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data-component-name="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate" data-props="{}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate-react-component-2544e07a-8226-4a63-a3cc-07456b0f8f2c"></div> <div id="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate-react-component-2544e07a-8226-4a63-a3cc-07456b0f8f2c"></div> <div class="DesignSystem"><div class="onsite-ping" id="onsite-ping"></div></div><div class="profile-user-info DesignSystem"><div class="social-profile-container"><div class="left-panel-container"><div class="user-info-component-wrapper"><div class="user-summary-cta-container"><div class="user-summary-container"><div class="social-profile-avatar-container"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Kevin Arbuckle" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/191329/90380/6936137/s200_kevin.arbuckle.jpg" /></div><div class="title-container"><h1 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-sm">Kevin Arbuckle</h1><div class="affiliations-container fake-truncate js-profile-affiliations"><div><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://swansea.academia.edu/">Swansea University</a>, <a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://swansea.academia.edu/Departments/Biosciences/Documents">Biosciences</a>, <span class="u-tcGrayDarker">Faculty Member</span></div></div></div></div><div class="sidebar-cta-container"><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-follow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.follow-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-follow-button" data-follow-user-fname="Kevin" data-follow-user-id="191329" data-follow-user-source="profile_button" data-has-google="false"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">add</span>Follow</button><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-unfollow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.unfollow-button" 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class="stat-container"><p class="label"><span class="js-profile-total-view-text">Public Views</span></p><p class="data"><span class="js-profile-view-count"></span></p></div></span></div><div class="user-bio-container"><div class="profile-bio fake-truncate js-profile-about" style="margin: 0px;">Although I have wide-ranging interests my current work focusses on investigating broad-scale macroevolutionary patterns of biodiversity. Within this I have worked on antipredator mechanisms, the evolution of venomous animals, life-history, and convergent evolution amongst other things. For this I have used a variety of approaches, but primarily phylogenetic comparative methods.<br /><span class="u-fw700">Phone: </span>01792602087<br /><div class="js-profile-less-about u-linkUnstyled u-tcGrayDarker u-textDecorationUnderline u-displayNone">less</div></div></div><div class="suggested-academics-container"><div class="suggested-academics--header"><p class="ds2-5-body-md-bold">Related Authors</p></div><ul class="suggested-user-card-list"><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/PedroGal%C3%A1n"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" border="0" alt="" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PedroGal%C3%A1n">Pedro Galán</a></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://morciniec.academia.edu/%C5%81ukaszPa%C5%9Bko"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Łukasz Paśko" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/115324836/37706884/31808318/s200__ukasz.pa_ko.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://morciniec.academia.edu/%C5%81ukaszPa%C5%9Bko">Łukasz Paśko</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">University of Wroclaw / Poland</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/HarryWGreene"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Harry W. 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Documents</span></a></li></ul></div><div class="divider ds-divider-16" style="margin: 0px;"></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Software" id="Software"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Software by Kevin Arbuckle</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="8826541"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/8826541/windex_Analysing_convergent_evolution_using_the_Wheatsheaf_index"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of windex: Analysing convergent evolution using the Wheatsheaf index" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" 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js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by Kevin Arbuckle</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="126037949"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/126037949/Not_so_fast_Two_observations_concerning_slow_worm_Anguis_fragilis_antipredator_behaviour"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Not so fast: Two observations concerning slow worm Anguis fragilis antipredator behaviour" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/119976515/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/126037949/Not_so_fast_Two_observations_concerning_slow_worm_Anguis_fragilis_antipredator_behaviour">Not so fast: Two observations concerning slow worm Anguis fragilis antipredator behaviour</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="d9a7b27fd2573953a4b71ef8f60c31a6" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":119976515,"asset_id":126037949,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119976515/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="126037949"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" 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href="https://www.academia.edu/122151932/Predictors_of_animal_sponsorship_to_support_zoo_based_conservation_activities">Predictors of animal sponsorship to support zoo-based conservation activities</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Public donations are an important form of fundraising for zoos and are used to support conservati...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Public donations are an important form of fundraising for zoos and are used to support conservation activities. Understanding what influences zoo animal sponsorship by the public is crucial if zoos are to optimize strategies for increasing income from sponsors. Using sponsorship data obtained from seven</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2cc8768177f41b65754c67486585ce0a" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":116874430,"asset_id":122151932,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/116874430/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="122151932"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="122151932"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 122151932; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="117358039"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/117358039/The_neoteny_Goldilocks_zone_The_evolution_of_neoteny_in_Ambystoma"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The neoteny Goldilocks zone: The evolution of neoteny in Ambystoma" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/120154370/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/117358039/The_neoteny_Goldilocks_zone_The_evolution_of_neoteny_in_Ambystoma">The neoteny Goldilocks zone: The evolution of neoteny in Ambystoma</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="4fa4ec5c2f8feefdf76b2b55aef79bbf" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":120154370,"asset_id":117358039,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/120154370/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="117358039"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="117358039"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 117358039; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="108385316"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/108385316/Crotaphopeltis_hotamboeia_colour_change"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia - colour change" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/106783921/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/108385316/Crotaphopeltis_hotamboeia_colour_change">Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia - colour change</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">CROTAPHOPELTIS HOTAMBOEIA (White-lipped Herald Snake). COLOR CHANGE. Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia is...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">CROTAPHOPELTIS HOTAMBOEIA (White-lipped Herald Snake). COLOR CHANGE. Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia is a common nocturnal colubrine that is widespread in Sub-Saharan Africa and found throughout East Africa, with the exception of arid areas (Pitman 1974. A Guide to the Snakes of Uganda, revised ed. Wheldon & Wesley, Ltd. Codicote, UK. 290 pp.; Spawls et al. 2018. Field Guide to East African Reptiles. 2 nd ed. Bloomsbury Publishing. London, UK. 624 pp.). The color pattern of this species is variable, with background color ranging from black through grey to various shades of brown or yellow, typically with white speckling or broken crossbars and paler supralabial scales (Pitman 1974, op. cit.; Spawls et al. 2018, op. cit.). Lighter colored snakes often have a dark grey to black temporal patch on their heads. Ugandan specimens are reported as being predominantly greenish-brown through black, with speckling sometimes indistinct and only rarely with white supralabials, which are more usually dusky brown (Pitman 1974, op. cit.). Color change in snakes is best known in the form of slow seasonal or ontogenetic change over the lifespan of a snake, such as the dramatic color change of green tree pythons (Morelia viridis) from juvenile to adults (Wilson et al. 2007. Biol. Lett. 3:40-43). Nevertheless, a few examples of reversible physiological color change have been reported in snakes including various</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e180bdca6992da54e6c2bec6312d42d6" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":106783921,"asset_id":108385316,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/106783921/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="108385316"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="108385316"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108385316; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108385316]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108385316]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108385316; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='108385316']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "e180bdca6992da54e6c2bec6312d42d6" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=108385316]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":108385316,"title":"Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia - colour change","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"CROTAPHOPELTIS HOTAMBOEIA (White-lipped Herald Snake). COLOR CHANGE. Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia is a common nocturnal colubrine that is widespread in Sub-Saharan Africa and found throughout East Africa, with the exception of arid areas (Pitman 1974. A Guide to the Snakes of Uganda, revised ed. Wheldon \u0026 Wesley, Ltd. Codicote, UK. 290 pp.; Spawls et al. 2018. Field Guide to East African Reptiles. 2 nd ed. Bloomsbury Publishing. London, UK. 624 pp.). The color pattern of this species is variable, with background color ranging from black through grey to various shades of brown or yellow, typically with white speckling or broken crossbars and paler supralabial scales (Pitman 1974, op. cit.; Spawls et al. 2018, op. cit.). Lighter colored snakes often have a dark grey to black temporal patch on their heads. Ugandan specimens are reported as being predominantly greenish-brown through black, with speckling sometimes indistinct and only rarely with white supralabials, which are more usually dusky brown (Pitman 1974, op. cit.). Color change in snakes is best known in the form of slow seasonal or ontogenetic change over the lifespan of a snake, such as the dramatic color change of green tree pythons (Morelia viridis) from juvenile to adults (Wilson et al. 2007. Biol. Lett. 3:40-43). Nevertheless, a few examples of reversible physiological color change have been reported in snakes including various","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":106783921},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/108385316/Crotaphopeltis_hotamboeia_colour_change","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-10-20T06:43:30.446-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":191329,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":106783921,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/106783921/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Crotaphopeltis_hotamboeia_colour_change.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/106783921/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Crotaphopeltis_hotamboeia_colour_change.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/106783921/Crotaphopeltis_hotamboeia_colour_change-libre.pdf?1697817006=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DCrotaphopeltis_hotamboeia_colour_change.pdf\u0026Expires=1738779315\u0026Signature=S3hkPu005YPqxZRRFoyGQHmyMUa78G721ack5nAr1CdS0UbRmdHMmAgNkqdEXAmXNPRymSGoqMaDG2CEzCrV5g29zK6rB9H5jOeSPwcw9dO99n-weOdhUgqGa-My3OA5WQlJHQMWun9NCky8qn0orUDg835XWu0Z4Zf9B6pwFDiOnuskGrGrK4U6YxR-z-Sm0wn2j-ENnMd3tUCTXR5S52FnnEjreQ1is3k6CiYP7fSbVsTvi9cUzmYJS9ntc7f8NZKoR9IJmepaw9w9mgOja5tY5azEJvloIL~1-IaXHk~kla~OHtr7whoqCcZliSPeKuaXSr7VNYy6uAkm9JFG1g__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Crotaphopeltis_hotamboeia_colour_change","translated_slug":"","page_count":1,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"CROTAPHOPELTIS HOTAMBOEIA (White-lipped Herald Snake). COLOR CHANGE. Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia is a common nocturnal colubrine that is widespread in Sub-Saharan Africa and found throughout East Africa, with the exception of arid areas (Pitman 1974. A Guide to the Snakes of Uganda, revised ed. Wheldon \u0026 Wesley, Ltd. Codicote, UK. 290 pp.; Spawls et al. 2018. Field Guide to East African Reptiles. 2 nd ed. Bloomsbury Publishing. London, UK. 624 pp.). The color pattern of this species is variable, with background color ranging from black through grey to various shades of brown or yellow, typically with white speckling or broken crossbars and paler supralabial scales (Pitman 1974, op. cit.; Spawls et al. 2018, op. cit.). Lighter colored snakes often have a dark grey to black temporal patch on their heads. Ugandan specimens are reported as being predominantly greenish-brown through black, with speckling sometimes indistinct and only rarely with white supralabials, which are more usually dusky brown (Pitman 1974, op. cit.). Color change in snakes is best known in the form of slow seasonal or ontogenetic change over the lifespan of a snake, such as the dramatic color change of green tree pythons (Morelia viridis) from juvenile to adults (Wilson et al. 2007. Biol. Lett. 3:40-43). Nevertheless, a few examples of reversible physiological color change have been reported in snakes including various","owner":{"id":191329,"first_name":"Kevin","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Arbuckle","page_name":"KevinArbuckle","domain_name":"swansea","created_at":"2010-05-25T22:14:05.991-07:00","display_name":"Kevin Arbuckle","url":"https://swansea.academia.edu/KevinArbuckle"},"attachments":[{"id":106783921,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/106783921/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Crotaphopeltis_hotamboeia_colour_change.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/106783921/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Crotaphopeltis_hotamboeia_colour_change.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/106783921/Crotaphopeltis_hotamboeia_colour_change-libre.pdf?1697817006=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DCrotaphopeltis_hotamboeia_colour_change.pdf\u0026Expires=1738779315\u0026Signature=S3hkPu005YPqxZRRFoyGQHmyMUa78G721ack5nAr1CdS0UbRmdHMmAgNkqdEXAmXNPRymSGoqMaDG2CEzCrV5g29zK6rB9H5jOeSPwcw9dO99n-weOdhUgqGa-My3OA5WQlJHQMWun9NCky8qn0orUDg835XWu0Z4Zf9B6pwFDiOnuskGrGrK4U6YxR-z-Sm0wn2j-ENnMd3tUCTXR5S52FnnEjreQ1is3k6CiYP7fSbVsTvi9cUzmYJS9ntc7f8NZKoR9IJmepaw9w9mgOja5tY5azEJvloIL~1-IaXHk~kla~OHtr7whoqCcZliSPeKuaXSr7VNYy6uAkm9JFG1g__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":181,"name":"Herpetology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Herpetology"},{"id":2749,"name":"Animal Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Behavior"},{"id":22838,"name":"Animal Behaviour","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Behaviour"},{"id":82420,"name":"Animal coloration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_coloration"},{"id":134021,"name":"Snakes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Snakes"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="108028438"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/108028438/Negative_allometry_of_orb_web_size_in_spiders_and_the_implications_for_the_evolution_of_giant_webs"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Negative allometry of orb web size in spiders and the implications for the evolution of giant webs" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/106524301/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/108028438/Negative_allometry_of_orb_web_size_in_spiders_and_the_implications_for_the_evolution_of_giant_webs">Negative allometry of orb web size in spiders and the implications for the evolution of giant webs</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Spider webs, and in particular orb webs, are among the most iconic characteristics of spider biol...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Spider webs, and in particular orb webs, are among the most iconic characteristics of spider biology. The evolution of, and developmental changes in, orb webs have been well studied, but we still have a limited understanding of allometric relations between the size of orb webs and spider body size. In this study, we investigate this relationship using measurements from 55 individuals of two common orb-weaving spider (Araneidae) species in South Wales, UK. We recorded body size using two methods: direct measurements with calipers, and estimations from photographs using ImageJ software. We found that these two methods give almost identical measurements, supporting the use of image-based size measurement in many situations where this is advantageous. We also found evidence for negative allometry of orb web size (relative to spider body length), such that larger spiders build proportionately smaller webs. This implies that the 'giant webs' in some orb-weaver species must be the result of a fundamental shift in the constraints or advantages which result in the allometric relationships described here.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="abd841f1d191eb4db1d85f95a580af71" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":106524301,"asset_id":108028438,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/106524301/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="108028438"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="108028438"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108028438; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108028438]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108028438]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108028438; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='108028438']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "abd841f1d191eb4db1d85f95a580af71" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=108028438]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":108028438,"title":"Negative allometry of orb web size in spiders and the implications for the evolution of giant webs","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_title_tag":"Negative Allometry of Orb Webs in Spiders","grobid_abstract":"Spider webs, and in particular orb webs, are among the most iconic characteristics of spider biology. The evolution of, and developmental changes in, orb webs have been well studied, but we still have a limited understanding of allometric relations between the size of orb webs and spider body size. In this study, we investigate this relationship using measurements from 55 individuals of two common orb-weaving spider (Araneidae) species in South Wales, UK. We recorded body size using two methods: direct measurements with calipers, and estimations from photographs using ImageJ software. We found that these two methods give almost identical measurements, supporting the use of image-based size measurement in many situations where this is advantageous. We also found evidence for negative allometry of orb web size (relative to spider body length), such that larger spiders build proportionately smaller webs. This implies that the 'giant webs' in some orb-weaver species must be the result of a fundamental shift in the constraints or advantages which result in the allometric relationships described here.","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":106524301},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/108028438/Negative_allometry_of_orb_web_size_in_spiders_and_the_implications_for_the_evolution_of_giant_webs","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-10-12T02:33:08.737-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":191329,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":106524301,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/106524301/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"negative_allometry_of_orb_web_size_in_spiders_and_the_implications_for_the_evolution_of_giant_webs.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/106524301/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Negative_allometry_of_orb_web_size_in_sp.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/106524301/negative_allometry_of_orb_web_size_in_spiders_and_the_implications_for_the_evolution_of_giant_webs-libre.pdf?1697103618=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DNegative_allometry_of_orb_web_size_in_sp.pdf\u0026Expires=1738779315\u0026Signature=YfeI19XMR1GJRoPt3V-pPgbflBzW9BHFVhi4NUvgopxfOa2bH2wzP4fofeAsXqPVlGhTY19KrKX0o6SERlIZ13~Lx6kwAj2TGjeGE1zACj48CFCSBLpTS0pjBRVGSV45LAEcFr54DdgIgvqZ1vIemKwg5o8ohNVPChhIdbo59KOu6nAwT~i1JCcGJN4taUD2esnLzUU8MqQnc8zOpQZxITKxqaDGqI059RP2xsuebleM8gS3d4mD4Yx4bmfisY41Zpi2bkSV1OPafQdse3ApJQSDzo8EQirWoWX0hilO3~2ZUPhkHZ~F~fJ8Hhoq1-c5RJC2daCuGrz3hB8qVMDxnA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Negative_allometry_of_orb_web_size_in_spiders_and_the_implications_for_the_evolution_of_giant_webs","translated_slug":"","page_count":6,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Spider webs, and in particular orb webs, are among the most iconic characteristics of spider biology. The evolution of, and developmental changes in, orb webs have been well studied, but we still have a limited understanding of allometric relations between the size of orb webs and spider body size. In this study, we investigate this relationship using measurements from 55 individuals of two common orb-weaving spider (Araneidae) species in South Wales, UK. We recorded body size using two methods: direct measurements with calipers, and estimations from photographs using ImageJ software. We found that these two methods give almost identical measurements, supporting the use of image-based size measurement in many situations where this is advantageous. We also found evidence for negative allometry of orb web size (relative to spider body length), such that larger spiders build proportionately smaller webs. This implies that the 'giant webs' in some orb-weaver species must be the result of a fundamental shift in the constraints or advantages which result in the allometric relationships described here.","owner":{"id":191329,"first_name":"Kevin","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Arbuckle","page_name":"KevinArbuckle","domain_name":"swansea","created_at":"2010-05-25T22:14:05.991-07:00","display_name":"Kevin Arbuckle","url":"https://swansea.academia.edu/KevinArbuckle"},"attachments":[{"id":106524301,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/106524301/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"negative_allometry_of_orb_web_size_in_spiders_and_the_implications_for_the_evolution_of_giant_webs.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/106524301/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Negative_allometry_of_orb_web_size_in_sp.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/106524301/negative_allometry_of_orb_web_size_in_spiders_and_the_implications_for_the_evolution_of_giant_webs-libre.pdf?1697103618=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DNegative_allometry_of_orb_web_size_in_sp.pdf\u0026Expires=1738779315\u0026Signature=YfeI19XMR1GJRoPt3V-pPgbflBzW9BHFVhi4NUvgopxfOa2bH2wzP4fofeAsXqPVlGhTY19KrKX0o6SERlIZ13~Lx6kwAj2TGjeGE1zACj48CFCSBLpTS0pjBRVGSV45LAEcFr54DdgIgvqZ1vIemKwg5o8ohNVPChhIdbo59KOu6nAwT~i1JCcGJN4taUD2esnLzUU8MqQnc8zOpQZxITKxqaDGqI059RP2xsuebleM8gS3d4mD4Yx4bmfisY41Zpi2bkSV1OPafQdse3ApJQSDzo8EQirWoWX0hilO3~2ZUPhkHZ~F~fJ8Hhoq1-c5RJC2daCuGrz3hB8qVMDxnA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":29671,"name":"Arachnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arachnology"},{"id":67862,"name":"Spiders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spiders"},{"id":77967,"name":"Allometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Allometry"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="106136169"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/106136169/Lack_of_intergenerational_reproductive_conflict_rather_than_lack_of_inclusive_fitness_benefits_explains_absence_of_postreproductive_lifespan_in_long_finned_pilot_whales"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Lack of intergenerational reproductive conflict, rather than lack of inclusive fitness benefits, explains absence of postreproductive lifespan in long-finned pilot whales" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/107273224/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/106136169/Lack_of_intergenerational_reproductive_conflict_rather_than_lack_of_inclusive_fitness_benefits_explains_absence_of_postreproductive_lifespan_in_long_finned_pilot_whales">Lack of intergenerational reproductive conflict, rather than lack of inclusive fitness benefits, explains absence of postreproductive lifespan in long-finned pilot whales</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Life-history theory suggests that individuals should reproduce until death, yet females of a smal...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Life-history theory suggests that individuals should reproduce until death, yet females of a small number of mammals live for a significant period after ceasing reproduction, a phenomenon known as post-reproductive lifespan. It is thought that the evolution of this trait is facilitated by increasing local relatedness throughout a female's lifetime. This allows older females to gain inclusive fitness through helping their offspring (known as a mother effect) and/or grandoffspring (known as a grandmother effect), rather than gaining direct fitness through reproducing. However, older females may only benefit from stopping reproducing when their direct offspring compete with those of their daughters. Here, we investigate whether a lack of post-reproductive lifespan in long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas) results from minimal benefits incurred from the presence of older females, or from a lack of costs resulting from mother-daughter co-reproduction. Using microsatellite data, we conducted parentage analysis on individuals from 25 pods and find that younger females were more likely to have offspring if their mother was present in their pod, indicating that mothers may assist inexperienced daughters to reproduce. However, we found no evidence of reproductive conflict between co-reproducing mothers and daughters, indicating that females may be able to reproduce into old age while simultaneously aiding their daughters in reproduction. This highlights the importance of reproductive conflict in the evolution of a post-reproductive lifespan and demonstrates that mother and grandmother effects alone do not result in the evolution of a postreproductive lifespan.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="f1c8f981946f59758d55f8b06c8682a4" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":107273224,"asset_id":106136169,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/107273224/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="106136169"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="106136169"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 106136169; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=106136169]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=106136169]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 106136169; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='106136169']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "f1c8f981946f59758d55f8b06c8682a4" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=106136169]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":106136169,"title":"Lack of intergenerational reproductive conflict, rather than lack of inclusive fitness benefits, explains absence of postreproductive lifespan in long-finned pilot whales","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"Life-history theory suggests that individuals should reproduce until death, yet females of a small number of mammals live for a significant period after ceasing reproduction, a phenomenon known as post-reproductive lifespan. It is thought that the evolution of this trait is facilitated by increasing local relatedness throughout a female's lifetime. This allows older females to gain inclusive fitness through helping their offspring (known as a mother effect) and/or grandoffspring (known as a grandmother effect), rather than gaining direct fitness through reproducing. However, older females may only benefit from stopping reproducing when their direct offspring compete with those of their daughters. Here, we investigate whether a lack of post-reproductive lifespan in long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas) results from minimal benefits incurred from the presence of older females, or from a lack of costs resulting from mother-daughter co-reproduction. Using microsatellite data, we conducted parentage analysis on individuals from 25 pods and find that younger females were more likely to have offspring if their mother was present in their pod, indicating that mothers may assist inexperienced daughters to reproduce. However, we found no evidence of reproductive conflict between co-reproducing mothers and daughters, indicating that females may be able to reproduce into old age while simultaneously aiding their daughters in reproduction. This highlights the importance of reproductive conflict in the evolution of a post-reproductive lifespan and demonstrates that mother and grandmother effects alone do not result in the evolution of a postreproductive lifespan.","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":107273224},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/106136169/Lack_of_intergenerational_reproductive_conflict_rather_than_lack_of_inclusive_fitness_benefits_explains_absence_of_postreproductive_lifespan_in_long_finned_pilot_whales","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-08-31T03:32:11.775-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":191329,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":107273224,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/107273224/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"LACKOF_2.PDF","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/107273224/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Lack_of_intergenerational_reproductive_c.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/107273224/LACKOF_2-libre.PDF?1699626503=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DLack_of_intergenerational_reproductive_c.pdf\u0026Expires=1738779315\u0026Signature=Ijd33dnpQg1N0IxHM-zPHra~tSBIqiHJPDQHyNKkctjWDT5tEGvtM9SRZNcuyDisLcTik4DRsrOsfxwzGaKqVBxMHsBN8pEDoYPXKNUvWKQRTcvkh3aBnabSwxoHz3dGHWeik~usdRqdg8DPTmmBjY4bRp9CaCSvqlWyABtUqU-HX583WSSYc5jEXe6ly6ZNVPlpZeEFnaeBHMLaYOhQy8Y9zO89mVMMAm0PrTV8~mmFkNztFmh7D60hPFh-ADLAh59SdaFdMcVPK~1fF2ENIih1zbdq8tPWtnU19WepDPwGisPTg367RjH~xbBc4Omc5ILudm4IdYVy8-BPfRvcDQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Lack_of_intergenerational_reproductive_conflict_rather_than_lack_of_inclusive_fitness_benefits_explains_absence_of_postreproductive_lifespan_in_long_finned_pilot_whales","translated_slug":"","page_count":10,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Life-history theory suggests that individuals should reproduce until death, yet females of a small number of mammals live for a significant period after ceasing reproduction, a phenomenon known as post-reproductive lifespan. It is thought that the evolution of this trait is facilitated by increasing local relatedness throughout a female's lifetime. This allows older females to gain inclusive fitness through helping their offspring (known as a mother effect) and/or grandoffspring (known as a grandmother effect), rather than gaining direct fitness through reproducing. However, older females may only benefit from stopping reproducing when their direct offspring compete with those of their daughters. Here, we investigate whether a lack of post-reproductive lifespan in long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas) results from minimal benefits incurred from the presence of older females, or from a lack of costs resulting from mother-daughter co-reproduction. Using microsatellite data, we conducted parentage analysis on individuals from 25 pods and find that younger females were more likely to have offspring if their mother was present in their pod, indicating that mothers may assist inexperienced daughters to reproduce. However, we found no evidence of reproductive conflict between co-reproducing mothers and daughters, indicating that females may be able to reproduce into old age while simultaneously aiding their daughters in reproduction. This highlights the importance of reproductive conflict in the evolution of a post-reproductive lifespan and demonstrates that mother and grandmother effects alone do not result in the evolution of a postreproductive lifespan.","owner":{"id":191329,"first_name":"Kevin","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Arbuckle","page_name":"KevinArbuckle","domain_name":"swansea","created_at":"2010-05-25T22:14:05.991-07:00","display_name":"Kevin Arbuckle","url":"https://swansea.academia.edu/KevinArbuckle"},"attachments":[{"id":107273224,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/107273224/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"LACKOF_2.PDF","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/107273224/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Lack_of_intergenerational_reproductive_c.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/107273224/LACKOF_2-libre.PDF?1699626503=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DLack_of_intergenerational_reproductive_c.pdf\u0026Expires=1738779315\u0026Signature=Ijd33dnpQg1N0IxHM-zPHra~tSBIqiHJPDQHyNKkctjWDT5tEGvtM9SRZNcuyDisLcTik4DRsrOsfxwzGaKqVBxMHsBN8pEDoYPXKNUvWKQRTcvkh3aBnabSwxoHz3dGHWeik~usdRqdg8DPTmmBjY4bRp9CaCSvqlWyABtUqU-HX583WSSYc5jEXe6ly6ZNVPlpZeEFnaeBHMLaYOhQy8Y9zO89mVMMAm0PrTV8~mmFkNztFmh7D60hPFh-ADLAh59SdaFdMcVPK~1fF2ENIih1zbdq8tPWtnU19WepDPwGisPTg367RjH~xbBc4Omc5ILudm4IdYVy8-BPfRvcDQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2749,"name":"Animal Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Behavior"},{"id":7666,"name":"Life history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Life_history"},{"id":13797,"name":"Marine Mammals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marine_Mammals"},{"id":17836,"name":"Menopause","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Menopause"},{"id":21070,"name":"Life History Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Life_History_Evolution"},{"id":21816,"name":"Reproductive Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reproductive_Ecology"},{"id":54065,"name":"Cetaceans","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cetaceans"},{"id":1277631,"name":"Behavioural Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Behavioural_Ecology"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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Illustration of high density of Teira dugesii on a representative wall with holes for s...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Figure 1. Illustration of high density of Teira dugesii on a representative wall with holes for shelter. 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Little is known about their diversification dynamics and how this relates to their ecology, so we estimated diversification rate variation and consider this in the context of three hypotheses previously proposed in the literature. First, that the transoceanic dispersal from Africa to Madagascar on two separate occasions has resulted in fast radiation of Malagasy chameleons. Second, that the substantial floral turnover in their distributions within South Africa has resulted in rapid radiations of the endemic dwarf chameleons (Bradypodion). Finally, that the evolution of distinct ecomorphs of chameleon has fuelled fast diversification via adaptive radiations. We use the most recent and complete phylogeny of chameleons to estimate the diversification dynamics of the group using three methods: BAMM (which estimates constant or gradually changing diversification regimes and tests for shifts in these), MEDUSA (which tests for rate shifts in particular clades), and ClaDS (which estimates branch-specific diversification rates). Our results from all analyses estimate a diversification rate increase in a clade containing most of the genus Bradypodion, a group containing the South African dwarf chameleons which occur in recognized biodiversity hotspots in diverse habitats. We find no evidence for shifts resulting from dispersal events to Madagascar or related to the strong ecomorphological divergence of short-tailed chameleon lineages (Brookesia, Palleon, Rhampholeon, and Rieppeleon). The single burst of diversification within chameleons was in a clade which was associated with geographic areas which have experienced rapid habitat turnover and vicariance over the last 10 million years. This suggests that 'habitat vicariance' resulting from ecological changes in vegetation has contributed to the diversity of species in this area by increasing diversification rates.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="6fd5c39fb3311f8b61f5b6e18e47c0d5" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":95753808,"asset_id":87480048,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/95753808/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="87480048"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="87480048"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 87480048; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=87480048]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=87480048]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 87480048; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='87480048']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "6fd5c39fb3311f8b61f5b6e18e47c0d5" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=87480048]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":87480048,"title":"Diversification dynamics of chameleons (Chamaeleonidae)","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"Chameleons are charismatic and common lizards across Madagascar, Africa, and some surrounding regions. 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We use the most recent and complete phylogeny of chameleons to estimate the diversification dynamics of the group using three methods: BAMM (which estimates constant or gradually changing diversification regimes and tests for shifts in these), MEDUSA (which tests for rate shifts in particular clades), and ClaDS (which estimates branch-specific diversification rates). Our results from all analyses estimate a diversification rate increase in a clade containing most of the genus Bradypodion, a group containing the South African dwarf chameleons which occur in recognized biodiversity hotspots in diverse habitats. We find no evidence for shifts resulting from dispersal events to Madagascar or related to the strong ecomorphological divergence of short-tailed chameleon lineages (Brookesia, Palleon, Rhampholeon, and Rieppeleon). 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The single burst of diversification within chameleons was in a clade which was associated with geographic areas which have experienced rapid habitat turnover and vicariance over the last 10 million years. 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It often arises when offspring remain on their parents' territory after gaining nutritional independence and become "helpers at the nest," assisting in rearing subsequent broods (Ligon & Burt, 2004). This helping behavior presents several potential costs, for instance, helpers sometimes forgo their own reproduction in order to help-usually gaining indirect fitness (if helping kin) but at a cost to direct fitness (Dickinson & Hatchwell, 2004). 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Parus m...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">attempted to swallow the prey for several minutes, but eventually gave up and moved away. Parus major appears to be a previously unreported prey for N. helvetica, while for E. rubecula, there was an old record based on stomach content (Rogers 1901, op. cit.); a brief review of bird consumption records by "grass snakes" is shown in Table 1. Since there are now three documented instances of active predation by N. helvetica on living fledglings of resident birds, this behavior, although uncommon, is clearly not abnormal. New direct observations of such events are needed to examine in greater detail this kind of feeding behavior, including the circumstances (all three observations took place in the afternoon during May and June) and the involved species (all bird species in Table 1 are yearround residents of the regions where the observations took place). We are grateful to Franco Ierardi and Alexandre Roux for the observation data and for allowing us to use photos and videos, to Gaia Bazzi, Mirko Galuppi and Andrea Ambrogio for their advice, and to John D. 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Willson and Andrew Durso for their review which improved the work.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2021,"errors":{}},"grobid_abstract_attachment_id":79160809},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/68823911/Natrix_helvetica_barred_grass_snake_nocturnal_activity","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-01-20T05:38:17.370-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":191329,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":79160809,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/79160809/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"natrix_helvetica_barred_grass_snake_nocturnal_activity.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/79160809/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Natrix_helvetica_barred_grass_snake_noct.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/79160809/natrix_helvetica_barred_grass_snake_nocturnal_activity-libre.pdf?1642698578=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DNatrix_helvetica_barred_grass_snake_noct.pdf\u0026Expires=1738779315\u0026Signature=ezUgO85j672FG1x2rSdoNCTWionPrLEV5~QRn8wv3PiqMj4AJE4TjhL1b9cX5JgP5DNbhM~~JXrr4dYjDBFo~qoCgiBVeCNKcpoWXUQ~oSptU3TnAEhapcNmW-oduMxOsQjHGcz9lcG6Yt1lv-AH8X2r5itSn-9~sW2s9m5ybuHaSo9ZxcVZaqPeNHH0iKjXdwiVVxnRCMErnB4JOlPNDy9ZxAjTN1CWb9udH8VybHZ6w31qX5cNZgpCHd59IxX2itHG-jGrFpLBY-L1JtHZ~pHCfU1cwRPuJVnDg~gMSolcsIPDnCiTyzuznV7fhqom~TJKiHkzL9XnOC8V8Dx5FQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Natrix_helvetica_barred_grass_snake_nocturnal_activity","translated_slug":"","page_count":1,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"attempted to swallow the prey for several minutes, but eventually gave up and moved away. Parus major appears to be a previously unreported prey for N. helvetica, while for E. rubecula, there was an old record based on stomach content (Rogers 1901, op. cit.); a brief review of bird consumption records by \"grass snakes\" is shown in Table 1. Since there are now three documented instances of active predation by N. helvetica on living fledglings of resident birds, this behavior, although uncommon, is clearly not abnormal. New direct observations of such events are needed to examine in greater detail this kind of feeding behavior, including the circumstances (all three observations took place in the afternoon during May and June) and the involved species (all bird species in Table 1 are yearround residents of the regions where the observations took place). We are grateful to Franco Ierardi and Alexandre Roux for the observation data and for allowing us to use photos and videos, to Gaia Bazzi, Mirko Galuppi and Andrea Ambrogio for their advice, and to John D. Willson and Andrew Durso for their review which improved the work.","owner":{"id":191329,"first_name":"Kevin","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Arbuckle","page_name":"KevinArbuckle","domain_name":"swansea","created_at":"2010-05-25T22:14:05.991-07:00","display_name":"Kevin Arbuckle","url":"https://swansea.academia.edu/KevinArbuckle"},"attachments":[{"id":79160809,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/79160809/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"natrix_helvetica_barred_grass_snake_nocturnal_activity.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/79160809/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Natrix_helvetica_barred_grass_snake_noct.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/79160809/natrix_helvetica_barred_grass_snake_nocturnal_activity-libre.pdf?1642698578=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DNatrix_helvetica_barred_grass_snake_noct.pdf\u0026Expires=1738779315\u0026Signature=ezUgO85j672FG1x2rSdoNCTWionPrLEV5~QRn8wv3PiqMj4AJE4TjhL1b9cX5JgP5DNbhM~~JXrr4dYjDBFo~qoCgiBVeCNKcpoWXUQ~oSptU3TnAEhapcNmW-oduMxOsQjHGcz9lcG6Yt1lv-AH8X2r5itSn-9~sW2s9m5ybuHaSo9ZxcVZaqPeNHH0iKjXdwiVVxnRCMErnB4JOlPNDy9ZxAjTN1CWb9udH8VybHZ6w31qX5cNZgpCHd59IxX2itHG-jGrFpLBY-L1JtHZ~pHCfU1cwRPuJVnDg~gMSolcsIPDnCiTyzuznV7fhqom~TJKiHkzL9XnOC8V8Dx5FQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":181,"name":"Herpetology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Herpetology"},{"id":9588,"name":"Natural History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_History"},{"id":134021,"name":"Snakes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Snakes"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="51718064"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/51718064/Cooperatively_breeding_banded_mongooses_do_not_avoid_inbreeding_through_familiarity_based_kin_recognition"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Cooperatively breeding banded mongooses do not avoid inbreeding through familiarity-based kin recognition" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/69316452/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/51718064/Cooperatively_breeding_banded_mongooses_do_not_avoid_inbreeding_through_familiarity_based_kin_recognition">Cooperatively breeding banded mongooses do not avoid inbreeding through familiarity-based kin recognition</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In species that live in family groups, such as cooperative breeders, inbreeding is usually avoide...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In species that live in family groups, such as cooperative breeders, inbreeding is usually avoided through the recognition of familiar kin. For example, individuals may avoid mating with conspecifics encountered regularly in infancy, as these likely include parents, siblings, and closely related alloparents. Other mechanisms have also been reported, albeit rarely; for example, individuals may compare their own phenotype to that of others, with close matches representing likely relatives ("phenotype matching"). However, determinants of the primary inbreeding avoidance mechanisms used by a given species remain poorly understood. We use 24 years of life history and genetic data to investigate inbreeding avoidance in wild cooperatively breeding banded mongooses (Mungos mungo). We find that inbreeding avoidance occurs within social groups but is far from maximised (mean pedigree relatedness between 351 breeding pairs = 0.144). Unusually for a group-living vertebrate, we find no evidence that females avoid breeding with males with which they are familiar in early life. This is probably explained by communal breeding; females give birth in tight synchrony and pups are cared for communally, thus reducing the reliability of familiarity-based proxies of relatedness. We also found little evidence that inbreeding is avoided by preferentially breeding with males of specific age classes. Instead, females may exploit as-yet unknown proxies of relatedness, for example, through phenotype matching, or may employ postcopulatory inbreeding avoidance mechanisms. Investigation of species with unusual breeding systems helps to identify constraints against inbreeding avoidance and contributes to our understanding of the distribution of inbreeding across species. Significance statement Choosing the right mate is never easy, but it may be particularly difficult for banded mongooses. In most social animals, individuals avoid mating with those that were familiar to them as infants, as these are likely to be relatives. However, we show that this rule does not work in banded mongooses. Here, the offspring of several mothers are raised in large communal litters by their social group, and parents seem unable to identify or direct care towards their own pups. This may make it difficult to recognise relatives based on their level of familiarity and is likely to explain why banded mongooses frequently inbreed. Nevertheless, inbreeding is lower than expected if mates are chosen at random, suggesting that alternative pre-or post-copulatory inbreeding avoidance mechanisms are used.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="30d4ab57c57775da8a2983c174ee78d8" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":69316452,"asset_id":51718064,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/69316452/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="51718064"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="51718064"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 51718064; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=51718064]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=51718064]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 51718064; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='51718064']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "30d4ab57c57775da8a2983c174ee78d8" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=51718064]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":51718064,"title":"Cooperatively breeding banded mongooses do not avoid inbreeding through familiarity-based kin recognition","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"In species that live in family groups, such as cooperative breeders, inbreeding is usually avoided through the recognition of familiar kin. For example, individuals may avoid mating with conspecifics encountered regularly in infancy, as these likely include parents, siblings, and closely related alloparents. Other mechanisms have also been reported, albeit rarely; for example, individuals may compare their own phenotype to that of others, with close matches representing likely relatives (\"phenotype matching\"). However, determinants of the primary inbreeding avoidance mechanisms used by a given species remain poorly understood. We use 24 years of life history and genetic data to investigate inbreeding avoidance in wild cooperatively breeding banded mongooses (Mungos mungo). We find that inbreeding avoidance occurs within social groups but is far from maximised (mean pedigree relatedness between 351 breeding pairs = 0.144). Unusually for a group-living vertebrate, we find no evidence that females avoid breeding with males with which they are familiar in early life. This is probably explained by communal breeding; females give birth in tight synchrony and pups are cared for communally, thus reducing the reliability of familiarity-based proxies of relatedness. We also found little evidence that inbreeding is avoided by preferentially breeding with males of specific age classes. Instead, females may exploit as-yet unknown proxies of relatedness, for example, through phenotype matching, or may employ postcopulatory inbreeding avoidance mechanisms. Investigation of species with unusual breeding systems helps to identify constraints against inbreeding avoidance and contributes to our understanding of the distribution of inbreeding across species. Significance statement Choosing the right mate is never easy, but it may be particularly difficult for banded mongooses. In most social animals, individuals avoid mating with those that were familiar to them as infants, as these are likely to be relatives. However, we show that this rule does not work in banded mongooses. Here, the offspring of several mothers are raised in large communal litters by their social group, and parents seem unable to identify or direct care towards their own pups. This may make it difficult to recognise relatives based on their level of familiarity and is likely to explain why banded mongooses frequently inbreed. Nevertheless, inbreeding is lower than expected if mates are chosen at random, suggesting that alternative pre-or post-copulatory inbreeding avoidance mechanisms are used.","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":69316452},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/51718064/Cooperatively_breeding_banded_mongooses_do_not_avoid_inbreeding_through_familiarity_based_kin_recognition","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2021-09-10T05:22:17.308-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":191329,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":69316452,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/69316452/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"cooperatively_breeding_banded_mongooses_do_not_avoid_inbreeding_through_familiarity_based_kin_recognition.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/69316452/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Cooperatively_breeding_banded_mongooses.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/69316452/cooperatively_breeding_banded_mongooses_do_not_avoid_inbreeding_through_familiarity_based_kin_recognition-libre.pdf?1631315992=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DCooperatively_breeding_banded_mongooses.pdf\u0026Expires=1738779315\u0026Signature=XtgFgKa5rpja5PMs3RV4DBHxPL8NRS~bY2Z5RYD9Le4fKisuA3naCzLl8GBP8zG9cAkqDLNuXDMAtaOewfvSM-R0Y72h9ztbkAz0CeYFIVpSGasoqpu19IpYppnK-hIvZi7MDB0KfSZaSNaX67dESdJq4kF1uKwTDRfQXPsQsHCT7mytpXDiXLI0xpW9PS7VQgVFaIxNTm8bWsbOKRtPDGZYFc2tKdjv4C0qyMzsITI0zYYjFbBywSqgK5uCfetdjxkw1NTYH6zQ~Vg~tNaZfIntezUhd2jdQZAtSv1zmh7AjleXIcoxzfwB66xAhFp-yB0pWGigOs~7IBDuCqj4Rg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Cooperatively_breeding_banded_mongooses_do_not_avoid_inbreeding_through_familiarity_based_kin_recognition","translated_slug":"","page_count":17,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"In species that live in family groups, such as cooperative breeders, inbreeding is usually avoided through the recognition of familiar kin. For example, individuals may avoid mating with conspecifics encountered regularly in infancy, as these likely include parents, siblings, and closely related alloparents. Other mechanisms have also been reported, albeit rarely; for example, individuals may compare their own phenotype to that of others, with close matches representing likely relatives (\"phenotype matching\"). However, determinants of the primary inbreeding avoidance mechanisms used by a given species remain poorly understood. We use 24 years of life history and genetic data to investigate inbreeding avoidance in wild cooperatively breeding banded mongooses (Mungos mungo). We find that inbreeding avoidance occurs within social groups but is far from maximised (mean pedigree relatedness between 351 breeding pairs = 0.144). Unusually for a group-living vertebrate, we find no evidence that females avoid breeding with males with which they are familiar in early life. This is probably explained by communal breeding; females give birth in tight synchrony and pups are cared for communally, thus reducing the reliability of familiarity-based proxies of relatedness. We also found little evidence that inbreeding is avoided by preferentially breeding with males of specific age classes. Instead, females may exploit as-yet unknown proxies of relatedness, for example, through phenotype matching, or may employ postcopulatory inbreeding avoidance mechanisms. Investigation of species with unusual breeding systems helps to identify constraints against inbreeding avoidance and contributes to our understanding of the distribution of inbreeding across species. Significance statement Choosing the right mate is never easy, but it may be particularly difficult for banded mongooses. In most social animals, individuals avoid mating with those that were familiar to them as infants, as these are likely to be relatives. However, we show that this rule does not work in banded mongooses. Here, the offspring of several mothers are raised in large communal litters by their social group, and parents seem unable to identify or direct care towards their own pups. This may make it difficult to recognise relatives based on their level of familiarity and is likely to explain why banded mongooses frequently inbreed. Nevertheless, inbreeding is lower than expected if mates are chosen at random, suggesting that alternative pre-or post-copulatory inbreeding avoidance mechanisms are used.","owner":{"id":191329,"first_name":"Kevin","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Arbuckle","page_name":"KevinArbuckle","domain_name":"swansea","created_at":"2010-05-25T22:14:05.991-07:00","display_name":"Kevin Arbuckle","url":"https://swansea.academia.edu/KevinArbuckle"},"attachments":[{"id":69316452,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/69316452/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"cooperatively_breeding_banded_mongooses_do_not_avoid_inbreeding_through_familiarity_based_kin_recognition.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/69316452/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Cooperatively_breeding_banded_mongooses.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/69316452/cooperatively_breeding_banded_mongooses_do_not_avoid_inbreeding_through_familiarity_based_kin_recognition-libre.pdf?1631315992=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DCooperatively_breeding_banded_mongooses.pdf\u0026Expires=1738779315\u0026Signature=XtgFgKa5rpja5PMs3RV4DBHxPL8NRS~bY2Z5RYD9Le4fKisuA3naCzLl8GBP8zG9cAkqDLNuXDMAtaOewfvSM-R0Y72h9ztbkAz0CeYFIVpSGasoqpu19IpYppnK-hIvZi7MDB0KfSZaSNaX67dESdJq4kF1uKwTDRfQXPsQsHCT7mytpXDiXLI0xpW9PS7VQgVFaIxNTm8bWsbOKRtPDGZYFc2tKdjv4C0qyMzsITI0zYYjFbBywSqgK5uCfetdjxkw1NTYH6zQ~Vg~tNaZfIntezUhd2jdQZAtSv1zmh7AjleXIcoxzfwB66xAhFp-yB0pWGigOs~7IBDuCqj4Rg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2749,"name":"Animal Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Behavior"},{"id":2999,"name":"Mating Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mating_Systems"},{"id":151933,"name":"Cooperative Breeding","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cooperative_Breeding"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="50762568"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/50762568/Radiating_pain_venom_has_contributed_to_the_diversification_of_the_largest_radiations_of_vertebrate_and_invertebrate_animals"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Radiating pain: venom has contributed to the diversification of the largest radiations of vertebrate and invertebrate animals" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/68631445/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/50762568/Radiating_pain_venom_has_contributed_to_the_diversification_of_the_largest_radiations_of_vertebrate_and_invertebrate_animals">Radiating pain: venom has contributed to the diversification of the largest radiations of vertebrate and invertebrate animals</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Background: Understanding drivers of animal biodiversity has been a longstanding aim in evolution...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Background: Understanding drivers of animal biodiversity has been a longstanding aim in evolutionary biology. Insects and fishes represent the largest lineages of invertebrates and vertebrates respectively, and consequently many ideas have been proposed to explain this diversity. Natural enemy interactions are often important in diversification dynamics, and key traits that mediate such interactions may therefore have an important role in explaining organismal diversity. Venom is one such trait which is intricately bound in antagonistic coevolution and has recently been shown to be associated with increased diversification rates in tetrapods. Despite ~ 10% of fish families and ~ 16% of insect families containing venomous species, the role that venom may play in these two superradiations remains unknown. Results: In this paper we take a broad family-level phylogenetic perspective and show that variation in diversification rates are the main cause of variations in species richness in both insects and fishes, and that venomous families have diversification rates twice as high as non-venomous families. Furthermore, we estimate that venom was present in ~ 10% and ~ 14% of the evolutionary history of fishes and insects respectively. Conclusions: Consequently, we provide evidence that venom has played a role in generating the remarkable diversity in the largest vertebrate and invertebrate radiations.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c64e5007f65f9dcb3712685ad5a52184" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":68631445,"asset_id":50762568,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68631445/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="50762568"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="50762568"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50762568; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50762568]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50762568]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50762568; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='50762568']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c64e5007f65f9dcb3712685ad5a52184" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=50762568]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":50762568,"title":"Radiating pain: venom has contributed to the diversification of the largest radiations of vertebrate and invertebrate animals","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_title_tag":"Venom's Role in Fish and Insect Diversity","grobid_abstract":"Background: Understanding drivers of animal biodiversity has been a longstanding aim in evolutionary biology. Insects and fishes represent the largest lineages of invertebrates and vertebrates respectively, and consequently many ideas have been proposed to explain this diversity. Natural enemy interactions are often important in diversification dynamics, and key traits that mediate such interactions may therefore have an important role in explaining organismal diversity. Venom is one such trait which is intricately bound in antagonistic coevolution and has recently been shown to be associated with increased diversification rates in tetrapods. Despite ~ 10% of fish families and ~ 16% of insect families containing venomous species, the role that venom may play in these two superradiations remains unknown. Results: In this paper we take a broad family-level phylogenetic perspective and show that variation in diversification rates are the main cause of variations in species richness in both insects and fishes, and that venomous families have diversification rates twice as high as non-venomous families. Furthermore, we estimate that venom was present in ~ 10% and ~ 14% of the evolutionary history of fishes and insects respectively. Conclusions: Consequently, we provide evidence that venom has played a role in generating the remarkable diversity in the largest vertebrate and invertebrate radiations.","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":68631445},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/50762568/Radiating_pain_venom_has_contributed_to_the_diversification_of_the_largest_radiations_of_vertebrate_and_invertebrate_animals","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2021-08-06T01:52:34.747-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":191329,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":68631445,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/68631445/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"radiating_pain.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68631445/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Radiating_pain_venom_has_contributed_to.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/68631445/radiating_pain-libre.pdf?1628239978=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DRadiating_pain_venom_has_contributed_to.pdf\u0026Expires=1738779315\u0026Signature=eAxO9IXVI3zLHsJ5RldicEx0H2lpqisSxgKMCwELio6W64YKOGxM3KPNuJWegEngJk7CIkJxrsOVoz1DBa7tNtTzld0BVJ6F6d-8dInkEibfkCG~CUxUUQKHq67vUniTivqn-~4pBtiCa6lNJOSUHW9TA6iolklYCETzAExWfQhsKW~lnrapByVIO-gc2WraviufoXiXQYIZMbyHi-h8amult1SrI0pWb9mws8qhWp34KnuQo2POc5cQ8JzHl4DcUTWP8R0XPvbNuStCkLrcjVn91abyrEifKsh4wjnowjUFd46i6xBNjcLONr6Wgv7CzM5SIMo6fP4L04eF6AEtuA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Radiating_pain_venom_has_contributed_to_the_diversification_of_the_largest_radiations_of_vertebrate_and_invertebrate_animals","translated_slug":"","page_count":12,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Background: Understanding drivers of animal biodiversity has been a longstanding aim in evolutionary biology. Insects and fishes represent the largest lineages of invertebrates and vertebrates respectively, and consequently many ideas have been proposed to explain this diversity. Natural enemy interactions are often important in diversification dynamics, and key traits that mediate such interactions may therefore have an important role in explaining organismal diversity. Venom is one such trait which is intricately bound in antagonistic coevolution and has recently been shown to be associated with increased diversification rates in tetrapods. Despite ~ 10% of fish families and ~ 16% of insect families containing venomous species, the role that venom may play in these two superradiations remains unknown. Results: In this paper we take a broad family-level phylogenetic perspective and show that variation in diversification rates are the main cause of variations in species richness in both insects and fishes, and that venomous families have diversification rates twice as high as non-venomous families. Furthermore, we estimate that venom was present in ~ 10% and ~ 14% of the evolutionary history of fishes and insects respectively. Conclusions: Consequently, we provide evidence that venom has played a role in generating the remarkable diversity in the largest vertebrate and invertebrate radiations.","owner":{"id":191329,"first_name":"Kevin","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Arbuckle","page_name":"KevinArbuckle","domain_name":"swansea","created_at":"2010-05-25T22:14:05.991-07:00","display_name":"Kevin Arbuckle","url":"https://swansea.academia.edu/KevinArbuckle"},"attachments":[{"id":68631445,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/68631445/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"radiating_pain.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68631445/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Radiating_pain_venom_has_contributed_to.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/68631445/radiating_pain-libre.pdf?1628239978=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DRadiating_pain_venom_has_contributed_to.pdf\u0026Expires=1738779315\u0026Signature=eAxO9IXVI3zLHsJ5RldicEx0H2lpqisSxgKMCwELio6W64YKOGxM3KPNuJWegEngJk7CIkJxrsOVoz1DBa7tNtTzld0BVJ6F6d-8dInkEibfkCG~CUxUUQKHq67vUniTivqn-~4pBtiCa6lNJOSUHW9TA6iolklYCETzAExWfQhsKW~lnrapByVIO-gc2WraviufoXiXQYIZMbyHi-h8amult1SrI0pWb9mws8qhWp34KnuQo2POc5cQ8JzHl4DcUTWP8R0XPvbNuStCkLrcjVn91abyrEifKsh4wjnowjUFd46i6xBNjcLONr6Wgv7CzM5SIMo6fP4L04eF6AEtuA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology"},{"id":3368,"name":"Macroevolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macroevolution"},{"id":17750,"name":"Toxinology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Toxinology"},{"id":17825,"name":"Biodiversity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodiversity"},{"id":55550,"name":"Diversification","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diversification"},{"id":71556,"name":"Animal venoms and toxins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_venoms_and_toxins"},{"id":117269,"name":"Insects","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Insects"},{"id":117270,"name":"Fishes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fishes"},{"id":199056,"name":"Species Richness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Species_Richness"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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Understanding what influences zoo animal sponsorship by the public is crucial if zoos are to optimize strategies for increasing income from sponsors. Using sponsorship data obtained from seven</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2cc8768177f41b65754c67486585ce0a" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":116874430,"asset_id":122151932,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/116874430/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="122151932"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="122151932"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 122151932; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="108385316"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/108385316/Crotaphopeltis_hotamboeia_colour_change"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia - colour change" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/106783921/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/108385316/Crotaphopeltis_hotamboeia_colour_change">Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia - colour change</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">CROTAPHOPELTIS HOTAMBOEIA (White-lipped Herald Snake). COLOR CHANGE. Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia is...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">CROTAPHOPELTIS HOTAMBOEIA (White-lipped Herald Snake). COLOR CHANGE. Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia is a common nocturnal colubrine that is widespread in Sub-Saharan Africa and found throughout East Africa, with the exception of arid areas (Pitman 1974. A Guide to the Snakes of Uganda, revised ed. Wheldon & Wesley, Ltd. Codicote, UK. 290 pp.; Spawls et al. 2018. Field Guide to East African Reptiles. 2 nd ed. Bloomsbury Publishing. London, UK. 624 pp.). The color pattern of this species is variable, with background color ranging from black through grey to various shades of brown or yellow, typically with white speckling or broken crossbars and paler supralabial scales (Pitman 1974, op. cit.; Spawls et al. 2018, op. cit.). Lighter colored snakes often have a dark grey to black temporal patch on their heads. Ugandan specimens are reported as being predominantly greenish-brown through black, with speckling sometimes indistinct and only rarely with white supralabials, which are more usually dusky brown (Pitman 1974, op. cit.). Color change in snakes is best known in the form of slow seasonal or ontogenetic change over the lifespan of a snake, such as the dramatic color change of green tree pythons (Morelia viridis) from juvenile to adults (Wilson et al. 2007. Biol. Lett. 3:40-43). Nevertheless, a few examples of reversible physiological color change have been reported in snakes including various</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e180bdca6992da54e6c2bec6312d42d6" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":106783921,"asset_id":108385316,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/106783921/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="108385316"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="108385316"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108385316; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108385316]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108385316]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108385316; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='108385316']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "e180bdca6992da54e6c2bec6312d42d6" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=108385316]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":108385316,"title":"Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia - colour change","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"CROTAPHOPELTIS HOTAMBOEIA (White-lipped Herald Snake). COLOR CHANGE. Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia is a common nocturnal colubrine that is widespread in Sub-Saharan Africa and found throughout East Africa, with the exception of arid areas (Pitman 1974. A Guide to the Snakes of Uganda, revised ed. Wheldon \u0026 Wesley, Ltd. Codicote, UK. 290 pp.; Spawls et al. 2018. Field Guide to East African Reptiles. 2 nd ed. Bloomsbury Publishing. London, UK. 624 pp.). The color pattern of this species is variable, with background color ranging from black through grey to various shades of brown or yellow, typically with white speckling or broken crossbars and paler supralabial scales (Pitman 1974, op. cit.; Spawls et al. 2018, op. cit.). Lighter colored snakes often have a dark grey to black temporal patch on their heads. Ugandan specimens are reported as being predominantly greenish-brown through black, with speckling sometimes indistinct and only rarely with white supralabials, which are more usually dusky brown (Pitman 1974, op. cit.). Color change in snakes is best known in the form of slow seasonal or ontogenetic change over the lifespan of a snake, such as the dramatic color change of green tree pythons (Morelia viridis) from juvenile to adults (Wilson et al. 2007. Biol. Lett. 3:40-43). Nevertheless, a few examples of reversible physiological color change have been reported in snakes including various","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":106783921},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/108385316/Crotaphopeltis_hotamboeia_colour_change","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-10-20T06:43:30.446-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":191329,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":106783921,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/106783921/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Crotaphopeltis_hotamboeia_colour_change.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/106783921/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Crotaphopeltis_hotamboeia_colour_change.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/106783921/Crotaphopeltis_hotamboeia_colour_change-libre.pdf?1697817006=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DCrotaphopeltis_hotamboeia_colour_change.pdf\u0026Expires=1738779315\u0026Signature=S3hkPu005YPqxZRRFoyGQHmyMUa78G721ack5nAr1CdS0UbRmdHMmAgNkqdEXAmXNPRymSGoqMaDG2CEzCrV5g29zK6rB9H5jOeSPwcw9dO99n-weOdhUgqGa-My3OA5WQlJHQMWun9NCky8qn0orUDg835XWu0Z4Zf9B6pwFDiOnuskGrGrK4U6YxR-z-Sm0wn2j-ENnMd3tUCTXR5S52FnnEjreQ1is3k6CiYP7fSbVsTvi9cUzmYJS9ntc7f8NZKoR9IJmepaw9w9mgOja5tY5azEJvloIL~1-IaXHk~kla~OHtr7whoqCcZliSPeKuaXSr7VNYy6uAkm9JFG1g__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Crotaphopeltis_hotamboeia_colour_change","translated_slug":"","page_count":1,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"CROTAPHOPELTIS HOTAMBOEIA (White-lipped Herald Snake). COLOR CHANGE. Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia is a common nocturnal colubrine that is widespread in Sub-Saharan Africa and found throughout East Africa, with the exception of arid areas (Pitman 1974. A Guide to the Snakes of Uganda, revised ed. Wheldon \u0026 Wesley, Ltd. Codicote, UK. 290 pp.; Spawls et al. 2018. Field Guide to East African Reptiles. 2 nd ed. Bloomsbury Publishing. London, UK. 624 pp.). The color pattern of this species is variable, with background color ranging from black through grey to various shades of brown or yellow, typically with white speckling or broken crossbars and paler supralabial scales (Pitman 1974, op. cit.; Spawls et al. 2018, op. cit.). Lighter colored snakes often have a dark grey to black temporal patch on their heads. Ugandan specimens are reported as being predominantly greenish-brown through black, with speckling sometimes indistinct and only rarely with white supralabials, which are more usually dusky brown (Pitman 1974, op. cit.). Color change in snakes is best known in the form of slow seasonal or ontogenetic change over the lifespan of a snake, such as the dramatic color change of green tree pythons (Morelia viridis) from juvenile to adults (Wilson et al. 2007. Biol. Lett. 3:40-43). Nevertheless, a few examples of reversible physiological color change have been reported in snakes including various","owner":{"id":191329,"first_name":"Kevin","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Arbuckle","page_name":"KevinArbuckle","domain_name":"swansea","created_at":"2010-05-25T22:14:05.991-07:00","display_name":"Kevin Arbuckle","url":"https://swansea.academia.edu/KevinArbuckle"},"attachments":[{"id":106783921,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/106783921/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Crotaphopeltis_hotamboeia_colour_change.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/106783921/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Crotaphopeltis_hotamboeia_colour_change.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/106783921/Crotaphopeltis_hotamboeia_colour_change-libre.pdf?1697817006=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DCrotaphopeltis_hotamboeia_colour_change.pdf\u0026Expires=1738779315\u0026Signature=S3hkPu005YPqxZRRFoyGQHmyMUa78G721ack5nAr1CdS0UbRmdHMmAgNkqdEXAmXNPRymSGoqMaDG2CEzCrV5g29zK6rB9H5jOeSPwcw9dO99n-weOdhUgqGa-My3OA5WQlJHQMWun9NCky8qn0orUDg835XWu0Z4Zf9B6pwFDiOnuskGrGrK4U6YxR-z-Sm0wn2j-ENnMd3tUCTXR5S52FnnEjreQ1is3k6CiYP7fSbVsTvi9cUzmYJS9ntc7f8NZKoR9IJmepaw9w9mgOja5tY5azEJvloIL~1-IaXHk~kla~OHtr7whoqCcZliSPeKuaXSr7VNYy6uAkm9JFG1g__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":181,"name":"Herpetology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Herpetology"},{"id":2749,"name":"Animal Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Behavior"},{"id":22838,"name":"Animal Behaviour","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Behaviour"},{"id":82420,"name":"Animal coloration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_coloration"},{"id":134021,"name":"Snakes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Snakes"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="108028438"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/108028438/Negative_allometry_of_orb_web_size_in_spiders_and_the_implications_for_the_evolution_of_giant_webs"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Negative allometry of orb web size in spiders and the implications for the evolution of giant webs" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/106524301/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/108028438/Negative_allometry_of_orb_web_size_in_spiders_and_the_implications_for_the_evolution_of_giant_webs">Negative allometry of orb web size in spiders and the implications for the evolution of giant webs</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Spider webs, and in particular orb webs, are among the most iconic characteristics of spider biol...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Spider webs, and in particular orb webs, are among the most iconic characteristics of spider biology. The evolution of, and developmental changes in, orb webs have been well studied, but we still have a limited understanding of allometric relations between the size of orb webs and spider body size. In this study, we investigate this relationship using measurements from 55 individuals of two common orb-weaving spider (Araneidae) species in South Wales, UK. We recorded body size using two methods: direct measurements with calipers, and estimations from photographs using ImageJ software. We found that these two methods give almost identical measurements, supporting the use of image-based size measurement in many situations where this is advantageous. We also found evidence for negative allometry of orb web size (relative to spider body length), such that larger spiders build proportionately smaller webs. This implies that the 'giant webs' in some orb-weaver species must be the result of a fundamental shift in the constraints or advantages which result in the allometric relationships described here.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="abd841f1d191eb4db1d85f95a580af71" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":106524301,"asset_id":108028438,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/106524301/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="108028438"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="108028438"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108028438; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108028438]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108028438]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108028438; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='108028438']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "abd841f1d191eb4db1d85f95a580af71" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=108028438]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":108028438,"title":"Negative allometry of orb web size in spiders and the implications for the evolution of giant webs","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_title_tag":"Negative Allometry of Orb Webs in Spiders","grobid_abstract":"Spider webs, and in particular orb webs, are among the most iconic characteristics of spider biology. The evolution of, and developmental changes in, orb webs have been well studied, but we still have a limited understanding of allometric relations between the size of orb webs and spider body size. In this study, we investigate this relationship using measurements from 55 individuals of two common orb-weaving spider (Araneidae) species in South Wales, UK. We recorded body size using two methods: direct measurements with calipers, and estimations from photographs using ImageJ software. We found that these two methods give almost identical measurements, supporting the use of image-based size measurement in many situations where this is advantageous. We also found evidence for negative allometry of orb web size (relative to spider body length), such that larger spiders build proportionately smaller webs. This implies that the 'giant webs' in some orb-weaver species must be the result of a fundamental shift in the constraints or advantages which result in the allometric relationships described here.","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":106524301},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/108028438/Negative_allometry_of_orb_web_size_in_spiders_and_the_implications_for_the_evolution_of_giant_webs","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-10-12T02:33:08.737-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":191329,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":106524301,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/106524301/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"negative_allometry_of_orb_web_size_in_spiders_and_the_implications_for_the_evolution_of_giant_webs.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/106524301/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Negative_allometry_of_orb_web_size_in_sp.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/106524301/negative_allometry_of_orb_web_size_in_spiders_and_the_implications_for_the_evolution_of_giant_webs-libre.pdf?1697103618=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DNegative_allometry_of_orb_web_size_in_sp.pdf\u0026Expires=1738779315\u0026Signature=YfeI19XMR1GJRoPt3V-pPgbflBzW9BHFVhi4NUvgopxfOa2bH2wzP4fofeAsXqPVlGhTY19KrKX0o6SERlIZ13~Lx6kwAj2TGjeGE1zACj48CFCSBLpTS0pjBRVGSV45LAEcFr54DdgIgvqZ1vIemKwg5o8ohNVPChhIdbo59KOu6nAwT~i1JCcGJN4taUD2esnLzUU8MqQnc8zOpQZxITKxqaDGqI059RP2xsuebleM8gS3d4mD4Yx4bmfisY41Zpi2bkSV1OPafQdse3ApJQSDzo8EQirWoWX0hilO3~2ZUPhkHZ~F~fJ8Hhoq1-c5RJC2daCuGrz3hB8qVMDxnA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Negative_allometry_of_orb_web_size_in_spiders_and_the_implications_for_the_evolution_of_giant_webs","translated_slug":"","page_count":6,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Spider webs, and in particular orb webs, are among the most iconic characteristics of spider biology. The evolution of, and developmental changes in, orb webs have been well studied, but we still have a limited understanding of allometric relations between the size of orb webs and spider body size. In this study, we investigate this relationship using measurements from 55 individuals of two common orb-weaving spider (Araneidae) species in South Wales, UK. We recorded body size using two methods: direct measurements with calipers, and estimations from photographs using ImageJ software. We found that these two methods give almost identical measurements, supporting the use of image-based size measurement in many situations where this is advantageous. We also found evidence for negative allometry of orb web size (relative to spider body length), such that larger spiders build proportionately smaller webs. This implies that the 'giant webs' in some orb-weaver species must be the result of a fundamental shift in the constraints or advantages which result in the allometric relationships described here.","owner":{"id":191329,"first_name":"Kevin","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Arbuckle","page_name":"KevinArbuckle","domain_name":"swansea","created_at":"2010-05-25T22:14:05.991-07:00","display_name":"Kevin Arbuckle","url":"https://swansea.academia.edu/KevinArbuckle"},"attachments":[{"id":106524301,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/106524301/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"negative_allometry_of_orb_web_size_in_spiders_and_the_implications_for_the_evolution_of_giant_webs.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/106524301/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Negative_allometry_of_orb_web_size_in_sp.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/106524301/negative_allometry_of_orb_web_size_in_spiders_and_the_implications_for_the_evolution_of_giant_webs-libre.pdf?1697103618=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DNegative_allometry_of_orb_web_size_in_sp.pdf\u0026Expires=1738779315\u0026Signature=YfeI19XMR1GJRoPt3V-pPgbflBzW9BHFVhi4NUvgopxfOa2bH2wzP4fofeAsXqPVlGhTY19KrKX0o6SERlIZ13~Lx6kwAj2TGjeGE1zACj48CFCSBLpTS0pjBRVGSV45LAEcFr54DdgIgvqZ1vIemKwg5o8ohNVPChhIdbo59KOu6nAwT~i1JCcGJN4taUD2esnLzUU8MqQnc8zOpQZxITKxqaDGqI059RP2xsuebleM8gS3d4mD4Yx4bmfisY41Zpi2bkSV1OPafQdse3ApJQSDzo8EQirWoWX0hilO3~2ZUPhkHZ~F~fJ8Hhoq1-c5RJC2daCuGrz3hB8qVMDxnA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":29671,"name":"Arachnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arachnology"},{"id":67862,"name":"Spiders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spiders"},{"id":77967,"name":"Allometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Allometry"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="106136169"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/106136169/Lack_of_intergenerational_reproductive_conflict_rather_than_lack_of_inclusive_fitness_benefits_explains_absence_of_postreproductive_lifespan_in_long_finned_pilot_whales"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Lack of intergenerational reproductive conflict, rather than lack of inclusive fitness benefits, explains absence of postreproductive lifespan in long-finned pilot whales" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/107273224/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/106136169/Lack_of_intergenerational_reproductive_conflict_rather_than_lack_of_inclusive_fitness_benefits_explains_absence_of_postreproductive_lifespan_in_long_finned_pilot_whales">Lack of intergenerational reproductive conflict, rather than lack of inclusive fitness benefits, explains absence of postreproductive lifespan in long-finned pilot whales</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Life-history theory suggests that individuals should reproduce until death, yet females of a smal...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Life-history theory suggests that individuals should reproduce until death, yet females of a small number of mammals live for a significant period after ceasing reproduction, a phenomenon known as post-reproductive lifespan. It is thought that the evolution of this trait is facilitated by increasing local relatedness throughout a female's lifetime. This allows older females to gain inclusive fitness through helping their offspring (known as a mother effect) and/or grandoffspring (known as a grandmother effect), rather than gaining direct fitness through reproducing. However, older females may only benefit from stopping reproducing when their direct offspring compete with those of their daughters. Here, we investigate whether a lack of post-reproductive lifespan in long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas) results from minimal benefits incurred from the presence of older females, or from a lack of costs resulting from mother-daughter co-reproduction. Using microsatellite data, we conducted parentage analysis on individuals from 25 pods and find that younger females were more likely to have offspring if their mother was present in their pod, indicating that mothers may assist inexperienced daughters to reproduce. However, we found no evidence of reproductive conflict between co-reproducing mothers and daughters, indicating that females may be able to reproduce into old age while simultaneously aiding their daughters in reproduction. This highlights the importance of reproductive conflict in the evolution of a post-reproductive lifespan and demonstrates that mother and grandmother effects alone do not result in the evolution of a postreproductive lifespan.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="f1c8f981946f59758d55f8b06c8682a4" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":107273224,"asset_id":106136169,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/107273224/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="106136169"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="106136169"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 106136169; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=106136169]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=106136169]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 106136169; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='106136169']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "f1c8f981946f59758d55f8b06c8682a4" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=106136169]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":106136169,"title":"Lack of intergenerational reproductive conflict, rather than lack of inclusive fitness benefits, explains absence of postreproductive lifespan in long-finned pilot whales","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"Life-history theory suggests that individuals should reproduce until death, yet females of a small number of mammals live for a significant period after ceasing reproduction, a phenomenon known as post-reproductive lifespan. 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Illustration of high density of Teira dugesii on a representative wall with holes for s...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Figure 1. Illustration of high density of Teira dugesii on a representative wall with holes for shelter. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="87480048"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/87480048/Diversification_dynamics_of_chameleons_Chamaeleonidae_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Diversification dynamics of chameleons (Chamaeleonidae)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/95753808/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/87480048/Diversification_dynamics_of_chameleons_Chamaeleonidae_">Diversification dynamics of chameleons (Chamaeleonidae)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Chameleons are charismatic and common lizards across Madagascar, Africa, and some surrounding reg...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Chameleons are charismatic and common lizards across Madagascar, Africa, and some surrounding regions. Little is known about their diversification dynamics and how this relates to their ecology, so we estimated diversification rate variation and consider this in the context of three hypotheses previously proposed in the literature. First, that the transoceanic dispersal from Africa to Madagascar on two separate occasions has resulted in fast radiation of Malagasy chameleons. Second, that the substantial floral turnover in their distributions within South Africa has resulted in rapid radiations of the endemic dwarf chameleons (Bradypodion). Finally, that the evolution of distinct ecomorphs of chameleon has fuelled fast diversification via adaptive radiations. We use the most recent and complete phylogeny of chameleons to estimate the diversification dynamics of the group using three methods: BAMM (which estimates constant or gradually changing diversification regimes and tests for shifts in these), MEDUSA (which tests for rate shifts in particular clades), and ClaDS (which estimates branch-specific diversification rates). Our results from all analyses estimate a diversification rate increase in a clade containing most of the genus Bradypodion, a group containing the South African dwarf chameleons which occur in recognized biodiversity hotspots in diverse habitats. We find no evidence for shifts resulting from dispersal events to Madagascar or related to the strong ecomorphological divergence of short-tailed chameleon lineages (Brookesia, Palleon, Rhampholeon, and Rieppeleon). The single burst of diversification within chameleons was in a clade which was associated with geographic areas which have experienced rapid habitat turnover and vicariance over the last 10 million years. This suggests that 'habitat vicariance' resulting from ecological changes in vegetation has contributed to the diversity of species in this area by increasing diversification rates.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="6fd5c39fb3311f8b61f5b6e18e47c0d5" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":95753808,"asset_id":87480048,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/95753808/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="87480048"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="87480048"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 87480048; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=87480048]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=87480048]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 87480048; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='87480048']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "6fd5c39fb3311f8b61f5b6e18e47c0d5" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=87480048]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":87480048,"title":"Diversification dynamics of chameleons (Chamaeleonidae)","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"Chameleons are charismatic and common lizards across Madagascar, Africa, and some surrounding regions. Little is known about their diversification dynamics and how this relates to their ecology, so we estimated diversification rate variation and consider this in the context of three hypotheses previously proposed in the literature. First, that the transoceanic dispersal from Africa to Madagascar on two separate occasions has resulted in fast radiation of Malagasy chameleons. Second, that the substantial floral turnover in their distributions within South Africa has resulted in rapid radiations of the endemic dwarf chameleons (Bradypodion). Finally, that the evolution of distinct ecomorphs of chameleon has fuelled fast diversification via adaptive radiations. We use the most recent and complete phylogeny of chameleons to estimate the diversification dynamics of the group using three methods: BAMM (which estimates constant or gradually changing diversification regimes and tests for shifts in these), MEDUSA (which tests for rate shifts in particular clades), and ClaDS (which estimates branch-specific diversification rates). Our results from all analyses estimate a diversification rate increase in a clade containing most of the genus Bradypodion, a group containing the South African dwarf chameleons which occur in recognized biodiversity hotspots in diverse habitats. We find no evidence for shifts resulting from dispersal events to Madagascar or related to the strong ecomorphological divergence of short-tailed chameleon lineages (Brookesia, Palleon, Rhampholeon, and Rieppeleon). The single burst of diversification within chameleons was in a clade which was associated with geographic areas which have experienced rapid habitat turnover and vicariance over the last 10 million years. This suggests that 'habitat vicariance' resulting from ecological changes in vegetation has contributed to the diversity of species in this area by increasing diversification rates.","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":95753808},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/87480048/Diversification_dynamics_of_chameleons_Chamaeleonidae_","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-09-28T04:10:38.600-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":191329,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":95753808,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/95753808/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"diversification_dynamics_of_chameleons_chamaeleonidae.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/95753808/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Diversification_dynamics_of_chameleons_C.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/95753808/diversification_dynamics_of_chameleons_chamaeleonidae-libre.pdf?1671029936=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DDiversification_dynamics_of_chameleons_C.pdf\u0026Expires=1738779315\u0026Signature=Fdw9k-1MY4G43IMmEIx6yTWXNy0G4JaTBVHVRIiMqonPPBu1w6-JN6BI-fzorYsuZve1-u0~bzEA-rTiLxezUrjccYhgo26uO2K2hnETZrM9eCKkO~qa4JKPCqxrzfLCt9m6Hsmuvj6AFS5UsajYqock8gYNImnzvIpB41LctbD9JgyZM6AggdvguuCtRG3v8ED9UwULqwweXAjQx1eB26h5s9EH044QJ~aH1XrzpTq1mBhCrBlBGFQkCTNJcogEHud8Fx8NxG-H1~VaUbWLjPWbhB6LiShxXaGwiLwZ3JHPWuPRi-K6NG9T22Zqy~zOvYb9T78hraOtZvS9uqfNWg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Diversification_dynamics_of_chameleons_Chamaeleonidae_","translated_slug":"","page_count":12,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Chameleons are charismatic and common lizards across Madagascar, Africa, and some surrounding regions. Little is known about their diversification dynamics and how this relates to their ecology, so we estimated diversification rate variation and consider this in the context of three hypotheses previously proposed in the literature. First, that the transoceanic dispersal from Africa to Madagascar on two separate occasions has resulted in fast radiation of Malagasy chameleons. Second, that the substantial floral turnover in their distributions within South Africa has resulted in rapid radiations of the endemic dwarf chameleons (Bradypodion). Finally, that the evolution of distinct ecomorphs of chameleon has fuelled fast diversification via adaptive radiations. We use the most recent and complete phylogeny of chameleons to estimate the diversification dynamics of the group using three methods: BAMM (which estimates constant or gradually changing diversification regimes and tests for shifts in these), MEDUSA (which tests for rate shifts in particular clades), and ClaDS (which estimates branch-specific diversification rates). Our results from all analyses estimate a diversification rate increase in a clade containing most of the genus Bradypodion, a group containing the South African dwarf chameleons which occur in recognized biodiversity hotspots in diverse habitats. We find no evidence for shifts resulting from dispersal events to Madagascar or related to the strong ecomorphological divergence of short-tailed chameleon lineages (Brookesia, Palleon, Rhampholeon, and Rieppeleon). The single burst of diversification within chameleons was in a clade which was associated with geographic areas which have experienced rapid habitat turnover and vicariance over the last 10 million years. This suggests that 'habitat vicariance' resulting from ecological changes in vegetation has contributed to the diversity of species in this area by increasing diversification rates.","owner":{"id":191329,"first_name":"Kevin","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Arbuckle","page_name":"KevinArbuckle","domain_name":"swansea","created_at":"2010-05-25T22:14:05.991-07:00","display_name":"Kevin Arbuckle","url":"https://swansea.academia.edu/KevinArbuckle"},"attachments":[{"id":95753808,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/95753808/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"diversification_dynamics_of_chameleons_chamaeleonidae.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/95753808/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Diversification_dynamics_of_chameleons_C.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/95753808/diversification_dynamics_of_chameleons_chamaeleonidae-libre.pdf?1671029936=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DDiversification_dynamics_of_chameleons_C.pdf\u0026Expires=1738779315\u0026Signature=Fdw9k-1MY4G43IMmEIx6yTWXNy0G4JaTBVHVRIiMqonPPBu1w6-JN6BI-fzorYsuZve1-u0~bzEA-rTiLxezUrjccYhgo26uO2K2hnETZrM9eCKkO~qa4JKPCqxrzfLCt9m6Hsmuvj6AFS5UsajYqock8gYNImnzvIpB41LctbD9JgyZM6AggdvguuCtRG3v8ED9UwULqwweXAjQx1eB26h5s9EH044QJ~aH1XrzpTq1mBhCrBlBGFQkCTNJcogEHud8Fx8NxG-H1~VaUbWLjPWbhB6LiShxXaGwiLwZ3JHPWuPRi-K6NG9T22Zqy~zOvYb9T78hraOtZvS9uqfNWg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology"},{"id":181,"name":"Herpetology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Herpetology"},{"id":3368,"name":"Macroevolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macroevolution"},{"id":55550,"name":"Diversification","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diversification"},{"id":92463,"name":"Lizards","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lizards"},{"id":561070,"name":"Chameleons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chameleons"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="72306511"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/72306511/A_case_of_cooperative_breeding_in_the_European_Starling_Sturnus_vulgaris"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A case of cooperative breeding in the European Starling, Sturnus vulgaris" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/81285919/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/72306511/A_case_of_cooperative_breeding_in_the_European_Starling_Sturnus_vulgaris">A case of cooperative breeding in the European Starling, Sturnus vulgaris</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Cooperative breeding, in which individuals other than the parents assist in the production of you...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Cooperative breeding, in which individuals other than the parents assist in the production of young, occurs in around 9% of birds (Cockburn, 2006). It often arises when offspring remain on their parents' territory after gaining nutritional independence and become "helpers at the nest," assisting in rearing subsequent broods (Ligon & Burt, 2004). This helping behavior presents several potential costs, for instance, helpers sometimes forgo their own reproduction in order to help-usually gaining indirect fitness (if helping kin) but at a cost to direct fitness (Dickinson & Hatchwell, 2004). Importantly, even if no immediate opportunities</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="d6238f454c2b8d429212aa6e516ff5aa" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":81285919,"asset_id":72306511,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/81285919/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="72306511"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="72306511"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72306511; 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Parus m...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">attempted to swallow the prey for several minutes, but eventually gave up and moved away. Parus major appears to be a previously unreported prey for N. helvetica, while for E. rubecula, there was an old record based on stomach content (Rogers 1901, op. cit.); a brief review of bird consumption records by "grass snakes" is shown in Table 1. Since there are now three documented instances of active predation by N. helvetica on living fledglings of resident birds, this behavior, although uncommon, is clearly not abnormal. New direct observations of such events are needed to examine in greater detail this kind of feeding behavior, including the circumstances (all three observations took place in the afternoon during May and June) and the involved species (all bird species in Table 1 are yearround residents of the regions where the observations took place). We are grateful to Franco Ierardi and Alexandre Roux for the observation data and for allowing us to use photos and videos, to Gaia Bazzi, Mirko Galuppi and Andrea Ambrogio for their advice, and to John D. Willson and Andrew Durso for their review which improved the work.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="affc39eaa194157941207b1ab7e64d21" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":79160809,"asset_id":68823911,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/79160809/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="68823911"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="68823911"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 68823911; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=68823911]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=68823911]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 68823911; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='68823911']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "affc39eaa194157941207b1ab7e64d21" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=68823911]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":68823911,"title":"Natrix helvetica (barred grass snake): nocturnal activity","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"attempted to swallow the prey for several minutes, but eventually gave up and moved away. 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Willson and Andrew Durso for their review which improved the work.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2021,"errors":{}},"grobid_abstract_attachment_id":79160809},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/68823911/Natrix_helvetica_barred_grass_snake_nocturnal_activity","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-01-20T05:38:17.370-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":191329,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":79160809,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/79160809/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"natrix_helvetica_barred_grass_snake_nocturnal_activity.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/79160809/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Natrix_helvetica_barred_grass_snake_noct.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/79160809/natrix_helvetica_barred_grass_snake_nocturnal_activity-libre.pdf?1642698578=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DNatrix_helvetica_barred_grass_snake_noct.pdf\u0026Expires=1738779315\u0026Signature=ezUgO85j672FG1x2rSdoNCTWionPrLEV5~QRn8wv3PiqMj4AJE4TjhL1b9cX5JgP5DNbhM~~JXrr4dYjDBFo~qoCgiBVeCNKcpoWXUQ~oSptU3TnAEhapcNmW-oduMxOsQjHGcz9lcG6Yt1lv-AH8X2r5itSn-9~sW2s9m5ybuHaSo9ZxcVZaqPeNHH0iKjXdwiVVxnRCMErnB4JOlPNDy9ZxAjTN1CWb9udH8VybHZ6w31qX5cNZgpCHd59IxX2itHG-jGrFpLBY-L1JtHZ~pHCfU1cwRPuJVnDg~gMSolcsIPDnCiTyzuznV7fhqom~TJKiHkzL9XnOC8V8Dx5FQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Natrix_helvetica_barred_grass_snake_nocturnal_activity","translated_slug":"","page_count":1,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"attempted to swallow the prey for several minutes, but eventually gave up and moved away. Parus major appears to be a previously unreported prey for N. helvetica, while for E. rubecula, there was an old record based on stomach content (Rogers 1901, op. cit.); a brief review of bird consumption records by \"grass snakes\" is shown in Table 1. Since there are now three documented instances of active predation by N. helvetica on living fledglings of resident birds, this behavior, although uncommon, is clearly not abnormal. New direct observations of such events are needed to examine in greater detail this kind of feeding behavior, including the circumstances (all three observations took place in the afternoon during May and June) and the involved species (all bird species in Table 1 are yearround residents of the regions where the observations took place). We are grateful to Franco Ierardi and Alexandre Roux for the observation data and for allowing us to use photos and videos, to Gaia Bazzi, Mirko Galuppi and Andrea Ambrogio for their advice, and to John D. Willson and Andrew Durso for their review which improved the work.","owner":{"id":191329,"first_name":"Kevin","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Arbuckle","page_name":"KevinArbuckle","domain_name":"swansea","created_at":"2010-05-25T22:14:05.991-07:00","display_name":"Kevin Arbuckle","url":"https://swansea.academia.edu/KevinArbuckle"},"attachments":[{"id":79160809,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/79160809/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"natrix_helvetica_barred_grass_snake_nocturnal_activity.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/79160809/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Natrix_helvetica_barred_grass_snake_noct.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/79160809/natrix_helvetica_barred_grass_snake_nocturnal_activity-libre.pdf?1642698578=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DNatrix_helvetica_barred_grass_snake_noct.pdf\u0026Expires=1738779315\u0026Signature=ezUgO85j672FG1x2rSdoNCTWionPrLEV5~QRn8wv3PiqMj4AJE4TjhL1b9cX5JgP5DNbhM~~JXrr4dYjDBFo~qoCgiBVeCNKcpoWXUQ~oSptU3TnAEhapcNmW-oduMxOsQjHGcz9lcG6Yt1lv-AH8X2r5itSn-9~sW2s9m5ybuHaSo9ZxcVZaqPeNHH0iKjXdwiVVxnRCMErnB4JOlPNDy9ZxAjTN1CWb9udH8VybHZ6w31qX5cNZgpCHd59IxX2itHG-jGrFpLBY-L1JtHZ~pHCfU1cwRPuJVnDg~gMSolcsIPDnCiTyzuznV7fhqom~TJKiHkzL9XnOC8V8Dx5FQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":181,"name":"Herpetology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Herpetology"},{"id":9588,"name":"Natural History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_History"},{"id":134021,"name":"Snakes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Snakes"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="51718064"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/51718064/Cooperatively_breeding_banded_mongooses_do_not_avoid_inbreeding_through_familiarity_based_kin_recognition"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Cooperatively breeding banded mongooses do not avoid inbreeding through familiarity-based kin recognition" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/69316452/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/51718064/Cooperatively_breeding_banded_mongooses_do_not_avoid_inbreeding_through_familiarity_based_kin_recognition">Cooperatively breeding banded mongooses do not avoid inbreeding through familiarity-based kin recognition</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In species that live in family groups, such as cooperative breeders, inbreeding is usually avoide...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In species that live in family groups, such as cooperative breeders, inbreeding is usually avoided through the recognition of familiar kin. For example, individuals may avoid mating with conspecifics encountered regularly in infancy, as these likely include parents, siblings, and closely related alloparents. Other mechanisms have also been reported, albeit rarely; for example, individuals may compare their own phenotype to that of others, with close matches representing likely relatives ("phenotype matching"). However, determinants of the primary inbreeding avoidance mechanisms used by a given species remain poorly understood. We use 24 years of life history and genetic data to investigate inbreeding avoidance in wild cooperatively breeding banded mongooses (Mungos mungo). We find that inbreeding avoidance occurs within social groups but is far from maximised (mean pedigree relatedness between 351 breeding pairs = 0.144). Unusually for a group-living vertebrate, we find no evidence that females avoid breeding with males with which they are familiar in early life. This is probably explained by communal breeding; females give birth in tight synchrony and pups are cared for communally, thus reducing the reliability of familiarity-based proxies of relatedness. We also found little evidence that inbreeding is avoided by preferentially breeding with males of specific age classes. Instead, females may exploit as-yet unknown proxies of relatedness, for example, through phenotype matching, or may employ postcopulatory inbreeding avoidance mechanisms. Investigation of species with unusual breeding systems helps to identify constraints against inbreeding avoidance and contributes to our understanding of the distribution of inbreeding across species. Significance statement Choosing the right mate is never easy, but it may be particularly difficult for banded mongooses. In most social animals, individuals avoid mating with those that were familiar to them as infants, as these are likely to be relatives. However, we show that this rule does not work in banded mongooses. Here, the offspring of several mothers are raised in large communal litters by their social group, and parents seem unable to identify or direct care towards their own pups. This may make it difficult to recognise relatives based on their level of familiarity and is likely to explain why banded mongooses frequently inbreed. Nevertheless, inbreeding is lower than expected if mates are chosen at random, suggesting that alternative pre-or post-copulatory inbreeding avoidance mechanisms are used.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="30d4ab57c57775da8a2983c174ee78d8" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":69316452,"asset_id":51718064,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/69316452/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="51718064"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="51718064"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 51718064; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=51718064]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=51718064]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 51718064; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='51718064']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "30d4ab57c57775da8a2983c174ee78d8" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=51718064]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":51718064,"title":"Cooperatively breeding banded mongooses do not avoid inbreeding through familiarity-based kin recognition","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"In species that live in family groups, such as cooperative breeders, inbreeding is usually avoided through the recognition of familiar kin. For example, individuals may avoid mating with conspecifics encountered regularly in infancy, as these likely include parents, siblings, and closely related alloparents. Other mechanisms have also been reported, albeit rarely; for example, individuals may compare their own phenotype to that of others, with close matches representing likely relatives (\"phenotype matching\"). However, determinants of the primary inbreeding avoidance mechanisms used by a given species remain poorly understood. We use 24 years of life history and genetic data to investigate inbreeding avoidance in wild cooperatively breeding banded mongooses (Mungos mungo). We find that inbreeding avoidance occurs within social groups but is far from maximised (mean pedigree relatedness between 351 breeding pairs = 0.144). Unusually for a group-living vertebrate, we find no evidence that females avoid breeding with males with which they are familiar in early life. This is probably explained by communal breeding; females give birth in tight synchrony and pups are cared for communally, thus reducing the reliability of familiarity-based proxies of relatedness. We also found little evidence that inbreeding is avoided by preferentially breeding with males of specific age classes. Instead, females may exploit as-yet unknown proxies of relatedness, for example, through phenotype matching, or may employ postcopulatory inbreeding avoidance mechanisms. Investigation of species with unusual breeding systems helps to identify constraints against inbreeding avoidance and contributes to our understanding of the distribution of inbreeding across species. Significance statement Choosing the right mate is never easy, but it may be particularly difficult for banded mongooses. In most social animals, individuals avoid mating with those that were familiar to them as infants, as these are likely to be relatives. However, we show that this rule does not work in banded mongooses. Here, the offspring of several mothers are raised in large communal litters by their social group, and parents seem unable to identify or direct care towards their own pups. This may make it difficult to recognise relatives based on their level of familiarity and is likely to explain why banded mongooses frequently inbreed. Nevertheless, inbreeding is lower than expected if mates are chosen at random, suggesting that alternative pre-or post-copulatory inbreeding avoidance mechanisms are used.","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":69316452},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/51718064/Cooperatively_breeding_banded_mongooses_do_not_avoid_inbreeding_through_familiarity_based_kin_recognition","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2021-09-10T05:22:17.308-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":191329,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":69316452,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/69316452/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"cooperatively_breeding_banded_mongooses_do_not_avoid_inbreeding_through_familiarity_based_kin_recognition.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/69316452/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Cooperatively_breeding_banded_mongooses.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/69316452/cooperatively_breeding_banded_mongooses_do_not_avoid_inbreeding_through_familiarity_based_kin_recognition-libre.pdf?1631315992=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DCooperatively_breeding_banded_mongooses.pdf\u0026Expires=1738779315\u0026Signature=XtgFgKa5rpja5PMs3RV4DBHxPL8NRS~bY2Z5RYD9Le4fKisuA3naCzLl8GBP8zG9cAkqDLNuXDMAtaOewfvSM-R0Y72h9ztbkAz0CeYFIVpSGasoqpu19IpYppnK-hIvZi7MDB0KfSZaSNaX67dESdJq4kF1uKwTDRfQXPsQsHCT7mytpXDiXLI0xpW9PS7VQgVFaIxNTm8bWsbOKRtPDGZYFc2tKdjv4C0qyMzsITI0zYYjFbBywSqgK5uCfetdjxkw1NTYH6zQ~Vg~tNaZfIntezUhd2jdQZAtSv1zmh7AjleXIcoxzfwB66xAhFp-yB0pWGigOs~7IBDuCqj4Rg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Cooperatively_breeding_banded_mongooses_do_not_avoid_inbreeding_through_familiarity_based_kin_recognition","translated_slug":"","page_count":17,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"In species that live in family groups, such as cooperative breeders, inbreeding is usually avoided through the recognition of familiar kin. For example, individuals may avoid mating with conspecifics encountered regularly in infancy, as these likely include parents, siblings, and closely related alloparents. Other mechanisms have also been reported, albeit rarely; for example, individuals may compare their own phenotype to that of others, with close matches representing likely relatives (\"phenotype matching\"). However, determinants of the primary inbreeding avoidance mechanisms used by a given species remain poorly understood. We use 24 years of life history and genetic data to investigate inbreeding avoidance in wild cooperatively breeding banded mongooses (Mungos mungo). We find that inbreeding avoidance occurs within social groups but is far from maximised (mean pedigree relatedness between 351 breeding pairs = 0.144). Unusually for a group-living vertebrate, we find no evidence that females avoid breeding with males with which they are familiar in early life. This is probably explained by communal breeding; females give birth in tight synchrony and pups are cared for communally, thus reducing the reliability of familiarity-based proxies of relatedness. We also found little evidence that inbreeding is avoided by preferentially breeding with males of specific age classes. Instead, females may exploit as-yet unknown proxies of relatedness, for example, through phenotype matching, or may employ postcopulatory inbreeding avoidance mechanisms. Investigation of species with unusual breeding systems helps to identify constraints against inbreeding avoidance and contributes to our understanding of the distribution of inbreeding across species. Significance statement Choosing the right mate is never easy, but it may be particularly difficult for banded mongooses. In most social animals, individuals avoid mating with those that were familiar to them as infants, as these are likely to be relatives. However, we show that this rule does not work in banded mongooses. Here, the offspring of several mothers are raised in large communal litters by their social group, and parents seem unable to identify or direct care towards their own pups. This may make it difficult to recognise relatives based on their level of familiarity and is likely to explain why banded mongooses frequently inbreed. Nevertheless, inbreeding is lower than expected if mates are chosen at random, suggesting that alternative pre-or post-copulatory inbreeding avoidance mechanisms are used.","owner":{"id":191329,"first_name":"Kevin","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Arbuckle","page_name":"KevinArbuckle","domain_name":"swansea","created_at":"2010-05-25T22:14:05.991-07:00","display_name":"Kevin Arbuckle","url":"https://swansea.academia.edu/KevinArbuckle"},"attachments":[{"id":69316452,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/69316452/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"cooperatively_breeding_banded_mongooses_do_not_avoid_inbreeding_through_familiarity_based_kin_recognition.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/69316452/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Cooperatively_breeding_banded_mongooses.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/69316452/cooperatively_breeding_banded_mongooses_do_not_avoid_inbreeding_through_familiarity_based_kin_recognition-libre.pdf?1631315992=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DCooperatively_breeding_banded_mongooses.pdf\u0026Expires=1738779315\u0026Signature=XtgFgKa5rpja5PMs3RV4DBHxPL8NRS~bY2Z5RYD9Le4fKisuA3naCzLl8GBP8zG9cAkqDLNuXDMAtaOewfvSM-R0Y72h9ztbkAz0CeYFIVpSGasoqpu19IpYppnK-hIvZi7MDB0KfSZaSNaX67dESdJq4kF1uKwTDRfQXPsQsHCT7mytpXDiXLI0xpW9PS7VQgVFaIxNTm8bWsbOKRtPDGZYFc2tKdjv4C0qyMzsITI0zYYjFbBywSqgK5uCfetdjxkw1NTYH6zQ~Vg~tNaZfIntezUhd2jdQZAtSv1zmh7AjleXIcoxzfwB66xAhFp-yB0pWGigOs~7IBDuCqj4Rg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2749,"name":"Animal Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Behavior"},{"id":2999,"name":"Mating Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mating_Systems"},{"id":151933,"name":"Cooperative Breeding","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cooperative_Breeding"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="50762568"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/50762568/Radiating_pain_venom_has_contributed_to_the_diversification_of_the_largest_radiations_of_vertebrate_and_invertebrate_animals"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Radiating pain: venom has contributed to the diversification of the largest radiations of vertebrate and invertebrate animals" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/68631445/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/50762568/Radiating_pain_venom_has_contributed_to_the_diversification_of_the_largest_radiations_of_vertebrate_and_invertebrate_animals">Radiating pain: venom has contributed to the diversification of the largest radiations of vertebrate and invertebrate animals</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Background: Understanding drivers of animal biodiversity has been a longstanding aim in evolution...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Background: Understanding drivers of animal biodiversity has been a longstanding aim in evolutionary biology. Insects and fishes represent the largest lineages of invertebrates and vertebrates respectively, and consequently many ideas have been proposed to explain this diversity. Natural enemy interactions are often important in diversification dynamics, and key traits that mediate such interactions may therefore have an important role in explaining organismal diversity. Venom is one such trait which is intricately bound in antagonistic coevolution and has recently been shown to be associated with increased diversification rates in tetrapods. Despite ~ 10% of fish families and ~ 16% of insect families containing venomous species, the role that venom may play in these two superradiations remains unknown. Results: In this paper we take a broad family-level phylogenetic perspective and show that variation in diversification rates are the main cause of variations in species richness in both insects and fishes, and that venomous families have diversification rates twice as high as non-venomous families. Furthermore, we estimate that venom was present in ~ 10% and ~ 14% of the evolutionary history of fishes and insects respectively. Conclusions: Consequently, we provide evidence that venom has played a role in generating the remarkable diversity in the largest vertebrate and invertebrate radiations.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c64e5007f65f9dcb3712685ad5a52184" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":68631445,"asset_id":50762568,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68631445/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="50762568"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="50762568"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50762568; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50762568]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50762568]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50762568; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='50762568']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c64e5007f65f9dcb3712685ad5a52184" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=50762568]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":50762568,"title":"Radiating pain: venom has contributed to the diversification of the largest radiations of vertebrate and invertebrate animals","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_title_tag":"Venom's Role in Fish and Insect Diversity","grobid_abstract":"Background: Understanding drivers of animal biodiversity has been a longstanding aim in evolutionary biology. Insects and fishes represent the largest lineages of invertebrates and vertebrates respectively, and consequently many ideas have been proposed to explain this diversity. Natural enemy interactions are often important in diversification dynamics, and key traits that mediate such interactions may therefore have an important role in explaining organismal diversity. Venom is one such trait which is intricately bound in antagonistic coevolution and has recently been shown to be associated with increased diversification rates in tetrapods. Despite ~ 10% of fish families and ~ 16% of insect families containing venomous species, the role that venom may play in these two superradiations remains unknown. Results: In this paper we take a broad family-level phylogenetic perspective and show that variation in diversification rates are the main cause of variations in species richness in both insects and fishes, and that venomous families have diversification rates twice as high as non-venomous families. Furthermore, we estimate that venom was present in ~ 10% and ~ 14% of the evolutionary history of fishes and insects respectively. Conclusions: Consequently, we provide evidence that venom has played a role in generating the remarkable diversity in the largest vertebrate and invertebrate radiations.","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":68631445},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/50762568/Radiating_pain_venom_has_contributed_to_the_diversification_of_the_largest_radiations_of_vertebrate_and_invertebrate_animals","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2021-08-06T01:52:34.747-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":191329,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":68631445,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/68631445/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"radiating_pain.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68631445/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Radiating_pain_venom_has_contributed_to.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/68631445/radiating_pain-libre.pdf?1628239978=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DRadiating_pain_venom_has_contributed_to.pdf\u0026Expires=1738779315\u0026Signature=eAxO9IXVI3zLHsJ5RldicEx0H2lpqisSxgKMCwELio6W64YKOGxM3KPNuJWegEngJk7CIkJxrsOVoz1DBa7tNtTzld0BVJ6F6d-8dInkEibfkCG~CUxUUQKHq67vUniTivqn-~4pBtiCa6lNJOSUHW9TA6iolklYCETzAExWfQhsKW~lnrapByVIO-gc2WraviufoXiXQYIZMbyHi-h8amult1SrI0pWb9mws8qhWp34KnuQo2POc5cQ8JzHl4DcUTWP8R0XPvbNuStCkLrcjVn91abyrEifKsh4wjnowjUFd46i6xBNjcLONr6Wgv7CzM5SIMo6fP4L04eF6AEtuA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Radiating_pain_venom_has_contributed_to_the_diversification_of_the_largest_radiations_of_vertebrate_and_invertebrate_animals","translated_slug":"","page_count":12,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Background: Understanding drivers of animal biodiversity has been a longstanding aim in evolutionary biology. Insects and fishes represent the largest lineages of invertebrates and vertebrates respectively, and consequently many ideas have been proposed to explain this diversity. Natural enemy interactions are often important in diversification dynamics, and key traits that mediate such interactions may therefore have an important role in explaining organismal diversity. Venom is one such trait which is intricately bound in antagonistic coevolution and has recently been shown to be associated with increased diversification rates in tetrapods. Despite ~ 10% of fish families and ~ 16% of insect families containing venomous species, the role that venom may play in these two superradiations remains unknown. Results: In this paper we take a broad family-level phylogenetic perspective and show that variation in diversification rates are the main cause of variations in species richness in both insects and fishes, and that venomous families have diversification rates twice as high as non-venomous families. Furthermore, we estimate that venom was present in ~ 10% and ~ 14% of the evolutionary history of fishes and insects respectively. Conclusions: Consequently, we provide evidence that venom has played a role in generating the remarkable diversity in the largest vertebrate and invertebrate radiations.","owner":{"id":191329,"first_name":"Kevin","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Arbuckle","page_name":"KevinArbuckle","domain_name":"swansea","created_at":"2010-05-25T22:14:05.991-07:00","display_name":"Kevin Arbuckle","url":"https://swansea.academia.edu/KevinArbuckle"},"attachments":[{"id":68631445,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/68631445/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"radiating_pain.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68631445/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Radiating_pain_venom_has_contributed_to.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/68631445/radiating_pain-libre.pdf?1628239978=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DRadiating_pain_venom_has_contributed_to.pdf\u0026Expires=1738779315\u0026Signature=eAxO9IXVI3zLHsJ5RldicEx0H2lpqisSxgKMCwELio6W64YKOGxM3KPNuJWegEngJk7CIkJxrsOVoz1DBa7tNtTzld0BVJ6F6d-8dInkEibfkCG~CUxUUQKHq67vUniTivqn-~4pBtiCa6lNJOSUHW9TA6iolklYCETzAExWfQhsKW~lnrapByVIO-gc2WraviufoXiXQYIZMbyHi-h8amult1SrI0pWb9mws8qhWp34KnuQo2POc5cQ8JzHl4DcUTWP8R0XPvbNuStCkLrcjVn91abyrEifKsh4wjnowjUFd46i6xBNjcLONr6Wgv7CzM5SIMo6fP4L04eF6AEtuA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology"},{"id":3368,"name":"Macroevolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macroevolution"},{"id":17750,"name":"Toxinology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Toxinology"},{"id":17825,"name":"Biodiversity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodiversity"},{"id":55550,"name":"Diversification","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diversification"},{"id":71556,"name":"Animal venoms and toxins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_venoms_and_toxins"},{"id":117269,"name":"Insects","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Insects"},{"id":117270,"name":"Fishes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fishes"},{"id":199056,"name":"Species Richness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Species_Richness"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="49451849"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/49451849/A_double_pedigree_reveals_genetic_but_not_cultural_inheritance_of_cooperative_personalities_in_wild_banded_mongooses"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A double pedigree reveals genetic but not cultural inheritance of cooperative personalities in wild banded mongooses" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/68767512/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/49451849/A_double_pedigree_reveals_genetic_but_not_cultural_inheritance_of_cooperative_personalities_in_wild_banded_mongooses">A double pedigree reveals genetic but not cultural inheritance of cooperative personalities in wild banded mongooses</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://swansea.academia.edu/KevinArbuckle">Kevin Arbuckle</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ljmu.academia.edu/HazelNichols">Hazel Nichols</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This is an open access article under the terms of the Creat ive Commo ns Attri bution License, wh...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This is an open access article under the terms of the Creat ive Commo ns Attri bution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="b04ba63a5691fcbd0c65be7fad5271a0" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":68767512,"asset_id":49451849,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68767512/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="49451849"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="49451849"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49451849; 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However, the initial evolution of aposematism poses the problem that the first aposematic individuals are conspicuous to predators who have not learned the significance of the warning colouration. In one scenario, aposematism evolves in group-living species and originally persisted due to kin selection or positive frequencydependent selection in groups. Alternatively, group-living might evolve after aposematism because grouping can amplify the warning signal. 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