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Dynamic Memory Allocation in C++ - Scaler Topics
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0-0.667-0.103-0.949-0.309-0.529-0.382-0.775-1.039-0.631-1.675l1.963-8.65-6.659-5.84c-0.489-0.427-0.676-1.104-0.475-1.724 0.201-0.618 0.747-1.056 1.395-1.115l8.811-0.8 3.485-8.153c0.257-0.599 0.843-0.986 1.492-0.986 0.651 0 1.235 0.386 1.492 0.983l3.484 8.155 8.81 0.8c0.649 0.058 1.195 0.497 1.397 1.115 0.201 0.619 0.014 1.296-0.476 1.724l-6.659 5.839 1.964 8.651c0.144 0.636-0.102 1.293-0.63 1.675-0.527 0.381-1.229 0.411-1.783 0.078l-7.598-4.541-7.598 4.543c-0.257 0.153-0.544 0.23-0.832 0.23z"></path></svg><span class="mobile_course__info__6TMCv">5</span></div></div></div></div><a class="tappable commonStyles_learning_button__JYLbC full-width" href="/topics/course/cpp-beginners/">Start Learning </a></div></div></div></div><div class="m-t-s article-outline_outline__0_P6T"><a class="Tappable-module_root__N7ll5 row full-width bold article-outline_outline__heading__YVedg"><svg fill="currentColor" class="icons_icon_chevron__cl99H icons_icon_chevron__right__YxLYH" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M9.875 20.563l-1.875-1.875 8-8 8 8-1.875 1.875-6.125-6.125z"></path></svg><div>Topics Covered</div></a></div><div class="markdown-body"><section class="abstract"><h2 id="overview" level="2">Overview</h2><p>The process of allocating or de-allocating a block of memory during the execution of a program is called <strong>Dynamic Memory Allocation</strong>. The operators <strong>new</strong> and <strong>delete</strong> are utilized for dynamic memory allocation in C++ language, <strong>new</strong> operator is used to allocate a memory block, and <strong>delete</strong> operator is used to de-allocate a memory block which is allocated by using new operator.</p></section> <section class="main"><h2 id="c---program-memory-management" level="2">C++ Program Memory Management</h2><p>When we run a C++ program on our machine, it requires some space to store its instructions (statements), local variables, global variables, and various other <a href="https://www.scaler.com/topics/cpp/functions-in-cpp/" target="_blank" title="">functions in C++</a>. This space required to run a C++ Program is known as <strong>memory</strong> in computers.</p><p>There are <strong>two types of memory</strong> in our system, <strong>Static Memory and Dynamic Memory</strong>.</p><ul> <li> <p><strong>Static Memory:</strong> It is a <strong>constant space</strong> allocated by the operating system during the <strong>compile time</strong> of a C++ program and it internally uses <strong>stack</strong> data structure to manage the static memory allocation. We can't reallocate the space consumed by the program until its execution is over.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Dynamic Memory:</strong> It is the memory that can be allocated or de-allocated by the operating system during the <strong>run-time</strong> of a C++ program. It is more efficient than static memory because we can <strong>de-allocate and reuse</strong> our memory during the run-time of our program.</p> </li> </ul><p>The memory used by a C++ program can be divided further into four parts:</p><ol> <li>Run-time Stack (Static Memory)</li> <li>Static Data Memory (for Global and Static Variables)</li> <li>Instructions / Statements (Static Memory)</li> <li>Heap (Dynamic Memory)</li> </ol><p><img alt="Types of Memory" loading="eager" width="864" height="200" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" class="markdown_image_container__jjYk1 markdown_loading__y_n2Y" style="color:transparent;height:auto;max-width:100%" src="https://scaler.com/topics/images/types-of-memory.webp"/></p><h3 id="the-stack-memory" level="3">The Stack memory</h3><ul> <li>Our operating system <strong>allocates a constant space</strong> during compile-time of a C++ program, this space is known as <strong>Stack memory</strong>.</li> <li>Stack memory is used to <strong>hold functions</strong>, different variables, and local statements that exist in the function definition.</li> <li>Stack is a part of the static memory in our system and it constitutes the majority of our system's static memory.</li> </ul><h3 id="the-heap-memory" level="3">The Heap Memory</h3><ul> <li><strong>Heap memory</strong> is also known as the <strong>dynamic memory</strong> in our system. It can be thought of as a large block of memory that is <strong>expandable and shrinkable</strong> during the execution of a program.</li> <li><strong>Allocation and De-allocation of memory blocks</strong> during the execution of a program can be done using <strong>new</strong> and <strong>delete</strong> operators in C++ (these operators are discussed later in the article).</li> <li>Heap memory can be expanded as long as we do not exhaust the machine memory itself. It is not good from a programming perspective to completely use the machine memory to avoid errors, thus we must use the heap memory carefully.</li> </ul></section> <section class="main"><h2 id="types-of-memory-allocation" level="2">Types of Memory Allocation</h2><h3 id="1--static-memory-allocation-in-c----compile-time-memory-allocation-" level="3">1. Static Memory Allocation in C++ (Compile-time Memory Allocation)</h3><ul> <li>When memory is allocated at compile-time, it is referred to as <strong>Static Memory Allocation</strong>.</li> <li>A fixed space is allocated for the local variables, function calls, and local statements, that <strong>can not</strong> be changed during the execution of the program.</li> <li>We <strong>can not allocate or de-allocate a memory block</strong> once the execution of the program starts.</li> <li>We <strong>can't re-use</strong> the static memory while the program is running. As a result, it is less effective.</li> </ul><h3 id="2--dynamic-memory-allocation-in-c----run-time-memory-allocation-" level="3">2. Dynamic Memory Allocation in C++ (Run-time Memory Allocation)</h3><ul> <li>When memory is allocated or de-allocated during run-time, it is referred to as <strong>Dynamic Memory Allocation</strong> in C++.</li> <li>A variable space is allocated that <strong>can</strong> be changed during the execution of the program.</li> <li>We use dynamic/heap memory to allocate and de-allocate a block of memory during the execution of the program using <strong>new</strong> and <strong>delete</strong> operators.</li> <li>We <strong>can</strong> re-use our heap memory during the run-time of our program. As a result, it is highly effective.</li> </ul></section> <div></div> <section class="main"><h2 id="why-dynamic-memory-allocation-" level="2">Why Dynamic Memory Allocation?</h2><p>There were some drawbacks of <strong>stack memory or static memory allocation</strong>, like the space allocated for the stack <strong>can not be expanded</strong> during the execution of a C++ program or we can't keep variables in the program till the time we want. So, to overcome these drawbacks, we use the <strong>Dynamic Memory Allocation concepts</strong>.</p><p>Dynamic Memory Allocation is also a very essential topic in the field of <strong>data structures</strong>, and it is utilized practically in all data structures. For example, dynamic arrays, linked lists, queues, trees, stack, etc. uses DMA to allocate and de-allocate memory blocks during the execution of a C++ program.</p></section> <section class="main"><h2 id="how-is-it-different-from-memory-allocated-to-normal-variables-" level="2">How is it Different from Memory Allocated to Normal Variables?</h2><p>The operating system uses static memory allocation for normal data-type variables and arrays, for example, <strong><span class="highlight--red">int r;</span></strong>, <strong><span class="highlight--red">double arr[10];</span></strong>, <strong><span class="highlight--red">char name[20];</span></strong>, etc., the memory is automatically allocated at compile time and de-allocated when the function, block, or program finishes by the operating system.</p><p>The operating system uses dynamic memory allocation in C++ for dynamically allocated variables, for example, <strong><span class="highlight--red">int* ptr = new int;</span></strong>, <strong><span class="highlight--red">int* arr = new int[6];</span></strong>. Dynamically allocated memory does not get de-allocated until the program terminates. So, a programmer must de-allocate the memory, when it is no longer required. Memory leaks can occur when a programmer fails to de-allocate a dynamically allocated memory.</p></section> <section class="main"><h2 id="how-is-memory-allocated/de-allocated-in-c---" level="2">How is Memory Allocated/De-Allocated in C++?</h2><p>In C Language, before allocating or de-allocating memory dynamically (at run-time), we have to include <strong><span class="highlight--red"><stdlib.h></span></strong> header file to use the library functions like <strong><span class="highlight--red">malloc()</span></strong>, <strong><span class="highlight--red">calloc()</span></strong>, <strong><span class="highlight--red">realloc()</span></strong> and <strong><span class="highlight--red">free()</span></strong>.</p><p>In C++ Language, <strong>new</strong> and <strong>delete</strong> operators are pre-defined in the C++ Standard Library and don't require to include any library file for run-time allocation and de-allocation of memory blocks. Although we can use <strong><span class="highlight--red">malloc()</span></strong>, <strong><span class="highlight--red">calloc()</span></strong>, and other functions in C++ as well by adding the <strong><span class="highlight--red"><stdlib.h></span></strong> header file because of the backward compatibility of C++ with C Language. This article explains the <strong>new</strong> and <strong>delete</strong> operators of the C++ language. Visit <a href="https://www.scaler.com/topics/c/dynamic-memory-allocation-in-c/" target="_blank" title="">Dynamic Memory Allocation in C - Scaler Topics</a> to know more about DMA functions in C Language.</p></section> <section class="main"><h2 id="dynamic-memory-allocation-&-de-allocation-criteria" level="2">Dynamic Memory Allocation & De-allocation Criteria</h2><h3 id="1--creating-the-dynamic-space-in-memory-" level="3">1. Creating the Dynamic Space in Memory.</h3><p>During the dynamic memory allocation in C++, first, we have to create a dynamic space (in the heap memory). We use the <strong>new</strong> operator to create a dynamic space.</p><h3 id="2--storing-its-address-in-a-pointer" level="3">2. Storing its Address in a Pointer</h3><p>Once a <strong>dynamic space</strong> a created, we have to store the address of the <strong>allocated space in a pointer variable</strong> to access and modify the contents of the <strong>memory block</strong>.</p><h3 id="3--deleting-the-allocated-space" level="3">3. Deleting the Allocated Space</h3><p>Once the user does not require the memory block, we delete the allocated space using the <strong>delete</strong> operator to free up the heap memory.</p></section> <section class="main"><h2 id="the-"new"-operator-in-c--" level="2">The "new" operator in C++</h2><p>The <strong>new</strong> operator in C++ is used to <strong>dynamically allocate a block of memory and store its address</strong> in a pointer variable during the execution of a C++ program if enough memory is available in the system.</p><h3 id="syntax-for-"new"-operator:" level="3">Syntax for "new" operator:</h3><pre><div class="code-box_snippetContainer__cJ6zK"></div></pre><ul> <li><strong><span class="highlight--red">ptr_var</span></strong> is a pointer, which stores the address of the type <strong><span class="highlight--red">data_type</span></strong>.</li> <li>Any pre-defined data types, like <strong><span class="highlight--red">int</span></strong>, <strong><span class="highlight--red">char</span></strong>, etc., or other user-defined data types, like classes, can be used as the <strong><span class="highlight--red">data_type</span></strong> with the <strong>new</strong> operator.</li> </ul><h3 id="example-c---program:" level="3">Example C++ Program:</h3><pre><div class="code-box_snippetContainer__cJ6zK"></div></pre><p><strong>Output:</strong></p><pre><div class="code-box_snippetContainer__cJ6zK"></div></pre><p><strong>Explanation:</strong></p><ul> <li>A memory block is allocated using the <strong>new</strong> operator and the address of the memory block has been stored in the <strong><span class="highlight--red">ptr</span></strong> pointer.</li> <li>(<strong><span class="highlight--red">*ptr</span></strong>) represents the value at the allocated memory location. We have assigned <strong><span class="highlight--red">12</span></strong> in the memory using <strong><span class="highlight--red">*ptr = 12</span></strong> expression.</li> </ul><h3 id="initializing-dynamic-memory" level="3">Initializing Dynamic Memory</h3><p><strong>Syntax:</strong></p><pre><div class="code-box_snippetContainer__cJ6zK"></div></pre><p><strong>Example C++ program:</strong></p><pre><div class="code-box_snippetContainer__cJ6zK"></div></pre><p><strong>Output:</strong></p><pre><div class="code-box_snippetContainer__cJ6zK"></div></pre><h3 id="what-happens-if-the-system's-memory-runs-out-during-the-execution-of-the-program-" level="3">What Happens if the System's Memory Runs out During the Execution of the Program?</h3><p>When there is insufficient memory in the heap segment during the run-time of a C++ program, the new request for allocation fails by throwing an exception of type <strong><span class="highlight--red">std::bad alloc</span></strong>. It can be avoided using a <strong>nothrow</strong> argument with the <strong>new</strong> operator. When we use <strong>nothrow</strong> with <strong>new</strong>, it returns a <strong>NULL</strong> pointer. So, the pointer variable should be checked that is formed by <strong>new</strong> before utilizing it in a program.</p><p><strong>Example:</strong></p><pre><div class="code-box_snippetContainer__cJ6zK"></div></pre></section> <section class="main"><h2 id="the-"delete"-operator-in-c--" level="2">The "delete" Operator in C++</h2><p>The <strong>delete</strong> operator is used to de-allocate the block of memory, which is dynamically allocated using the <strong>new</strong> operator. Since, a programmer must de-allocate a block of memory, once it is not required in the program. So, we have to use the <strong>delete</strong> operator to avoid memory leaks and program crash errors, which occur due to the exhaustion of the system's memory.</p><h3 id="syntax:" level="3">Syntax:</h3><p>Syntax to delete a single block of memory:</p><pre><div class="code-box_snippetContainer__cJ6zK"></div></pre><p>Syntax to delete an array of memory:</p><pre><div class="code-box_snippetContainer__cJ6zK"></div></pre><h3 id="example-c---program:" level="3">Example C++ Program:</h3><pre><div class="code-box_snippetContainer__cJ6zK"></div></pre><p><strong>Output:</strong></p><pre><div class="code-box_snippetContainer__cJ6zK"></div></pre><p>(output garbage value is compiler dependent and will be different at each run)</p><p><strong>Explanation:</strong></p><ul> <li>A memory block for the <strong>stars</strong> pointer is allocated using the <strong>new</strong> operator and the address of the memory block has been stored in the <strong>stars</strong> pointer.</li> <li>We have used the <strong>delete</strong> operator to de-allocate the memory pointed by the <strong>stars</strong> pointer, as it is no longer required in our program.</li> <li>The memory is de-allocated but the <strong>stars</strong> pointer is still pointing to some garbage location in the memory. So, it will show <strong>garbage value</strong> if printed on the output screen. We have assigned <strong>NULL</strong> to the <strong>stars</strong> pointer in the end to avoid the situation of a <a href="https://www.scaler.com/topics/c/dangling-pointer-in-c/" target="_blank" title="">dangling pointer</a>.</li> </ul><p><strong>Image Explanation:</strong> <img alt="Dynamic Memory Allocation in C++" loading="lazy" width="864" height="200" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" class="markdown_image_container__jjYk1 markdown_loading__y_n2Y" style="color:transparent;height:auto;max-width:100%" src="https://scaler.com/topics/images/dynamic-memory-allocation-in-cpp.webp"/></p></section> <div></div> <section class="main"><h2 id="dynamic-memory-allocation-in-c---for-arrays" level="2">Dynamic Memory Allocation in C++ for Arrays</h2><h3 id="allocating-a-block-of-memory-using-the-"new"-operator" level="3">Allocating a Block of Memory Using the "new" Operator</h3><p>The <strong>new</strong> operator can also be used to allocate a block of memory (an array) of any <strong><span class="highlight--red">data_type</span></strong>.</p><p><strong>Syntax:</strong></p><pre><div class="code-box_snippetContainer__cJ6zK"></div></pre><p><strong>Example</strong></p><pre><div class="code-box_snippetContainer__cJ6zK"></div></pre><h3 id="standard-array-declaration-vs-using-the-"new"-operator" level="3">Standard Array Declaration vs Using the "new" Operator</h3><p>The most significant distinction between <strong>standard arrays and a dynamically allocated array</strong> is that standard arrays are de-allocated by the <a href="https://www.scaler.com/topics/cpp/online-cpp-compiler/" target="_blank" title=""><strong>online C++ compiler</strong></a> when the function execution finishes or it goes out of scope. While with dynamically allocated arrays, arrays always remain in the memory until either the programmer <strong>de-allocates</strong> them or the program execution finishes.</p><p><strong>Syntax for normal array declaration:</strong></p><pre><div class="code-box_snippetContainer__cJ6zK"></div></pre><p><strong>Syntax for dynamically allocated array:</strong></p><pre><div class="code-box_snippetContainer__cJ6zK"></div></pre><p><strong>Example C++ Program with <span class="highlight--red">new</span> operator:</strong></p><pre><div class="code-box_snippetContainer__cJ6zK"></div></pre><p><strong>Custom Input:</strong></p><pre><div class="code-box_snippetContainer__cJ6zK"></div></pre><p><strong>Output:</strong></p><pre><div class="code-box_snippetContainer__cJ6zK"></div></pre><p>(output garbage values are compiler dependent and different at each run)</p><p><strong>Explanation:</strong></p><ul> <li>We have created a dynamically allocated array using the <strong>new</strong> operator.</li> <li>Then, we have taken input for the array elements from the user and printed the array elements.</li> <li>With the use of the <strong>delete</strong> operator on the array pointer <strong><span class="highlight--red">arr</span></strong>, we have de-allocated the array memory. Now, the array location will contain <strong>garbage values</strong> as seen in the output.</li> </ul></section> <section class="main"><h2 id="dynamic-memory-allocation-in-c---for-objects" level="2">Dynamic Memory Allocation in C++ for Objects</h2><p>We can dynamically allocate memory for objects also. When we create an object of a class, a constructor function is invoked. Constructor is a member function of a class that is used to initialize the object. Also, when the object goes out of scope or gets <strong>de-allocated</strong>, a <strong>destructor</strong> function is invoked. Destructor is also a <strong>class member function</strong> that helps in knowing when the object's memory gets <strong>deleted</strong>.</p><p>We use pointers once more for allocating memory to objects.</p><p><strong>Example C++ Program:</strong></p><pre><div class="code-box_snippetContainer__cJ6zK"></div></pre><p><strong>Output:</strong></p><pre><div class="code-box_snippetContainer__cJ6zK"></div></pre><p><strong>Explanation:</strong> We have created a class <strong>Animal</strong> with <a href="https://www.scaler.com/topics/cpp/constructor-and-destructor-in-cpp/" target="_blank" title="">constructor and destructor</a> member functions. In the <strong><span class="highlight--red">main()</span></strong> function, we have created a <strong>dog</strong> object of class <strong>Animal</strong> using the <strong>new</strong> operator, which invokes the constructor function of the <strong>Animal</strong> class. When we have used the <strong>delete</strong> operator to de-allocate the <strong>dog</strong> object memory, the destructor function is invoked.</p></section> <section class="main"><h2 id="comparison-with-"malloc--",-"calloc--",-and-"free--"-functions-of-c-" level="2">Comparison with "malloc()", "calloc()", and "free()" Functions of C.</h2><p>First, let's see the small definitions of <strong><span class="highlight--red">malloc()</span></strong>, <strong><span class="highlight--red">calloc()</span></strong>, and <strong><span class="highlight--red">free()</span></strong> library function to get a basic understanding of the functions.</p> <div style="overflow:auto"><table><thead><tr><th style="text-align:center">C Functions</th><th style="text-align:center">Definition</th><th style="text-align:center">Syntax</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:center"><a href="#malloc-examples" target="_blank" title="">malloc()</a></td><td style="text-align:center">It is used to allocate memory of the argument's size (in bytes) and returns a void pointer to the allocated pointer's first byte.</td><td style="text-align:center"><strong><span class="highlight--red">(cast-data-type *)malloc(size-in-bytes)</span></strong></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><a href="#calloc-examples" target="_blank" title="">calloc()</a></td><td style="text-align:center">It is used to allocate space as an array of elements, it also initializes all the elements with <span class="highlight--red">0</span> and returns a void pointer.</td><td style="text-align:center"><strong><span class="highlight--red">(cast-data-type *)calloc(num, size-in-bytes)</span></strong></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><a href="#free-example" target="_blank" title="">free()</a></td><td style="text-align:center">It is used to clear the allocated space (de-allocate) from the heap memory.</td><td style="text-align:center"><strong><span class="highlight--red">free(ptr)</span></strong></td></tr></tbody></table></div></section> <section class="tip"><p><strong>Note:</strong> The <strong><span class="highlight--red">malloc()</span></strong> and the <strong><span class="highlight--red">calloc()</span></strong> function returns a void pointer, so we have to typecast them into the required data types before using the allocated memory.</p></section> <section class="main"><h3 id=""new"-vs-"malloc--"-and-"calloc--"" level="3">"new" vs "malloc()" and "calloc()"</h3><p>The <strong>new</strong> operator has a similar working as <a href="https://www.scaler.com/topics/difference-between-malloc-and-calloc-in-c/" target="_blank" title="">malloc() and calloc()</a> functions because these all are used to allocate memory during the execution of a C/C++ program but, when the <strong>new</strong> operator is used with objects it invokes the constructor function of the class, while <strong><span class="highlight--red">malloc()</span></strong> and <strong><span class="highlight--red">calloc()</span></strong> doesn't invoke the constructor function.</p><p><strong>Example C++ Program:</strong></p><pre><div class="code-box_snippetContainer__cJ6zK"></div></pre><p><strong>Output:</strong></p><pre><div class="code-box_snippetContainer__cJ6zK"></div></pre><p><strong>Explanation:</strong> We can see that, when an object <strong>dog</strong> was created using the <strong>new</strong> operator, the constructor is invoked. Also, when we have created an array of <strong>Animal</strong> class (<strong><span class="highlight--red">dogs</span></strong>) with <strong><span class="highlight--red">5</span></strong> elements, the default constructor is invoked <strong><span class="highlight--red">5</span></strong> times (constructor is invoked <strong><span class="highlight--red">6</span></strong> times in total). Whereas, when an object was created using the <strong><span class="highlight--red">malloc()</span></strong> or <strong><span class="highlight--red">calloc()</span></strong> function, the constructor function is not called.</p><h3 id=""delete"-vs-"free--"" level="3">"delete" vs "free()"</h3><p>The <strong>delete</strong> operator is also similar to the <strong><span class="highlight--red">free()</span></strong> function because both methods are used to de-allocate memory during the execution of a C/C++ program but, when the <strong>delete</strong> operator is used with objects it invokes the destructor function of the class when the object is de-allocated, while <strong><span class="highlight--red">free()</span></strong> doesn't invoke the destructor function.</p><p><strong>Example C++ Program:</strong></p><pre><div class="code-box_snippetContainer__cJ6zK"></div></pre><p><strong>Output:</strong></p><pre><div class="code-box_snippetContainer__cJ6zK"></div></pre><p><strong>Explanation:</strong> We can see that, when an object <strong>dog</strong> was created using the <strong>new</strong> operator, the constructor is invoked. Also, we have created an object of <strong>Animal</strong> class (<strong><span class="highlight--red">cat</span></strong>) using the <strong><span class="highlight--red">malloc()</span></strong> function. When the <strong>delete</strong> operator is used with the <strong>dog</strong> object, it invokes the default destructor function. Whereas, when the <strong><span class="highlight--red">free()</span></strong> function is called with the <strong>cat</strong> object, the destructor function is not called.</p></section> <div></div> <section class="summary"><h2 id="conclusion" level="2">Conclusion</h2><ul> <li> <p>A system's memory is one of the most important resources available to us since it can be used as both static memory and dynamic memory.</p> </li> <li> <p>Allocation and de-allocation of memory blocks during run-time is known as <strong>Dynamic Memory Allocation</strong> in C++.</p> </li> <li> <p>DMA is a very essential concept in the field of data structures as Linked Lists, Stacks, Queues, Trees, etc., requirements allocation and de-allocation of memory blocks at run-time.</p> </li> <li> <p>The <strong>new</strong> operator is used to allocate a memory block, while the <strong>delete</strong> operator is used to de-allocate a memory block.</p> </li> <li> <p>In C language, we use <strong><span class="highlight--red">malloc()</span></strong>, <strong><span class="highlight--red">calloc()</span></strong>, and <strong>free</strong> functions, while in C++ language we use <strong>new</strong> and <strong>delete</strong> operators to allocate and de-allocate memory blocks at run-time.</p> </li> </ul></section> <section class="main"><h2 id="read-more:" level="2">Read More:</h2><ul> <li><a href="https://www.scaler.com/topics/cpp/inheritance-in-cpp/" target="_blank" title="">Inheritance in C++</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://www.scaler.com/topics/cpp/data-types-in-cpp/" target="_blank" title="">Learn about Data Types in C++</a>.</li> </ul></section></div></div></div></div><div class="view_right_section__M6YCz relative p-b-m"></div></div></div><footer><div class="full-width feedback_container__imOut"><div role="button" tabindex="0" class="signin-alert-popup_signInWrapper__Kr4eW"><div class="signin-alert-popup_overLay__Xq3de"></div><div class="row flex-c 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The operators **new** and **delete** are utilized for dynamic memory allocation in C++ language, **new** operator is used to allocate a memory block, and **delete** operator is used to de-allocate a memory block which is allocated by using new operator.\n\n:::\n\n:::section{.main}\n\n## C++ Program Memory Management \n\nWhen we run a C++ program on our machine, it requires some space to store its instructions (statements), local variables, global variables, and various other [functions in C++](https://www.scaler.com/topics/cpp/functions-in-cpp/). This space required to run a C++ Program is known as **memory** in computers.\n\nThere are **two types of memory** in our system, **Static Memory and Dynamic Memory**.\n\n* **Static Memory:** It is a **constant space** allocated by the operating system during the **compile time** of a C++ program and it internally uses **stack** data structure to manage the static memory allocation. We can't reallocate the space consumed by the program until its execution is over.\n\n* **Dynamic Memory:** It is the memory that can be allocated or de-allocated by the operating system during the **run-time** of a C++ program. It is more efficient than static memory because we can **de-allocate and reuse** our memory during the run-time of our program.\n\nThe memory used by a C++ program can be divided further into four parts:\n\n1. Run-time Stack (Static Memory)\n2. Static Data Memory (for Global and Static Variables) \n3. Instructions / Statements (Static Memory)\n4. Heap (Dynamic Memory)\n\n\n\n### The Stack memory\n\n* Our operating system **allocates a constant space** during compile-time of a C++ program, this space is known as **Stack memory**. \n* Stack memory is used to **hold functions**, different variables, and local statements that exist in the function definition. \n* Stack is a part of the static memory in our system and it constitutes the majority of our system's static memory.\n\n### The Heap Memory\n\n* **Heap memory** is also known as the **dynamic memory** in our system. It can be thought of as a large block of memory that is **expandable and shrinkable** during the execution of a program.\n* **Allocation and De-allocation of memory blocks** during the execution of a program can be done using **new** and **delete** operators in C++ (these operators are discussed later in the article).\n* Heap memory can be expanded as long as we do not exhaust the machine memory itself. It is not good from a programming perspective to completely use the machine memory to avoid errors, thus we must use the heap memory carefully.\n\n\n:::\n\n:::section{.main}\n\n## Types of Memory Allocation\n\n\n### 1. Static Memory Allocation in C++ (Compile-time Memory Allocation)\n\n* When memory is allocated at compile-time, it is referred to as **Static Memory Allocation**.\n* A fixed space is allocated for the local variables, function calls, and local statements, that **can not** be changed during the execution of the program.\n* We **can not allocate or de-allocate a memory block** once the execution of the program starts.\n* We **can't re-use** the static memory while the program is running. As a result, it is less effective.\n\n### 2. Dynamic Memory Allocation in C++ (Run-time Memory Allocation)\n\n* When memory is allocated or de-allocated during run-time, it is referred to as **Dynamic Memory Allocation** in C++.\n* A variable space is allocated that **can** be changed during the execution of the program.\n* We use dynamic/heap memory to allocate and de-allocate a block of memory during the execution of the program using **new** and **delete** operators.\n* We **can** re-use our heap memory during the run-time of our program. As a result, it is highly effective.\n\n\u003c!-- What is the main advantage of dynamic memory allocation over static memory allocation in C++?\n\nOptions:\nA) Dynamic memory allows memory size to be adjusted during runtime.\nB) Dynamic memory uses less overall memory.\nC) Dynamic memory allocation is faster.\nD) Dynamic memory can be allocated on the stack.\n\nCorrect Answer: A) Dynamic memory allows memory size to be adjusted during runtime. --\u003e\n\n:::\n\n:::section{.quiz_pop}\n:::\n\n:::section{.main}\n\n## Why Dynamic Memory Allocation?\n\nThere were some drawbacks of **stack memory or static memory allocation**, like the space allocated for the stack **can not be expanded** during the execution of a C++ program or we can't keep variables in the program till the time we want. So, to overcome these drawbacks, we use the **Dynamic Memory Allocation concepts**. \n\nDynamic Memory Allocation is also a very essential topic in the field of **data structures**, and it is utilized practically in all data structures. For example, dynamic arrays, linked lists, queues, trees, stack, etc. uses DMA to allocate and de-allocate memory blocks during the execution of a C++ program. \n\n:::\n\n\n:::section{.main}\n\n## How is it Different from Memory Allocated to Normal Variables?\n\nThe operating system uses static memory allocation for normal data-type variables and arrays, for example, **`int r;`**, **`double arr[10];`**, **`char name[20];`**, etc., the memory is automatically allocated at compile time and de-allocated when the function, block, or program finishes by the operating system. \n\nThe operating system uses dynamic memory allocation in C++ for dynamically allocated variables, for example, **`int* ptr = new int;`**, **`int* arr = new int[6];`**. Dynamically allocated memory does not get de-allocated until the program terminates. So, a programmer must de-allocate the memory, when it is no longer required. Memory leaks can occur when a programmer fails to de-allocate a dynamically allocated memory.\n\n:::\n\n\n:::section{.main}\n\n## How is Memory Allocated/De-Allocated in C++?\n\nIn C Language, before allocating or de-allocating memory dynamically (at run-time), we have to include **`\u003cstdlib.h\u003e`** header file to use the library functions like **`malloc()`**, **`calloc()`**, **`realloc()`** and **`free()`**.\n\nIn C++ Language, **new** and **delete** operators are pre-defined in the C++ Standard Library and don't require to include any library file for run-time allocation and de-allocation of memory blocks. Although we can use **`malloc()`**, **`calloc()`**, and other functions in C++ as well by adding the **`\u003cstdlib.h\u003e`** header file because of the backward compatibility of C++ with C Language. This article explains the **new** and **delete** operators of the C++ language. Visit [Dynamic Memory Allocation in C - Scaler Topics](https://www.scaler.com/topics/c/dynamic-memory-allocation-in-c/) to know more about DMA functions in C Language.\n\n:::\n\n:::section{.main}\n\n## Dynamic Memory Allocation \u0026 De-allocation Criteria\n\n### 1. Creating the Dynamic Space in Memory.\n\nDuring the dynamic memory allocation in C++, first, we have to create a dynamic space (in the heap memory). We use the **new** operator to create a dynamic space. \n\n### 2. Storing its Address in a Pointer\n\nOnce a **dynamic space** a created, we have to store the address of the **allocated space in a pointer variable** to access and modify the contents of the **memory block**.\n\n### 3. Deleting the Allocated Space\n\nOnce the user does not require the memory block, we delete the allocated space using the **delete** operator to free up the heap memory.\n\n:::\n\n\n:::section{.main}\n\n## The \"new\" operator in C++\n\nThe **new** operator in C++ is used to **dynamically allocate a block of memory and store its address** in a pointer variable during the execution of a C++ program if enough memory is available in the system.\n\n### Syntax for \"new\" operator:\n\n```cpp\ndata_type* ptr_var = new data_type;\n```\n\n* **`ptr_var`** is a pointer, which stores the address of the type **`data_type`**. \n* Any pre-defined data types, like **`int`**, **`char`**, etc., or other user-defined data types, like classes, can be used as the **`data_type`** with the **new** operator.\n\n### Example C++ Program:\n\n```cpp::https://www.scaler.com/topics/cpp/online-cpp-compiler/?content_slug=2f1c6a4514666588e44f\n// how to allocate memory using the new operator example\n#include \u003ciostream\u003e\nusing namespace std;\n\nint main() \n{\n // dynamically allocating an integer memory block\n int* ptr = new int;\n\n // storing a value at the memory pointed by ptr\n *ptr = 12;\n\n cout \u003c\u003c \"Value at memory pointed by ptr= \" \u003c\u003c *ptr;\n\n return 0;\n}\n```\n\n**Output:**\n\n```plaintext\nValue at memory pointed by ptr= 12\n```\n\n**Explanation:** \n\n* A memory block is allocated using the **new** operator and the address of the memory block has been stored in the **`ptr`** pointer. \n* (**`*ptr`**) represents the value at the allocated memory location. We have assigned **`12`** in the memory using **`*ptr = 12`** expression.\n\n### Initializing Dynamic Memory\n\n**Syntax:**\n\n```cpp\ndata_type* ptr_var = new data-type(value);\n```\n\n\n**Example C++ program:**\n\n```cpp::https://www.scaler.com/topics/cpp/online-cpp-compiler/?content_slug=8c718e57ddbf66344dc3\n#include \u003ciostream\u003e\nusing namespace std;\n\nint main() \n{\n // dynamically allocating an integer memory block\n // with 12 as its initial value\n int* ptr = new int(12);\n\n cout \u003c\u003c \"Value at memory pointed by ptr= \" \u003c\u003c *ptr;\n\n return 0;\n}\n```\n\n**Output:**\n\n```plaintext\nValue at memory pointed by ptr= 12\n```\n\n### What Happens if the System's Memory Runs out During the Execution of the Program?\n\nWhen there is insufficient memory in the heap segment during the run-time of a C++ program, the new request for allocation fails by throwing an exception of type **`std::bad alloc`**. It can be avoided using a **nothrow** argument with the **new** operator. When we use **nothrow** with **new**, it returns a **NULL** pointer. So, the pointer variable should be checked that is formed by **new** before utilizing it in a program.\n\n**Example:**\n\n```cpp\nint* ptr = new(nothrow) int;\n\nif (ptr == NULL)\n{\n cout \u003c\u003c \"Allocation Failed!\\n\";\n}\n```\n\n:::\n\n\n:::section{.main}\n\n## The \"delete\" Operator in C++\n\nThe **delete** operator is used to de-allocate the block of memory, which is dynamically allocated using the **new** operator. Since, a programmer must de-allocate a block of memory, once it is not required in the program. So, we have to use the **delete** operator to avoid memory leaks and program crash errors, which occur due to the exhaustion of the system's memory. \n\n### Syntax:\n\nSyntax to delete a single block of memory:\n\n```cpp\ndelete ptr_var;\n```\n\nSyntax to delete an array of memory:\n\n```cpp\ndelete [] ptr_var;\n```\n\n\n### Example C++ Program:\n\n```cpp::https://www.scaler.com/topics/cpp/online-cpp-compiler/?content_slug=c1eef4ca83c94a024b75\n#include \u003ciostream\u003e\n\nusing namespace std;\n\nint main() \n{\n // allocating a new int stars variable using new\n int* stars = new int;\n *stars = 5000;\n\n cout\u003c\u003c\"Visible stars in the sky: \"\u003c\u003c*stars;\n\n // stars memory deallocated using the delete operator\n delete stars;\n\n cout\u003c\u003c\"\\nGarbage value: \"\u003c\u003c*stars;\n\n stars = NULL;\n\n return 0;\n}\n```\n\n\n**Output:**\n\n```plaintext\nVisible stars in the sky: 5000\nGarbage value: 1491762488\n```\n\n(output garbage value is compiler dependent and will be different at each run)\n\n\n**Explanation:**\n\n* A memory block for the **stars** pointer is allocated using the **new** operator and the address of the memory block has been stored in the **stars** pointer. \n* We have used the **delete** operator to de-allocate the memory pointed by the **stars** pointer, as it is no longer required in our program.\n* The memory is de-allocated but the **stars** pointer is still pointing to some garbage location in the memory. So, it will show **garbage value** if printed on the output screen. We have assigned **NULL** to the **stars** pointer in the end to avoid the situation of a [dangling pointer](https://www.scaler.com/topics/c/dangling-pointer-in-c/).\n\n**Image Explanation:**\n\n\n \n\u003c!-- Which statement is true about the new operator in C++?\n\nOptions:\nA) It can only allocate memory for integers.\nB) It automatically deallocates memory when it's no longer needed.\nC) It initializes the memory block to zero.\nD) It can throw an exception if memory allocation fails.\n\nCorrect Answer: D) It can throw an exception if memory allocation fails --\u003e\n:::\n\n:::section{.quiz_pop}\n:::\n\n:::section{.main}\n\n## Dynamic Memory Allocation in C++ for Arrays\n\n### Allocating a Block of Memory Using the \"new\" Operator\n\nThe **new** operator can also be used to allocate a block of memory (an array) of any **`data_type`**.\n\n**Syntax:**\n\n```cpp\ndata_type* ptr_var = new data_type[size_of_the_array];\n```\n\n**Example**\n\n```cpp\nchar* name = new char[10];\n```\n\n\n\n### Standard Array Declaration vs Using the \"new\" Operator\n\nThe most significant distinction between **standard arrays and a dynamically allocated array** is that standard arrays are de-allocated by the [**online C++ compiler**](https://www.scaler.com/topics/cpp/online-cpp-compiler/) when the function execution finishes or it goes out of scope. While with dynamically allocated arrays, arrays always remain in the memory until either the programmer **de-allocates** them or the program execution finishes.\n\n**Syntax for normal array declaration:**\n\n```cpp\nint arr[5];\n```\n\n**Syntax for dynamically allocated array:**\n\n```cpp\nint* arr = new int[5];\n```\n\n\n\n**Example C++ Program with `new` operator:**\n\n```cpp::https://www.scaler.com/topics/cpp/online-cpp-compiler/?content_slug=5706cdd454d80da2aa17\n#include \u003ciostream\u003e\n\nusing namespace std;\n\nint main() \n{\n\t// dynamically allocating an integer array of size 5 using new operator \n\tint* arr = new int[5];\n\n\tcout \u003c\u003c \"Enter 5 values in the array: \";\n\n\t// taking 5 values as an input from the user\n\tfor(int i = 0; i \u003c 5; i++)\n\t{\n\t\tcin \u003e\u003e arr[i];\n\t}\t\n\n\t// displaying the array elements in the output\n\tcout \u003c\u003c \"\\nArray elements: \";\n\tfor(int i = 0; i \u003c 5; i++)\n\t{\n\t\tcout \u003c\u003c arr[i] \u003c\u003c \" \";\n\t}\n\n\t// dynamically deallocating the array using delete operator\n\tdelete [] arr;\n\n\t// garbage values will be displayed as \n\t// the pointer will point to some deallocated locations\n\tcout \u003c\u003c \"\\nGarbage array values after deallocation of array memory: \";\n\tfor(int i = 0; i \u003c 5; i++)\n\t{\n\t\tcout \u003c\u003c arr[i] \u003c\u003c \" \";\n\t}\n\n\treturn 0;\n}\n```\n\n**Custom Input:**\n```cpp\nEnter 5 values in the array: 1 2 3 4 5\n```\n\n**Output:**\n\n```plaintext\nArray elements: 1 2 3 4 5 \nGarbage array values after deallocation of array memory: -1544938184 32704 -1544938184 32704 5 \n```\n\n(output garbage values are compiler dependent and different at each run)\n\n**Explanation:** \n\n- We have created a dynamically allocated array using the **new** operator. \n- Then, we have taken input for the array elements from the user and printed the array elements.\n- With the use of the **delete** operator on the array pointer **`arr`**, we have de-allocated the array memory. Now, the array location will contain **garbage values** as seen in the output.\n\n:::\n\n:::section{.main}\n\n## Dynamic Memory Allocation in C++ for Objects\n\nWe can dynamically allocate memory for objects also. When we create an object of a class, a constructor function is invoked. Constructor is a member function of a class that is used to initialize the object. Also, when the object goes out of scope or gets **de-allocated**, a **destructor** function is invoked. Destructor is also a **class member function** that helps in knowing when the object's memory gets **deleted**.\n\nWe use pointers once more for allocating memory to objects.\n\n**Example C++ Program:**\n\n```cpp::https://www.scaler.com/topics/cpp/online-cpp-compiler/?content_slug=996952e543cc14e13181\n#include \u003ciostream\u003e\nusing namespace std;\n\nclass Animal \n{\n public:\n Animal() { \n cout \u003c\u003c \"Animal class constructor invoked!\" \u003c\u003cendl; \n }\n ~Animal() { \n cout \u003c\u003c \"Animal class destructor invoked!\" \u003c\u003cendl; \n }\n};\n\nint main() \n{\n // memory allocated for dog object of type Animal\n // constructor will be invoked\n Animal* dog = new Animal; \n\n // memory deallocated for dog object of type Animal\n // destructor will be invoked\n delete dog; \n\n return 0;\n}\n```\n\n**Output:**\n\n```plaintext\nAnimal class constructor invoked!\nAnimal class destructor invoked!\n```\n\n**Explanation:** We have created a class **Animal** with [constructor and destructor](https://www.scaler.com/topics/cpp/constructor-and-destructor-in-cpp/) member functions. In the **`main()`** function, we have created a **dog** object of class **Animal** using the **new** operator, which invokes the constructor function of the **Animal** class. When we have used the **delete** operator to de-allocate the **dog** object memory, the destructor function is invoked.\n\n:::\n\n:::section{.main}\n\n## Comparison with \"malloc()\", \"calloc()\", and \"free()\" Functions of C.\n\nFirst, let's see the small definitions of **`malloc()`**, **`calloc()`**, and **`free()`** library function to get a basic understanding of the functions.\n\n| C Functions | Definition| Syntax |\n| :------------: | :-------: | :-----------: |\n| [malloc()](#malloc-examples) | It is used to allocate memory of the argument's size (in bytes) and returns a void pointer to the allocated pointer's first byte.| **`(cast-data-type *)malloc(size-in-bytes)`** |\n| [calloc()](#calloc-examples) | It is used to allocate space as an array of elements, it also initializes all the elements with `0` and returns a void pointer.| **`(cast-data-type *)calloc(num, size-in-bytes)`** |\n| [free()](#free-example) | It is used to clear the allocated space (de-allocate) from the heap memory.| **`free(ptr)`** |\n:::\n:::section{.tip}\n\n**Note:** The **`malloc()`** and the **`calloc()`** function returns a void pointer, so we have to typecast them into the required data types before using the allocated memory.\n:::\n:::section{.main}\n### \"new\" vs \"malloc()\" and \"calloc()\"\n\nThe **new** operator has a similar working as [malloc() and calloc()](https://www.scaler.com/topics/difference-between-malloc-and-calloc-in-c/) functions because these all are used to allocate memory during the execution of a C/C++ program but, when the **new** operator is used with objects it invokes the constructor function of the class, while **`malloc()`** and **`calloc()`** doesn't invoke the constructor function.\n\n**Example C++ Program:**\n\n```cpp::https://www.scaler.com/topics/cpp/online-cpp-compiler/?content_slug=963d80336dc2f07ad348\n#include \u003ciostream\u003e\n\nusing namespace std;\n\nclass Animal \n{\n public:\n Animal() { \n cout \u003c\u003c \"Animal class constructor invoked!\" \u003c\u003cendl; \n }\n ~Animal() { \n cout \u003c\u003c \"Animal class destructor invoked!\" \u003c\u003cendl; \n }\n};\n\nint main() \n{\n\t// memory allocated for dog object of type Animal using the new operator\n\t// here, the constructor will be called 1 time.\n\tAnimal* dog = new(nothrow) Animal; \n\n\t// 5 blocks of memory allocated for object dogs using new\n\t// here, the constructor will be called 5 times.\n\tAnimal* dogs = new(nothrow) Animal[5];\n\n\t// memory allocated for cat object of type Animal using the malloc function,\n\t// constructor will not be called.\n\tAnimal* cat = (Animal*)malloc(sizeof(Animal));\n\n\t// 5 blocks of memory allocated for object dogs using calloc function,\n\t// constructor will not be called.\n\tAnimal* cats = (Animal*)calloc(5, sizeof(Animal));\n\n\treturn 0;\n}\n```\n\n**Output:**\n\n```plaintext\nAnimal class constructor invoked!\nAnimal class constructor invoked!\nAnimal class constructor invoked!\nAnimal class constructor invoked!\nAnimal class constructor invoked!\nAnimal class constructor invoked!\n```\n\n**Explanation:** We can see that, when an object **dog** was created using the **new** operator, the constructor is invoked. Also, when we have created an array of **Animal** class (**`dogs`**) with **`5`** elements, the default constructor is invoked **`5`** times (constructor is invoked **`6`** times in total). Whereas, when an object was created using the **`malloc()`** or **`calloc()`** function, the constructor function is not called.\n\n\n### \"delete\" vs \"free()\"\n\nThe **delete** operator is also similar to the **`free()`** function because both methods are used to de-allocate memory during the execution of a C/C++ program but, when the **delete** operator is used with objects it invokes the destructor function of the class when the object is de-allocated, while **`free()`** doesn't invoke the destructor function.\n\n**Example C++ Program:**\n\n```cpp::https://www.scaler.com/topics/cpp/online-cpp-compiler/?content_slug=12d6b30f4568be996ca9\n#include \u003ciostream\u003e\n\nusing namespace std;\n\nclass Animal \n{\n public:\n Animal() { \n cout \u003c\u003c \"Animal class constructor invoked!\" \u003c\u003cendl; \n }\n ~Animal() { \n cout \u003c\u003c \"Animal class destructor invoked!\" \u003c\u003cendl; \n }\n};\n\nint main() \n{\n\t// memory allocated for dog object of type Animal using the new operator\n\t// here, the constructor will be called 1 time.\n\tAnimal* dog = new(nothrow) Animal; \n\n\t// memory allocated for cat object of type Animal using the malloc function,\n\t// constructor will not be called.\n\tAnimal* cat = (Animal*)malloc(sizeof(Animal));\n\n\t// deallocates the memory for dog object using delete operator,\n\t// destructor will be called.\n\tdelete dog;\n\n\t// deallocates the memory for cat object using free funtion but,\n\t// destructor will not be called\n\tfree(cat);\n\n\treturn 0;\n}\n```\n\n**Output:**\n\n```plaintext\nAnimal class constructor invoked!\nAnimal class destructor invoked!\n```\n\n**Explanation:** We can see that, when an object **dog** was created using the **new** operator, the constructor is invoked. Also, we have created an object of **Animal** class (**`cat`**) using the **`malloc()`** function. When the **delete** operator is used with the **dog** object, it invokes the default destructor function. Whereas, when the **`free()`** function is called with the **cat** object, the destructor function is not called.\n\n\u003c!-- Why should the delete operator be used instead of free() in C++ when dealing with objects?\n\nOptions:\nA) delete automatically calls the destructor, whereas free() does not.\nB) free() can allocate memory, but delete cannot.\nC) delete uses less memory than free().\nD) free() is faster than delete.\n\nCorrect Answer: A) delete automatically calls the destructor, whereas free() does not. --\u003e\n\n:::\n\n:::section{.quiz_pop}\n::: \n\n:::section{.summary}\n\n## Conclusion\n- A system's memory is one of the most important resources available to us since it can be used as both static memory and dynamic memory. \n- Allocation and de-allocation of memory blocks during run-time is known as **Dynamic Memory Allocation** in C++.\n- DMA is a very essential concept in the field of data structures as Linked Lists, Stacks, Queues, Trees, etc., requirements allocation and de-allocation of memory blocks at run-time.\n- The **new** operator is used to allocate a memory block, while the **delete** operator is used to de-allocate a memory block.\n- In C language, we use **`malloc()`**, **`calloc()`**, and **free** functions, while in C++ language we use **new** and **delete** operators to allocate and de-allocate memory blocks at run-time. \n\n\n \n:::\n:::section{.main}\n## Read More:\n- [Inheritance in C++](https://www.scaler.com/topics/cpp/inheritance-in-cpp/).\n- [Learn about Data Types in C++](https://www.scaler.com/topics/cpp/data-types-in-cpp/).","course_video_data":[],"collaborators":{"authors":[{"name":"Abhishek Chandra","slug":"be19d80eba53","email":"1ac23456789@gmail.com","image":"https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/a-/ACNPEu9R2U96t1_I8R2LHopumh5WPRIBtvEDc_P5RKBLPE8=s96-c","linkedin_profile":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/abhishek-chandra1/","company":"Accenture","designation":"Technical Writer","validated_at":"2024-02-22T13:23:29.000Z","topics_slug":"abhishek-chandra","about":"Meet Abhishek Chandra, a Technical Content Writer at Scaler, dedicated to crafting insightful articles on C, C++, Java, and JavaScript. 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Overview\n\nThe process of allocating or de-allocating a block of memory during the execution of a program is called **Dynamic Memory Allocation**. The operators **new** and **delete** are utilized for dynamic memory allocation in C++ language, **new** operator is used to allocate a memory block, and **delete** operator is used to de-allocate a memory block which is allocated by using new operator.\n\n:::\n\n:::section{.main}\n\n## C++ Program Memory Management \n\nWhen we run a C++ program on our machine, it requires some space to store its instructions (statements), local variables, global variables, and various other [functions in C++](https://www.scaler.com/topics/cpp/functions-in-cpp/). This space required to run a C++ Program is known as **memory** in computers.\n\nThere are **two types of memory** in our system, **Static Memory and Dynamic Memory**.\n\n* **Static Memory:** It is a **constant space** allocated by the operating system during the **compile time** of a C++ program and it internally uses **stack** data structure to manage the static memory allocation. We can't reallocate the space consumed by the program until its execution is over.\n\n* **Dynamic Memory:** It is the memory that can be allocated or de-allocated by the operating system during the **run-time** of a C++ program. It is more efficient than static memory because we can **de-allocate and reuse** our memory during the run-time of our program.\n\nThe memory used by a C++ program can be divided further into four parts:\n\n1. Run-time Stack (Static Memory)\n2. Static Data Memory (for Global and Static Variables) \n3. Instructions / Statements (Static Memory)\n4. Heap (Dynamic Memory)\n\n\n\n### The Stack memory\n\n* Our operating system **allocates a constant space** during compile-time of a C++ program, this space is known as **Stack memory**. \n* Stack memory is used to **hold functions**, different variables, and local statements that exist in the function definition. \n* Stack is a part of the static memory in our system and it constitutes the majority of our system's static memory.\n\n### The Heap Memory\n\n* **Heap memory** is also known as the **dynamic memory** in our system. It can be thought of as a large block of memory that is **expandable and shrinkable** during the execution of a program.\n* **Allocation and De-allocation of memory blocks** during the execution of a program can be done using **new** and **delete** operators in C++ (these operators are discussed later in the article).\n* Heap memory can be expanded as long as we do not exhaust the machine memory itself. It is not good from a programming perspective to completely use the machine memory to avoid errors, thus we must use the heap memory carefully.\n\n\n:::\n\n:::section{.main}\n\n## Types of Memory Allocation\n\n\n### 1. Static Memory Allocation in C++ (Compile-time Memory Allocation)\n\n* When memory is allocated at compile-time, it is referred to as **Static Memory Allocation**.\n* A fixed space is allocated for the local variables, function calls, and local statements, that **can not** be changed during the execution of the program.\n* We **can not allocate or de-allocate a memory block** once the execution of the program starts.\n* We **can't re-use** the static memory while the program is running. As a result, it is less effective.\n\n### 2. Dynamic Memory Allocation in C++ (Run-time Memory Allocation)\n\n* When memory is allocated or de-allocated during run-time, it is referred to as **Dynamic Memory Allocation** in C++.\n* A variable space is allocated that **can** be changed during the execution of the program.\n* We use dynamic/heap memory to allocate and de-allocate a block of memory during the execution of the program using **new** and **delete** operators.\n* We **can** re-use our heap memory during the run-time of our program. As a result, it is highly effective.\n\n\u003c!-- What is the main advantage of dynamic memory allocation over static memory allocation in C++?\n\nOptions:\nA) Dynamic memory allows memory size to be adjusted during runtime.\nB) Dynamic memory uses less overall memory.\nC) Dynamic memory allocation is faster.\nD) Dynamic memory can be allocated on the stack.\n\nCorrect Answer: A) Dynamic memory allows memory size to be adjusted during runtime. --\u003e\n\n:::\n\n:::section{.quiz_pop}\n:::\n\n:::section{.main}\n\n## Why Dynamic Memory Allocation?\n\nThere were some drawbacks of **stack memory or static memory allocation**, like the space allocated for the stack **can not be expanded** during the execution of a C++ program or we can't keep variables in the program till the time we want. So, to overcome these drawbacks, we use the **Dynamic Memory Allocation concepts**. \n\nDynamic Memory Allocation is also a very essential topic in the field of **data structures**, and it is utilized practically in all data structures. For example, dynamic arrays, linked lists, queues, trees, stack, etc. uses DMA to allocate and de-allocate memory blocks during the execution of a C++ program. \n\n:::\n\n\n:::section{.main}\n\n## How is it Different from Memory Allocated to Normal Variables?\n\nThe operating system uses static memory allocation for normal data-type variables and arrays, for example, **`int r;`**, **`double arr[10];`**, **`char name[20];`**, etc., the memory is automatically allocated at compile time and de-allocated when the function, block, or program finishes by the operating system. \n\nThe operating system uses dynamic memory allocation in C++ for dynamically allocated variables, for example, **`int* ptr = new int;`**, **`int* arr = new int[6];`**. Dynamically allocated memory does not get de-allocated until the program terminates. So, a programmer must de-allocate the memory, when it is no longer required. Memory leaks can occur when a programmer fails to de-allocate a dynamically allocated memory.\n\n:::\n\n\n:::section{.main}\n\n## How is Memory Allocated/De-Allocated in C++?\n\nIn C Language, before allocating or de-allocating memory dynamically (at run-time), we have to include **`\u003cstdlib.h\u003e`** header file to use the library functions like **`malloc()`**, **`calloc()`**, **`realloc()`** and **`free()`**.\n\nIn C++ Language, **new** and **delete** operators are pre-defined in the C++ Standard Library and don't require to include any library file for run-time allocation and de-allocation of memory blocks. Although we can use **`malloc()`**, **`calloc()`**, and other functions in C++ as well by adding the **`\u003cstdlib.h\u003e`** header file because of the backward compatibility of C++ with C Language. This article explains the **new** and **delete** operators of the C++ language. Visit [Dynamic Memory Allocation in C - Scaler Topics](https://www.scaler.com/topics/c/dynamic-memory-allocation-in-c/) to know more about DMA functions in C Language.\n\n:::\n\n:::section{.main}\n\n## Dynamic Memory Allocation \u0026 De-allocation Criteria\n\n### 1. Creating the Dynamic Space in Memory.\n\nDuring the dynamic memory allocation in C++, first, we have to create a dynamic space (in the heap memory). We use the **new** operator to create a dynamic space. \n\n### 2. Storing its Address in a Pointer\n\nOnce a **dynamic space** a created, we have to store the address of the **allocated space in a pointer variable** to access and modify the contents of the **memory block**.\n\n### 3. Deleting the Allocated Space\n\nOnce the user does not require the memory block, we delete the allocated space using the **delete** operator to free up the heap memory.\n\n:::\n\n\n:::section{.main}\n\n## The \"new\" operator in C++\n\nThe **new** operator in C++ is used to **dynamically allocate a block of memory and store its address** in a pointer variable during the execution of a C++ program if enough memory is available in the system.\n\n### Syntax for \"new\" operator:\n\n```cpp\ndata_type* ptr_var = new data_type;\n```\n\n* **`ptr_var`** is a pointer, which stores the address of the type **`data_type`**. \n* Any pre-defined data types, like **`int`**, **`char`**, etc., or other user-defined data types, like classes, can be used as the **`data_type`** with the **new** operator.\n\n### Example C++ Program:\n\n```cpp::https://www.scaler.com/topics/cpp/online-cpp-compiler/?content_slug=2f1c6a4514666588e44f\n// how to allocate memory using the new operator example\n#include \u003ciostream\u003e\nusing namespace std;\n\nint main() \n{\n // dynamically allocating an integer memory block\n int* ptr = new int;\n\n // storing a value at the memory pointed by ptr\n *ptr = 12;\n\n cout \u003c\u003c \"Value at memory pointed by ptr= \" \u003c\u003c *ptr;\n\n return 0;\n}\n```\n\n**Output:**\n\n```plaintext\nValue at memory pointed by ptr= 12\n```\n\n**Explanation:** \n\n* A memory block is allocated using the **new** operator and the address of the memory block has been stored in the **`ptr`** pointer. \n* (**`*ptr`**) represents the value at the allocated memory location. We have assigned **`12`** in the memory using **`*ptr = 12`** expression.\n\n### Initializing Dynamic Memory\n\n**Syntax:**\n\n```cpp\ndata_type* ptr_var = new data-type(value);\n```\n\n\n**Example C++ program:**\n\n```cpp::https://www.scaler.com/topics/cpp/online-cpp-compiler/?content_slug=8c718e57ddbf66344dc3\n#include \u003ciostream\u003e\nusing namespace std;\n\nint main() \n{\n // dynamically allocating an integer memory block\n // with 12 as its initial value\n int* ptr = new int(12);\n\n cout \u003c\u003c \"Value at memory pointed by ptr= \" \u003c\u003c *ptr;\n\n return 0;\n}\n```\n\n**Output:**\n\n```plaintext\nValue at memory pointed by ptr= 12\n```\n\n### What Happens if the System's Memory Runs out During the Execution of the Program?\n\nWhen there is insufficient memory in the heap segment during the run-time of a C++ program, the new request for allocation fails by throwing an exception of type **`std::bad alloc`**. It can be avoided using a **nothrow** argument with the **new** operator. When we use **nothrow** with **new**, it returns a **NULL** pointer. So, the pointer variable should be checked that is formed by **new** before utilizing it in a program.\n\n**Example:**\n\n```cpp\nint* ptr = new(nothrow) int;\n\nif (ptr == NULL)\n{\n cout \u003c\u003c \"Allocation Failed!\\n\";\n}\n```\n\n:::\n\n\n:::section{.main}\n\n## The \"delete\" Operator in C++\n\nThe **delete** operator is used to de-allocate the block of memory, which is dynamically allocated using the **new** operator. Since, a programmer must de-allocate a block of memory, once it is not required in the program. So, we have to use the **delete** operator to avoid memory leaks and program crash errors, which occur due to the exhaustion of the system's memory. \n\n### Syntax:\n\nSyntax to delete a single block of memory:\n\n```cpp\ndelete ptr_var;\n```\n\nSyntax to delete an array of memory:\n\n```cpp\ndelete [] ptr_var;\n```\n\n\n### Example C++ Program:\n\n```cpp::https://www.scaler.com/topics/cpp/online-cpp-compiler/?content_slug=c1eef4ca83c94a024b75\n#include \u003ciostream\u003e\n\nusing namespace std;\n\nint main() \n{\n // allocating a new int stars variable using new\n int* stars = new int;\n *stars = 5000;\n\n cout\u003c\u003c\"Visible stars in the sky: \"\u003c\u003c*stars;\n\n // stars memory deallocated using the delete operator\n delete stars;\n\n cout\u003c\u003c\"\\nGarbage value: \"\u003c\u003c*stars;\n\n stars = NULL;\n\n return 0;\n}\n```\n\n\n**Output:**\n\n```plaintext\nVisible stars in the sky: 5000\nGarbage value: 1491762488\n```\n\n(output garbage value is compiler dependent and will be different at each run)\n\n\n**Explanation:**\n\n* A memory block for the **stars** pointer is allocated using the **new** operator and the address of the memory block has been stored in the **stars** pointer. \n* We have used the **delete** operator to de-allocate the memory pointed by the **stars** pointer, as it is no longer required in our program.\n* The memory is de-allocated but the **stars** pointer is still pointing to some garbage location in the memory. So, it will show **garbage value** if printed on the output screen. We have assigned **NULL** to the **stars** pointer in the end to avoid the situation of a [dangling pointer](https://www.scaler.com/topics/c/dangling-pointer-in-c/).\n\n**Image Explanation:**\n\n\n \n\u003c!-- Which statement is true about the new operator in C++?\n\nOptions:\nA) It can only allocate memory for integers.\nB) It automatically deallocates memory when it's no longer needed.\nC) It initializes the memory block to zero.\nD) It can throw an exception if memory allocation fails.\n\nCorrect Answer: D) It can throw an exception if memory allocation fails --\u003e\n:::\n\n:::section{.quiz_pop}\n:::\n\n:::section{.main}\n\n## Dynamic Memory Allocation in C++ for Arrays\n\n### Allocating a Block of Memory Using the \"new\" Operator\n\nThe **new** operator can also be used to allocate a block of memory (an array) of any **`data_type`**.\n\n**Syntax:**\n\n```cpp\ndata_type* ptr_var = new data_type[size_of_the_array];\n```\n\n**Example**\n\n```cpp\nchar* name = new char[10];\n```\n\n\n\n### Standard Array Declaration vs Using the \"new\" Operator\n\nThe most significant distinction between **standard arrays and a dynamically allocated array** is that standard arrays are de-allocated by the [**online C++ compiler**](https://www.scaler.com/topics/cpp/online-cpp-compiler/) when the function execution finishes or it goes out of scope. While with dynamically allocated arrays, arrays always remain in the memory until either the programmer **de-allocates** them or the program execution finishes.\n\n**Syntax for normal array declaration:**\n\n```cpp\nint arr[5];\n```\n\n**Syntax for dynamically allocated array:**\n\n```cpp\nint* arr = new int[5];\n```\n\n\n\n**Example C++ Program with `new` operator:**\n\n```cpp::https://www.scaler.com/topics/cpp/online-cpp-compiler/?content_slug=5706cdd454d80da2aa17\n#include \u003ciostream\u003e\n\nusing namespace std;\n\nint main() \n{\n\t// dynamically allocating an integer array of size 5 using new operator \n\tint* arr = new int[5];\n\n\tcout \u003c\u003c \"Enter 5 values in the array: \";\n\n\t// taking 5 values as an input from the user\n\tfor(int i = 0; i \u003c 5; i++)\n\t{\n\t\tcin \u003e\u003e arr[i];\n\t}\t\n\n\t// displaying the array elements in the output\n\tcout \u003c\u003c \"\\nArray elements: \";\n\tfor(int i = 0; i \u003c 5; i++)\n\t{\n\t\tcout \u003c\u003c arr[i] \u003c\u003c \" \";\n\t}\n\n\t// dynamically deallocating the array using delete operator\n\tdelete [] arr;\n\n\t// garbage values will be displayed as \n\t// the pointer will point to some deallocated locations\n\tcout \u003c\u003c \"\\nGarbage array values after deallocation of array memory: \";\n\tfor(int i = 0; i \u003c 5; i++)\n\t{\n\t\tcout \u003c\u003c arr[i] \u003c\u003c \" \";\n\t}\n\n\treturn 0;\n}\n```\n\n**Custom Input:**\n```cpp\nEnter 5 values in the array: 1 2 3 4 5\n```\n\n**Output:**\n\n```plaintext\nArray elements: 1 2 3 4 5 \nGarbage array values after deallocation of array memory: -1544938184 32704 -1544938184 32704 5 \n```\n\n(output garbage values are compiler dependent and different at each run)\n\n**Explanation:** \n\n- We have created a dynamically allocated array using the **new** operator. \n- Then, we have taken input for the array elements from the user and printed the array elements.\n- With the use of the **delete** operator on the array pointer **`arr`**, we have de-allocated the array memory. Now, the array location will contain **garbage values** as seen in the output.\n\n:::\n\n:::section{.main}\n\n## Dynamic Memory Allocation in C++ for Objects\n\nWe can dynamically allocate memory for objects also. When we create an object of a class, a constructor function is invoked. Constructor is a member function of a class that is used to initialize the object. Also, when the object goes out of scope or gets **de-allocated**, a **destructor** function is invoked. Destructor is also a **class member function** that helps in knowing when the object's memory gets **deleted**.\n\nWe use pointers once more for allocating memory to objects.\n\n**Example C++ Program:**\n\n```cpp::https://www.scaler.com/topics/cpp/online-cpp-compiler/?content_slug=996952e543cc14e13181\n#include \u003ciostream\u003e\nusing namespace std;\n\nclass Animal \n{\n public:\n Animal() { \n cout \u003c\u003c \"Animal class constructor invoked!\" \u003c\u003cendl; \n }\n ~Animal() { \n cout \u003c\u003c \"Animal class destructor invoked!\" \u003c\u003cendl; \n }\n};\n\nint main() \n{\n // memory allocated for dog object of type Animal\n // constructor will be invoked\n Animal* dog = new Animal; \n\n // memory deallocated for dog object of type Animal\n // destructor will be invoked\n delete dog; \n\n return 0;\n}\n```\n\n**Output:**\n\n```plaintext\nAnimal class constructor invoked!\nAnimal class destructor invoked!\n```\n\n**Explanation:** We have created a class **Animal** with [constructor and destructor](https://www.scaler.com/topics/cpp/constructor-and-destructor-in-cpp/) member functions. In the **`main()`** function, we have created a **dog** object of class **Animal** using the **new** operator, which invokes the constructor function of the **Animal** class. When we have used the **delete** operator to de-allocate the **dog** object memory, the destructor function is invoked.\n\n:::\n\n:::section{.main}\n\n## Comparison with \"malloc()\", \"calloc()\", and \"free()\" Functions of C.\n\nFirst, let's see the small definitions of **`malloc()`**, **`calloc()`**, and **`free()`** library function to get a basic understanding of the functions.\n\n| C Functions | Definition| Syntax |\n| :------------: | :-------: | :-----------: |\n| [malloc()](#malloc-examples) | It is used to allocate memory of the argument's size (in bytes) and returns a void pointer to the allocated pointer's first byte.| **`(cast-data-type *)malloc(size-in-bytes)`** |\n| [calloc()](#calloc-examples) | It is used to allocate space as an array of elements, it also initializes all the elements with `0` and returns a void pointer.| **`(cast-data-type *)calloc(num, size-in-bytes)`** |\n| [free()](#free-example) | It is used to clear the allocated space (de-allocate) from the heap memory.| **`free(ptr)`** |\n:::\n:::section{.tip}\n\n**Note:** The **`malloc()`** and the **`calloc()`** function returns a void pointer, so we have to typecast them into the required data types before using the allocated memory.\n:::\n:::section{.main}\n### \"new\" vs \"malloc()\" and \"calloc()\"\n\nThe **new** operator has a similar working as [malloc() and calloc()](https://www.scaler.com/topics/difference-between-malloc-and-calloc-in-c/) functions because these all are used to allocate memory during the execution of a C/C++ program but, when the **new** operator is used with objects it invokes the constructor function of the class, while **`malloc()`** and **`calloc()`** doesn't invoke the constructor function.\n\n**Example C++ Program:**\n\n```cpp::https://www.scaler.com/topics/cpp/online-cpp-compiler/?content_slug=963d80336dc2f07ad348\n#include \u003ciostream\u003e\n\nusing namespace std;\n\nclass Animal \n{\n public:\n Animal() { \n cout \u003c\u003c \"Animal class constructor invoked!\" \u003c\u003cendl; \n }\n ~Animal() { \n cout \u003c\u003c \"Animal class destructor invoked!\" \u003c\u003cendl; \n }\n};\n\nint main() \n{\n\t// memory allocated for dog object of type Animal using the new operator\n\t// here, the constructor will be called 1 time.\n\tAnimal* dog = new(nothrow) Animal; \n\n\t// 5 blocks of memory allocated for object dogs using new\n\t// here, the constructor will be called 5 times.\n\tAnimal* dogs = new(nothrow) Animal[5];\n\n\t// memory allocated for cat object of type Animal using the malloc function,\n\t// constructor will not be called.\n\tAnimal* cat = (Animal*)malloc(sizeof(Animal));\n\n\t// 5 blocks of memory allocated for object dogs using calloc function,\n\t// constructor will not be called.\n\tAnimal* cats = (Animal*)calloc(5, sizeof(Animal));\n\n\treturn 0;\n}\n```\n\n**Output:**\n\n```plaintext\nAnimal class constructor invoked!\nAnimal class constructor invoked!\nAnimal class constructor invoked!\nAnimal class constructor invoked!\nAnimal class constructor invoked!\nAnimal class constructor invoked!\n```\n\n**Explanation:** We can see that, when an object **dog** was created using the **new** operator, the constructor is invoked. Also, when we have created an array of **Animal** class (**`dogs`**) with **`5`** elements, the default constructor is invoked **`5`** times (constructor is invoked **`6`** times in total). Whereas, when an object was created using the **`malloc()`** or **`calloc()`** function, the constructor function is not called.\n\n\n### \"delete\" vs \"free()\"\n\nThe **delete** operator is also similar to the **`free()`** function because both methods are used to de-allocate memory during the execution of a C/C++ program but, when the **delete** operator is used with objects it invokes the destructor function of the class when the object is de-allocated, while **`free()`** doesn't invoke the destructor function.\n\n**Example C++ Program:**\n\n```cpp::https://www.scaler.com/topics/cpp/online-cpp-compiler/?content_slug=12d6b30f4568be996ca9\n#include \u003ciostream\u003e\n\nusing namespace std;\n\nclass Animal \n{\n public:\n Animal() { \n cout \u003c\u003c \"Animal class constructor invoked!\" \u003c\u003cendl; \n }\n ~Animal() { \n cout \u003c\u003c \"Animal class destructor invoked!\" \u003c\u003cendl; \n }\n};\n\nint main() \n{\n\t// memory allocated for dog object of type Animal using the new operator\n\t// here, the constructor will be called 1 time.\n\tAnimal* dog = new(nothrow) Animal; \n\n\t// memory allocated for cat object of type Animal using the malloc function,\n\t// constructor will not be called.\n\tAnimal* cat = (Animal*)malloc(sizeof(Animal));\n\n\t// deallocates the memory for dog object using delete operator,\n\t// destructor will be called.\n\tdelete dog;\n\n\t// deallocates the memory for cat object using free funtion but,\n\t// destructor will not be called\n\tfree(cat);\n\n\treturn 0;\n}\n```\n\n**Output:**\n\n```plaintext\nAnimal class constructor invoked!\nAnimal class destructor invoked!\n```\n\n**Explanation:** We can see that, when an object **dog** was created using the **new** operator, the constructor is invoked. Also, we have created an object of **Animal** class (**`cat`**) using the **`malloc()`** function. When the **delete** operator is used with the **dog** object, it invokes the default destructor function. Whereas, when the **`free()`** function is called with the **cat** object, the destructor function is not called.\n\n\u003c!-- Why should the delete operator be used instead of free() in C++ when dealing with objects?\n\nOptions:\nA) delete automatically calls the destructor, whereas free() does not.\nB) free() can allocate memory, but delete cannot.\nC) delete uses less memory than free().\nD) free() is faster than delete.\n\nCorrect Answer: A) delete automatically calls the destructor, whereas free() does not. --\u003e\n\n:::\n\n:::section{.quiz_pop}\n::: \n\n:::section{.summary}\n\n## Conclusion\n- A system's memory is one of the most important resources available to us since it can be used as both static memory and dynamic memory. \n- Allocation and de-allocation of memory blocks during run-time is known as **Dynamic Memory Allocation** in C++.\n- DMA is a very essential concept in the field of data structures as Linked Lists, Stacks, Queues, Trees, etc., requirements allocation and de-allocation of memory blocks at run-time.\n- The **new** operator is used to allocate a memory block, while the **delete** operator is used to de-allocate a memory block.\n- In C language, we use **`malloc()`**, **`calloc()`**, and **free** functions, while in C++ language we use **new** and **delete** operators to allocate and de-allocate memory blocks at run-time. \n\n\n \n:::\n:::section{.main}\n## Read More:\n- [Inheritance in C++](https://www.scaler.com/topics/cpp/inheritance-in-cpp/).\n- [Learn about Data Types in C++](https://www.scaler.com/topics/cpp/data-types-in-cpp/).","mediaList":["https://scaler.com/topics/images/types-of-memory.webp","https://scaler.com/topics/images/dynamic-memory-allocation-in-cpp.webp"],"pageClass":"articlePage","rootClass":"articleLayout","subProduct":"article","fallback":{"https://www.scaler.com/topics/api/v1/search/courses/1/6/":[{"slug":"python-for-beginners","title":"Python Course for Beginners With Certification: Mastering the Essentials","category_type":"topics_course","cover_image_thumbnail":"https://www.scaler.com/topics/images/course_card_image_pybeg.webp","featured_image":"https://www.scaler.com/topics/images/course_featured_image_pybeg.webp","modules_count":16,"description":"Welcome to the free Python course with certificate for beginners, designed to help you kickstart your programming journey. 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