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cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Holy See of Rome, and the government of the Vatican City State and worldwide Catholic Church. For the city-state being governed by the Holy See, see <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style>The Holy See<a href="#cite_note-10">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-11">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Sancta Sedes, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'Holy Chair<a href="#cite_note-12">[9]</a>', <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiastical Latin language">Ecclesiastical Latin</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[ˈsaŋkta ˈsedes]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: Santa Sede <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ˈsanta ˈsɛːde]</a>), also called the See of Rome, Petrine See or Apostolic See,<a href="#cite_note-:1-13">[10]</a> is the central governing body of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City State</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[11]</a> It encompasses the office of the pope as the <a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">bishop</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_see" title="Apostolic see">Apostolic</a> <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">episcopal see</a> of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Rome</a> and serves as the spiritual and administrative authority of the worldwide Catholic Church and the city-state.<a href="#cite_note-15">[12]</a> Under <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>, the Holy See holds the <a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_the_Holy_See" title="Legal status of the Holy See">status of a sovereign juridical entity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[13]</a> <table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Holy See</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Sancta Sedes (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>)</li><li>Santa Sede (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>)</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Vatican_City_(2023%E2%80%93present).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of"><img alt="Flag of" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000"></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Vatican_City" title="Flag of Vatican City">Flag of the Vatican City and the Holy See</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Holy_See_usual.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of the Holy See of"><img alt="Emblem of the Holy See of" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_the_Holy_See_usual.svg/70px-Emblem_of_the_Holy_See_usual.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_the_Holy_See_usual.svg/105px-Emblem_of_the_Holy_See_usual.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_the_Holy_See_usual.svg/140px-Emblem_of_the_Holy_See_usual.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="918"></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Holy_See" title="Coat of arms of the Holy See"> Emblem of the Holy See</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Anthem" title="Pontifical Anthem">Inno e Marcia Pontificale</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>) "Pontifical Anthem and March"<div style="padding-top:0.5em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> </div></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="194" data-mwtitle="United_States_Navy_Band_-_Inno_e_Marcia_Pontificale.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/United_States_Navy_Band_-_Inno_e_Marcia_Pontificale.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d1/United_States_Navy_Band_-_Inno_e_Marcia_Pontificale.ogg/United_States_Navy_Band_-_Inno_e_Marcia_Pontificale.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Inno_e_Marcia_Pontificale.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Inno_e_Marcia_Pontificale.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Inno_e_Marcia_Pontificale.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Inno_e_Marcia_Pontificale.ogg&lang=it&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="it" label="italiano ‪(it)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Inno_e_Marcia_Pontificale.ogg&lang=la&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="la" label="Latina ‪(la)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Inno_e_Marcia_Pontificale.ogg&lang=ml&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ml" label="മലയാളം ‪(ml)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Inno_e_Marcia_Pontificale.ogg&lang=pl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pl" label="polski ‪(pl)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Inno_e_Marcia_Pontificale.ogg&lang=pt-br&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt-BR" label="português do Brasil ‪(pt-br)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Inno_e_Marcia_Pontificale.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track></audio><figcaption>noicon</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_jurisdiction" title="Ecclesiastical jurisdiction">Ecclesiastical jurisdiction</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Diocese of Rome</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">Worldwide</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[note 1]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Holy_See&params=41_54.2_N_12_27.2_E_type:city">41°54.2′N 12°27.2′E / 41.9033°N 12.4533°E / 41.9033; 12.4533</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Latin</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Working_language" title="Working language">Working language</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Papal Pontifical</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_see" title="Apostolic see">Apostolic</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[note 2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[note 3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Theocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Theocratic">theocratic</a> Catholic <a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">elective</a> <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-factbook-7">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[6]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State" title="Cardinal Secretary of State">Cardinal Secretary of State</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Parolin" title="Pietro Parolin">Pietro Parolin</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Camerlengo_of_the_Holy_Roman_Church" title="Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church">Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Farrell" title="Kevin Farrell">Kevin Farrell</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Commission_for_Vatican_City_State" title="Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State">President of the Governorate</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fernando_V%C3%A9rgez_Alzaga" title="Fernando Vérgez Alzaga">Fernando Vérgez Alzaga</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereign entity</a> under <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_see" title="Apostolic see">Apostolic see</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st century</a> by <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Prince of the Apostles</a>")</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Papal_primacy" title="Papal primacy">Papal primacy</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Early_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Church">Early Church</a> – <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Antiquity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a>; <a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Legal history of the Catholic Church">legal history</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Donation_of_Sutri" title="Donation of Sutri">Donation of Sutri</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">728 (territory in <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Rome" title="Duchy of Rome">Duchy of Rome</a> by <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombard</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_the_Lombards" title="List of kings of the Lombards">King</a> <a href="/wiki/Liutprand,_King_of_the_Lombards" title="Liutprand, King of the Lombards">Liutprand</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Donation_of_Pepin" title="Donation of Pepin">Donation of Pepin</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">756 (<a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> in Duchy of Rome reaffirmed by <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Frankish_kings" title="List of Frankish kings">King</a> <a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Short" title="Pepin the Short">Pepin</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">756–1870 1075: <a href="/wiki/Dictatus_papae" title="Dictatus papae">Dictatus papae</a> 1177: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Venice" title="Treaty of Venice">Treaty of Venice</a> (sovereignty reaffirmed by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_in_the_Vatican" title="Prisoner in the Vatican">Prisoner in the Vatican</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1870–1929 (under the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1929– (<a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a> with Italy)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-website">Website <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en.html">Vatican.va</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table> According to <a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Catholic tradition</a> and historical records, it was founded in the first century by Saints <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a>, and by virtue of the doctrines of <a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Petrine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Papal_primacy" title="Papal primacy">papal</a> primacy, it is the focal point of <a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">full communion</a> for Catholic Christians around the world.<a href="#cite_note-17">[14]</a> The Holy See is headquartered in, operates from, and exercises "exclusive dominion" over the independent Vatican City State enclave in Rome, of which the Pope is <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">sovereign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[15]</a> The Holy See is administered by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> (Latin for "Roman Court"), which is the central government of the Catholic Church.<a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid12178005-20">[17]</a> The Roman Curia includes various <a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">dicasteries</a>, comparable to ministries and executive departments, with the <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State" title="Cardinal Secretary of State">Cardinal Secretary of State</a> as its chief administrator. <a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave" title="Papal conclave">Papal elections</a> are carried out by part of the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a>. Although the Holy See is often <a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">metonymically</a> referred to as the "Vatican", the Vatican City State was distinctively established with the <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a> of 1929, between the Holy See and Italy, to ensure the <a href="/wiki/Temporal_power_of_the_Holy_See" title="Temporal power of the Holy See">temporal</a>, diplomatic, and spiritual independence of the papacy.<a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a> As such, <a href="/wiki/Nuncio" title="Nuncio">papal nuncios</a>, who are papal diplomats to states and international organizations, are recognized as representing the Holy See and not the Vatican City State, as prescribed in the <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law of the Catholic Church</a>. The Holy See is thus viewed as the central government of the Catholic Church and Vatican City.<a href="#cite_note-pmid12178005-20">[17]</a> The Catholic Church, in turn, is the largest non-government provider of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">education</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_health_care" title="Catholic Church and health care">health care</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Geopolitics-22">[19]</a> The Holy See maintains <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Holy_See" title="Foreign relations of the Holy See">bilateral diplomatic relations</a> with 183 sovereign states, signs <a href="/wiki/Concordat" title="Concordat">concordats</a> and treaties, and performs multilateral diplomacy with multiple <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organization">intergovernmental organizations</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and its agencies, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-fco-24">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Terminology">1 Terminology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Organization">3 Organization</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Status_in_international_law">4 Status in international law</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Diplomacy">4.1 Diplomacy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Relationship_with_Vatican_City_and_other_territories">4.2 Relationship with Vatican City and other territories</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Military">5 Military</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Coat_of_arms">6 Coat of arms</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#See_also">7 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Notes">8 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#References">9 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Further_reading">10 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#External_links">11 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_See&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roma-san_giovanni03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Roma-san_giovanni03.jpg/220px-Roma-san_giovanni03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2305" data-file-height="1609"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 154px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Roma-san_giovanni03.jpg/220px-Roma-san_giovanni03.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="154" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Roma-san_giovanni03.jpg/330px-Roma-san_giovanni03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Roma-san_giovanni03.jpg/440px-Roma-san_giovanni03.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The papal throne (<a href="/wiki/Cathedra" title="Cathedra">cathedra</a>), in the apse of <a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a>, symbolises the Holy See.</figcaption></figure> The word "see" comes from the Latin word sedes, meaning 'seat', which refers to the <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">episcopal</a> throne (<a href="/wiki/Cathedra" title="Cathedra">cathedra</a>). The term "<a href="/wiki/Apostolic_see" title="Apostolic see">Apostolic See</a>" can refer to any see founded by one of the Twelve Apostles, but, when used with the definite article, it is used in the Catholic Church to refer specifically to the see of the Bishop of Rome, whom that Church sees as the successor of Saint Peter.<a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a> While <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a> in Vatican City is perhaps the church most associated with the papacy, the actual cathedral of the Holy See is the <a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a> in the city of Rome.<a href="#cite_note-27">[note 4]</a> In the Roman Catholic Church, only the see of the Pope bears the right to be addressed symbolically as "holy".<a href="#cite_note-28">[24]</a> However, there was one exception to this rule, represented by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Mainz" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Mainz">Bishopric of Mainz</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Mainz" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishopric of Mainz">Archbishopric of Mainz</a> (which was also of <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">electoral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">primatial</a> rank) had the privilege to bear the title of "the Holy See of Mainz" (Latin: Sancta Sedes Moguntina).<a href="#cite_note-Kersting-29">[25]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_See&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papal_primacy" title="Papal primacy">Papal primacy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Temporal_power_(papal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporal power (papal)">Temporal power (papal)</a></div>According to Catholic tradition, the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_see" title="Apostolic see">apostolic see</a> of Diocese of Rome was established in the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st century</a> by Saint Peter and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Paul">Saint Paul</a>. The legal status of the Catholic Church and its property was recognised by the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" title="Edict of Milan">Edict of Milan</a> in 313 by <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine the Great</a>, and it became the <a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">state church of the Roman Empire</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Thessalonica" title="Edict of Thessalonica">Edict of Thessalonica</a> in 380 by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of the Western Roman Empire</a> in 476, the temporal <a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Legal history of the Catholic Church">legal jurisdisction</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_primacy" title="Papal primacy">papal primacy</a> was further recognised as promulgated in <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a>. The Holy See was granted territory in <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Rome" title="Duchy of Rome">Duchy of Rome</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Donation_of_Sutri" title="Donation of Sutri">Donation of Sutri</a> in 728 of <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_the_Lombards" title="List of kings of the Lombards">King</a> <a href="/wiki/Liutprand,_King_of_the_Lombards" title="Liutprand, King of the Lombards">Liutprand</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Donation_of_Pepin" title="Donation of Pepin">Donation of Pepin</a> in 756 by <a href="/wiki/List_of_Frankish_kings" title="List of Frankish kings">King</a> <a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Short" title="Pepin the Short">Pepin</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> thus held extensive territory and armed forces in 756–1870. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a> <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor">crowned</a> <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> as <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Roman Emperor</a> by <a href="/wiki/Translatio_imperii" title="Translatio imperii">translatio imperii</a> in 800. The Pope's <a href="/wiki/Temporal_power_(papal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporal power (papal)">temporal power</a> peaked around the time of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_coronation" title="Papal coronation">papal coronations</a> of the emperors of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> from 858, and the <a href="/wiki/Dictatus_papae" title="Dictatus papae">Dictatus papae</a> in 1075, which conversely also described <a href="/wiki/Papal_deposing_power" title="Papal deposing power">Papal deposing power</a>. Several modern states still trace their own sovereignty to recognition in medieval papal bulls. The sovereignty of the Holy See was retained despite multiple <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Sack of Rome (disambiguation)">sacks of Rome</a> during the Early Middle Ages. Yet, relations with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Kingdom of Italy</a> and the Holy Roman Empire were at times strained, reaching from the <a href="/wiki/Diploma_Ottonianum" title="Diploma Ottonianum">Diploma Ottonianum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libellus_de_imperatoria_potestate_in_urbe_Roma" title="Libellus de imperatoria potestate in urbe Roma">Libellus de imperatoria potestate in urbe Roma</a> regarding the "<a href="/wiki/Patrimony_of_Saint_Peter" title="Patrimony of Saint Peter">Patrimony of Saint Peter</a>" in the 10th century, to the <a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a> in 1076–1122, and settled again by the <a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_Worms" title="Concordat of Worms">Concordat of Worms</a> in 1122. The exiled <a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a> during 1309–1376 also put a strain on the papacy, which however finally returned to Rome. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_X" title="Pope Innocent X">Pope Innocent X</a> was critical of the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a> in 1648 as it weakened the authority of the Holy See throughout much of Europe. Following the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, the Papal States were briefly occupied as the "<a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(18th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Republic (18th century)">Roman Republic</a>" from 1798 to 1799 as a <a href="/wiki/Sister_republic" title="Sister republic">sister republic</a> of the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a> under <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Napoleon and the Catholic Church">Napoleon</a>, before their territory was reestablished. Notwithstanding, the Holy See was represented in and identified as a "permanent subject of general customary international law vis-à-vis all states" in the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> (1814–1815).<a href="#cite_note-30">[26]</a> The Papal States were recognised under the rule of the Papacy and largely restored to their former extent. Despite the <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a> in 1870 by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Question">Roman Question</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_during_the_Savoyard_era_(1870%E2%80%931929)" title="Vatican during the Savoyard era (1870–1929)">Savoyard era</a> (which made the Pope a "<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_in_the_Vatican" title="Prisoner in the Vatican">prisoner in the Vatican</a>" from 1870 to 1929), its international legal subject was "constituted by the ongoing reciprocity of diplomatic relationships" that not only were maintained but multiplied. The <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a> on 11 February 1929 between the Holy See and Italy recognised Vatican City as an independent <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-state</a>, along with extraterritorial <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">properties</a> around the region. Since then, Vatican City is distinct from yet under "full ownership, exclusive <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereign authority</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a>" of the Holy See (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Sancta Sedes).<a href="#cite_note-31">[note 5]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[27]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_See&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Organization" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a></div> The Holy See is one of the last remaining seven <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchies</a> in the world, along with <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-factbook-7">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[29]</a> The Pope governs the Catholic Church through the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a>. The Curia consists of a complex of offices that administer church affairs at the highest level, including the <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_State_(Vatican)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat of State (Vatican)">Secretariat of State</a>, nine <a href="/wiki/Congregation_(Roman_Curia)" title="Congregation (Roman Curia)">Congregations</a>, three <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_court" title="Ecclesiastical court">Tribunals</a>, eleven Pontifical Councils, and seven Pontifical Commissions. The Secretariat of State, under the <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State" title="Cardinal Secretary of State">Cardinal Secretary of State</a>, directs and coordinates the Curia. The incumbent, Cardinal Pietro Parolin,<a href="#cite_note-35">[30]</a> is the See's equivalent of a prime minister. <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gallagher_(bishop)" title="Paul Gallagher (bishop)">Paul Gallagher</a>, Secretary of the Section for Relations with States of the Secretariat of State, acts as the Holy See's <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_foreign_affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of foreign affairs">minister of foreign affairs</a>. Parolin was named in his role by Pope Francis on 31 August 2013. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vatican_City_map_EN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Vatican_City_map_EN.svg/220px-Vatican_City_map_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1386" data-file-height="1070"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Vatican_City_map_EN.svg/220px-Vatican_City_map_EN.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Vatican_City_map_EN.svg/330px-Vatican_City_map_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Vatican_City_map_EN.svg/440px-Vatican_City_map_EN.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>, the Holy See's sovereign territory</figcaption></figure> The Secretariat of State is the only body of the Curia that is situated within Vatican City. The others are in buildings in different parts of Rome that have extraterritorial rights similar to those of embassies. Among the most active of the major Curial institutions are the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith">Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith</a>, which oversees the Catholic Church's doctrine; the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_Bishops" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for Bishops">Congregation for Bishops</a>, which coordinates the appointment of bishops worldwide; the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Evangelization_of_Peoples" title="Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples">Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples</a>, which oversees all missionary activities; and the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Justice_and_Peace" title="Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace">Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace</a>, which deals with international peace and social issues. Three tribunals exercise judicial power. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Roman Rota</a> handles normal judicial appeals, the most numerous being those that concern alleged nullity of marriage.<a href="#cite_note-36">[31]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Signatura" title="Apostolic Signatura">Apostolic Signatura</a> is the supreme appellate and administrative court concerning decisions even of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Roman Rota</a> and administrative decisions of ecclesiastical superiors (bishops and superiors of <a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">religious institutes</a>), such as closing a parish or removing someone from office. It also oversees the work of other ecclesiastical tribunals at all levels.<a href="#cite_note-37">[32]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Penitentiary" title="Apostolic Penitentiary">Apostolic Penitentiary</a> deals not with external judgments or decrees, but with matters of conscience, granting absolutions from <a href="/wiki/Censure#Canon_law" title="Censure">censures</a>, dispensations, commutations, validations, condonations, and other favors; it also grants <a href="/wiki/Indulgences" class="mw-redirect" title="Indulgences">indulgences</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[33]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Prefecture_for_the_Economic_Affairs_of_the_Holy_See" title="Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See">Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See</a> coordinates the finances of the Holy See departments and supervises the administration of all offices, whatever be their degree of autonomy, that manage these finances. The most important of these is the <a href="/wiki/Administration_of_the_Patrimony_of_the_Apostolic_See" title="Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See">Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Prefecture_of_the_Papal_Household" title="Prefecture of the Papal Household">Prefecture of the Papal Household</a> is responsible for the organization of the papal household, audiences, and ceremonies (apart from the strictly <a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">liturgical</a> part). One of Pope Francis's goals is to reorganize the Curia to prioritize its role in the church's mission to evangelize. This reform insists that the Curia is not meant to be a centralized bureaucracy, but rather a service for the Pope and diocesan bishops that is in communication with local bishops' conferences. Likewise more lay people are to be involved in the workings of the dicasteries and in giving them input.<a href="#cite_note-39">[34]</a> The Holy See does not dissolve upon a pope's death or resignation. It instead operates under a different set of laws <a href="/wiki/Sede_vacante" title="Sede vacante">sede vacante</a>. During this <a href="/wiki/Interregnum" title="Interregnum">interregnum</a>, the heads of the dicasteries of the Curia (such as the prefects of congregations) cease immediately to hold office, the only exceptions being the <a href="/wiki/Major_Penitentiary" class="mw-redirect" title="Major Penitentiary">Major Penitentiary</a>, who continues his important role regarding absolutions and dispensations, and the <a href="/wiki/Camerlengo_of_the_Holy_Roman_Church" title="Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church">Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church</a>, who administers the <a href="/wiki/Temporalities" title="Temporalities">temporalities</a> (i.e., properties and finances) of the See of St. Peter during this period. The government of the See, and therefore of the Catholic Church, then falls to the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon law (Catholic Church)">Canon law</a> prohibits the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College</a> and the Camerlengo from introducing any innovations or novelties in the government of the church during this period. In 2001, the Holy See had a revenue of 422.098 billion <a href="/wiki/Italian_lire" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian lire">Italian lire</a> (about US$202 million at the time), and a net income of 17.720 billion Italian lire (about US$8 million).<a href="#cite_note-40">[35]</a> According to an article by David Leigh in the Guardian newspaper, a 2012 report from the Council of Europe identified the value of a section of the Vatican's property assets as an amount in excess of €680m (£570m); as of January 2013, Paolo Mennini, a papal official in Rome, manages this portion of the Holy See's assets—consisting of British investments, other European holdings and a currency trading arm. The Guardian newspaper described Mennini and his role in the following manner: "... Paolo Mennini, who is in effect the Pope's <a href="/wiki/Merchant_bank" title="Merchant bank">merchant banker</a>. Mennini heads a special unit inside the Vatican called the extraordinary division of APSA – Amministrazione del Patrimonio della Sede Apostolica – which handles the 'patrimony of the Holy See'."<a href="#cite_note-41">[36]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Holy_See" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See">orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See</a> are conferred by the Pope as temporal sovereign and <a href="/wiki/Fons_honorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Fons honorum">fons honorum</a> of the Holy See, similar to the orders awarded by other <a href="/wiki/Heads_of_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Heads of state">heads of state</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Status_in_international_law">Status in international law</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_See&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Status in international law" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_the_Holy_See" title="Legal status of the Holy See">Legal status of the Holy See</a></div> The Holy See has been recognized, both in state practice and in the writing of modern legal scholars, as a subject of <a href="/wiki/Public_international_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Public international law">public international law</a>, with rights and duties analogous to those of <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">States</a>. Although the Holy See, as distinct from the Vatican City State, does not fulfill the long-established criteria in international law of <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">statehood</a>—having a permanent population, a defined territory, a stable government, and the capacity to enter into relations with other states<a href="#cite_note-42">[37]</a>—its possession of full legal personality in <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a> is shown by the fact that it maintains <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic relations">diplomatic relations</a> with 180<a href="#cite_note-DipRel-43">[38]</a> states, that it is a member-state<a href="#cite_note-44">[39]</a> in various <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organizations">intergovernmental international organizations</a>, and that it is: "respected by the international community of sovereign States and treated as a subject of international law having the capacity to engage in diplomatic relations and to enter into binding agreements with one, several, or many states under <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a> that are largely geared to establish and preserving peace in the world."<a href="#cite_note-45">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_See&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Diplomacy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Holy_See" title="Foreign relations of the Holy See">Foreign relations of the Holy See</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_missions_of_the_Holy_See" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic missions of the Holy See">Diplomatic missions of the Holy See</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_See_and_the_United_Nations" title="Holy See and the United Nations">Holy See and the United Nations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Multilateral_foreign_policy_of_the_Holy_See" title="Multilateral foreign policy of the Holy See">Multilateral foreign policy of the Holy See</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holy_See_relations.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Holy_See_relations.svg/500px-Holy_See_relations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="221" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 500px;height: 221px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Holy_See_relations.svg/500px-Holy_See_relations.svg.png" data-width="500" data-height="221" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Holy_See_relations.svg/750px-Holy_See_relations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Holy_See_relations.svg/1000px-Holy_See_relations.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Foreign relations with the Holy See. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"> Diplomatic relations</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Other relations</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> No relations</div></figcaption></figure> Since <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> times the episcopal see of Rome has been recognized as a sovereign entity. The Holy See (not the State of Vatican City) maintains formal diplomatic relations with and for the most recent establishment of diplomatic relations with 183 sovereign states,<a href="#cite_note-DipRel-43">[38]</a> and also with the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a>, as well as having relations of a special character with the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a>;<a href="#cite_note-46">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[42]</a> 69 of the diplomatic missions accredited to the Holy See are situated in Rome. The Holy See maintains 180 permanent diplomatic missions abroad, of which 74 are non-residential, so that many of its 106 concrete missions are accredited to two or more countries or international organizations. The diplomatic activities of the Holy See are directed by the <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_State_(Vatican)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat of State (Vatican)">Secretariat of State</a> (headed by the <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State" title="Cardinal Secretary of State">Cardinal Secretary of State</a>), through the Section for Relations with States. There are 12 internationally recognized states with which the Holy See does not have relations.<a href="#cite_note-49">[note 6]</a> The Holy See is the only European subject of international law that has diplomatic relations with the government of the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China (Taiwan)</a> as representing China,<a href="#cite_note-50">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[45]</a> rather than the government of the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="Holy See–Taiwan relations">Holy See–Taiwan relations</a>). The British <a href="/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign and Commonwealth Office">Foreign and Commonwealth Office</a> speaks of <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> as the "capital" of the Holy See, although it compares the legal personality of the Holy See to that of <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> in Christian monarchies and declares that the Holy See and the state of Vatican City are two international identities. It also distinguishes between the employees of the Holy See (2,750 working in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> with another 333 working in the Holy See's diplomatic missions abroad) and the 1,909 employees of the Vatican City State.<a href="#cite_note-fco-24">[21]</a> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_Holy_See" title="List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to the Holy See">British Ambassador to the Holy See</a> uses more precise language, saying that the Holy See "is not the same as the Vatican City State. ... (It) is the universal government of the Catholic Church and operates from the Vatican City State."<a href="#cite_note-52">[46]</a> This agrees exactly with the expression used by the website of the United States Department of State, in giving information on both the Holy See and the Vatican City State: it too says that the Holy See "operates from the Vatican City State".<a href="#cite_note-53">[47]</a> The Holy See is a member of various international organizations and groups including the <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a> (IAEA), <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a> (OSCE), the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons" title="Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons">Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons</a> (OPCW) and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a> (UNHCR). The Holy See is also a permanent <a href="/wiki/Observer_status" title="Observer status">observer</a> in various international organizations, including the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> (WTO), and the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> (FAO). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_Vatican_City_and_other_territories">Relationship with Vatican City and other territories</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_See&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Relationship with Vatican City and other territories" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> The Holy See participates as an observer to <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>, <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> (NAM), <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration" title="International Organization for Migration">International Organization for Migration</a> and in the United Nations and its agencies <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a>, <a href="/wiki/ILO" class="mw-redirect" title="ILO">ILO</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNCTAD" class="mw-redirect" title="UNCTAD">UNCTAD</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNEP" class="mw-redirect" title="UNEP">UNEP</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, <a href="/wiki/UN-HABITAT" class="mw-redirect" title="UN-HABITAT">UN-HABITAT</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNHCR" class="mw-redirect" title="UNHCR">UNHCR</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Industrial_Development_Organization" title="United Nations Industrial Development Organization">UNIDO</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Tourism_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="World Tourism Organization">UNWTO</a>, <a href="/wiki/WFP" class="mw-redirect" title="WFP">WFP</a>, <a href="/wiki/WHO" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO">WHO</a>, <a href="/wiki/WIPO" class="mw-redirect" title="WIPO">WIPO</a>. and as a full member in <a href="/wiki/IAEA" class="mw-redirect" title="IAEA">IAEA</a>, <a href="/wiki/OPCW" class="mw-redirect" title="OPCW">OPCW</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a> (OSCE). Although the Holy See is closely associated with Vatican City, the independent territory over which the Holy See is <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereign</a>, the two entities are separate and distinct. After the Italian seizure of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> in 1870, the Holy See had no territorial sovereignty. In spite of some uncertainty among jurists as to whether it could continue to act as an independent personality in international matters, the Holy See continued in fact to exercise the right to send and receive diplomatic representatives, maintaining relations with states that included the major powers Russia, <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>. Where, in accordance with the decision of the 1815 <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nuncio" title="Nuncio">Nuncio</a> was not only a member of the Diplomatic Corps but its dean, this arrangement continued to be accepted by the other ambassadors. In the course of the 59 years during which the Holy See held no territorial sovereignty, the number of states that had diplomatic relations with it, which had been reduced to 16, actually increased to 29.<a href="#cite_note-54">[48]</a> The State of the Vatican City was created by the <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a> in 1929 to "ensure the absolute and visible independence of the Holy See" and "to guarantee to it indisputable sovereignty in international affairs." Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Tauran" title="Jean-Louis Tauran">Jean-Louis Tauran</a>, the Holy See's former Secretary for Relations with States, said that Vatican City is a "minuscule support-state that guarantees the spiritual freedom of the Pope with the minimum territory".<a href="#cite_note-55">[49]</a> The Holy See, not Vatican City, maintains diplomatic relations with states.<a href="#cite_note-56">[50]</a> Foreign embassies are accredited to the Holy See, not to Vatican City, and it is the Holy See that establishes treaties and <a href="/wiki/Concordat" title="Concordat">concordats</a> with other sovereign entities. When necessary, the Holy See will enter a treaty on behalf of Vatican City. Under the terms of the Lateran Treaty, the Holy See has extraterritorial authority over <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">various sites in Rome and two Italian sites outside of Rome</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Papal_Palace_of_Castel_Gandolfo" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo">Pontifical Palace at Castel Gandolfo</a>. The same authority is extended under international law over the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Nunciature" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Nunciature">Apostolic Nunciature</a> of the Holy See in a foreign country. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_See&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Military" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Military_in_Vatican_City" title="Military in Vatican City">Military in Vatican City</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vatikanoko_guardia_suitzarra,_Lurdako_Gure_Amaren_Santutegian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Vatikanoko_guardia_suitzarra%2C_Lurdako_Gure_Amaren_Santutegian.jpg/200px-Vatikanoko_guardia_suitzarra%2C_Lurdako_Gure_Amaren_Santutegian.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Vatikanoko_guardia_suitzarra%2C_Lurdako_Gure_Amaren_Santutegian.jpg/200px-Vatikanoko_guardia_suitzarra%2C_Lurdako_Gure_Amaren_Santutegian.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Vatikanoko_guardia_suitzarra%2C_Lurdako_Gure_Amaren_Santutegian.jpg/300px-Vatikanoko_guardia_suitzarra%2C_Lurdako_Gure_Amaren_Santutegian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Vatikanoko_guardia_suitzarra%2C_Lurdako_Gure_Amaren_Santutegian.jpg/400px-Vatikanoko_guardia_suitzarra%2C_Lurdako_Gure_Amaren_Santutegian.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a> on patrol</figcaption></figure> Though, like various European powers, earlier popes recruited Swiss mercenaries as part of an army, the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Swiss_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Swiss Guard">Pontifical Swiss Guard</a> was founded by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Pope Julius II</a> on 22 January 1506 as the personal bodyguards of the Pope and continues to fulfill that function.<a href="#cite_note-57">[51]</a> It is listed in the <a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a> under "Holy See", not under "State of Vatican City".<a href="#cite_note-58">[52]</a> At the end of 2005, the Guard had 134 members. Recruitment is arranged by a special agreement between the Holy See and Switzerland. All recruits must be Catholic, unmarried males with Swiss citizenship who have completed basic training with the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Armed_Forces" title="Swiss Armed Forces">Swiss Armed Forces</a> with certificates of good conduct, be between the ages of 19 and 30,<a href="#cite_note-59">[53]</a> and be at least 175 centimetres (5 feet 9 inches) in height. Members are armed with small arms and the traditional halberd (also called the Swiss <a href="/wiki/Voulge" title="Voulge">voulge</a>),<a href="#cite_note-60">[54]</a> and trained in bodyguarding tactics.<a href="#cite_note-61">[55]</a> The police force within Vatican City, known as the <a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Gendarmerie_of_Vatican_City" title="Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City">Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City</a>, belongs to the city state, not to the Holy See. The Holy See signed the UN <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons">treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons</a>, a binding agreement for negotiations for the total elimination of nuclear weapons.<a href="#cite_note-62">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[57]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Coat_of_arms">Coat of arms</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_See&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Coat of arms" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:228px;max-width:228px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Holy_See_usual.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_the_Holy_See_usual.svg/100px-Emblem_of_the_Holy_See_usual.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="136" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="918"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 136px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_the_Holy_See_usual.svg/100px-Emblem_of_the_Holy_See_usual.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="100" data-height="136" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_the_Holy_See_usual.svg/150px-Emblem_of_the_Holy_See_usual.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_the_Holy_See_usual.svg/200px-Emblem_of_the_Holy_See_usual.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Arms of the Holy See</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_(2001%E2%80%932023).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1165" data-file-height="1295"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 133px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="120" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg/240px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Arms of Vatican City State</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Holy_See" title="Coat of arms of the Holy See">Coat of arms of the Holy See</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City" title="Coat of arms of Vatican City">Coat of arms of Vatican City</a></div> A difference between the two coats of arms is that the arms of the Holy See have the gold key in <a href="/wiki/Bend_(heraldry)" title="Bend (heraldry)">bend</a> and the silver key in bend sinister<a href="#cite_note-64">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[59]</a> (as in the <a href="/wiki/Sede_vacante" title="Sede vacante">sede vacante</a> coat of arms and in the external ornaments of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_coats_of_arms" title="Papal coats of arms">papal coats of arms</a> of individual popes), while the reversed arrangement of the keys was chosen for the arms of the newly founded Vatican City State in 1929.<a href="#cite_note-66">[60]</a> The coat of arms of the Holy See also has no background shield, as can be seen on its official website and on the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See_passports" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy See passports">Holy See passports</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[61]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_See&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_organisation_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Global organisation of the Catholic Church">Global organisation of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Vatican City-related articles">Index of Vatican City-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">Patriarchate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petitions_to_the_Holy_See" title="Petitions to the Holy See">Petitions to the Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_academy" title="Pontifical academy">Pontifical academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/See_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="See of Constantinople">See of Constantinople</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_See&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Universal_jurisdiction" title="Universal jurisdiction">Universal</a> <a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">full communion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">Episcopal see</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_in_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop in the Catholic Church">Bishop</a> of Rome, the Pope, head of the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> The Pope as <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sovereign" title="Sovereign">sovereign</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City State</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Although Saint John Lateran is legally within Rome, it is one of the properties of the Holy See granted <a href="/wiki/Extraterritorial_privileges" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraterritorial privileges">extraterritorial privileges</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> The Holy See is the central governing body of the Catholic Church and a sovereign entity recognized by international law, consisting of the Pope and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a>. It is also commonly referred to as "the Vatican", especially when used as a <a href="/wiki/Metonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Metonym">metonym</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">hierarchy of the Catholic Church</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Holy_See_relations" title="China–Holy See relations">People's Republic of China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="Holy See–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[43]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_See&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.international.gc.ca/country-pays/holy_see-saint-siege/about-a_propos.aspx?lang=eng">"About the Holy See"</a>. 20 July 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221017121907/https://www.international.gc.ca/country-pays/holy_see-saint-siege/about-a_propos.aspx?lang=eng">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2022. Retrieved 17 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Holy+See&rft.date=2022-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.international.gc.ca%2Fcountry-pays%2Fholy_see-saint-siege%2Fabout-a_propos.aspx%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+See" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6eJJAQAAMAAJ&q=italian.diplomatic.language+holy+see&pg=PP3">"Background Notes, the Holy See"</a>. 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240310114713/https://books.google.com/books?id=6eJJAQAAMAAJ&q=italian.diplomatic.language+holy+see&pg=PP3#v=snippet&q=italian.diplomatic.language%20holy%20see&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 11 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Background+Notes%2C+the+Holy+See&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6eJJAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Ditalian.diplomatic.language%2Bholy%2Bsee%26pg%3DPP3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+See" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110524030947/http://www.vaticanstate.va/EN/State_and_Government/StateDepartments/index.htm">"Internet portal of Vatican City State"</a>. Vatican City State. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vaticanstate.va/EN/State_and_Government/StateDepartments/index.htm">the original</a> on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Internet+portal+of+Vatican+City+State&rft.pub=Vatican+City+State&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vaticanstate.va%2FEN%2FState_and_Government%2FStateDepartments%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+See" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-factbook-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-factbook_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-factbook_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/holy-see-vatican-city/">"CIA's factbook Vatican State"</a>. 16 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220126204237/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/holy-see-vatican-city/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIA%27s+factbook+Vatican+State&rft.date=2022-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fholy-see-vatican-city%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+See" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Robbers, Gerhard (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M3A-xgf1yM4C&pg=PA1009">Encyclopedia of World Constitutions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221204143029/https://books.google.com/books?id=M3A-xgf1yM4C&pg=PA1009">Archived</a> 4 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Infobase Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-81606078-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-81606078-8">978-0-81606078-8</a>. p. 1009. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Nick Megoran (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/nick.megoran/pdf/theocracy.pdf">"Theocracy"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160309220023/https://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/nick.megoran/pdf/theocracy.pdf">Archived</a> 9 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 226 in International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, vol. 11, Elsevier <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-044911-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-044911-1">978-0-08-044911-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240111135945/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/holy-see">"the Holy See"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Dictionary">Cambridge Dictionary</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/holy-see">the original</a> on 11 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Dictionary&rft.atitle=the+Holy+See&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fholy-see&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+See" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240111140254/https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/the-holy-see">"the Holy See"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford Learners Dictionaries</a>. 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Backgr Notes Ser: 1–4. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12178005">12178005</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230123110941/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12178005/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2023. 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Stato Città del Vaticano: Libreria Editrice Vatican. pp. 11–1019 (cf. full list of the Catholic sees). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-209-8522-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-209-8522-6"><bdi>978-88-209-8522-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annuario+Pontificio&rft.place=Stato+Citt%C3%A0+del+Vaticano&rft.pages=11-1019+%28cf.+full+list+of+the+Catholic+sees%29&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vatican&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-88-209-8522-6&rft.au=Direzione+dell%27Annuario+Pontificio+presso+la+Segreteria+di+Stato&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+See" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kersting-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Kersting_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKersting2003" class="citation book cs1">Kersting, Hans (2003). MAINZ – tours on foot. Vol. 4. Bayerische Verlagsanstalt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89889-078-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89889-078-6"><bdi>978-3-89889-078-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MAINZ+%E2%80%93+tours+on+foot&rft.pub=Bayerische+Verlagsanstalt&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-89889-078-6&rft.aulast=Kersting&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+See" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180914132318/http://www.open-diplomacy.eu/blog/moral-diplomacy-of-the-holy-see-multi-level-diplomacy-of-a-tr">"'Moral Diplomacy' of the Holy See: Multi-Level Diplomacy of a Transnational Actor"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open-diplomacy.eu/blog/moral-diplomacy-of-the-holy-see-multi-level-diplomacy-of-a-tr">the original</a> on 14 September 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Moral+Diplomacy%27+of+the+Holy+See%3A+Multi-Level+Diplomacy+of+a+Transnational+Actor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.open-diplomacy.eu%2Fblog%2Fmoral-diplomacy-of-the-holy-see-multi-level-diplomacy-of-a-tr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+See" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240113124504/https://www.rightofassembly.info/assets/downloads/1929_Lateran_Treaty.pdf">"TREATY BETWEEN THE HOLY SEE AND ITALY"</a> (PDF). www.rightofassembly.info. 13 January 2024. Article 03. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rightofassembly.info/assets/downloads/1929_Lateran_Treaty.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 13 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rightofassembly.info&rft.atitle=TREATY+BETWEEN+THE+HOLY+SEE+AND+ITALY&rft.pages=Article+03&rft.date=2024-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rightofassembly.info%2Fassets%2Fdownloads%2F1929_Lateran_Treaty.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+See" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vaticanstate.va/content/vaticanstate/en/stato-e-governo.html">"State and Government"</a>. www.vaticanstate.va. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180331104125/http://www.vaticanstate.va/content/vaticanstate/en/stato-e-governo.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vaticanstate.va&rft.atitle=State+and+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vaticanstate.va%2Fcontent%2Fvaticanstate%2Fen%2Fstato-e-governo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+See" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180402101211/https://storiesofworld.com/people-seven-nations-live-absolute-monarchy-click-know-nations/">"These 7 nations are ruled by an absolute monarchy!"</a>. Stories of World. 22 December 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://storiesofworld.com/people-seven-nations-live-absolute-monarchy-click-know-nations/">the original</a> on 2 April 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stories+of+World&rft.atitle=These+7+nations+are+ruled+by+an+absolute+monarchy%21&rft.date=2015-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstoriesofworld.com%2Fpeople-seven-nations-live-absolute-monarchy-click-know-nations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+See" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130922060821/http://attualita.vatican.va/sala-stampa/bollettino/2013/08/31/news/31610.html">"Dichiarazione Di S.E. Mons. Pietro Parolin in Occasione della sua Nomina a Segretario di Stato"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://attualita.vatican.va/sala-stampa/bollettino/2013/08/31/news/31610.html">the original</a> on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dichiarazione+Di+S.E.+Mons.+Pietro+Parolin+in+Occasione+della+sua+Nomina+a+Segretario+di+Stato&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fattualita.vatican.va%2Fsala-stampa%2Fbollettino%2F2013%2F08%2F31%2Fnews%2F31610.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+See" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P5G.HTM">Code of Canon Law, canons 1443–1444</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100108061657/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P5G.HTM">Archived</a> 8 January 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Holy See. Retrieved 11 September 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P5G.HTM">Code of Canon Law, canon 1445</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100108061657/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P5G.HTM">Archived</a> 8 January 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Holy See. Retrieved 11 September 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19880628_pastor-bonus-roman-curia_en.html">Pastor bonus, articles 117–120</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010223175311/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19880628_pastor-bonus-roman-curia_en.html">Archived</a> 23 February 2001 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Vatican. (28 June 1988). Retrieved 11 September 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPogorelc2020" class="citation book cs1">Pogorelc, Anthony (2020). Vatican. Print: SAGE Encyclopedia of the Sociology of Religion.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vatican&rft.place=Print&rft.pub=SAGE+Encyclopedia+of+the+Sociology+of+Religion.&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Pogorelc&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+See" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828074951/http://www.zenit.org/article-1900?l=english">"Economic Report of the Holy See for 2000"</a> Zenit 6 July 2001 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Leigh2013" class="citation news cs1">David Leigh (21 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jan/21/vatican-secret-property-empire-mussolini">"How the Vatican built a secret property empire using Mussolini's millions"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161202103311/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jan/21/vatican-secret-property-empire-mussolini">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 23 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=How+the+Vatican+built+a+secret+property+empire+using+Mussolini%27s+millions&rft.date=2013-01-21&rft.au=David+Leigh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2Fjan%2F21%2Fvatican-secret-property-empire-mussolini&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+See" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> These criteria for statehood were first authoritatively enunciated at the <a href="/wiki/Montevideo_Convention" title="Montevideo Convention">Montevideo Convention</a> on Rights and Duties of States, signed by American states on 26 December 1933. </li> <li id="cite_note-DipRel-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DipRel_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DipRel_43-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140709142833/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/documents/rc_seg-st_20010123_holy-see-relations_en.html">"Bilateral and Multilateral Relations of the Holy See, update on October 22, 2009"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/documents/rc_seg-st_20010123_holy-see-relations_en.html">the original</a> on 9 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bilateral+and+Multilateral+Relations+of+the+Holy+See%2C+update+on+October+22%2C+2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Froman_curia%2Fsecretariat_state%2Fdocuments%2Frc_seg-st_20010123_holy-see-relations_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+See" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> e.g. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iaea.org/About/Policy/MemberStates/">IAEA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071212170611/http://www.iaea.org/About/Policy/MemberStates/">Archived</a> 12 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osce.org/who/83">OSCE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140708145624/http://www.osce.org/who/83">Archived</a> 8 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iom.int/cms/en/sites/iom/home/about-iom-1/members-and-observers/governments/member-states.html">IOM</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071212170611/http://www.iaea.org/About/Policy/MemberStates/">Archived</a> 12 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Araujo_(Jurist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Araujo (Jurist)">Robert Araujo</a> and John Lucal, Papal Diplomacy and the Quest for Peace, the Vatican and International Organizations from the early years to the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>, Sapienza Press (2004), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-932589-01-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-932589-01-5">1-932589-01-5</a>, p. 16. See also James Crawford, The Creation of States in International Law, (1979) p. 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/corpo-diplomatico_index_en.html#top">Bilateral and Multilateral Relations of the Holy See</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101012105106/https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/corpo-diplomatico_index_en.html">Archived</a> 12 October 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Vatican. (31 May 2007). Retrieved 11 September 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120116144434/http://www.zenit.org/article-34102?l=english">"179 states have full diplomatic relations with the Holy See"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zenit_News_Agency" title="Zenit News Agency">Zenit News Agency</a>. 11 January 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zenit.org/article-34102?l=english">the original</a> on 16 January 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=179+states+have+full+diplomatic+relations+with+the+Holy+See&rft.pub=Zenit+News+Agency&rft.date=2012-01-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zenit.org%2Farticle-34102%3Fl%3Denglish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+See" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/articolo/162301?eng=y">"Mission Impossible: Eject the Holy See from the United Nations"</a>. chiesa: News, analysis, and documents on the Catholic Church, by Sandro Magister. 21 August 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722051730/http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/articolo/162301?eng=y">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 3 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=chiesa%3A+News%2C+analysis%2C+and+documents+on+the+Catholic+Church%2C+by+Sandro+Magister&rft.atitle=Mission+Impossible%3A+Eject+the+Holy+See+from+the+United+Nations&rft.date=2007-08-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchiesa.espresso.repubblica.it%2Farticolo%2F162301%3Feng%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+See" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/corpo-diplomatico/corpo-diplomatico_stati_elenco_en.html">Holy See Press Office: "Bilateral and Multilateral Relations of the Holy See"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140906041527/https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/corpo-diplomatico/corpo-diplomatico_stati_elenco_en.html">Archived</a> 6 September 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a> 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-209-9070-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-209-9070-1">978-88-209-9070-1</a>), pp. 1307 (Rappresentanze Pontificie) and 1338 (Corpo Diplomatico presso la Santa Sede) </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sces.uk.com/articles/ambassadors-address-on-uk-holy-see-relations.html">Ambassador's Address on UK-Holy See Relations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110513225154/http://www.sces.uk.com/articles/ambassadors-address-on-uk-holy-see-relations.html">Archived</a> 13 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (emphasis added) </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3819.htm">"Holy See"</a>. U.S. Department of State. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210319202807/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3819.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Holy+See&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fei%2Fbgn%2F3819.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+See" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.30giorni.it/it/articolo.asp?id=10264">Lecture by Archbishop Giovanni Lajolo, 16 February 2006</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927014138/http://www.30giorni.it/it/articolo.asp?id=10264">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 30giorni.it. Retrieved 11 September 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/documents/rc_seg-st_doc_20020422_tauran_en.html">Lecture by Archbishop Jean-Louis Tauran, 22 April 2002</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140215051159/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/documents/rc_seg-st_doc_20020422_tauran_en.html">Archived</a> 15 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Holy See. Retrieved 11 September 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/documents/rc_seg-st_20010123_holy-see-relations_en.html">Bilateral and Multilateral Relations of the Holy See</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140709142833/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/documents/rc_seg-st_20010123_holy-see-relations_en.html">Archived</a> 9 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Holy See. Retrieved 11 September 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20131030094000/http://www.swissguard.va/index.php?id=258&L=3">"Päpstliche Schweizergarde: 1506 Foundation"</a>. 30 October 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swissguard.va/index.php?id=258&L=3">the original</a> on 30 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=P%C3%A4pstliche+Schweizergarde%3A+1506+Foundation&rft.date=2013-10-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swissguard.va%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D258%26L%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+See" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013), p. 1269 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130421222339/http://www.swissguard.va/index.php?id=265&L=3">"Päpstliche Schweizergarde: Conditions"</a>. 21 April 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swissguard.va/index.php?id=265&L=3">the original</a> on 21 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=P%C3%A4pstliche+Schweizergarde%3A+Conditions&rft.date=2013-04-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swissguard.va%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D265%26L%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+See" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.knightsedge.com/s-99-swiss-voulge.aspx">"Swiss Voulge - Also Called Halberd or Halbert"</a>. www.knightsedge.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230305044518/https://www.knightsedge.com/s-99-swiss-voulge.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.knightsedge.com&rft.atitle=Swiss+Voulge+-+Also+Called+Halberd+or+Halbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.knightsedge.com%2Fs-99-swiss-voulge.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+See" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> See videos at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20131030093955/http://www.swissguard.va/index.php?id=252&L=3">Pontifical Swiss Guards, Gallery</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en">"Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons"</a>. United Nations Treaty Collection. 7 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 10 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+XXVI%3A+Disarmament+%E2%80%93+No.+9+Treaty+on+the+Prohibition+of+Nuclear+Weapons&rft.pub=United+Nations+Treaty+Collection&rft.date=2017-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftreaties.un.org%2FPages%2FViewDetails.aspx%3Fsrc%3DTREATY%26mtdsg_no%3DXXVI-9%26chapter%3D26%26clang%3D_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+See" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGomes2018" class="citation news cs1">Gomes, Robin (23 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vaticannews.va/en/vatican-city/news/2018-10/holy-see-united-nations-auza-prohibition-nuclear-weapons.html">"Holy See urges ratification of Nuclear Weapons Ban Treaty"</a>. Vatican News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190810014127/https://www.vaticannews.va/en/vatican-city/news/2018-10/holy-see-united-nations-auza-prohibition-nuclear-weapons.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2019. Retrieved 10 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vatican+News&rft.atitle=Holy+See+urges+ratification+of+Nuclear+Weapons+Ban+Treaty&rft.date=2018-10-23&rft.aulast=Gomes&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vaticannews.va%2Fen%2Fvatican-city%2Fnews%2F2018-10%2Fholy-see-united-nations-auza-prohibition-nuclear-weapons.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+See" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalbreath1930" class="citation web cs1">Galbreath, Donald Lindsay (13 September 1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zLBnynmMp_oC&q=%22present+usage+of+placing+a+gold+key%22">"A Treatise on Ecclesiastical Heraldry"</a>. W. Heffer and sons, Limited. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240310114619/https://books.google.com/books?id=zLBnynmMp_oC&q=%22present+usage+of+placing+a+gold+key%22">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 12 November 2020 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Treatise+on+Ecclesiastical+Heraldry&rft.pub=W.+Heffer+and+sons%2C+Limited&rft.date=1930-09-13&rft.aulast=Galbreath&rft.aufirst=Donald+Lindsay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzLBnynmMp_oC%26q%3D%2522present%2Busage%2Bof%2Bplacing%2Ba%2Bgold%2Bkey%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+See" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> "The golden key, which points upwards on the <a href="/wiki/Dexter_and_sinister" title="Dexter and sinister">dexter</a> side, signifies the power that extends even to Heaven. The silver key, which must point up to the <a href="/wiki/Dexter_and_sinister" title="Dexter and sinister">sinister</a> side, symbolizes the power over all the faithful on earth." Bruno Bernhard Heim, <a href="//archive.org/details/heraldryincathol0000heim/page/54/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:heraldryincathol0000heim/page/54/mode/2up">Heraldry in the Catholic Church: Its Origin, Customs and Laws</a> (Van Duren 1978 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780391008731" title="Special:BookSources/9780391008731">9780391008731</a>), p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131217230421/http://www.uniroma2.it/didattica/Ecclesiastico/deposito/Leggi_Vaticane.pdf">"Appendix B ("All. B. Stemma Ufficiale dello Stato della Città del Vaticano") of the Fundamental Law of Vatican City State, 7 June 1929"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uniroma2.it/didattica/Ecclesiastico/deposito/Leggi_Vaticane.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 7 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Appendix+B+%28%22All.+B.+Stemma+Ufficiale+dello+Stato+della+Citt%C3%A0+del+Vaticano%22%29+of+the+Fundamental+Law+of+Vatican+City+State%2C+7+June+1929&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uniroma2.it%2Fdidattica%2FEcclesiastico%2Fdeposito%2FLeggi_Vaticane.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+See" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epass.vatican.va/VistaInsiemeFolder.pdf">"Passport Brochure: Holy See & Vatican City State"</a> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_See&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKöck1975" class="citation book cs1">Köck, Heribert F. (1975). Die Völkerrechtliche Stellung Des Heiligen Stuhls: Dargestellt an Seiner Beziehungen Zu Staaten Und Internationalen Organisationen. Berlin: Duncker und Humblot. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-428-03355-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-428-03355-3"><bdi>978-3-428-03355-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+V%C3%B6lkerrechtliche+Stellung+Des+Heiligen+Stuhls%3A+Dargestellt+an+Seiner+Beziehungen+Zu+Staaten+Und+Internationalen+Organisationen&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Duncker+und+Humblot&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-3-428-03355-3&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6ck&rft.aufirst=Heribert+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+See" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKöck1995" class="citation book cs1">Köck, Heribert F. (1995). "Holy See". In Bernhardt, Rudolf; Macalister-Smith, Peter (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Encyclopedia_of_Public_International_Law" title="Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law">Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law</a>. Vol. 2. Amsterdam: North-Holland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-86245-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-86245-7"><bdi>978-0-444-86245-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Holy+See&rft.btitle=Max+Planck+Encyclopedia+of+Public+International+Law&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=North-Holland&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-444-86245-7&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6ck&rft.aufirst=Heribert+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+See" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrusher1959" class="citation book cs1">Brusher, Joseph S. (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/popesthroughages00brus">Popes Through the Ages</a>. Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/742355324">742355324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popes+Through+the+Ages&rft.place=Princeton%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=Van+Nostrand&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F742355324&rft.aulast=Brusher&rft.aufirst=Joseph+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpopesthroughages00brus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+See" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChamberlin1969" class="citation book cs1">Chamberlin, E. R. (1969). <a href="/wiki/The_Bad_Popes" title="The Bad Popes">The Bad Popes</a>. New York: Dial Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/647415773">647415773</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bad+Popes&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dial+Press&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F647415773&rft.aulast=Chamberlin&rft.aufirst=E.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+See" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDollison1994" class="citation book cs1">Dollison, John (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/popepourri00doll">Pope-pourri</a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-88615-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-88615-8"><bdi>978-0-671-88615-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pope-pourri&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-671-88615-8&rft.aulast=Dollison&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpopepourri00doll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+See" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaxwell-Stuart1997" class="citation book cs1">Maxwell-Stuart, P. G. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chronicleofpopes00maxw">Chronicle of the Popes: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Papacy from St. Peter to the Present</a>. London: Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-01798-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-01798-2"><bdi>978-0-500-01798-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronicle+of+the+Popes%3A+The+Reign-by-Reign+Record+of+the+Papacy+from+St.+Peter+to+the+Present&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-500-01798-2&rft.aulast=Maxwell-Stuart&rft.aufirst=P.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchronicleofpopes00maxw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+See" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorwich2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Julius_Norwich" title="John Julius Norwich">Norwich, John Julius</a> (2011). The Popes: A History. London: Chatto & Windus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-8290-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-8290-8"><bdi>978-0-7011-8290-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Popes%3A+A+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7011-8290-8&rft.aulast=Norwich&rft.aufirst=John+Julius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+See" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffy1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eamon_Duffy" title="Eamon Duffy">Duffy, Eamon</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saintssinnershis00duff">Saints and Sinners, a History of the Popes</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07332-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07332-4"><bdi>978-0-300-07332-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saints+and+Sinners%2C+a+History+of+the+Popes&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-300-07332-4&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Eamon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaintssinnershis00duff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+See" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurant1950" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Will_Durant" title="Will Durant">Durant, William James</a> (1950). <a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="The Age of Faith">The Story of Civilization</a>. Vol. IV. The Age of Faith: A History of Medieval Civilization – Christian, Islamic, and Judaic – from Constantine to Dante, A.D. 325–1300. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-01200-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-01200-7"><bdi>978-0-671-01200-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Civilization&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1950&rft.isbn=978-0-671-01200-7&rft.aulast=Durant&rft.aufirst=William+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+See" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurant1957" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Will_Durant" title="Will Durant">Durant, William James</a> (1957). <a href="/wiki/The_Reformation_(Story_of_Civilization)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Reformation (Story of Civilization)">The Story of Civilization</a>. Vol. VI. The Reformation. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-61050-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-61050-0"><bdi>978-0-671-61050-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Civilization&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1957&rft.isbn=978-0-671-61050-0&rft.aulast=Durant&rft.aufirst=William+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+See" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranzenDolan,_John1969" class="citation book cs1">Franzen, August; Dolan, John (1969). A History of the Church. Herder and Herder.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Church&rft.pub=Herder+and+Herder&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Franzen&rft.aufirst=August&rft.au=Dolan%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+See" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGranfield1987" class="citation book cs1">Granfield, Patrick (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limitsofpapacy00gran">The Limits of the Papacy: Authority and Autonomy in the Church</a>. New York: Crossroad. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8245-0839-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8245-0839-5"><bdi>978-0-8245-0839-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Limits+of+the+Papacy%3A+Authority+and+Autonomy+in+the+Church&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Crossroad&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8245-0839-5&rft.aulast=Granfield&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flimitsofpapacy00gran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+See" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrisar1912" class="citation book cs1">Grisar, Hartmann (1912). History of Rome and the Popes in the Middle Ages. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11025456">11025456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Rome+and+the+Popes+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Kegan+Paul%2C+Trench%2C+Tr%C3%BCbner&rft.date=1912&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11025456&rft.aulast=Grisar&rft.aufirst=Hartmann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+See" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Paul_II1996" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II, Pope</a> (22 February 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_22021996_universi-dominici-gregis_en.html">"Universi Dominici Gregis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Vatican Publishing House</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Universi+Dominici+Gregis&rft.pub=Vatican+Publishing+House&rft.date=1996-02-22&rft.aulast=John+Paul+II&rft.aufirst=Pope&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fjohn_paul_ii%2Fapost_constitutions%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_jp-ii_apc_22021996_universi-dominici-gregis_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+See" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly1986" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, J. N. (1986). Oxford Dictionary of the Popes. Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-190935-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-190935-1"><bdi>978-0-19-190935-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Popes&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-19-190935-1&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=J.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+See" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerr1950" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Kerr_(bishop)" title="William Kerr (bishop)">Kerr, William Shaw</a> (1950). A Handbook on the Papacy. London: Marshall, Morgan & Scott. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51018118">51018118</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+on+the+Papacy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Marshall%2C+Morgan+%26+Scott&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51018118&rft.aulast=Kerr&rft.aufirst=William+Shaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+See" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKüng2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%BCng" title="Hans Küng">Küng, Hans</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catholicchurch00sama">The Catholic Church: A Short History</a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-6762-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-6762-3"><bdi>978-0-8129-6762-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Church%3A+A+Short+History&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-6762-3&rft.aulast=K%C3%BCng&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcatholicchurch00sama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+See" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoomis,_Louise_Ropes2006" class="citation book cs1">Loomis, Louise Ropes (2006) [1916]. The Book of the Popes (Liber Pontificalis): To the Pontificate of Gregory I. Merchantville, New Jersey: Evolution Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-889758-86-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-889758-86-2"><bdi>978-1-889758-86-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+the+Popes+%28Liber+Pontificalis%29%3A+To+the+Pontificate+of+Gregory+I&rft.place=Merchantville%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Evolution+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-889758-86-2&rft.au=Loomis%2C+Louise+Ropes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+See" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNobleStrauss,_Barry2005" class="citation book cs1">Noble, Thomas; Strauss, Barry (2005). Western Civilization. Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-43277-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-43277-6"><bdi>978-0-618-43277-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Civilization&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-618-43277-6&rft.aulast=Noble&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Strauss%2C+Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+See" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrlandis1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Orlandis" title="José Orlandis">Orlandis, José</a> (1993). A Short History of the Catholic Church. Scepter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85182-125-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85182-125-9"><bdi>978-1-85182-125-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pub=Scepter&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-85182-125-9&rft.aulast=Orlandis&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+See" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLa_Due1999" class="citation book cs1">La Due, William J. (1999). The Chair of Saint Peter: A History of the Papacy. Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57075-249-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57075-249-0"><bdi>978-1-57075-249-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chair+of+Saint+Peter%3A+A+History+of+the+Papacy&rft.place=Maryknoll%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=Orbis+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-57075-249-0&rft.aulast=La+Due&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+See" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_See&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en.html">The Holy See</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.va/">The Holy See News Portal (News.va)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628152433/http://www.news.va/">Archived</a> 28 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/vatican">The Vatican's channel</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_user_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube user (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cin.org/users/jgallegos/primacy.htm">Primacy of the Apostolic See</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/holy-see-vatican-city/">CIA World Factbook on Holy See</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Svaxr4erV_Q">Inside the Vatican</a> Documentary on <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a> YouTube channel</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holy_See&oldid=1259099823">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holy_See&oldid=1259099823</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_See&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 23 November 2024, at 10:23 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilige_Stoel" title="Heilige Stoel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Heilige Stoel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="الكرسي الرسولي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الكرسي الرسولي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Seu" title="Santa Seu – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Santa Seu" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Sede" title="Santa Sede – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Santa Sede" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8ng-ch%C5%8D" title="Sèng-chō – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sèng-chō" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Святы Прастол – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Святы Прастол" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Свети престол – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Свети престол" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveta_Stolica" title="Sveta Stolica – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sveta Stolica" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sez_Santel" title="Sez Santel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sez Santel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Seu" title="Santa Seu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Santa Seu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%C4%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BB%C4%83_%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Сăваплă Астул – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сăваплă Астул" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaang_Sede" title="Balaang Sede – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Balaang Sede" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svat%C3%BD_stolec" title="Svatý stolec – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Svatý stolec" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esgobaeth_y_Pab" title="Esgobaeth y Pab – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Esgobaeth y Pab" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_Hellige_Stol" title="Den Hellige Stol – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den Hellige Stol" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiliger_Stuhl" title="Heiliger Stuhl – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Heiliger Stuhl" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BCha_Tool" title="Püha Tool – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Püha Tool" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%88%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Αγία Έδρα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αγία Έδρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Sede" title="Santa Sede – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Santa Sede" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankta_Se%C4%9Do" title="Sankta Seĝo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sankta Seĝo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egoitza_Santua" title="Egoitza Santua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Egoitza Santua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3" title="سریر مقدس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سریر مقدس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Si%C3%A8ge" title="Saint-Siège – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Saint-Siège" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Su%C3%AD_Naofa" title="An Suí Naofa – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Suí Naofa" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_S%C3%A9" title="Santa Sé – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Santa Sé" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B1%EC%A2%8C_(%EA%B0%80%ED%86%A8%EB%A6%AD)" title="성좌 (가톨릭) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="성좌 (가톨릭)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A2_%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%BC" title="Սուրբ աթոռ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սուրբ աթոռ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="होली सी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="होली सी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveta_Stolica" title="Sveta Stolica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sveta Stolica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takhta_Suci" title="Takhta Suci – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Takhta Suci" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancte_Sede" title="Sancte Sede – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Sancte Sede" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1fast%C3%B3ll" title="Páfastóll – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Páfastóll" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Sede" title="Santa Sede – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Santa Sede" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A9" title="הכס הקדוש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הכס הקדוש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhampar_Suci" title="Dhampar Suci – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Dhampar Suci" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banal_a_Sede" title="Banal a Sede – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Banal a Sede" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A7%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="წმინდა საყდარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წმინდა საყდარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D2%9B" title="Папалық Тақ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Папалық Тақ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukulu_mtakatifu" title="Ukulu mtakatifu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ukulu mtakatifu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sen_Sy%C3%A8j" title="Sen Syèj – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sen Syèj" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_S%C3%ABnta" title="Santa Sënta – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Santa Sënta" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancta_Sedes" title="Sancta Sedes – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sancta Sedes" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C4%93tais_Kr%C4%93sls" title="Svētais Krēsls – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Svētais Krēsls" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ventasis_Sostas" title="Šventasis Sostas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šventasis Sostas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Sed" title="Santa Sed – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Santa Sed" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostoli_Szentsz%C3%A9k" title="Apostoli Szentszék – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Apostoli Szentszék" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Света Столица – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Света Столица" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Sede" title="Santa Sede – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Santa Sede" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%89" title="الكرسى البابوى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الكرسى البابوى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takhta_Suci" title="Takhta Suci – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Takhta Suci" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A4_%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯍꯣꯂꯤ ꯁꯤ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯍꯣꯂꯤ ꯁꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%8D%D1%82_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Гэгээн Ширээт Улс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гэгээн Ширээт Улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilige_Stoel" title="Heilige Stoel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Heilige Stoel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%BA%A7" title="聖座 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="聖座" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Сийлахь Паччахьалла – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Сийлахь Паччахьалла" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_hellige_stol" title="Den hellige stol – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den hellige stol" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_heilage_stolen" title="Den heilage stolen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den heilage stolen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Sieu" title="Santa Sieu – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Santa Sieu" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="پوتر کرسی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پوتر کرسی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolica_Apostolska" title="Stolica Apostolska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stolica Apostolska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_S%C3%A9" title="Santa Sé – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Santa Sé" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sf%C3%A2ntul_Scaun" title="Sfântul Scaun – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sfântul Scaun" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F" title="Свята Столиця – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Свята Столиця" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Святой Престол – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Святой Престол" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selia_e_Shenjt%C3%AB" title="Selia e Shenjtë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Selia e Shenjtë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="ශුද්ධාසනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ශුද්ධාසනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Holy See" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C3%A4t%C3%A1_stolica" title="Svätá stolica – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Svätá stolica" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveti_sede%C5%BE" title="Sveti sedež – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sveti sedež" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Света столица – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Света столица" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveta_stolica" title="Sveta stolica – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sveta stolica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyh%C3%A4_istuin" title="Pyhä istuin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pyhä istuin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliga_stolen" title="Heliga stolen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Heliga stolen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banal_na_Luklukan" title="Banal na Luklukan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Banal na Luklukan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="திரு ஆட்சிப்பீடம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திரு ஆட்சிப்பீடம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81" title="สันตะสำนัก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สันตะสำนัก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutsal_Makam" title="Kutsal Makam – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kutsal Makam" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Святий Престол – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Святий Престол" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="مقدس کرسی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مقدس کرسی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Sede" title="Santa Sede – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Santa Sede" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B2a_Th%C3%A1nh" title="Tòa Thánh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tòa Thánh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Sede" title="Santa Sede – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Santa Sede" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%BA%A7" title="聖座 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="聖座" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%BA%A7" title="聖座 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="聖座" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%BA%A7" title="聖座 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="聖座" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 November 2024, at 10:23 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a 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