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data-click-track="profile-expand-user-info-following"><p class="label">Following</p><p class="data">2</p></div></a><div class="js-mentions-count-container" style="display: none;"><a href="/PayamForoughi/mentions"><div class="stat-container"><p class="label">Mentions</p><p class="data"></p></div></a></div><span><div class="stat-container"><p class="label"><span class="js-profile-total-view-text">Public Views</span></p><p class="data"><span class="js-profile-view-count"></span></p></div></span></div><div class="suggested-academics-container"><div class="suggested-academics--header"><p class="ds2-5-body-md-bold">Related Authors</p></div><ul class="suggested-user-card-list"><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://unizg.academia.edu/AndrejDujella"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Andrej Dujella" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = 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class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://uppsala.academia.edu/HeminKoyi">Hemin Koyi</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Uppsala University</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://uel.academia.edu/JanaJavornik"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Jana Javornik" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/113072/30527/13170018/s200_jana.javornik.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://uel.academia.edu/JanaJavornik">Jana Javornik</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">University of East London</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://leicester.academia.edu/GrahamMartin"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Graham Martin" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/156189/40499/1481064/s200_graham.martin.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://leicester.academia.edu/GrahamMartin">Graham Martin</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">University of Leicester</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://uncg.academia.edu/GwenRobbinsSchug"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Gwen Robbins Schug" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/161482/41323/141954071/s200_gwen.robbins_schug.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://uncg.academia.edu/GwenRobbinsSchug">Gwen Robbins Schug</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">University of North Carolina at Greensboro</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://usal.academia.edu/GabrielGutierrezAlonso"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Gabriel Gutierrez-Alonso" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/175637/822125/1022101/s200_gabriel.gutierrez-alonso.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://usal.academia.edu/GabrielGutierrezAlonso">Gabriel Gutierrez-Alonso</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">University of Salamanca</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://mq.academia.edu/JohnSutton"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="John Sutton" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/176044/43811/40295/s200_john.sutton.jpg" /></a></div><div 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class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://swansea.academia.edu/KevinArbuckle"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Kevin Arbuckle" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/191329/90380/6936137/s200_kevin.arbuckle.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://swansea.academia.edu/KevinArbuckle">Kevin Arbuckle</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Swansea University</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://ku-dk.academia.edu/JesperHoffmeyer"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Jesper Hoffmeyer" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/241162/92724/102335/s200_jesper.hoffmeyer.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://ku-dk.academia.edu/JesperHoffmeyer">Jesper Hoffmeyer</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">University of Copenhagen</p></div></div></ul></div></div></div><div class="right-panel-container"><div class="user-content-wrapper"><div class="uploads-container" id="social-redesign-work-container"><div class="upload-header"><h2 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Uploads</h2></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by Payam Foroughi</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="69543563"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/69543563/Central_Asia_and_Counterterrorism_The_Contrasting_Cases_of_Kyrgyzstan_and_Tajikistan"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Central Asia and Counterterrorism: The Contrasting Cases of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/69543563/Central_Asia_and_Counterterrorism_The_Contrasting_Cases_of_Kyrgyzstan_and_Tajikistan">Central Asia and Counterterrorism: The Contrasting Cases of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Central Asian states have faced a variety of social, economic, and political challenges since the...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Central Asian states have faced a variety of social, economic, and political challenges since the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks (9/11) and the consequent US-led invasion of Afghanistan as part of the ‘global war on terror,’ have added a new dimension to the existing problems of the region, including the contagion threats of extremism and terrorism. This chapter examines the counterterrorism (CT) policies of the two poorest Central Asian states—Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan—which share many characteristics, and yet also differ in their state of democratic development and implementation of international commitments, including those associated with balancing human rights and national security.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="69543563"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="69543563"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 69543563; 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Or is it? Doubt is warranted given the ongoing tensions over Ukraine, where...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The Cold War is over! Or is it? Doubt is warranted given the ongoing tensions over Ukraine, where projecting from United Nations estimates, the death toll in the eastern part of the country is approaching 10,000 (AP 2016). Doubt is also warranted given the devastation in Syria, where old Cold War rivals are fighting, directly or in proxy, on opposite sides of a genocidal war involving the Asad dictatorship, a number of regional powers including Iran and Turkey, and numerous rebel and terror groups. This has resulted in a human death toll since 2011 of around half a million, with millions more injured or displaced (Reuters 2017). Doubts are also heightened by the steady admission of former Eastern Bloc countries into the US-dominated NATO military coalition in conjunction with 'bellicose Russian actions' in Georgia and Ukraine (Itzkowitz Shifrinson 2016, 9). 1 It is not surprising, therefore, that some prominent experts, such as Stephen F. Cohen, claim that the world in the twenty-first century has entered a 'new Cold War' (quoted in Smith 2015). 'This is the way the world ends', wrote T.S. Eliot in 1925, lamenting a dispirited post-World War I Europe. The old Cold War, as well, which had given us MAD or 'mutually assured destruction', ended 'not with a bang, but a whimper'. The end came largely peacefully, including the breaking down of the Berlin Wall in 1989. Thomas (2001) claims that the 1975 Helsinki Final Act (aka 'Helsinki Accords'), originally signed between 35 states from among the US-led West and the Soviet-dominated Eastern Bloc, was instrumental in the USSR's demise and thus the end of the Cold War through the inadvertent acknowledgement of human rights norms by the Soviet hierarchy. This volume of Central Asian Survey takes stock of the legacies of the Helsinki Accords, more than 40 years after their signing. While touching on broad theoretical paradigms of regionalism, social constructivism, and democratization, the contributors analyse the complexity of the post-Cold War order, especially for the 'participating states' of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), and focus on not only how these states have benefitted from their membership in that organization, but also how the OSCE has failed them and their publics in a number of critical ways. The contributions to this volume were first presented at a conference hosted by the OSCE Academy in</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="47b2ab64eb98ecc3972bd13ac69c6b1c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":79599069,"asset_id":69543555,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/79599069/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="69543555"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="69543555"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 69543555; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="69543554"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/69543554/Helsinki_s_counterintuitive_effect_OSCE_ODIHR_s_election_observation_missions_and_solidification_of_virtual_democracy_in_post_communist_Central_Asia_the_case_of_Tajikistan_2000_2013"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Helsinki’s counterintuitive effect? OSCE/ODIHR’s election observation missions and solidification of virtual democracy in post-communist Central Asia: the case of Tajikistan, 2000–2013" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/79599107/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/69543554/Helsinki_s_counterintuitive_effect_OSCE_ODIHR_s_election_observation_missions_and_solidification_of_virtual_democracy_in_post_communist_Central_Asia_the_case_of_Tajikistan_2000_2013">Helsinki’s counterintuitive effect? OSCE/ODIHR’s election observation missions and solidification of virtual democracy in post-communist Central Asia: the case of Tajikistan, 2000–2013</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Central Asian Survey</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Since the late 1990s, the post-communist states of Central Asia, as 'participating States' of the...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Since the late 1990s, the post-communist states of Central Asia, as 'participating States' of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, have been regularly persuaded by the organization to invite its Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights to monitor their national parliamentary and presidential elections. The OSCE/ODIHR's objectives have been to assist the Central Asian participating states in holding free and fair elections and aid in a presumed ongoing post-communist democratization process. We argue that contrary to OSCE's assumptions, repeated OSCE/ODIHR election observations of Central Asian states with histories of fraudulent elections (as demonstrated by the case study of Tajikistan during 2000-2013) have not contributed to the flourishing of democracy and political pluralism, but rather inadvertently aided in the solidification of authoritarianism and 'virtual democracy'a phenomenon we refer to as 'Helsinki's counterintuitive effect'. Using stakeholder interviews, we test four hypotheses in support of this general proposition.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="6f05e56de6574e9852bbe62ae841a8ef" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":79599107,"asset_id":69543554,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/79599107/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="69543554"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="69543554"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 69543554; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=69543554]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=69543554]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 69543554; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='69543554']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "6f05e56de6574e9852bbe62ae841a8ef" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=69543554]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":69543554,"title":"Helsinki’s counterintuitive effect? 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Tajikistan: Nationalism, Ethnicity, Con ict, and Socio-economic Disparities—Sources and Solut...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">... Tajikistan: Nationalism, Ethnicity, Con ict, and Socio-economic Disparities—Sources and Solutions1 PAYAM FOROUGHI Ey omide del ramide-ye man/Quvvate dasto nure deedeye man/Aiyde dah soleat mobarak bad/Bin chonin aiydha ziyad, ziyad! ... 40 Payam Foroughi FIG. ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="69543552"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="69543552"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 69543552; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); 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dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=69543444]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":69543444,"title":"Politische Entwicklungen und Menschenrechte in Tadschikistan: vertane Chancen – ungewisse Zukunft","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/69543444/Politische_Entwicklungen_und_Menschenrechte_in_Tadschikistan_vertane_Chancen_ungewisse_Zukunft","owner_id":65889215,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":65889215,"first_name":"Payam","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Foroughi","page_name":"PayamForoughi","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2017-06-26T06:11:22.269-07:00","display_name":"Payam Foroughi","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PayamForoughi"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="13853971" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="69543563"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/69543563/Central_Asia_and_Counterterrorism_The_Contrasting_Cases_of_Kyrgyzstan_and_Tajikistan"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Central Asia and Counterterrorism: The Contrasting Cases of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/69543563/Central_Asia_and_Counterterrorism_The_Contrasting_Cases_of_Kyrgyzstan_and_Tajikistan">Central Asia and Counterterrorism: The Contrasting Cases of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Central Asian states have faced a variety of social, economic, and political challenges since the...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Central Asian states have faced a variety of social, economic, and political challenges since the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks (9/11) and the consequent US-led invasion of Afghanistan as part of the ‘global war on terror,’ have added a new dimension to the existing problems of the region, including the contagion threats of extremism and terrorism. This chapter examines the counterterrorism (CT) policies of the two poorest Central Asian states—Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan—which share many characteristics, and yet also differ in their state of democratic development and implementation of international commitments, including those associated with balancing human rights and national security.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="69543563"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="69543563"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 69543563; 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Ruzi Nazar, from the Red Army to the CIA</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Europe-Asia Studies</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="69543560"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="69543560"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 69543560; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=69543560]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=69543560]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 69543560; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='69543560']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=69543560]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":69543560,"title":"A Dark Path to Freedom. 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Or is it? Doubt is warranted given the ongoing tensions over Ukraine, where...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The Cold War is over! Or is it? Doubt is warranted given the ongoing tensions over Ukraine, where projecting from United Nations estimates, the death toll in the eastern part of the country is approaching 10,000 (AP 2016). Doubt is also warranted given the devastation in Syria, where old Cold War rivals are fighting, directly or in proxy, on opposite sides of a genocidal war involving the Asad dictatorship, a number of regional powers including Iran and Turkey, and numerous rebel and terror groups. This has resulted in a human death toll since 2011 of around half a million, with millions more injured or displaced (Reuters 2017). Doubts are also heightened by the steady admission of former Eastern Bloc countries into the US-dominated NATO military coalition in conjunction with 'bellicose Russian actions' in Georgia and Ukraine (Itzkowitz Shifrinson 2016, 9). 1 It is not surprising, therefore, that some prominent experts, such as Stephen F. Cohen, claim that the world in the twenty-first century has entered a 'new Cold War' (quoted in Smith 2015). 'This is the way the world ends', wrote T.S. Eliot in 1925, lamenting a dispirited post-World War I Europe. The old Cold War, as well, which had given us MAD or 'mutually assured destruction', ended 'not with a bang, but a whimper'. The end came largely peacefully, including the breaking down of the Berlin Wall in 1989. Thomas (2001) claims that the 1975 Helsinki Final Act (aka 'Helsinki Accords'), originally signed between 35 states from among the US-led West and the Soviet-dominated Eastern Bloc, was instrumental in the USSR's demise and thus the end of the Cold War through the inadvertent acknowledgement of human rights norms by the Soviet hierarchy. This volume of Central Asian Survey takes stock of the legacies of the Helsinki Accords, more than 40 years after their signing. While touching on broad theoretical paradigms of regionalism, social constructivism, and democratization, the contributors analyse the complexity of the post-Cold War order, especially for the 'participating states' of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), and focus on not only how these states have benefitted from their membership in that organization, but also how the OSCE has failed them and their publics in a number of critical ways. The contributions to this volume were first presented at a conference hosted by the OSCE Academy in</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="47b2ab64eb98ecc3972bd13ac69c6b1c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":79599069,"asset_id":69543555,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/79599069/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="69543555"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="69543555"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 69543555; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="69543554"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/69543554/Helsinki_s_counterintuitive_effect_OSCE_ODIHR_s_election_observation_missions_and_solidification_of_virtual_democracy_in_post_communist_Central_Asia_the_case_of_Tajikistan_2000_2013"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Helsinki’s counterintuitive effect? OSCE/ODIHR’s election observation missions and solidification of virtual democracy in post-communist Central Asia: the case of Tajikistan, 2000–2013" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/79599107/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/69543554/Helsinki_s_counterintuitive_effect_OSCE_ODIHR_s_election_observation_missions_and_solidification_of_virtual_democracy_in_post_communist_Central_Asia_the_case_of_Tajikistan_2000_2013">Helsinki’s counterintuitive effect? OSCE/ODIHR’s election observation missions and solidification of virtual democracy in post-communist Central Asia: the case of Tajikistan, 2000–2013</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Central Asian Survey</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Since the late 1990s, the post-communist states of Central Asia, as 'participating States' of the...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Since the late 1990s, the post-communist states of Central Asia, as 'participating States' of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, have been regularly persuaded by the organization to invite its Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights to monitor their national parliamentary and presidential elections. The OSCE/ODIHR's objectives have been to assist the Central Asian participating states in holding free and fair elections and aid in a presumed ongoing post-communist democratization process. We argue that contrary to OSCE's assumptions, repeated OSCE/ODIHR election observations of Central Asian states with histories of fraudulent elections (as demonstrated by the case study of Tajikistan during 2000-2013) have not contributed to the flourishing of democracy and political pluralism, but rather inadvertently aided in the solidification of authoritarianism and 'virtual democracy'a phenomenon we refer to as 'Helsinki's counterintuitive effect'. Using stakeholder interviews, we test four hypotheses in support of this general proposition.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="6f05e56de6574e9852bbe62ae841a8ef" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":79599107,"asset_id":69543554,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/79599107/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="69543554"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="69543554"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 69543554; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=69543554]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=69543554]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 69543554; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='69543554']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "6f05e56de6574e9852bbe62ae841a8ef" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=69543554]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":69543554,"title":"Helsinki’s counterintuitive effect? 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Tajikistan: Nationalism, Ethnicity, Con ict, and Socio-economic Disparities—Sources and Solut...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">... Tajikistan: Nationalism, Ethnicity, Con ict, and Socio-economic Disparities—Sources and Solutions1 PAYAM FOROUGHI Ey omide del ramide-ye man/Quvvate dasto nure deedeye man/Aiyde dah soleat mobarak bad/Bin chonin aiydha ziyad, ziyad! ... 40 Payam Foroughi FIG. ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="69543552"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="69543552"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 69543552; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); 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