1.54-0.537v0.768zM25.043 21.711c0 0.843-0.626 1.529-1.397 1.529h-12.757c-0.33 0-0.597 0.292-0.597 0.653 0 0.362 0.267 0.654 0.597 0.654h0.461v1.888h-1.454c-0.854 0-1.549-0.76-1.549-1.695v-1.891c0-0.842 0.626-1.529 1.397-1.529h13.902c0.515 0 0.993-0.167 1.397-0.451v0.842zM25.043 15.128v2.944c0 0.775-0.654 1.407-1.457 1.407h-12.456c0.033-0.074 0.053-0.156 0.053-0.242v-15.062h12.246c0.89 0 1.614 0.7 1.614 1.558v9.395z"></path></svg><span class="hub_sidebox_text__B66am">75   Lessons</span></span><span class="hub_sidebox_detail_box__Ejz_b"><svg class="hub_sidebox_alignment_icon__uWbHk" fill="currentColor" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M27.503 28.803h-18c-0.994-0.001-1.799-0.806-1.8-1.8v-4.258c-0.206 0.036-0.444 0.056-0.686 0.056-0.119 0-0.237-0.005-0.353-0.014l0.015 0.001c-2.231-0.174-3.976-2.027-3.976-4.288 0-2.375 1.925-4.3 4.3-4.3 0.247 0 0.49 0.021 0.726 0.061l-0.025-0.004v-4.254c0.001-0.994 0.806-1.799 1.8-1.8h4.754c-0.037-0.211-0.058-0.454-0.058-0.702 0-2.377 1.926-4.304 4.303-4.305h0c2.374 0.002 4.298 1.927 4.298 4.302 0 0.249-0.021 0.493-0.062 0.73l0.004-0.025h4.754c0.994 0.001 1.799 0.806 1.8 1.8v5.338c-0.001 0.441-0.359 0.798-0.8 0.798-0.125 0-0.244-0.029-0.35-0.080l0.005 0.002c-0.335-0.163-0.729-0.258-1.145-0.258-0.073 0-0.146 0.003-0.218 0.009l0.009-0.001h-0.006c-1.404 0.106-2.503 1.271-2.503 2.693 0 1.491 1.209 2.7 2.7 2.7 0.423 0 0.823-0.097 1.179-0.27l-0.016 0.007c0.101-0.049 0.219-0.078 0.344-0.078 0.441 0 0.799 0.357 0.8 0.798v5.338c0 0.001 0 0.002 0 0.002 0 0.992-0.802 1.797-1.793 1.802h-0zM8.503 20.866c0.442 0 0.8 0.358 0.8 0.8v0 5.338c0 0.11 0.090 0.2 0.2 0.2v0h18c0.11 0 0.2-0.090 0.2-0.2v0-4.254c-0.21 0.037-0.453 0.057-0.7 0.057-2.375 0-4.3-1.925-4.3-4.3 0-2.261 1.745-4.114 3.961-4.287l0.015-0.001c0.101-0.009 0.219-0.013 0.338-0.013 0.242 0 0.48 0.020 0.711 0.059l-0.025-0.003v-4.258c0-0.11-0.090-0.2-0.2-0.2v0h-5.84c-0.441-0.001-0.798-0.359-0.798-0.8 0-0.125 0.029-0.243 0.080-0.349l-0.002 0.005c0.166-0.34 0.262-0.739 0.262-1.161 0-1.491-1.209-2.7-2.7-2.7-1.421 0-2.586 1.098-2.692 2.492l-0.001 0.009v0.006c-0.005 0.064-0.008 0.137-0.008 0.212 0 0.415 0.095 0.808 0.265 1.157l-0.007-0.016c0.049 0.101 0.078 0.219 0.078 0.345 0 0.441-0.357 0.799-0.798 0.8h-5.84c-0.11 0-0.2 0.090-0.2 0.2v0 5.338c-0.001 0.441-0.359 0.798-0.8 0.798-0.125 0-0.243-0.029-0.349-0.080l0.005 0.002c-0.34-0.166-0.74-0.263-1.163-0.263-1.491 0-2.7 1.209-2.7 2.7 0 1.422 1.099 2.587 2.494 2.692l0.009 0.001h0.006c0.063 0.005 0.135 0.008 0.209 0.008 0.416 0 0.81-0.095 1.161-0.265l-0.016 0.007c0.099-0.047 0.216-0.075 0.339-0.075 0.002 0 0.005 0 0.007 0h-0z"></path></svg><span class="hub_sidebox_text__B66am">75   Challenges</span></span><span class="hub_sidebox_detail_box__Ejz_b"><img src="https://d1g0iq4cbcvjcd.cloudfront.net/topics/images/language.svg" alt="Language Icon" height="20" width="18" class="hub_sidebox_alignment_icon__uWbHk" loading="lazy"/><span class="hub_sidebox_text__B66am">Language: English</span></span></div></div><div class="courseDetailBox_alignment_box__aPVHd show-in-tablet"><div class="courseDetailBox_static_detail__y1o_Z column hub_sidebox_static_box__Vk8Qe"><span class="courseDetailBox_detail_box__U5m9o"><svg fill="currentColor" class="courseDetailBox_static_icon__hofMu" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M27.63 6.388l-2.918-2.916c-0.623-0.623-1.467-0.972-2.347-0.972-0.882 0-1.724 0.349-2.347 0.972l-14.407 14.391c-0.074 0.077-0.135 0.169-0.178 0.268l-0.032 0.092-0.038 0.108-1.528 7.852c-0.052 0.265 0.018 0.54 0.191 0.749 0.171 0.207 0.428 0.328 0.698 0.328 0.058 0 0.115-0.005 0.173-0.016l7.861-1.526c0.176-0.036 0.34-0.121 0.468-0.248l14.405-14.393c1.294-1.296 1.294-3.393 0-4.689zM7.531 18.502l11.693-11.68 1.886 1.885-11.693 11.682-1.886-1.886zM12.139 23.992l-6.271 1.22 0.947-4.867 3.289 3.285c0.355 0.344 0.922 0.342 1.271-0.009 0.351-0.349 0.355-0.916 0.009-1.271l-0.684-0.684 11.691-11.682 1.885 1.885-12.136 12.125zM26.35 9.797l-0.794 0.792-5.053-5.045 0.794-0.792c0.598-0.571 1.537-0.571 2.135 0l2.916 2.914c0.59 0.589 0.59 1.543 0 2.131zM25.138 28.596c0 0.499-0.405 0.904-0.905 0.904h-19.928c-0.5 0-0.905-0.405-0.905-0.904 0-0.5 0.405-0.905 0.905-0.905h19.928c0.5 0 0.905 0.405 0.905 0.905z"></path></svg><span class="courseDetailBox_text__0XVGJ">Written by Industry experts</span></span><span class="courseDetailBox_detail_box__U5m9o"><svg fill="currentColor" class="courseDetailBox_static_icon__hofMu" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="26" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M19.5 4.5c-1.105 0-2 0.895-2 2s0.895 2 2 2c1.105 0 2-0.895 2-2s-0.895-2-2-2zM15.5 6.5c0-2.209 1.791-4 4-4s4 1.791 4 4-1.791 4-4 4c-2.209 0-4-1.791-4-4z"></path><path d="M8.178 12.935c-0.405 0.374-1.037 0.349-1.412-0.056s-0.35-1.038 0.055-1.413l0.679 0.734c-0.679-0.734-0.679-0.735-0.678-0.735l0.001-0.001 0.003-0.002 0.006-0.006 0.017-0.015c0.013-0.012 0.031-0.027 0.052-0.045 0.043-0.036 0.102-0.084 0.177-0.141 0.15-0.114 0.363-0.263 0.636-0.422 0.546-0.318 1.339-0.682 2.346-0.876 2.056-0.396 4.846-0.057 8.055 2.457 3.027 2.362 5.345 3.022 6.829 3.138 0.747 0.059 1.302-0.018 1.653-0.1 0.176-0.041 0.302-0.084 0.376-0.112 0.037-0.014 0.061-0.024 0.071-0.029 0.002-0.001 0.004-0.002 0.005-0.002 0.487-0.246 1.083-0.055 1.336 0.43 0.256 0.49 0.066 1.094-0.423 1.349l-0.463-0.886c0.463 0.886 0.462 0.887 0.461 0.887l-0.002 0.001-0.012 0.006-0.021 0.010c-0.016 0.008-0.035 0.017-0.058 0.027-0.046 0.021-0.108 0.047-0.184 0.076-0.152 0.058-0.364 0.127-0.632 0.19-0.538 0.125-1.299 0.222-2.263 0.146-1.937-0.152-4.62-0.993-7.904-3.556l-0.001-0.001c-2.79-2.185-5-2.346-6.444-2.068-0.743 0.143-1.325 0.411-1.717 0.64-0.195 0.114-0.341 0.217-0.434 0.287-0.046 0.035-0.079 0.062-0.097 0.077l-0.017 0.015c-0.001 0.001-0.001 0.001-0 0l0.003-0.003 0.001-0.001z"></path><path d="M17.599 12.122c0.54 0.116 0.883 0.648 0.767 1.188-0.3 1.391-1.401 4.607-3.578 7.389-2.195 2.806-5.583 5.278-10.388 4.795-0.55-0.055-0.95-0.545-0.895-1.095s0.545-0.95 1.095-0.895c3.895 0.391 6.676-1.562 8.613-4.037 1.954-2.498 2.948-5.42 3.198-6.579 0.116-0.54 0.648-0.883 1.188-0.767z"></path><path d="M13.346 19.442c0.115-0.54 0.646-0.885 1.186-0.77 1.183 0.252 3.391 0.879 5.323 2.348 1.971 1.498 3.643 3.869 3.643 7.48 0 0.552-0.448 1-1 1s-1-0.448-1-1c0-2.889-1.296-4.705-2.853-5.888-1.595-1.212-3.474-1.76-4.529-1.984-0.54-0.115-0.885-0.646-0.77-1.186z"></path></svg><span class="courseDetailBox_text__0XVGJ">Learn at your own pace</span></span><span class="courseDetailBox_detail_box__U5m9o"><svg fill="currentColor" class="courseDetailBox_static_icon__hofMu" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="26" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M8.977 11.107c-0.967-0.192-1.97-0.093-2.881 0.285s-1.69 1.017-2.237 1.837c-0.548 0.82-0.84 1.784-0.84 2.77s0.292 1.95 0.84 2.77c0.548 0.82 1.326 1.46 2.237 1.837s1.914 0.477 2.881 0.285c0.958-0.19 1.839-0.657 2.534-1.343l1.067-1.201c0.367-0.413 0.999-0.45 1.412-0.083s0.45 0.999 0.083 1.412l-1.088 1.224c-0.013 0.015-0.027 0.029-0.041 0.043-0.978 0.976-2.223 1.641-3.578 1.91s-2.76 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11.664 6.8 11.664-6.8c0.087-0.045 0.19-0.071 0.299-0.071 0.368 0 0.667 0.298 0.667 0.667 0 0.231-0.118 0.435-0.297 0.555l-0.002 0.002-12 7c-0.093 0.055-0.205 0.089-0.325 0.091h-0.001z"></path><path d="M16 2.333c0 0 0 0 0 0 0.124 0 0.239 0.034 0.339 0.092l-0.003-0.002 12 7c0.199 0.118 0.331 0.332 0.331 0.576s-0.132 0.458-0.328 0.574l-0.003 0.002-12 7c-0.096 0.056-0.211 0.089-0.333 0.089s-0.238-0.033-0.336-0.091l0.003 0.002-12-7c-0.199-0.118-0.331-0.332-0.331-0.576s0.132-0.458 0.328-0.574l0.003-0.002 12-7c0.095-0.056 0.209-0.090 0.33-0.091h0zM26.677 10l-10.677-6.228-10.677 6.228 10.677 6.228z"></path></svg><span class="hub_sidebox_text__B66am">13   Modules</span></span><span class="hub_sidebox_detail_box__Ejz_b"><svg fill="currentColor" class="hub_sidebox_alignment_icon__uWbHk" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M16 5c-6.075 0-11 4.925-11 11s4.925 11 11 11c6.075 0 11-4.925 11-11s-4.925-11-11-11zM3 16c0-7.18 5.82-13 13-13s13 5.82 13 13c0 7.18-5.82 13-13 13s-13-5.82-13-13z"></path><path d="M16 8c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1v6h6c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1s-0.448 1-1 1h-7c-0.552 0-1-0.448-1-1v-7c0-0.552 0.448-1 1-1z"></path></svg><span class="hub_sidebox_text__B66am">6 Hour 41 Minutes</span></span><span class="hub_sidebox_detail_box__Ejz_b"><svg fill="currentColor" class="hub_sidebox_alignment_icon__uWbHk" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M23.637 2.783h-13.884c-1.542 0-2.797 1.276-2.797 2.845v18.642c0 1.569 1.255 2.845 2.798 2.845h1.485v1.457c0 0.224 0.12 0.431 0.312 0.54 0.192 0.11 0.426 0.106 0.615-0.011l2.182-1.35 2.215 1.376c0.097 0.060 0.207 0.090 0.317 0.090 0.103 0 0.206-0.026 0.298-0.079 0.192-0.11 0.312-0.316 0.312-0.54v-1.483h6.148c1.543 0 2.798-1.276 2.798-2.845v-18.642c0-1.569-1.255-2.845-2.798-2.845zM10.251 4.174h0.817v15.033c0 0.092 0.022 0.178 0.063 0.257h-1.066c-0.632 0-1.22 0.163-1.717 0.441v-14.076c0-0.913 0.853-1.656 1.903-1.656zM16.696 27.826l-1.759-0.813c-0.211-0.097-0.48-0.1-0.693 0l-1.722 0.792v-2.762h4.174v2.783zM25.043 24.42c0 1.11-0.765 2.015-1.707 2.015h-6.641v-2.246h6.808c0.568 0 1.095-0.199 1.54-0.537v0.768zM25.043 21.711c0 0.843-0.626 1.529-1.397 1.529h-12.757c-0.33 0-0.597 0.292-0.597 0.653 0 0.362 0.267 0.654 0.597 0.654h0.461v1.888h-1.454c-0.854 0-1.549-0.76-1.549-1.695v-1.891c0-0.842 0.626-1.529 1.397-1.529h13.902c0.515 0 0.993-0.167 1.397-0.451v0.842zM25.043 15.128v2.944c0 0.775-0.654 1.407-1.457 1.407h-12.456c0.033-0.074 0.053-0.156 0.053-0.242v-15.062h12.246c0.89 0 1.614 0.7 1.614 1.558v9.395z"></path></svg><span class="hub_sidebox_text__B66am">75   Lessons</span></span><span class="hub_sidebox_detail_box__Ejz_b"><svg class="hub_sidebox_alignment_icon__uWbHk" fill="currentColor" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M27.503 28.803h-18c-0.994-0.001-1.799-0.806-1.8-1.8v-4.258c-0.206 0.036-0.444 0.056-0.686 0.056-0.119 0-0.237-0.005-0.353-0.014l0.015 0.001c-2.231-0.174-3.976-2.027-3.976-4.288 0-2.375 1.925-4.3 4.3-4.3 0.247 0 0.49 0.021 0.726 0.061l-0.025-0.004v-4.254c0.001-0.994 0.806-1.799 1.8-1.8h4.754c-0.037-0.211-0.058-0.454-0.058-0.702 0-2.377 1.926-4.304 4.303-4.305h0c2.374 0.002 4.298 1.927 4.298 4.302 0 0.249-0.021 0.493-0.062 0.73l0.004-0.025h4.754c0.994 0.001 1.799 0.806 1.8 1.8v5.338c-0.001 0.441-0.359 0.798-0.8 0.798-0.125 0-0.244-0.029-0.35-0.080l0.005 0.002c-0.335-0.163-0.729-0.258-1.145-0.258-0.073 0-0.146 0.003-0.218 0.009l0.009-0.001h-0.006c-1.404 0.106-2.503 1.271-2.503 2.693 0 1.491 1.209 2.7 2.7 2.7 0.423 0 0.823-0.097 1.179-0.27l-0.016 0.007c0.101-0.049 0.219-0.078 0.344-0.078 0.441 0 0.799 0.357 0.8 0.798v5.338c0 0.001 0 0.002 0 0.002 0 0.992-0.802 1.797-1.793 1.802h-0zM8.503 20.866c0.442 0 0.8 0.358 0.8 0.8v0 5.338c0 0.11 0.090 0.2 0.2 0.2v0h18c0.11 0 0.2-0.090 0.2-0.2v0-4.254c-0.21 0.037-0.453 0.057-0.7 0.057-2.375 0-4.3-1.925-4.3-4.3 0-2.261 1.745-4.114 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Beginners and even professionals can easily follow this C++ tutorial.","created_at":"2022-01-31T13:19:38.359Z","updated_at":"2025-01-06T05:10:12.977Z","articles_count":75,"eligible_for_certificate":false,"last_updated_at":"2022-07-06T00:00:00.000Z","modules_count":13,"color":"#B8DFFF","cover_image":"https://www.scaler.com/topics/images/Topic_CPPTutorial.webp","content":"---\ntitle: C++ Tutorial | Learn C++ Programming Language - Scaler Topics\ndescription: This C++ tutorial on Scaler Topics will teach you all concepts in C++, from the fundamentals to the advanced concepts. Beginners and even professionals can easily follow this C++ tutorial.\nauthor: \n---\n\n:::section{.main}\n## What is C++?\nC++ is a general purpose programming language developed by Bjarne Stroustrup in `1979`. It was created as an extension to the C programming language and was initially called \"C with classes\". \n\nC++ is a `middle-level programming language`. It has features of both high and low level programming languages.\n:::\n:::section{.main}\n## Why Learn C++?\n\nIf anyone wants to learn to program, the C++ programming language can be a great choice. Let us look at the reason why anyone should learn C++:\n\n* C++ teaches you the concept of object-oriented programming. \n* C++ is close to the hardware. It lets you manage your program's memory, resulting in efficient and robust software development.\n* C++ is faster than the most commonly used languages like Java, Python, or JavaScript.\n* C++ is used to develop browsers, games, and even operating systems.\n* C++ teaches you about different data types, the scope of variables, the difference between a compiler, linker, and loader, and much more.\n* After learning C++, it becomes much easier to learn new languages like Python or JavaScript.\n:::\n:::section{.main}\n## C++ Program\nThis C++ tutorial provides C++ programs and their Explanation along with a C++ compiler, allowing you to easily modify the code:\n\n```cpp\n#include \u003ciostream\u003e\nusing namespace std;\nint main()\n{\n cout \u003c\u003c \"Hello World!\";\n return 0;\n}\n```\n\n**Output**\n```plaintext\nHello World!\n```\n\n:::\n\n:::section{.main}\n## Applications of C++ Programming\nC++ is being used in various popular fields like:\n\n* **Operating Systems**: `Windows, Mac OS and Linux`, are all developed in C++. C++ is the backbone of many operating systems because it is fast, reliable, and efficient.\n* **Databases**: `Postgres and MySQL` are written in C++ and C. These databases are two of the most widely used databases across the world.\n* **Cloud Storage Systems**: C++ is used to develop cloud storage systems because is it very close to the hardware and is compatible with many machines.\n* **Programming Libraries**: C++ is used to develop many high level libraries like TensorFlow because of its high speed.\n* **Browsers**: The rendering engine of many browsers is written in C++ because of its speed and low latency.\n:::\n\n:::section{.main}\n## Object-Oriented Programming (OOPs)\n`Object-oriented programming` is an approach to programming that allows us to create classes and objects in our code. The main reason why C++ was created over C was to introduce object-oriented programming. \n\nThe four major concepts of object-oriented programming used in C++ are:\n\n1. Inheritance\n2. Polymorphism\n3. Abstraction\n4. Encapsulation\n:::\n:::section{.main}\n## C++ Standard Libraries\n\nThe standard C++ library is composed of:\n\n1. **The core library** - It includes variables, data types, etc.\n2. **The Standard Library** - It includes functions, manipulating strings, files, etc.\n3. **The Standard Template Library (STL)** - It includes methods to manipulate a data structure.\n\n:::\n:::section{.main}\n## Usage of C++\nWe can use C++ programs to develop various applications like:\n\n* Client-Server applications\n* Windows applications\n* Embedded firmware\n* Drivers\n:::\n:::section{.main}\n## Prerequisites\nThe only prerequisite to learning C++ is the basic functionality of computer programs.\n:::\n:::section{.main}\n\n## Audience\nBy following this C++ tutorial, you will gain a solid understanding of the language and be able to progress to more advanced topics. This tutorial is intended for software programmers who want to learn the C++ programming language from the very beginning. 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","tool_category":"ide","cover_image":"https://www.scaler.com/topics/images/ide-icon.webp"}],"categories":["courses"],"totalTime":401}},"objectType":"Hub","metaDetails":{"title":"C++ Tutorial | Learn C++ Programming Language - Scaler Topics","description":"This C++ tutorial on Scaler Topics will teach you all concepts in C++, from the fundamentals to the advanced concepts. Beginners and even professionals can easily follow this C++ tutorial.","author":null,"publish_date":"undefined"},"contentData":"\n:::section{.main}\n## What is C++?\nC++ is a general purpose programming language developed by Bjarne Stroustrup in `1979`. It was created as an extension to the C programming language and was initially called \"C with classes\". \n\nC++ is a `middle-level programming language`. It has features of both high and low level programming languages.\n:::\n:::section{.main}\n## Why Learn C++?\n\nIf anyone wants to learn to program, the C++ programming language can be a great choice. Let us look at the reason why anyone should learn C++:\n\n* C++ teaches you the concept of object-oriented programming. \n* C++ is close to the hardware. 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C++ is the backbone of many operating systems because it is fast, reliable, and efficient.\n* **Databases**: `Postgres and MySQL` are written in C++ and C. These databases are two of the most widely used databases across the world.\n* **Cloud Storage Systems**: C++ is used to develop cloud storage systems because is it very close to the hardware and is compatible with many machines.\n* **Programming Libraries**: C++ is used to develop many high level libraries like TensorFlow because of its high speed.\n* **Browsers**: The rendering engine of many browsers is written in C++ because of its speed and low latency.\n:::\n\n:::section{.main}\n## Object-Oriented Programming (OOPs)\n`Object-oriented programming` is an approach to programming that allows us to create classes and objects in our code. The main reason why C++ was created over C was to introduce object-oriented programming. \n\nThe four major concepts of object-oriented programming used in C++ are:\n\n1. Inheritance\n2. Polymorphism\n3. Abstraction\n4. Encapsulation\n:::\n:::section{.main}\n## C++ Standard Libraries\n\nThe standard C++ library is composed of:\n\n1. **The core library** - It includes variables, data types, etc.\n2. **The Standard Library** - It includes functions, manipulating strings, files, etc.\n3. **The Standard Template Library (STL)** - It includes methods to manipulate a data structure.\n\n:::\n:::section{.main}\n## Usage of C++\nWe can use C++ programs to develop various applications like:\n\n* Client-Server applications\n* Windows applications\n* Embedded firmware\n* Drivers\n:::\n:::section{.main}\n## Prerequisites\nThe only prerequisite to learning C++ is the basic functionality of computer programs.\n:::\n:::section{.main}\n\n## Audience\nBy following this C++ tutorial, you will gain a solid understanding of the language and be able to progress to more advanced topics. 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