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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_of_composer_and_librettist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_of_composer_and_librettist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Relationship of composer and librettist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_of_composer_and_librettist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Literary characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_and_translation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_and_translation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Language and translation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_and_translation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Publication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Libretto</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Libretto" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88" title="ليبريتو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليبريتو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Libretto" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Лібрэта – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лібрэта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libreto" title="Libreto – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Libreto" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Либрето – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Либрето" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Libretto" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llibret" title="Llibret – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llibret" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libreto" title="Libreto – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Libreto" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libreto" title="Libreto – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Libreto" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Libretto" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Libretto" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libreto" title="Libreto – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Libreto" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%81%CE%AD%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Λιμπρέτο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λιμπρέτο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libreto" title="Libreto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Libreto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libreto" title="Libreto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Libreto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libreto" title="Libreto – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Libreto" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88" title="لیبرتو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لیبرتو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livret_(musique)" title="Livret (musique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Livret (musique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Libretto" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libreto" title="Libreto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Libreto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%B8%8C%EB%A0%88%ED%86%A0" title="리브레토 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리브레토" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%A2%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8" title="Լիբրետո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լիբրետո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libreto" title="Libreto – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Libreto" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libreto" title="Libreto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Libreto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libreto" title="Libreto – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Libreto" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6ngb%C3%B3k" title="Söngbók – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Söngbók" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Libretto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="לברית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לברית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D" title="ლიბრეტო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლიბრეტო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Либретто – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Либретто" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AEbreto" title="Lîbreto – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Lîbreto" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Либретто – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Либретто" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabulae_libellus" title="Fabulae libellus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fabulae libellus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librets" title="Librets – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Librets" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Libretto" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libretas" title="Libretas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Libretas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librett%C3%B3" title="Librettó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Librettó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Либрето – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Либрето" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libreto" title="Libreto – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Libreto" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Libretto" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%96%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%83%88_(%E9%9F%B3%E6%A5%BD)" title="リブレット (音楽) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リブレット (音楽)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Libretto" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Libretto" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Libretto" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Libretto" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libreto" title="Libreto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Libreto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libret" title="Libret – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Libret" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Либретто – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Либретто" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Libretto" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libreto" title="Libreto – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Libreto" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libreto" title="Libreto – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Libreto" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Либрето – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Либрето" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libreto" title="Libreto – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Libreto" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Libretto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Libretto" data-language-autonym="Svenska" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Text used in an extended musical work such as an opera or musical</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the computer, see <a href="/wiki/Toshiba_Libretto" title="Toshiba Libretto">Toshiba Libretto</a>. For the seat-back translation system used in some opera houses, see <a href="/wiki/Electronic_libretto" title="Electronic libretto">electronic libretto</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Libretto_Cover_Andrea_Chenier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Libretto_Cover_Andrea_Chenier.jpg/220px-Libretto_Cover_Andrea_Chenier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Libretto_Cover_Andrea_Chenier.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="264" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Cover of a 1921 libretto for <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Giordano" title="Umberto Giordano">Giordano</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Ch%C3%A9nier" title="Andrea Chénier">Andrea Chénier</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>libretto</b> (From the Italian word <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">libretto</i></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">booklet</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) is the text used in, or intended for, an extended musical work such as an <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operetta" title="Operetta">operetta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masque" title="Masque">masque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">oratorio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cantata" title="Cantata">cantata</a> or <a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">musical</a>. The term <i>libretto</i> is also sometimes used to refer to the text of major liturgical works, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Requiem" title="Requiem">requiem</a> and sacred cantata, or the story line of a <a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">ballet</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> word <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">libretto</i></span> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[liˈbretto]</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;">plural</span> <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">libretti</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[liˈbretti]</a></span>) is the diminutive of the word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/libro#Italian" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:libro">libro</a></i> ("book"). Sometimes other-language <a href="/wiki/Cognates" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognates">equivalents</a> are used for libretti in that language, <i>livret</i> for French works, <i>Textbuch</i> for German and <i>libreto</i> for Spanish. A libretto is distinct from a synopsis or <a href="/wiki/Scenario" title="Scenario">scenario</a> of the plot, in that the libretto contains all the words and stage directions, while a synopsis summarizes the plot. Some <a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">ballet</a> historians also use the word <i>libretto</i> to refer to the 15- to 40-page books which were on sale to 19th century ballet audiences in Paris and contained a very detailed description of the ballet's story, scene by scene.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relationship of the <b>librettist</b> (that is, the writer of a libretto) to the <a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">composer</a> in the creation of a musical work has varied over the centuries, as have the sources and the writing techniques employed. </p><p>In the context of a modern English-language musical theatre piece, the libretto is considered to encompass both the <a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre#Book_musicals" title="Musical theatre">book</a> of the work (i.e., the spoken dialogue) and the sung lyrics. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_of_composer_and_librettist">Relationship of composer and librettist</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libretto&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Relationship of composer and librettist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mascagni_and_Librettists.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Mascagni_and_Librettists.jpg/220px-Mascagni_and_Librettists.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Mascagni_and_Librettists.jpg/330px-Mascagni_and_Librettists.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Mascagni_and_Librettists.jpg/440px-Mascagni_and_Librettists.jpg 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>The composer of <i><a href="/wiki/Cavalleria_rusticana" title="Cavalleria rusticana">Cavalleria rusticana</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Mascagni" title="Pietro Mascagni">Pietro Mascagni</a>, flanked by his librettists, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Targioni-Tozzetti" title="Giovanni Targioni-Tozzetti">Giovanni Targioni-Tozzetti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guido_Menasci" title="Guido Menasci">Guido Menasci</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Libretti for operas, <a href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">oratorios</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cantata" title="Cantata">cantatas</a> in the 17th and 18th centuries were generally written by someone other than the composer, often a well-known poet. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Metastasio" title="Pietro Metastasio">Pietro Trapassi</a>, known as Metastasio (1698–1782) was one of the most highly regarded librettists in Europe. His libretti were set many times by many different composers. Another noted 18th-century librettist was <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Da_Ponte" title="Lorenzo Da Ponte">Lorenzo Da Ponte</a>. He wrote the libretti for three of <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a>'s greatest operas, and for many other composers as well. <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Scribe" title="Eugène Scribe">Eugène Scribe</a> was one of the most prolific librettists of the 19th century, providing the words for works by <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a> (with whom he had a lasting collaboration), <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Auber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a>. The French writers' duo <a href="/wiki/Henri_Meilhac" title="Henri Meilhac">Henri Meilhac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludovic_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Ludovic Halévy">Ludovic Halévy</a> wrote many <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operetta" title="Operetta">operetta</a> libretti for the likes of <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Offenbach" title="Jacques Offenbach">Jacques Offenbach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet">Jules Massenet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet">Georges Bizet</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arrigo_Boito" title="Arrigo Boito">Arrigo Boito</a>, who wrote libretti for, among others, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amilcare_Ponchielli" title="Amilcare Ponchielli">Amilcare Ponchielli</a>, also composed two operas of his own. </p><p>The libretto is not always written before the music. Some composers, such as <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Mikhail Glinka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Serov" title="Alexander Serov">Alexander Serov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini" title="Giacomo Puccini">Puccini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Mascagni" title="Pietro Mascagni">Mascagni</a> wrote passages of music without text and subsequently had the librettist add words to the vocal melody lines (this has often been the case with American popular song and musicals in the 20th century, as with <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers" title="Richard Rodgers">Richard Rodgers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lorenz_Hart" title="Lorenz Hart">Lorenz Hart</a>'s collaboration, although with the later team of <a href="/wiki/Rodgers_and_Hammerstein" title="Rodgers and Hammerstein">Rodgers and Hammerstein</a> the <a href="/wiki/Lyrics" title="Lyrics">lyrics</a> were generally written first, which was Rodgers' preferred modus operandi). </p><p>Some composers wrote their own libretti. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> is perhaps most famous in this regard, with his transformations of Germanic legends and events into epic subjects for his operas and music dramas. <a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Hector Berlioz</a>, too, wrote the libretti for two of his best-known works, <i><a href="/wiki/La_damnation_de_Faust" title="La damnation de Faust">La damnation de Faust</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Troyens" title="Les Troyens">Les Troyens</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a> adapted <a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%BCchner" title="Georg Büchner">Georg Büchner</a>'s play <i><a href="/wiki/Woyzeck" title="Woyzeck">Woyzeck</a></i> for the libretto of <i><a href="/wiki/Wozzeck" title="Wozzeck">Wozzeck</a></i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernani_Libretto_1859.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ernani_Libretto_1859.jpg/300px-Ernani_Libretto_1859.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ernani_Libretto_1859.jpg/450px-Ernani_Libretto_1859.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ernani_Libretto_1859.jpg/600px-Ernani_Libretto_1859.jpg 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>Pages from an 1859 libretto for <i><a href="/wiki/Ernani" title="Ernani">Ernani</a></i>, with the original Italian lyrics, English translation and musical notation for one of the arias</figcaption></figure> <p>Sometimes the libretto is written in close collaboration with the composer; this can involve adaptation, as was the case with <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a> and his librettist <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Belsky" title="Vladimir Belsky">Vladimir Belsky</a>, or an entirely original work. In the case of musicals, the music, the lyrics and the "book" (i.e., the spoken dialogue and the stage directions) may each have its own author. Thus, a musical such as <i><a href="/wiki/Fiddler_on_the_Roof" title="Fiddler on the Roof">Fiddler on the Roof</a></i> has a composer (<a href="/wiki/Jerry_Bock" title="Jerry Bock">Jerry Bock</a>), a lyricist (<a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Harnick" title="Sheldon Harnick">Sheldon Harnick</a>) and the writer of the "book" (<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stein" title="Joseph Stein">Joseph Stein</a>). In rare cases, the composer writes everything except the dance arrangements – music, lyrics and libretto, as <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Bart" title="Lionel Bart">Lionel Bart</a> did for <i><a href="/wiki/Oliver!" title="Oliver!">Oliver!</a></i>. </p><p>Other matters in the process of developing a libretto parallel those of spoken <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">dramas</a> for stage or screen. There are the preliminary steps of selecting or suggesting a subject and developing a sketch of the action in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Scenario" title="Scenario">scenario</a>, as well as revisions that might come about when the work is in production, as with out-of-town tryouts for <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a> musicals, or changes made for a specific local audience. A famous case of the latter is Wagner's 1861 revision of the original 1845 <a href="/wiki/Semperoper" title="Semperoper">Dresden</a> version of his opera <i><a href="/wiki/Tannh%C3%A4user_(opera)" title="Tannhäuser (opera)">Tannhäuser</a></i> for Paris. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_characteristics">Literary characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libretto&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Literary characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The opera libretto from its inception (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600</span>) was written in verse, and this continued well into the 19th century, although genres of musical theatre with spoken dialogue have typically alternated verse in the musical numbers with spoken prose. Since the late 19th century some opera composers have written music to prose or free verse libretti. Much of the <a href="/wiki/Recitative" title="Recitative">recitatives</a> of <a href="/wiki/George_Gershwin" title="George Gershwin">George Gershwin</a>'s opera <i><a href="/wiki/Porgy_and_Bess" title="Porgy and Bess">Porgy and Bess</a></i>, for instance, are merely <a href="/wiki/DuBose_Heyward" title="DuBose Heyward">DuBose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Heyward" title="Dorothy Heyward">Dorothy Heyward</a>'s play <i><a href="/wiki/Porgy_(play)" title="Porgy (play)">Porgy</a></i> set to music as written – in prose – with the lyrics of the <a href="/wiki/Aria" title="Aria">arias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duet" title="Duet">duets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trio_(music)" title="Trio (music)">trios</a> and <a href="/wiki/Refrain" title="Refrain">choruses</a> written in verse. </p><p>The libretto of a musical, on the other hand, is almost always written in prose (except for the song lyrics). The libretto of a musical, if the musical is adapted from a play (or even a novel), may even borrow their source's original dialogue liberally – much as <i><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma!" title="Oklahoma!">Oklahoma!</a></i> used dialogue from <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Riggs" title="Lynn Riggs">Lynn Riggs</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Green_Grow_the_Lilacs_(play)" title="Green Grow the Lilacs (play)">Green Grow the Lilacs</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Carousel_(musical)" title="Carousel (musical)">Carousel</a></i> used dialogue from <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Moln%C3%A1r" title="Ferenc Molnár">Ferenc Molnár</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Liliom" title="Liliom">Liliom</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/My_Fair_Lady" title="My Fair Lady">My Fair Lady</a></i> took most of its dialogue word-for-word from <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Pygmalion_(play)" title="Pygmalion (play)">Pygmalion</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Man_of_La_Mancha" title="Man of La Mancha">Man of La Mancha</a></i> was adapted from the 1959 television play <i><a href="/wiki/I,_Don_Quixote" title="I, Don Quixote">I, Don Quixote</a></i>, which supplied most of the dialogue, and the 1954 musical version of <i><a href="/wiki/Peter_Pan" title="Peter Pan">Peter Pan</a></i> used <a href="/wiki/J._M._Barrie" title="J. M. Barrie">J. M. Barrie</a>'s dialogue. Even the musical <i><a href="/wiki/Show_Boat" title="Show Boat">Show Boat</a></i>, which is greatly different from the <a href="/wiki/Show_Boat_(novel)" title="Show Boat (novel)">Edna Ferber novel from which it was adapted</a>, uses some of Ferber's original dialogue, notably during the <a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">miscegenation</a> scene. And <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Bart" title="Lionel Bart">Lionel Bart</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Oliver!" title="Oliver!">Oliver!</a></i> uses chunks of dialogue from <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Twist" title="Oliver Twist">Oliver Twist</a></i>, although it bills itself as a "free adaptation" of the novel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_and_translation">Language and translation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libretto&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Language and translation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Purcell_portrait_by_John_Closterman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/20/Henry_Purcell_portrait_by_John_Closterman.jpg/170px-Henry_Purcell_portrait_by_John_Closterman.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/20/Henry_Purcell_portrait_by_John_Closterman.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="173" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_Purcell" title="Henry Purcell">Henry Purcell</a> (1659–1695), whose operas were written to English libretti</figcaption></figure> <p>As the originating language of opera, Italian dominated that genre in Europe (except in France) well through the 18th century, and even into the next century in Russia, for example, when the Italian opera troupe in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> was challenged by the emerging native Russian repertory. Significant exceptions before 1800 can be found in <a href="/wiki/Henry_Purcell" title="Henry Purcell">Purcell</a>'s works, <a href="/wiki/Handel" class="mw-redirect" title="Handel">Handel</a>'s first operas, <a href="/wiki/Ballad_opera" title="Ballad opera">ballad opera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singspiel" title="Singspiel">Singspiel</a> of the 18th century, etc. </p><p>Just as with literature and song, the libretto has its share of problems and challenges with <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translation</a>. In the past (and even today), foreign musical stage works with spoken dialogue, especially comedies, were sometimes performed with the sung portions in the original language and the spoken dialogue in the vernacular. The effects of leaving lyrics untranslated depend on the piece. A man like Louis Durdilly<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> would translate the whole libretto, dialogues and airs, into French: <a href="/wiki/Cos%C3%AC_fan_tutte" title="Così fan tutte">Così fan tutte</a> became <i> Ainsi font toutes, ou la Fidélité des femmes</i>, and instead of Ferrando singing "Un' aura amorosa" French-speaking audiences were treated to Fernand singing "Ma belle est fidèle autant qu'elle est belle".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many musicals, such as the old <a href="/wiki/Betty_Grable" title="Betty Grable">Betty Grable</a> – <a href="/wiki/Don_Ameche" title="Don Ameche">Don Ameche</a> – <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Miranda" title="Carmen Miranda">Carmen Miranda</a> vehicles, are largely unaffected, but this practice is especially misleading in translations of musicals like <i><a href="/wiki/Show_Boat" title="Show Boat">Show Boat</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1902_musical)" title="The Wizard of Oz (1902 musical)">The Wizard of Oz</a></i>, <i>My Fair Lady</i> or <i>Carousel</i>, in which the lyrics to the songs and the spoken text are often or always closely integrated, and the lyrics serve to further the plot.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Availability of printed or projected translations today makes singing in the original language more practical, although one cannot discount the desire to hear a sung drama in one's own language. </p><p>The Spanish words <i>libretista</i> (playwright, script writer or screenwriter) and <i>libreto</i> (script or screen play), which are used in the Hispanic TV and cinema industry, derived their meanings from the original operatic sense. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status">Status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libretto&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adolfo_De_Karolis_(1874-1928),_La_figlia_di_Iorio_(1914).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Adolfo_De_Karolis_%281874-1928%29%2C_La_figlia_di_Iorio_%281914%29.jpg/170px-Adolfo_De_Karolis_%281874-1928%29%2C_La_figlia_di_Iorio_%281914%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Adolfo_De_Karolis_%281874-1928%29%2C_La_figlia_di_Iorio_%281914%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Poster for <i><a href="/wiki/La_figlia_di_Iorio" title="La figlia di Iorio">La figlia di Iorio</a></i> where the librettist, <a href="/wiki/Gabriele_D%27Annunzio" title="Gabriele D'Annunzio">Gabriele D'Annunzio</a>, is given top billing</figcaption></figure> <p>Librettists have historically received less prominent credit than the composer. In some 17th-century operas still being performed, the name of the librettist was not even recorded. As the printing of libretti for sale at performances became more common, these records often survive better than music left in manuscript. But even in late 18th century London, reviews rarely mentioned the name of the librettist, as <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Da_Ponte" title="Lorenzo Da Ponte">Lorenzo Da Ponte</a> lamented in his memoirs. </p><p>By the 20th century some librettists became recognised as part of famous collaborations, as with <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan" title="Gilbert and Sullivan">Gilbert and Sullivan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rodgers_and_Hammerstein" title="Rodgers and Hammerstein">Rodgers and Hammerstein</a>. Today the composer (past or present) of the musical score to an opera or operetta is usually given top billing for the completed work, and the writer of the lyrics relegated to second place or a mere footnote, a notable exception being <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Gertrude Stein</a>, who received top billing for <i><a href="/wiki/Four_Saints_in_Three_Acts" title="Four Saints in Three Acts">Four Saints in Three Acts</a></i>. Another exception was <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Franchetti" title="Alberto Franchetti">Alberto Franchetti</a>'s 1906 opera <i><a href="/wiki/La_figlia_di_Iorio" title="La figlia di Iorio">La figlia di Iorio</a></i> which was a close rendering of a highly successful play by its librettist, <a href="/wiki/Gabriele_D%27Annunzio" title="Gabriele D'Annunzio">Gabriele D'Annunzio</a>, a celebrated Italian poet, novelist and dramatist of the day. In some cases, the operatic adaptation has become more famous than the literary text on which it was based, as with <a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Claude Debussy</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande_(opera)" title="Pelléas et Mélisande (opera)">Pelléas et Mélisande</a></i> after a play by <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck" title="Maurice Maeterlinck">Maurice Maeterlinck</a>. </p><p>The question of which is more important in opera – the music or the words – has been debated over time, and forms the basis of at least two operas, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Capriccio_(opera)" title="Capriccio (opera)">Capriccio</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Salieri" title="Antonio Salieri">Antonio Salieri</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Prima_la_musica_e_poi_le_parole" title="Prima la musica e poi le parole">Prima la musica e poi le parole</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publication">Publication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libretto&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Publication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Libretti have been made available in several formats, some more nearly complete than others. The text – i.e., the spoken dialogue, song lyrics and stage directions, as applicable – is commonly published separately from the music (such a booklet is usually included with sound recordings of most operas). Sometimes (particularly for operas in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>) this format is supplemented with melodic excerpts of <a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">musical notation</a> for important numbers. </p><p>Printed <a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">scores</a> for operas naturally contain the entire libretto, although there can exist significant differences between the score and the separately printed text. More often than not, this involves the extra repetition of words or phrases from the libretto in the actual score. For example, in the <a href="/wiki/Aria" title="Aria">aria</a> "<a href="/wiki/Nessun_dorma" title="Nessun dorma">Nessun dorma</a>" from Puccini's <i><a href="/wiki/Turandot" title="Turandot">Turandot</a></i>, the final lines in the libretto are "Tramontate, stelle! All'alba, vincerò!" (Fade, you stars! At dawn, I will win!). However, in the score they are sung as "Tramontate, stelle! Tramontate, stelle! All'alba, vincerò! Vincerò! Vincerò!". </p><p>Because the modern musical tends to be published in two separate but intersecting formats (i.e., the book and lyrics, with all the words, and the piano-vocal score, with all the musical material, including some spoken cues), both are needed in order to make a thorough reading of an entire show. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libretto&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_opera_librettists" title="List of opera librettists">List of opera librettists</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libretto&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSmith2000" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Marian Elizabeth (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GuQP-WQpClEC&pg=PA3"><i>Ballet and Opera in the Age of Giselle</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691049946" title="Special:BookSources/9780691049946"><bdi>9780691049946</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ballet+and+Opera+in+the+Age+of+Giselle&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780691049946&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Marian+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGuQP-WQpClEC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibretto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Durdilly (8 November 1848 — 11 October 1929), founder of the Comptoir général de musique française et étrangère (1878) is remembered for the new translation of <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Giovanni" title="Don Giovanni">Don Giovanni</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra-Comique" title="Opéra-Comique">Opéra-Comique</a>, November 17, 1896, with <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gounod" title="Charles Gounod">Charles Gounod</a>) ; a translation of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Flute" title="The Magic Flute">The Magic Flute</a></i>, also with Gounod and revived at the Opéra Royal du Château de Versailles in January 2020 by <a href="/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Niquet" title="Hervé Niquet">Hervé Niquet</a> (on Youtube) ; a new translation of Verdi's <i><a href="/wiki/Rigoletto" title="Rigoletto">Rigoletto</a></i> (Victor Hugo disapproved of Edouard Duprez's translation) ; he also translated from the German (Faust, <a href="/wiki/Fidelio" title="Fidelio">Fidelio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Der_Freisch%C3%BCtz" title="Der Freischütz">Der Freischütz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oberon_(Weber)" title="Oberon (Weber)">Oberon</a>…</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Libretto in French: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/2504364?docref=naOmZjccbcCLBest-ZBsaQ">p. 107</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libretto&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kennedy_(music_critic)" title="Michael Kennedy (music critic)">Kennedy, Michael</a> (2006), <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Music</i>, 985 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-861459-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-861459-4">0-19-861459-4</a></li> <li>MacNutt, Richard (1992), "Libretto" in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Opera" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Opera">The New Grove Dictionary of Opera</a></i>, ed. <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a> (London) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-73432-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-73432-7">0-333-73432-7</a></li> <li>Neville, Don (1990). <i>Frontier Research in Opera and Multimedia Preservation: a Project Involving the Documentation and Full Text Retrieval of the Libretti of Pietro Metastasio</i>. London: Faculty of Music, University of Western Ontario. Without ISBN</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Portinari, Folco (1981). <i>Pari siamo! Io la lingua, egli ha il pugnale. Storia del melodramma ottocentesco attraverso i suoi libretti</i>. Torino: E.D.T. Edizioni. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-7063-017-X" title="Special:BookSources/88-7063-017-X"><bdi>88-7063-017-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pari+siamo%21+Io+la+lingua%2C+egli+ha+il+pugnale.+Storia+del+melodramma+ottocentesco+attraverso+i+suoi+libretti&rft.place=Torino&rft.pub=E.D.T.+Edizioni&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=88-7063-017-X&rft.aulast=Portinari&rft.aufirst=Folco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibretto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Smith, Patrick J. <i>The Tenth Muse: a Historical Study of the Opera Libretto</i>. First ed. New York: A.A. Knopf, 1970. xxii, 417, xvi p. + [16] p. of b&w ill. Without ISBN or SBN</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrack,_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Warrack, John">Warrack, John</a> and West, Ewan (1992), <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Opera</i>, 782 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-869164-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-869164-5">0-19-869164-5</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libretto&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="http://www.opera-guide.ch/">opera-guide.ch</a>, opera libretti in German translation and their original languages</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naxos.com/education/opera_libretti.asp?pn=&char=ALL&composer=Beethoven&opera=Fidelio&libretto_file=English/0_Title_Page.htm">Selected opera libretti</a> at <a href="/wiki/Naxos_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxos Records">Naxos</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ceo.spb.ru/libretto/index1.html">Либретто во сне и наяву</a> (Libretto in dream and in reality), holding Russian and some Western libretti (in the Russian language, as Microsoft Word files), notably: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ceo.spb.ru/libretto/classic/index.shtml">Libretti of classic Russian operas</a> (in Russian)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bibliotecaestense.beniculturali.it/info/img/lib.html">Libretti in Biblioteca Estense, Modena, 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href="/wiki/Song" title="Song">song</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">Composer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_composers" title="Lists of composers">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyricist" title="Lyricist">Lyricist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songwriter" title="Songwriter">Songwriter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singer-songwriter" title="Singer-songwriter">Singer-songwriter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymnwriter" title="Hymnwriter">Hymnwriter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instrumentation_(music)" title="Instrumentation (music)">Instrumentation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Libretto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_libretto" title="Electronic libretto">Electronic libretto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrics" title="Lyrics">Lyrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_form" title="Musical form">Musical form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">Musical notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestration" title="Orchestration">Orchestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_cycle" title="Song cycle">Song cycle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Song types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Answer_song" title="Answer song">Answer song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_song" title="Art song">Art song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballad" title="Ballad">Ballad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Execution_ballad" title="Execution ballad">Execution ballad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_ballad" title="Murder ballad">Murder ballad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentimental_ballad" title="Sentimental ballad">Sentimental ballad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_song" title="Car song">Car song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_song" title="Children's song">Children's song</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campfire_song" class="mw-redirect" title="Campfire song">Campfire song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumulative_song" title="Cumulative song">Cumulative song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repetitive_song" title="Repetitive song">Repetitive song</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_carol" title="Christmas carol">Christmas carol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent_song" title="Advent song">Advent song</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_song" title="Drinking song">Drinking song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hit_song" title="Hit song">Hit song</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sleeper_hit" title="Sleeper hit">Sleeper hit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_hit" title="Summer hit">Summer hit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental" title="Instrumental">Instrumental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_song" title="List song">List song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_song" title="Love song">Love song</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torch_song" title="Torch song">Torch song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_song" title="Breakup song">Breakup song</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novelty_song" title="Novelty song">Novelty song</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonsense_song" title="Nonsense song">Nonsense song</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patter_song" title="Patter song">Patter song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plainsong" title="Plainsong">Plainsong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hymn_tune" title="Hymn tune">Hymn tune</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_song" title="Revolutionary song">Political or revolutionary song</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_song" title="Campaign song">Campaign song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom songs">Freedom song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest_song" title="Protest song">Protest song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_song" title="War song">War song</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_tune" title="Show tune">Show tune</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%22I_Want%22_song" title=""I Want" song">"I Want" song</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_signature_songs" title="List of signature songs">Signature song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporting_song" title="Sporting song">Sporting song</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fight_song" title="Fight song">Fight song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_chant" title="Football chant">Football chant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theme_music" title="Theme music">Theme song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teenage_tragedy_song" title="Teenage tragedy song">Tragedy song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_song" title="Work song">Work song</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sea_shanty" title="Sea shanty">Sea shanty</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Opera_terms_by_origin88" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Opera_terms" title="Template:Opera terms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Opera_terms" title="Template talk:Opera terms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Opera_terms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Opera terms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Opera_terms_by_origin88" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">Opera</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Opera_terminology" title="Category:Opera terminology">terms</a> by origin</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">English</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breeches_role" title="Breeches role">Breeches role</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chest_voice" title="Chest voice">Chest voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_performance" title="Concert performance">Concert performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duodrama" title="Duodrama">Duodrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_voice" title="Head voice">Head voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insertion_aria" title="Insertion aria">Insertion aria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mad_scene" title="Mad scene">Mad scene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">Melodrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monodrama" title="Monodrama">Monodrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_(music)" title="Number (music)">Number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_house" title="Opera house">Opera house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patter_song" title="Patter song">Patter song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prompter_(opera)" title="Prompter (opera)">Prompter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sung-through" title="Sung-through">Sung-through</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surtitles" title="Surtitles">Surtitles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">French</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claque" title="Claque">Claque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_de_glotte" title="Coup de glotte">Coup de glotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divertissement" title="Divertissement">Divertissement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encore" title="Encore">Encore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entr%27acte" title="Entr'acte">Entr'acte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haute-contre" title="Haute-contre">Haute-contre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interm%C3%A8de" title="Intermède">Intermède</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overture" title="Overture">Overture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9p%C3%A9titeur" title="Répétiteur">Répétiteur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roulade_(music)" title="Roulade (music)">Roulade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">Timbre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trag%C3%A9die_en_musique" title="Tragédie en musique">Tragédie en musique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travesti_(theatre)" title="Travesti (theatre)">Travesti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">German</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fach" title="Fach">Fach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">Gesamtkunstwerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammers%C3%A4nger" title="Kammersänger">Kammersänger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapellmeister" title="Kapellmeister">Kapellmeister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leitmotif" title="Leitmotif">Leitmotif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literaturoper" title="Literaturoper">Literaturoper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regieoper" title="Regieoper">Regieoper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singspiel" title="Singspiel">Singspiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitzprobe" title="Sitzprobe">Sitzprobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spieloper" title="Spieloper">Spieloper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprechgesang" title="Sprechgesang">Sprechgesang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aria" title="Aria">Aria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aria_di_sorbetto" title="Aria di sorbetto">Aria di sorbetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arioso" title="Arioso">Arioso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_(opera)" title="Banda (opera)">Banda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_canto" title="Bel canto">Bel canto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bravura" title="Bravura">Bravura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brindisi_(music)" title="Brindisi (music)">Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burletta" title="Burletta">Burletta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabaletta" title="Cabaletta">Cabaletta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadenza" title="Cadenza">Cadenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabile" title="Cantabile">Cantabile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castrato" title="Castrato">Castrato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavatina" title="Cavatina">Cavatina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiaroscuro_(music)" title="Chiaroscuro (music)">Chiaroscuro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloratura" title="Coloratura">Coloratura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprimario" title="Comprimario">Comprimario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contralto" title="Contralto">Contralto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convenienze" class="mw-redirect" title="Convenienze">Convenienze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da_capo_aria" title="Da capo aria">Da capo aria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diva" title="Diva">Diva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsetto" title="Falsetto">Falsetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsettone" title="Falsettone">Falsettone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fioritura" title="Fioritura">Fioritura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impresario" title="Impresario">Impresario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermezzo" title="Intermezzo">Intermezzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legato" title="Legato">Legato</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Libretto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licenza_(musical_term)" title="Licenza (musical term)">Licenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maestro" title="Maestro">Maestro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodramma" title="Melodramma">Melodramma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messa_di_voce" title="Messa di voce">Messa di voce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">Mezzo-soprano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musico" title="Musico">Musico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_seria" title="Opera seria">Opera seria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossia" title="Ossia">Ossia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaggio" title="Passaggio">Passaggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasticcio" title="Pasticcio">Pasticcio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portamento" title="Portamento">Portamento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prima_donna" title="Prima donna">Prima donna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recitative" title="Recitative">Recitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritornello" title="Ritornello">Ritornello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinfonia" title="Sinfonia">Sinfonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solita_forma" title="Solita forma">Solita forma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">Soprano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soprano_sfogato" title="Soprano sfogato">Soprano sfogato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinto" title="Spinto">Spinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squillo" title="Squillo">Squillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stagione" title="Stagione">Stagione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stile_rappresentativo" title="Stile rappresentativo">Stile rappresentativo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenore_contraltino" title="Tenore contraltino">Tenore contraltino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenore_di_grazia" title="Tenore di grazia">Tenore di grazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessitura" title="Tessitura">Tessitura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verismo" title="Verismo">Verismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato">Vibrato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hovs%C3%A5ngare" title="Hovsångare">Hovsångare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 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.portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Operalogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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