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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Perjury_law_by_jurisdiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perjury_law_by_jurisdiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Perjury law by jurisdiction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Perjury_law_by_jurisdiction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Perjury law by jurisdiction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Perjury_law_by_jurisdiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>European Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nigeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nigeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Nigeria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nigeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-England_and_Wales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England_and_Wales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1</span> <span>England and Wales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England_and_Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judicial_proceeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_proceeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1.1</span> <span>Judicial proceeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_proceeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Actus_reus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Actus_reus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1.2</span> <span><i>Actus reus</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Actus_reus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mode_of_trial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mode_of_trial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1.3</span> <span>Mode of trial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mode_of_trial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sentence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sentence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1.4</span> <span>Sentence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sentence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1.5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Materiality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Materiality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1.6</span> <span>Materiality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Materiality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.2</span> <span>Northern Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Statutory_definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statutory_definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.1</span> <span>Statutory definitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statutory_definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precedents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precedents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.2</span> <span>Precedents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precedents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Materiality_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Materiality_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.3</span> <span>Materiality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Materiality_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defense_of_recantation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defense_of_recantation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.4</span> <span>Defense of recantation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defense_of_recantation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subornation_of_perjury" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subornation_of_perjury"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.5</span> <span>Subornation of perjury</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subornation_of_perjury-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_convicted_perjurers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_convicted_perjurers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Notable convicted perjurers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_convicted_perjurers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allegations_of_perjury" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allegations_of_perjury"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Allegations of perjury</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allegations_of_perjury-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Perjury</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%B1" title="شهادة الزور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شهادة الزور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D3%B3%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Суя кӳнтеленлев – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Суя кӳнтеленлев" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%99iv%C3%A1_v%C3%BDpov%C4%9B%C4%8F" title="Křivá výpověď – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Křivá výpověď" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mened" title="Mened – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mened" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meineid" title="Meineid – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Meineid" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perjurio" title="Perjurio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Perjurio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsa_%C4%B5uro" title="Falsa ĵuro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Falsa ĵuro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinauste" title="Zinauste – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zinauste" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parjure" title="Parjure – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parjure" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mionn%C3%BA_%C3%A9ithigh" title="Mionnú éithigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mionnú éithigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84%EC%A6%9D" title="위증 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="위증" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A5-%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="शपथ-भंग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शपथ-भंग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsa_testimonianza" title="Falsa testimonianza – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Falsa testimonianza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%A8" title="עדות שקר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עדות שקר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಸುಳ್ಳುಸಾಕ್ಷ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸುಳ್ಳುಸಾಕ್ಷ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamis_tan%C3%BAz%C3%A1s" title="Hamis tanúzás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hamis tanúzás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7" title="खोटी साक्ष – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="खोटी साक्ष" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumpah_bohong" title="Sumpah bohong – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sumpah bohong" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meineed" title="Meineed – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Meineed" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%81%BD%E8%A8%BC" title="偽証 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="偽証" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mened" title="Mened – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mened" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzywoprzysi%C4%99stwo" title="Krzywoprzysięstwo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Krzywoprzysięstwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perj%C3%BArio" title="Perjúrio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Perjúrio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperjur" title="Sperjur – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sperjur" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Лжесвидетельство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лжесвидетельство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perjury" title="Perjury – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Perjury" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriv%C3%A1_pr%C3%ADsaha" title="Krivá prísaha – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Krivá prísaha" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4%C3%A4r%C3%A4_vala" title="Väärä vala – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Väärä vala" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mened" title="Mened – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mened" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perhuryo" title="Perhuryo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Perhuryo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80%D3%AF%D2%93" title="Гувоҳии бардурӯғ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гувоҳии бардурӯғ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalan_yere_yemin" title="Yalan yere yemin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yalan yere yemin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Кривосвідчення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кривосвідчення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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term)">Accessory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiding_and_abetting" title="Aiding and abetting">Accomplice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complicity" title="Complicity">Complicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_liability" title="Corporate liability">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principal_(criminal_law)" title="Principal (criminal law)">Principal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicarious_liability_(criminal)" title="Vicarious liability (criminal)">Vicarious</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Severity of offense</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">Felony</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Indictable_offence" title="Indictable offence">Indictable offense</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summary_offence#United_States" title="Summary offence">Infraction</a> (also called violation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misdemeanor" title="Misdemeanor">Misdemeanor</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Summary_offence" title="Summary offence">Summary offense</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Inchoate_offense" title="Inchoate offense">Inchoate offenses</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attempt" title="Attempt">Attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_conspiracy" title="Criminal conspiracy">Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incitement" title="Incitement">Incitement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solicitation" title="Solicitation">Solicitation</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Offence_against_the_person" title="Offence against the person">Offense against the person</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">Assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault" title="Assault">Assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_(crime)" title="Battery (crime)">Battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_negligence" title="Criminal negligence">Criminal negligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_imprisonment" title="False imprisonment">False imprisonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frameup" title="Frameup">Frameup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_invasion" title="Home invasion">Home invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">Homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">Intimidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">Kidnapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menacing" title="Menacing">Menacing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manslaughter" title="Manslaughter">Manslaughter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corporate_manslaughter" title="Corporate manslaughter">corporate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayhem_(crime)" title="Mayhem (crime)">Mayhem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">Murder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felony_murder_rule" title="Felony murder rule">felony</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterintention" title="Preterintention">Preterintention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">Homicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negligent_homicide" title="Negligent homicide">Negligent homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reckless_homicide" title="Reckless homicide">Reckless homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robbery" title="Robbery">Robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking">Stalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabbing" title="Stabbing">Stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Torture</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Sex_and_the_law" title="Sex and the law">Sexual offenses</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">Adultery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigamy" title="Bigamy">Bigamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fornication#Across_history,_cultures,_and_laws" title="Fornication">Fornication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_incest" title="Legality of incest">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indecent_exposure" title="Indecent exposure">Indecent exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masturbation#Law" title="Masturbation">Masturbation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">Obscenity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty" title="Pederasty">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">Voyeurism</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Crimes against property</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">Arson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_trafficking" title="Arms trafficking">Arms trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackmail" title="Blackmail">Blackmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">Bribery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burglary" title="Burglary">Burglary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybercrime" title="Cybercrime">Cybercrime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embezzlement" title="Embezzlement">Embezzlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">Extortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_pretenses" title="False pretenses">False pretenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgery" title="Forgery">Forgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">Fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property violation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larceny" title="Larceny">Larceny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">Looting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payola" title="Payola">Payola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickpocketing" title="Pickpocketing">Pickpocketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possession_of_stolen_goods" title="Possession of stolen goods">Possessing stolen property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robbery" title="Robbery">Robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">Smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">Tax evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theft" title="Theft">Theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trespass_to_land" title="Trespass to land">Trespass to land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mischief" title="Mischief">Mischief</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Crimes against justice</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compounding_a_felony" title="Compounding a felony">Compounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malfeasance_in_office" title="Malfeasance in office">Malfeasance in office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscarriage_of_justice" title="Miscarriage of justice">Miscarriage of justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misprision_of_felony" title="Misprision of felony">Misprision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstruction_of_justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstruction of justice">Obstruction</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Perjury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perverting_the_course_of_justice" title="Perverting the course of justice">Perverting the course of justice</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Crimes against the public</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begging" title="Begging">Begging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship violation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duel" title="Duel">Dueling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">Hostage-taking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insider_trading" title="Insider trading">Insider trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">Smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumptuary_law" title="Sumptuary law">Illegal consumption</a> (such as prohibition of <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition of drugs">drugs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">alcohol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Smoking_ban" title="Smoking ban">smoking</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Miscegenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">Political corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regicide" title="Regicide">Regicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usurper" title="Usurper">Usurpation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crimes</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Crimes against animals</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">Cruelty to animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">Poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_smuggling" title="Wildlife smuggling">Wildlife smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoophilia" title="Zoophilia">Bestiality</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Crimes against the state</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" title="Lèse-majesté">Lèse-majesté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">Treason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">Sedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subversion" title="Subversion">Subversion</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Defense_(legal)" title="Defense (legal)">Defenses to liability</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actual_innocence" title="Actual innocence">Actual innocence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatism_(law)" title="Automatism (law)">Automatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">Consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_of_property" title="Defence of property">Defense of property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diminished_responsibility" title="Diminished responsibility">Diminished responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercion" title="Coercion">Duress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrapment" title="Entrapment">Entrapment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ignorantia_juris_non_excusat" title="Ignorantia juris non excusat">Ignorantia juris non excusat</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_criminal_responsibility" title="Age of criminal responsibility">Infancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insanity_defense" title="Insanity defense">Insanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_(jurisprudence)" title="Justification (jurisprudence)">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistake_(criminal_law)" title="Mistake (criminal law)">Mistake</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mistake_of_law" title="Mistake of law">of law</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necessity_(criminal_law)" title="Necessity (criminal law)">Necessity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provocation_(law)" title="Provocation (law)">Provocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_self-defense" title="Right of self-defense">Self-defense</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other common-law areas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">Contracts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_defenses" title="Criminal defenses">Defenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_(law)" title="Evidence (law)">Evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">Torts</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">Wills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trust_(law)" title="Trust (law)">trusts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Administration_(probate_law)" title="Administration (probate law)">estates</a></span></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Portals</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Criminal_law" title="Template:Criminal law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Criminal_law" title="Template talk:Criminal law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Criminal_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Criminal law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Perjury</b> (also known as <b>foreswearing</b>) is the intentional act of swearing a false <a href="/wiki/Oath" title="Oath">oath</a> or falsifying an <a href="/wiki/Affirmation_in_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Affirmation in law">affirmation</a> to tell the truth, whether spoken or in writing, concerning matters material to an official proceeding.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like most other crimes in the <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> system, to be convicted of perjury one must have had the <i>intention</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Mens_rea" title="Mens rea">mens rea</a></i>) to commit the act and have <i>actually committed</i> the act (<i><a href="/wiki/Actus_reus" title="Actus reus">actus reus</a></i>). Further, statements that <i>are facts</i> cannot be considered perjury, even if they might arguably constitute an omission, and it is not perjury to lie about matters that are immaterial to the legal proceeding. Statements that entail an <i>interpretation</i> of fact are not perjury because people often draw inaccurate conclusions unwittingly or make honest mistakes without the intent to deceive. Individuals may have honest but mistaken beliefs about certain facts or their recollection may be inaccurate, or may have a different perception of what is the accurate way to state the truth. In some jurisdictions, no crime has occurred when a false statement is (intentionally or unintentionally) made while under oath or subject to penalty. Instead, criminal culpability attaches only at the instant the declarant falsely asserts the truth of statements (made or to be made) that are material to the outcome of the proceeding. It is not perjury, for example, to lie about one's age except if age is a fact material to influencing the legal result, such as eligibility for old age <a href="/wiki/Retirement" title="Retirement">retirement</a> benefits or whether a person was of an age to have <a href="/wiki/Legal_capacity" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal capacity">legal capacity</a>. </p><p>Perjury is considered a serious offence, as it can be used to usurp the power of the courts, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Miscarriages_of_justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Miscarriages of justice">miscarriages of justice</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, those who commit perjury are guilty of an <a href="/wiki/Indictable_offence" title="Indictable offence">indictable offence</a> and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perjury is a statutory offence in <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>. A person convicted of perjury is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding seven years, or to a fine, or to both.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the general perjury statute under federal law classifies perjury as a <a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">felony</a> and provides for a prison sentence of up to five years.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/California_Penal_Code" title="California Penal Code">California Penal Code</a> allows for perjury to be a <a href="/wiki/Capital_offense" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital offense">capital offense</a> in cases causing <a href="/wiki/Wrongful_execution" title="Wrongful execution">wrongful execution</a>. Perjury which caused the wrongful execution of another or in the pursuit of causing the wrongful execution of another is respectively construed as murder or attempted murder, and is normally itself punishable by execution in countries that retain the <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty">death penalty</a>. Perjury is considered a felony in most U.S. states. However, prosecutions for perjury are rare.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rules for perjury also apply when a person has made a statement <i>under penalty of perjury</i> even if the person has not been sworn or affirmed as a witness before an appropriate official. An example is the US <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">income tax</a> return, which, by law, must be signed as true and correct under penalty of perjury (see <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Code" title="Internal Revenue Code">26 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/26/6065">§ 6065</a>). Federal tax law provides criminal penalties of up to three years in <a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">prison</a> for violation of the tax return perjury statute. See: <span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Code" title="Internal Revenue Code">26 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/26/7206#1">§ 7206(1)</a></span> </p><p>In the United States, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> and several other English-speaking <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> nations, <a href="/wiki/Subornation_of_perjury" title="Subornation of perjury">subornation of perjury</a>, which is attempting to induce another person to commit perjury, is itself a crime. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perjury_law_by_jurisdiction">Perjury law by jurisdiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perjury&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Perjury law by jurisdiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perjury&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perjury is punishable by imprisonment in various states and territories of Australia. In several jurisdictions, longer prison sentences are possible if perjury was committed with the intent of convicting or acquitting a person charged with a serious offence. </p> <ul><li>Australian Capital Territory: Perjury is punishable by a fine of up to AU$112,000 or 7 years imprisonment or both.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If perjury was committed with the intent of convicting or acquitting someone of an offence which carries a prison sentence, the maximum penalty is AU$224,000 or 14 years imprisonment or both.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>New South Wales: Under Section 327 of the <a href="/wiki/Crimes_Act_1900" title="Crimes Act 1900">Crimes Act 1900</a>, perjury is punishable by imprisonment of up to 10 years.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Section 328, if a person commits perjury with the aim of convicting or acquitting a person charged with an offence that carries a prison sentence of 5 years or more, perjury is punishable by imprisonment of up to 14 years.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>Northern Territory: Perjury is punishable by imprisonment of up to 14 years. If perjury was committed to convict someone of an offence that carries life imprisonment, the perjurer can be imprisoned for life.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>Queensland: Perjury is punishable by imprisonment of up to 14 years. If perjury was committed to convict someone of an offence that carries life imprisonment, the perjurer can be imprisoned for life.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>South Australia: Perjury and <a href="/wiki/Subornation_of_perjury" title="Subornation of perjury">subornation of perjury</a> is punishable by imprisonment of up to 7 years.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>Tasmania: Perjury is a crime in Tasmania.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>Victoria: Perjury and <a href="/wiki/Subornation_of_perjury" title="Subornation of perjury">subornation of perjury</a> is punishable by imprisonment of up to 15 years.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>Western Australia: Under Section 125 of the Criminal Code Act Compilation Act 1913, perjury is punishable by imprisonment of up to 14 years. If perjury was committed to convict someone of an offence that carries life imprisonment, the perjurer can be imprisoned for life.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perjury&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The offence of perjury is codified by section 132 of the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Code_(Canada)" title="Criminal Code (Canada)">Criminal Code</a>. It is defined by section 131, which provides: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>(1) Subject to subsection (3), every one commits perjury who, with intent to mislead, makes before a person who is authorized by law to permit it to be made before him a false statement under oath or solemn affirmation, by affidavit, solemn declaration or deposition or orally, knowing that the statement is false.<br /> </p><p>(1.1) Subject to subsection (3), every person who gives evidence under subsection 46(2) of the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Evidence_Act" title="Canada Evidence Act">Canada Evidence Act</a>, or gives evidence or a statement pursuant to an order made under section 22.2 of the <a href="/wiki/Mutual_Legal_Assistance_in_Criminal_Matters_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Act">Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Act</a>, commits perjury who, with intent to mislead, makes a false statement knowing that it is false, whether or not the false statement was made under oath or solemn affirmation in accordance with subsection (1), so long as the false statement was made in accordance with any formalities required by the law of the place outside Canada in which the person is virtually present or heard.<br /> (2) Subsection (1) applies, whether or not a statement referred to in that subsection is made in a judicial proceeding.<br /> </p><p> (3) Subsections (1) and (1.1) do not apply to a statement referred to in either of those subsections that is made by a person who is not specially permitted, authorized or required by law to make that statement.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>As to corroboration, see section 133. </p><p>Everyone who commits perjury is guilty of an <a href="/wiki/Indictable_offence" title="Indictable offence">indictable offence</a> and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union">European Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perjury&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: European Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A person who, before the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union" title="Court of Justice of the European Union">Court of Justice of the European Union</a>, swears anything which he knows to be false or does not believe to be true is, whatever his nationality, guilty of perjury.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proceedings for this offence may be taken in any place in the State and the offence may for all incidental purposes be treated as having been committed in that place.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perjury&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"The offence of perjury finds its place in law by virtue of Section 191 to Section 203 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 ('IPC'). Unlike many other countries, the offence of perjury is muted on account of Section 195 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 ("Cr.P.C"). Section 195(1)(b)(i) of the Cr.P.C. restricts any court to take cognisance of an offence of perjury unless the same is by way of a complaint in writing by the court before which the offence is committed or by a superior court."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perjury&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Punishment for perjury is defined under Section 109 of the <a href="/wiki/Crimes_Act_1961" title="Crimes Act 1961">Crimes Act 1961</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A person who commits perjury may be imprisoned for up to 7 years. If a person commits perjury to procure the conviction of someone charged with an offence that carries a maximum sentence of not less than 3 years' imprisonment, the perjurer may be imprisoned for up to 14 years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nigeria">Nigeria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perjury&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nigeria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Perjury_in_Nigeria" title="Perjury in Nigeria">Perjury in Nigeria</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perjury&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="England_and_Wales">England and Wales</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perjury&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: England and Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perjury is a statutory offence in <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>. It is created by section 1(1) of the <a href="/wiki/Perjury_Act_1911" title="Perjury Act 1911">Perjury Act 1911</a>. Section 1 of that Act reads: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>(1) If any person lawfully sworn as a witness or as an interpreter in a judicial proceeding wilfully makes a statement material in that proceeding, which he knows to be false or does not believe to be true, he shall be guilty of perjury, and shall, on conviction thereof on indictment, be liable to <a href="/wiki/Penal_servitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Penal servitude">penal servitude</a> for a term not exceeding seven years, or to imprisonment ... for a term not exceeding two years, or to a fine or to both such penal servitude or imprisonment and fine. </p><p>(2) The expression "judicial proceeding" includes a proceeding before any court, tribunal, or person having by law power to hear, receive, and examine evidence on oath. </p><p>(3) Where a statement made for the purposes of a judicial proceeding is not made before the tribunal itself, but is made on oath before a person authorised by law to administer an oath to the person who makes the statement, and to record or authenticate the statement, it shall, for the purposes of this section, be treated as having been made in a judicial proceeding. </p><p>(4) A statement made by a person lawfully sworn in England for the purposes of a judicial proceeding— </p> <dl><dd>(a) in another part of His Majesty’s dominions; or</dd> <dd>(b) in a British tribunal lawfully constituted in any place by sea or land outside His Majesty’s dominions; or</dd> <dd>(c) in a tribunal of any foreign state,</dd></dl> <p>shall, for the purposes of this section, be treated as a statement made in a judicial proceeding in England. </p><p>(5) Where, for the purposes of a judicial proceeding in England, a person is lawfully sworn under the authority of an Act of Parliament— </p> <dl><dd>(a) in any other part of His Majesty’s dominions; or</dd> <dd>(b) before a British tribunal or a British officer in a foreign country, or within the jurisdiction of the Admiralty of England;</dd></dl> <p>a statement made by such person so sworn as aforesaid (unless the Act of Parliament under which it was made otherwise specifically provides) shall be treated for the purposes of this section as having been made in the judicial proceeding in England for the purposes whereof it was made. </p><p> (6) The question whether a statement on which perjury is assigned was material is a question of law to be determined by the court of trial.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The words omitted from section 1(1) were repealed by section 1(2) of the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Justice_Act_1948" title="Criminal Justice Act 1948">Criminal Justice Act 1948</a>. </p><p>A person guilty of an offence under section 11(1) of the <a href="/wiki/European_Communities_Act_1972_(UK)" title="European Communities Act 1972 (UK)">European Communities Act 1972</a> (i.e. perjury before the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union" title="Court of Justice of the European Union">Court of Justice of the European Union</a>) may be proceeded against and punished in England and Wales as for an offence under section 1(1).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Section 1(4) has effect in relation to proceedings in the Court of Justice of the European Union as it has effect in relation to a judicial proceeding in a tribunal of a foreign state.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Section 1(4) applies in relation to proceedings before a relevant convention court under the <a href="/wiki/European_Patent_Convention" title="European Patent Convention">European Patent Convention</a> as it applies to a judicial proceeding in a tribunal of a foreign state.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A statement made on oath by a witness outside the United Kingdom and given in evidence through a live television link by virtue of section 32 of the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Justice_Act_1988" title="Criminal Justice Act 1988">Criminal Justice Act 1988</a> must be treated for the purposes of section 1 as having been made in the proceedings in which it is given in evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Section 1 applies in relation to a person acting as an intermediary as it applies in relation to a person lawfully sworn as an interpreter in a judicial proceeding; and for this purpose, where a person acts as an intermediary in any proceeding which is not a judicial proceeding for the purposes of section 1, that proceeding must be taken to be part of the judicial proceeding in which the witness's evidence is given.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Where any statement made by a person on oath in any proceeding which is not a judicial proceeding for the purposes of section 1 is received in evidence in pursuance of a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_measures_direction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Special measures direction (page does not exist)">special measures direction</a>, that proceeding must be taken for the purposes of section 1 to be part of the judicial proceeding in which the statement is so received in evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Judicial_proceeding">Judicial proceeding</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perjury&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Judicial proceeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The definition in section 1(2) is not "comprehensive".<sup id="cite_ref-Archbold_Criminal_Pleading_1999_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archbold_Criminal_Pleading_1999-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The book <i><a href="/wiki/Archbold_Criminal_Pleading,_Evidence_and_Practice" title="Archbold Criminal Pleading, Evidence and Practice">Archbold</a></i> says that it appears to be immaterial whether the court before which the statement is made has jurisdiction in the particular cause in which the statement is made, because there is no express requirement in the Act that the court be one of "competent jurisdiction" and because the definition in section 1(2) does not appear to require this by implication either.<sup id="cite_ref-Archbold_Criminal_Pleading_1999_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archbold_Criminal_Pleading_1999-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Actus_reus"><i>Actus reus</i></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perjury&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Actus reus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Actus_reus" title="Actus reus">actus reus</a></i> of perjury might be considered to be the making of a statement, whether true or false, on oath in a judicial proceeding, where the person knows the statement to be false or believes it to be false.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perjury is a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conduct_crime&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conduct crime (page does not exist)">conduct crime</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Mode_of_trial">Mode of trial</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perjury&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mode of trial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perjury is <a href="/wiki/Triable_only_on_indictment" class="mw-redirect" title="Triable only on indictment">triable only on indictment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Sentence">Sentence</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perjury&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sentence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A person convicted of perjury is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding seven years, or to a fine, or to both.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following cases are relevant: </p> <ul><li><i>R v Hall</i> (1982) 4 <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Appeal_Reports_(Sentencing)" title="Criminal Appeal Reports (Sentencing)">Cr App R (S)</a> 153</li> <li><i>R v Knight</i>, 6 Cr App R (S) 31, [1984] <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Law_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal Law Review">Crim LR</a> 304, CA</li> <li><i>R v Healey</i> (1990) 12 Cr App R (S) 297</li> <li><i>R v Dunlop</i> [2001] 2 Cr App R (S) 27</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Crim/2002/1996.html">R v Archer</a></i> [2002] EWCA Crim 1996, [2003] 1 Cr App R (S) 86</li> <li><i>R v Adams</i> [2004] 2 Cr App R (S) 15</li> <li><i>R v Cunningham</i> [2007] 2 Cr App R (S) 61</li></ul> <p>See also the Crown Prosecution Service sentencing manual.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="History">History</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perjury&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Anglo-Saxon legal procedure, the offence of perjury could only be committed by both jurors and by <a href="/wiki/Compurgator" class="mw-redirect" title="Compurgator">compurgators</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Turner421_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner421-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With time witnesses began to appear in court they were not so treated despite the fact that their functions were akin to that of modern witnesses. This was due to the fact that their role were not yet differentiated from those of the juror and so evidence or perjury by witnesses was not made a crime. Even in the 14th century, when witnesses started appearing before the jury to testify, perjury by them was not made a punishable offence. The maxim then was that every witness's evidence on oath was true.<sup id="cite_ref-Turner421_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner421-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perjury by witnesses began to be punished before the end of the 15th century by the <a href="/wiki/Star_Chamber" title="Star Chamber">Star Chamber</a>. </p><p>The immunity enjoyed by witnesses began also to be whittled down or interfered with by the Parliament in England in 1540 with subornation of perjury<sup id="cite_ref-Turner421_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner421-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, in 1562, with perjury proper. The punishment for the offence then was in the nature of monetary penalty, recoverable in a civil action and not by penal sanction. In 1613, the Star Chamber declared perjury by a witness to be a punishable offence at common law. </p><p>Prior to the 1911 Act, perjury was governed by section 3 of the <a href="/wiki/Maintenance_and_Embracery_Act_1540" title="Maintenance and Embracery Act 1540">Maintenance and Embracery Act 1540</a> 5 Eliz 1 c. 9 (<span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><span lang="enm" style="font-style: normal;">An Act for the Punyshement of suche persones as shall procure or comit any wyllful Perjurye</span></span>; repealed 1967) and the <a href="/wiki/Perjury_Act_1728" title="Perjury Act 1728">Perjury Act 1728</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Materiality">Materiality</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perjury&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Materiality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The requirement that the statement be material can be traced back to<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has been credited to<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Coke" title="Edward Coke">Edward Coke</a>, who said: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For if it be not material, then though it be false, yet it is no perjury, because it concerneth not the point in suit, and therefore in effect it is extra-judicial. Also this act giveth remedy to the party grieved, and if the deposition be not material, he cannot be grieved thereby.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northern_Ireland">Northern Ireland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perjury&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Northern Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perjury is a statutory offence in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>. It is created by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/nisi/1979/1714/article/3">article 3(1)</a> of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perjury_(Northern_Ireland)_Order_1979&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perjury (Northern Ireland) Order 1979 (page does not exist)">Perjury (Northern Ireland) Order 1979</a> (S.I. 1979/1714 (N.I. 19)). This replaces the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perjury_Act_(Northern_Ireland)_1946&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perjury Act (Northern Ireland) 1946 (page does not exist)">Perjury Act (Northern Ireland) 1946</a> (c. 13) (N.I.). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perjury&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_States_free_speech_exceptions" title="United States free speech exceptions">United States free speech exceptions</a></div> <p>Perjury operates in American law as an inherited principle of the <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> of England, which defined the act as the "willful and corrupt giving, upon a lawful oath, or in any form allowed by law to be substituted for an oath, in a judicial proceeding or course of justice, of a false testimony material to the issue or matter of inquiry".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_Blackstone" title="William Blackstone">William Blackstone</a> touched on the subject in his <i><a href="/wiki/Commentaries_on_the_Laws_of_England" title="Commentaries on the Laws of England">Commentaries on the Laws of England</a></i>, establishing perjury as "a crime committed when a lawful oath is administered, in some judicial proceeding, to a person who swears willfully, absolutely, and falsely, in a matter material to the issue or point in question".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The punishment for perjury under the common law has varied from death to banishment and has included such grotesque penalties as severing the tongue of the perjurer.<sup id="cite_ref-Doyle_2010_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doyle_2010-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The definitional structure of perjury provides an important framework for legal proceedings, as the component parts of this definition have permeated jurisdictional lines, finding a home in American legal constructs. As such, the main tenets of perjury, including <a href="/wiki/Mens_rea" title="Mens rea">mens rea</a>, a lawful oath, occurring during a judicial proceeding, a false testimony have remained necessary pieces of perjury's definition in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Statutory_definitions">Statutory definitions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perjury&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Statutory definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perjury's current position in the American legal system takes the form of state and federal statutes. Most notably, the United States Code prohibits perjury, which is defined in two senses for federal purposes as someone who: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>(1) Having taken an oath before a competent tribunal, officer, or person, in any case in which a law of the United States authorizes an oath to be administered, that he will testify, declare, depose, or certify truly, or that any written testimony, declaration, deposition, or certificate by him subscribed, is true, willfully and contrary to such oath states or subscribes any material matter which he does not believe to be true; or (2) in any declaration, certificate, verification, or statement under penalty of perjury as permitted under section 1746 of title 28, United States Code, willfully subscribes as true any material matter which he does not believe to be true<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The above statute provides for a fine and/or up to five years in prison as punishment. Within federal jurisdiction, statements made in two broad categories of judicial proceedings may qualify as perjurious: 1) Federal official proceedings, and 2) Federal Court or Grand Jury proceedings. A third type of perjury entails the procurement of perjurious statements from another person.<sup id="cite_ref-Doyle_2010_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doyle_2010-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More generally, the statement must occur in the "course of justice," but this definition leaves room open for interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark_1894_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark_1894-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One particularly precarious aspect of the phrasing is that it entails knowledge of the accused person's perception of the truthful nature of events and not necessarily the actual truth of those events. It is important to note the distinction here, between giving a false statement under oath and merely misstating a fact accidentally, but the distinction can be especially difficult to discern in court of law.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Precedents">Precedents</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perjury&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Precedents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The development of perjury law in the United States centers on <i>United States v. Dunnigan</i>, a seminal case that set out the parameters of perjury within United States law. The court uses the Dunnigan-based legal standard to determine if an accused person: "testifying under oath or affirmation violates this section if she gives false testimony concerning a material matter with the willful intent to provide false testimony, rather than as a result of confusion, mistake, or faulty memory."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a defendant shown to be <a href="/wiki/Willful_ignorance" title="Willful ignorance">willfully ignorant</a> may in fact be eligible for perjury prosecution.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Dunnigan</i> distinction manifests its importance with regard to the relation between two component parts of perjury's definition: in willfully giving a false statement, a person must understand that she is giving a false statement to be considered a perjurer under the <i>Dunnigan</i> framework. Deliberation on the part of the defendant is required for a statement to constitute perjury.<sup id="cite_ref-cLARK_1894_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cLARK_1894-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jurisprudential developments in the American law of perjury have revolved around the facilitation of "perjury prosecutions and thereby enhance the reliability of testimony before federal courts and grand juries".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With that goal in mind, Congress has sometimes expanded the grounds on which an individual may be prosecuted for perjury, with section 1623 of the United States Code recognizing the utterance of two mutually incompatible statements as grounds for perjury indictment even if neither can unequivocally be proven false.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the two statements must be so mutually incompatible that at least one must necessarily be false; it is irrelevant whether the false statement can be specifically identified from among the two.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It thus falls on the government to show that a defendant (a) knowingly made a (b) false (c) material statement (d) under oath (e) in a legal proceeding.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proceedings can be ancillary to normal court proceedings, and thus, even such menial interactions as bail hearings can qualify as protected proceedings under this statute.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wilfulness is an element of the offense. The mere existence of two mutually-exclusive factual statements is not sufficient to prove perjury; the prosecutor nonetheless has the duty to plead and prove that the statement was willfully made. Mere contradiction will not sustain the charge; there must be strong corroborative evidence of the contradiction.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One significant legal distinction lies in the specific realm of knowledge necessarily possessed by a defendant for her statements to be properly called perjury. Though the defendant must knowingly render a false statement in a legal proceeding or under federal jurisdiction, the defendant need not know that they are speaking under such conditions for the statement to constitute perjury.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All tenets of perjury qualification persist: the "knowingly" aspect of telling the false statement simply does not apply to the defendant's knowledge about the person whose deception is intended. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Materiality_2">Materiality</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perjury&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Materiality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The evolution of United States perjury law has experienced the most debate with regards to the materiality requirement. Fundamentally, statements that are literally true cannot provide the basis for a perjury charge<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (as they do not meet the falsehood requirement) just as answers to truly ambiguous statements cannot constitute perjury.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, such fundamental truths of perjury law become muddled when discerning the materiality of a given statement and the way in which it was material to the given case. In <i>United States v. Brown</i>, the court defined material statements as those with "a natural tendency to influence, or is capable of influencing, the decision of the decision-making body to be addressed," such as a jury or grand jury.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While courts have specifically made clear certain instances that have succeeded or failed to meet the nebulous threshold for materiality, the topic remains unresolved in large part, except in certain legal areas where intent manifests itself in an abundantly clear fashion, such as with the so-called <a href="/wiki/Perjury_trap" title="Perjury trap">perjury trap</a>, a specific situation in which a prosecutor calls a person to testify before a grand jury with the intent of drawing a perjurious statement from the person being questioned.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Defense_of_recantation">Defense of recantation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perjury&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Defense of recantation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite a tendency of US perjury law toward broad prosecutory power under perjury statutes, American perjury law has afforded potential defendants a new form of defense not found in the British Common Law. This defense requires that an individual admit to making a perjurious statement during that same proceeding and recanting the statement.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though this defensive loophole slightly narrows the types of cases which may be prosecuted for perjury, the effect of this statutory defense is to promote a truthful retelling of facts by witnesses, thus helping to ensure the reliability of American court proceedings just as broadened perjury statutes aimed to do. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Subornation_of_perjury">Subornation of perjury</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perjury&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Subornation of perjury"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Subornation of perjury stands as a subset of US perjury laws and prohibits an individual from inducing another to commit perjury.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subornation of perjury entails equivalent possible punishments as perjury on the federal level. The crime requires an extra level of satisfactory proof, as prosecutors must show not only that perjury occurred but also that the defendant positively induced said perjury. Furthermore, the inducing defendant must know that the suborned statement is a false, perjurious statement.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_convicted_perjurers">Notable convicted perjurers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perjury&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notable convicted perjurers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Aitken" title="Jonathan Aitken">Jonathan Aitken</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">politician</a>, was sentenced to 18 months' imprisonment in 1999 for perjury.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Archer" title="Jeffrey Archer">Jeffrey Archer</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Novelist" title="Novelist">novelist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">politician</a>, was sentenced to 4 years' imprisonment for perjury in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Kilpatrick" title="Kwame Kilpatrick">Kwame Kilpatrick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detroit,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit, Michigan">Detroit</a> <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">mayor</a> was convicted of perjury in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-plea_bargain_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plea_bargain-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Jones" title="Marion Jones">Marion Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> <a href="/wiki/Track_and_field" title="Track and field">track and field</a> athlete, was sentenced to 6 months' imprisonment after being found guilty of two counts of perjury in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fuhrman" title="Mark Fuhrman">Mark Fuhrman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Police_Department" title="Los Angeles Police Department">Los Angeles Police Department</a> <a href="/wiki/Detective" title="Detective">detective</a>, entered a <a href="/wiki/Nolo_contendere" title="Nolo contendere">no contest</a> <a href="/wiki/Plea" title="Plea">plea</a> to a perjury charge relating to his testimony in the <a href="/wiki/O._J._Simpson_murder_case" class="mw-redirect" title="O. J. Simpson murder case">murder trial of O. J. Simpson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was one of the seminal occurrences of perjury by a police officer.<sup id="cite_ref-Slobogin_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slobogin-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alger_Hiss" title="Alger Hiss">Alger Hiss</a>, American government official who was accused of being a Soviet spy in 1948 and convicted of perjury in connection with this charge in 1950.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lil%27_Kim" title="Lil' Kim">Lil' Kim</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> <a href="/wiki/Rapper" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapper">rapper</a> was convicted of perjury in 2005 after lying to a grand jury in 2003 about a February 2001 shooting. She was sentenced to one year and one day of imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Libby" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Libby">Lewis "Scooter" Libby</a>, was convicted in 2007 of two counts of perjury in connection with the <a href="/wiki/Plame_affair" title="Plame affair">Plame affair</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Madoff" title="Bernie Madoff">Bernie Madoff</a>, the former chairman of the <a href="/wiki/NASDAQ" class="mw-redirect" title="NASDAQ">NASDAQ</a> <a href="/wiki/Stock_exchange" title="Stock exchange">stock exchange</a>, in 2009 was found guilty of perjury in relation to <a href="/wiki/Madoff_investment_scandal" title="Madoff investment scandal">investment fraud</a> arising from his operating a <a href="/wiki/Ponzi_scheme" title="Ponzi scheme">Ponzi scheme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NPR1217_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR1217-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michele_Sindona" title="Michele Sindona">Michele Sindona</a>, convicted of perjury related to a bogus <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">kidnapping</a> in August 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Sheridan" title="Tommy Sheridan">Tommy Sheridan</a>, Scottish politician, found guilty of lying on affirmation in a <a href="/wiki/HM_Advocate_v_Sheridan_and_Sheridan" title="HM Advocate v Sheridan and Sheridan">trial in 2010</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Waller_(perjurer)" title="John Waller (perjurer)">John Waller</a>, British highwayman, known for his death while being <a href="/wiki/Pillory" title="Pillory">pilloried</a> for perjury in 1732</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Allegations_of_perjury">Allegations of perjury</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perjury&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Allegations of perjury"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ron_Wyden_and_James_Clapper_-_12_March_2013.webm/220px--Ron_Wyden_and_James_Clapper_-_12_March_2013.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="58" data-mwtitle="Ron_Wyden_and_James_Clapper_-_12_March_2013.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Ron_Wyden_and_James_Clapper_-_12_March_2013.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/Ron_Wyden_and_James_Clapper_-_12_March_2013.webm/Ron_Wyden_and_James_Clapper_-_12_March_2013.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Ron_Wyden_and_James_Clapper_-_12_March_2013.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/Ron_Wyden_and_James_Clapper_-_12_March_2013.webm/Ron_Wyden_and_James_Clapper_-_12_March_2013.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/Ron_Wyden_and_James_Clapper_-_12_March_2013.webm/Ron_Wyden_and_James_Clapper_-_12_March_2013.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/Ron_Wyden_and_James_Clapper_-_12_March_2013.webm/Ron_Wyden_and_James_Clapper_-_12_March_2013.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/Ron_Wyden_and_James_Clapper_-_12_March_2013.webm/Ron_Wyden_and_James_Clapper_-_12_March_2013.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/Ron_Wyden_and_James_Clapper_-_12_March_2013.webm/Ron_Wyden_and_James_Clapper_-_12_March_2013.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Excerpt of <a href="/wiki/James_R._Clapper" class="mw-redirect" title="James R. Clapper">James Clapper</a>'s testimony to Congress on <a href="/wiki/Global_surveillance_disclosures_(2013%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)">NSA surveillance programs</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Notable people who have been accused of perjury include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Bonds" title="Barry Bonds">Barry Bonds</a> was indicted by a federal grand jury for allegedly perjuring himself in testimony denying the use of performance-enhancing drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The perjury charges were later dropped after a deadlock by the trial jury.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Former <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. President</a> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> was accused of perjury in the <a href="/wiki/Clinton-Lewinsky_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinton-Lewinsky scandal">Clinton-Lewinsky scandal</a> and as a result <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Impeachment of Bill Clinton">was impeached by the House of Representatives</a> on 19 December 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No criminal charges were ever brought and upon leaving office he accepted immunity.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Coulson" title="Andy Coulson">Andy Coulson</a>, British journalist and political aide, was cleared of perjury charges in the <a href="/wiki/News_International_phone_hacking_scandal" title="News International phone hacking scandal">News International phone hacking scandal</a>, because his questioned testimony was ruled immaterial.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hayden_(general)" title="Michael Hayden (general)">Michael Hayden</a>, the former director of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA), has been accused of lying to Congress during his 2007 testimony about the CIA's <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_interrogation_techniques" title="Enhanced interrogation techniques">enhanced interrogation techniques</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_B._Alexander" title="Keith B. Alexander">Keith B. Alexander</a>, the former director of the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> (NSA), had told Congress in 2012 that "we don't hold data on US citizens".<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Clapper" class="mw-redirect" title="James R. Clapper">James R. Clapper</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a>, was accused of perjury for telling a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" title="United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence">congressional committee</a> in March 2013, that the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> does not collect any type of data at all on millions of Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perjury&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brady_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Brady material">Brady material</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_confession" title="False confession">False confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_confession" title="Forced confession">Forced confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horkos" title="Horkos">Horkos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lies_(evidence)" title="Lies (evidence)">Lies (evidence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Making_false_statements" title="Making false statements">Making false statements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstruction_of_justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstruction of justice">Obstruction of justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performativity" title="Performativity">Performativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitchess_motion" title="Pitchess motion">Pitchess motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutory_declaration" title="Statutory declaration">Statutory declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testilying" class="mw-redirect" title="Testilying">Testilying</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perjury&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<b>Perjury</b> The act or an instance of a person’s deliberately making material false or misleading statements while under oath. – Also termed false swearing; false oath; (archaically forswearing." <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGarner1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bryan_A._Garner" title="Bryan A. Garner">Garner, Bryan A.</a> (1999). <a href="/wiki/Black%27s_Law_Dictionary" title="Black's Law Dictionary"><i>Black's Law Dictionary</i></a> (7th ed.). St. Paul MN: <a href="/wiki/West_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="West Group">West Group</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackslawdiction00garn_900/page/n1192">1160</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black%27s+Law+Dictionary&rft.place=St.+Paul+MN&rft.pages=1160&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=West+Group&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Garner&rft.aufirst=Bryan+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerjury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perjury&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Criminal Code, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-46/page-74.html#s-132.">s 132, as amended by RSC 1985, c 27 (1st Supp), s 17 and SC 1998, c 35, s 119.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Perjury_Act_1911" title="Perjury Act 1911">Perjury Act 1911</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo5/1-2/6/section/1">section 1(1)</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Justice_Act_1948" title="Criminal Justice Act 1948">Criminal Justice Act 1948</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo6/11-12/58/section/1">sections 1(1) and (2)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <a href="/wiki/Title_18_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 18 of the United States Code">18 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1621">§ 1621</a>; <a href="/wiki/Title_28_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 28 of the United States Code">28 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/1746">§ 1746</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170922002321/http://www.criminal-law-lawyer-source.com/terms/perjury.html">"Perjury"</a>. Criminal Law Lawyer Source. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.criminal-law-lawyer-source.com/terms/perjury.html">the original</a> on 22 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Perjury&rft.pub=Criminal+Law+Lawyer+Source&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.criminal-law-lawyer-source.com%2Fterms%2Fperjury.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerjury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/legis/act/consol_act/cc200294/s703.html">"Criminal Code 2002 - Sect 703 Perjury"</a>. <i>Australasian Legal Information Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australasian+Legal+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=Criminal+Code+2002+-+Sect+703+Perjury&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.austlii.edu.au%2Fcgi-bin%2Fviewdoc%2Fau%2Flegis%2Fact%2Fconsol_act%2Fcc200294%2Fs703.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerjury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/legis/act/consol_act/la2001133/s133.html">"Legislation Act 2001 - Sect 133 Penalty units"</a>. <i>Australasian Legal Information Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australasian+Legal+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=Legislation+Act+2001+-+Sect+133+Penalty+units&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.austlii.edu.au%2Fcgi-bin%2Fviewdoc%2Fau%2Flegis%2Fact%2Fconsol_act%2Fla2001133%2Fs133.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerjury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/legis/act/consol_act/cc200294/s702.html">"Criminal Code 2002 - Sect 702 Aggravated perjury"</a>. <i>Australasian Legal Information Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australasian+Legal+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=Criminal+Code+2002+-+Sect+702+Aggravated+perjury&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.austlii.edu.au%2Fcgi-bin%2Fviewdoc%2Fau%2Flegis%2Fact%2Fconsol_act%2Fcc200294%2Fs702.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerjury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/ca190082/s327.html">"Crimes Act 1900 - Sect 327 Offence of perjury"</a>. <i>Australasian Legal Information Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australasian+Legal+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=Crimes+Act+1900+-+Sect+327+Offence+of+perjury&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.austlii.edu.au%2Fcgi-bin%2Fviewdoc%2Fau%2Flegis%2Fnsw%2Fconsol_act%2Fca190082%2Fs327.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerjury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/ca190082/s328.html">"Crimes Act 1900 - Sect 328 Perjury with intent to procure conviction or acquittal"</a>. <i>Australasian Legal Information Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australasian+Legal+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=Crimes+Act+1900+-+Sect+328+Perjury+with+intent+to+procure+conviction+or+acquittal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.austlii.edu.au%2Fcgi-bin%2Fviewdoc%2Fau%2Flegis%2Fnsw%2Fconsol_act%2Fca190082%2Fs328.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerjury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/legis/nt/consol_act/cca1983115/sch1.html">"Criminal Code Act 1983 - Schedule 1"</a>. <i>Australasian Legal Information Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australasian+Legal+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=Criminal+Code+Act+1983+-+Schedule+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.austlii.edu.au%2Fcgi-bin%2Fviewdoc%2Fau%2Flegis%2Fnt%2Fconsol_act%2Fcca1983115%2Fsch1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerjury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/legis/qld/consol_act/cc189994/s124.html">"Criminal Code 1899 - Sect 124 Punishment of perjury"</a>. <i>Australasian Legal Information Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australasian+Legal+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=Criminal+Code+1899+-+Sect+124+Punishment+of+perjury&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.austlii.edu.au%2Fcgi-bin%2Fviewdoc%2Fau%2Flegis%2Fqld%2Fconsol_act%2Fcc189994%2Fs124.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerjury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/legis/sa/consol_act/clca1935262/s242.html">"Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935 - Sect 242"</a>. <i>Australasian Legal Information Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australasian+Legal+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=Criminal+Law+Consolidation+Act+1935+-+Sect+242&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.austlii.edu.au%2Fcgi-bin%2Fviewdoc%2Fau%2Flegis%2Fsa%2Fconsol_act%2Fclca1935262%2Fs242.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerjury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/legis/tas/consol_act/cc192494/s94.html">"Criminal Code 1924 - Sect 94 Perjury"</a>. <i>Australasian Legal Information Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australasian+Legal+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=Criminal+Code+1924+-+Sect+94+Perjury&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.austlii.edu.au%2Fcgi-bin%2Fviewdoc%2Fau%2Flegis%2Ftas%2Fconsol_act%2Fcc192494%2Fs94.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerjury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/legis/vic/consol_act/ca195882/s314.html">"Crimes Act 1958 - Sect 314 Perjury"</a>. <i>Australasian Legal Information Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australasian+Legal+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=Crimes+Act+1958+-+Sect+314+Perjury&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.austlii.edu.au%2Fcgi-bin%2Fviewdoc%2Fau%2Flegis%2Fvic%2Fconsol_act%2Fca195882%2Fs314.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerjury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/legis/wa/consol_act/ccaca1913252/notes.html">"Criminal Code Act Compilation Act 1913 - Notes"</a>. <i>Australasian Legal Information Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australasian+Legal+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=Criminal+Code+Act+Compilation+Act+1913+-+Notes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.austlii.edu.au%2Fcgi-bin%2Fviewdoc%2Fau%2Flegis%2Fwa%2Fconsol_act%2Fccaca1913252%2Fnotes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerjury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Code_(Canada)" title="Criminal Code (Canada)">Criminal Code</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-46/page-74.html#docCont">RSC 1985, c C-46, s 131</a>, as amended by RSC 1985, c 27 (1st Supp.), s 17, and SC 1999, c 18, s. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Communities_(Perjury)_Act_1975&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Court of Justice of the European Communities (Perjury) Act 1975 (page does not exist)">Court of Justice of the European Communities (Perjury) Act 1975</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1975/en/act/pub/0012/sec0001.html">section 1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Communities_(Perjury)_Act_1975&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Court of Justice of the European Communities (Perjury) Act 1975 (page does not exist)">Court of Justice of the European Communities (Perjury) Act 1975</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1975/en/act/pub/0012/sec0002.html">section 2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lawyersclubindia.com/articles/perjury-important-case-laws-showing-how-seriously-it-is-taken-in-india--11013.asp">"Case law showing how seriously perjury is taken in India"</a>. 18 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Case+law+showing+how+seriously+perjury+is+taken+in+India.&rft.date=2020-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lawyersclubindia.com%2Farticles%2Fperjury-important-case-laws-showing-how-seriously-it-is-taken-in-india--11013.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerjury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzlii.org/nz/legis/consol_act/ca196182/ca196182.html">"Crimes Act 1961"</a>. <i>New Zealand Legal Information Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Legal+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=Crimes+Act+1961&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzlii.org%2Fnz%2Flegis%2Fconsol_act%2Fca196182%2Fca196182.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerjury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo5/1-2/6/section/1">"Perjury Act 1911"</a>. <i>legislation.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Perjury+Act+1911&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2FGeo5%2F1-2%2F6%2Fsection%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerjury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/European_Communities_Act_1972_(UK)" title="European Communities Act 1972 (UK)">European Communities Act 1972</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1972/68/section/11">section 11(1)(a)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_(European_Court)_Order_1976&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evidence (European Court) Order 1976 (page does not exist)">Evidence (European Court) Order 1976</a> (S.I. 1976/428), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1976/428/article/3/made">article 3</a>, as read with <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1976/428/article/2/made">article 2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patents_Act_1977&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patents Act 1977 (page does not exist)">Patents Act 1977</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1977/37/section/92">section 92(5)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Justice_Act_1988" title="Criminal Justice Act 1988">Criminal Justice Act 1988</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/33/section/32">section 32(3)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Youth_Justice_and_Criminal_Evidence_Act_1999&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 (page does not exist)">Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1999/23/section/29">section 29(7)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Youth_Justice_and_Criminal_Evidence_Act_1999&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 (page does not exist)">Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1999/23/section/31">section 31(6)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Archbold_Criminal_Pleading_1999-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Archbold_Criminal_Pleading_1999_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Archbold_Criminal_Pleading_1999_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Archbold_Criminal_Pleading,_Evidence_and_Practice" title="Archbold Criminal Pleading, Evidence and Practice">Archbold Criminal Pleading, Evidence and Practice</a>. 1999. Paragraph 28-159 at page 2303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ormerod, David. <i>Smith and Hogan's Criminal Law</i>. Thirteenth Edition. Oxford University Press. 2011. Section 4.1.4 at page 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, J. C. and Hogan, Brian. <i>Criminal Law</i>. Second Edition. Sweet & Maxwell. 1965. p. 509 footnote 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ormerod, David. <i>Smith and Hogan's Criminal Law</i>. Thirteenth Edition. Oxford University Press. 2011. Section 4.1.5.2 at page 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Perjury_Act_1911" title="Perjury Act 1911">Perjury Act 1911</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo5/1-2/6/section/1">section 1(1)</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Magistrates%27_Courts_Act_1980" title="Magistrates' Courts Act 1980">Magistrates' Courts Act 1980</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1980/43/section/17">section 17(1)</a> and Schedule 1, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1980/43/schedule/1/paragraph/14">paragraph 14(a)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211026/http://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/s_to_u/sentencing_manual/perjury/">"Perjury"</a>. <i>cps.gov.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/s_to_u/sentencing_manual/perjury/">the original</a> on 23 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cps.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Perjury&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cps.gov.uk%2Flegal%2Fs_to_u%2Fsentencing_manual%2Fperjury%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerjury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turner421-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Turner421_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turner421_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turner421_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Turner, J. W. C. <i>Kenny Outlines on Criminal Law</i> (London: Cambridge University Press, 1964) (18th edition), p.421.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Archbold_Criminal_Pleading,_Evidence_and_Practice" title="Archbold Criminal Pleading, Evidence and Practice">Archbold Criminal Pleading, Evidence and Practice</a></i>. 1999. Paragraph 28-160 at page 2303. They cite 3 Inst 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, J. C, and Hogan, Brian. <i>Criminal Law</i>. Sweet & Maxwell. 1965. Second Edition. Page 506.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">3 <a href="/wiki/Institutes_of_the_Lawes_of_England" title="Institutes of the Lawes of England">Inst</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thirdpartinstit01cokegoog/page/n212">167</a>. This passage is quoted by Smith, J. C, and Hogan, Brian, <i>Criminal Law</i> (Sweet & Maxwell, 1965) (2nd Edition), p. 506.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1894" class="citation book cs1">Clark, William (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookcrimina00clargoog"><i>Hand-Book of Criminal Law</i></a>. West Publishing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hand-Book+of+Criminal+Law&rft.pub=West+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandbookcrimina00clargoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerjury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackstone1765" class="citation book cs1">Blackstone, William (1765). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lawsofenglandc04blacuoft"><i>Commentaries on the Law of England</i></a>. Oxford Printed at the Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commentaries+on+the+Law+of+England&rft.pub=Oxford+Printed+at+the+Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1765&rft.aulast=Blackstone&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flawsofenglandc04blacuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerjury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doyle_2010-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Doyle_2010_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doyle_2010_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle2010" class="citation journal cs1">Doyle, Charles (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc287926/">"Perjury Under Federal Law: A Brief Overview"</a>. <i>Congressional Research Service</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.atitle=Perjury+Under+Federal+Law%3A+A+Brief+Overview&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.unt.edu%2Fark%3A%2F67531%2Fmetadc287926%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerjury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivingston1828" class="citation book cs1">Livingston, Edward (1828). <i>A System of Penal Law for the United States of America</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+System+of+Penal+Law+for+the+United+States+of+America&rft.date=1828&rft.aulast=Livingston&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerjury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>United States Code, Title 18, Part 1, Section 1621</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+States+Code%2C+Title+18%2C+Part+1%2C+Section+1621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerjury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clark_1894-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clark_1894_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1894" class="citation book cs1">Clark, William (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookcrimina00clargoog"><i>Hand-Book of Criminal Law</i></a>. West Publishing Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hand-Book+of+Criminal+Law&rft.pub=West+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandbookcrimina00clargoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerjury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShuy2011" class="citation book cs1">Shuy, Roger (2011). <i>The Language of Perjury Cases</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Language+of+Perjury+Cases&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Shuy&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerjury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle2018" class="citation book cs1">Doyle, Charles (11 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080605215046/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/98-808.pdf"><i>False Statements and Perjury: An Overview of Federal Criminal Law</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/98-808.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=False+Statements+and+Perjury%3A+An+Overview+of+Federal+Criminal+Law&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2018-05-11&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Fmisc%2F98-808.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerjury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>United States v. Dunnigan 507 U.S. 87 (1993)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+States+v.+Dunnigan+507+U.S.+87+%281993%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerjury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>United States v. Fawley (1998)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+States+v.+Fawley+%281998%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerjury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cLARK_1894-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cLARK_1894_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFcLARK1894" class="citation book cs1">cLARK, William (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookcrimina00clargoog"><i>Hand-Book of Criminal Law</i></a>. West Publishing Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hand-Book+of+Criminal+Law&rft.pub=West+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=cLARK&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandbookcrimina00clargoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerjury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Dunn v. United States 480 U.S. 294 (1987)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dunn+v.+United+States+480+U.S.+294+%281987%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerjury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>United States Code, Title 18, Part 1, Section 1623 (c)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+States+Code%2C+Title+18%2C+Part+1%2C+Section+1623+%28c%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerjury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>United States v. McAfee 971 F.2d 755 (1992)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+States+v.+McAfee+971+F.2d+755+%281992%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerjury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>United States v. Gorman</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+States+v.+Gorman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerjury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>United States v. Greene 355 U.S. 184 (1957)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+States+v.+Greene+355+U.S.+184+%281957%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerjury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>People v Cash</i>, 388 Michigan Reports 153 (1972). See <i>People v McIntire</i>, 232 Mich App 71 (1998), <i>rev’d on other grounds</i> 461 Mich 147 (1999).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>United States v. Yermian 468 U.S. 63 (1984)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+States+v.+Yermian+468+U.S.+63+%281984%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerjury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i><span></span></i>Bronston v. 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Richardson<i>, 418 U.S. 166 (1974)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+States+v.+Richardson%2C+418+U.S.+166+%281974%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerjury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i><span></span></i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Brown" title="United States v. Brown">United States v. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Andy+Coulson+cleared+of+perjury+as+trial+collapses&rft.date=2015-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-scotland-32962263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerjury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/3628324/torture-congress-lying-hayden/">What Happens When You Lie To Congress?</a>" <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. 10 December 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2014-12-09/michael-hayden-the-nations-biggest-liar-or-unassailable-patriot">Michael Hayden: The Nation's Biggest Liar, or Unassailable Patriot?</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P." title="Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg</a></i>. 10 December 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guardian_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/sep/25/nsa-reform-fire-officials-lied">To reform the NSA, fire officials who lie</a>". <i>The Guardian</i>. 25 September 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/2013/06/11/put_the_nsa_on_trial/">Put the NSA on trial</a>". <i>Salon</i>. 11 June 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20180602004007/http://www.hasjamesclapperbeenindictedyet.com/">"Has James Clapper been indicted for perjury yet?"</a>. Archived from the original on 2 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Has+James+Clapper+been+indicted+for+perjury+yet%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hasjamesclapperbeenindictedyet.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerjury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/lawmakers-want-intel-chief-fired-lying">"Lawmakers to Obama: Fire your intelligence chief for lying"</a>. MSNBC. 27 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lawmakers+to+Obama%3A+Fire+your+intelligence+chief+for+lying&rft.date=2014-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.com%2Fmsnbc%2Flawmakers-want-intel-chief-fired-lying&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerjury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2016-11-17/lawmakers-resume-calls-for-james-clapper-perjury-charges">Lock Him Up? Lawmakers Renew Calls for James Clapper Perjury Charges</a>". <i>U.S. News.</i> 17 November 2016.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perjury&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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title="wiktionary:Special:Search/perjury">perjury</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Perjury" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Perjury">Perjury</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Perjury" class="extiw" title="commons:Perjury"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Perjury</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://works.bepress.com/bryan_druzin/6/">Bryan Druzin, and Jessica Li, The Criminalization of Lying: Under what Circumstances, if any, should Lies be made Criminal?, 101 JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL LAW AND CRIMINOLOGY (Northwestern University) (forthcoming 2011). </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_J._Chin" title="Gabriel J. Chin">Gabriel J. Chin</a> and Scott Wells, The "Blue Wall of Silence" as Evidence of Bias and Motive to Lie: A New Approach to Police Perjury, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904012027/http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1810012%2F">59 University of Pittsburgh Law Review 233 (1998).</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/98-808.pdf">Perjury Under Federal Law: A Brief Overview</a> <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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title="Torture">Torture</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Against <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">Arson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_trafficking" title="Arms trafficking">Arms trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackmail" title="Blackmail">Blackmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">Bribery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burglary" title="Burglary">Burglary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybercrime" title="Cybercrime">Cybercrime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embezzlement" title="Embezzlement">Embezzlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">Extortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_pretenses" title="False pretenses">False pretenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgery" title="Forgery">Forgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">Fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property violation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larceny" title="Larceny">Larceny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">Looting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payola" title="Payola">Payola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickpocketing" title="Pickpocketing">Pickpocketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possession_of_stolen_goods" title="Possession of stolen goods">Possessing stolen property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robbery" title="Robbery">Robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">Smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">Tax evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theft" title="Theft">Theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trespass_to_land" title="Trespass to land">Trespass to land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mischief" title="Mischief">Mischief</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Against the public</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begging" title="Begging">Begging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship violation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duel" title="Duel">Dueling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">Hostage-taking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insider_trading" title="Insider trading">Insider trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">Smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumptuary_law" title="Sumptuary law">Illegal consumption</a> (such as prohibition of <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition of drugs">drugs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">alcohol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Smoking_ban" title="Smoking ban">smoking</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Miscegenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">Political corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regicide" title="Regicide">Regicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usurper" title="Usurper">Usurpation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crimes</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Against the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" title="Lèse-majesté">Lèse-majesté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">Treason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">Sedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subversion" title="Subversion">Subversion</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Against <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Compounding_a_felony" title="Compounding a felony">Compounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malfeasance_in_office" title="Malfeasance in office">Malfeasance in office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscarriage_of_justice" title="Miscarriage of justice">Miscarriage of justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misprision_of_felony" title="Misprision of felony">Misprision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstruction_of_justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstruction of justice">Obstruction</a></li> <li>Perjury</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perverting_the_course_of_justice" title="Perverting the course of justice">Perverting the course of justice</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Against animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">Cruelty to animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">Poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_smuggling" title="Wildlife smuggling">Wildlife smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoophilia" title="Zoophilia">Bestiality</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_the_law" title="Sex and the law">Sexual offenses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">Adultery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigamy" title="Bigamy">Bigamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fornication#Across_history,_cultures,_and_laws" title="Fornication">Fornication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_incest" title="Legality of incest">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indecent_exposure" title="Indecent exposure">Indecent exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masturbation#Law" title="Masturbation">Masturbation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">Obscenity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty" title="Pederasty">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">Voyeurism</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inchoate_offense" title="Inchoate offense">Inchoate offenses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempt" title="Attempt">Attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_conspiracy" title="Criminal conspiracy">Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incitement" title="Incitement">Incitement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solicitation" title="Solicitation">Solicitation</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Crime" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Crime">WikiSource</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Crime" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Crime">Wikimedia Commons</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Crime" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Crime">Wikiquote</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Crime_and_law" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Category:Crime and law">Wikinews</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English_criminal_law593" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_criminal_law" title="Template:English criminal law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_criminal_law" title="Template talk:English criminal law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_criminal_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English criminal law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English_criminal_law593" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/English_criminal_law" title="English criminal law">English criminal law</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classes of crimes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indictable_offence" title="Indictable offence">Indictable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_offence" title="Hybrid offence">Either way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summary_offence" title="Summary offence">Summary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_offence" title="Regulatory offence">Regulatory (lowered mens rea)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">Statutory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_law_offence" title="Common law offence">Common law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements of crimes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Actus_reus" title="Actus reus">Actus reus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causation_(law)" title="Causation (law)">Causation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mens_rea" title="Mens rea">Mens rea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intention_(criminal_law)" title="Intention (criminal law)">Intention (criminal law)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intention_in_English_law" title="Intention in English law">Intention in English law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recklessness_(law)" title="Recklessness (law)">Recklessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_negligence" title="Criminal negligence">Criminal negligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_liability" title="Corporate liability">Corporate</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vicarious_liability_(criminal)" title="Vicarious liability (criminal)">Vicarious</a> / <a href="/wiki/Strict_liability_(criminal)" title="Strict liability (criminal)">Strict liability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omissions_in_English_criminal_law" title="Omissions in English criminal law">Omissions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Doctrines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_included_offense" title="Lesser included offense">Lesser included offences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrence" title="Concurrence">Concurrence</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ignorantia_juris_non_excusat" title="Ignorantia juris non excusat">Ignorantia juris non excusat</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inchoate_offences_in_English_law" title="Inchoate offences in English law">Inchoate offences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encouraging_or_assisting_a_crime_in_English_law" title="Encouraging or assisting a crime in English law">Encouraging or assisting a crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_conspiracy" title="Criminal conspiracy">Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accessories_and_Abettors_Act_1861" title="Accessories and Abettors Act 1861">Accessory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempt" title="Attempt">Attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_purpose" title="Common purpose">Common purpose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-defence_in_English_law" title="Self-defence in English law">Self-defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duress_in_English_law" title="Duress in English law">Duress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necessity_in_English_criminal_law" title="Necessity in English criminal law">Necessity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_of_control_defence" title="Loss of control defence">Loss of control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_(criminal_law)" title="Consent (criminal law)">Consent</a> <ul><li>inc. participation in a <a href="/wiki/Sporting_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Sporting event">sporting event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_procedure" title="Medical procedure">Medical procedures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Law_Act_1967" title="Criminal Law Act 1967">Prevention of crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawful_excuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawful excuse">Lawful excuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%27Naghten_rules" title="M'Naghten rules">Insanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diminished_responsibility_in_English_law" title="Diminished responsibility in English law">Diminished responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intoxication_in_English_law" title="Intoxication in English law">Intoxication</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Criminal_defenses" title="Category:Criminal defenses">Category:Criminal defences</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Offence_against_the_person" title="Offence against the person">Offences against<br />the person</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homicide_in_English_law" title="Homicide in English law">Homicide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Murder_in_English_law" title="Murder in English law">Murder</a> / <a href="/wiki/Manslaughter_in_English_law" title="Manslaughter in English law">Manslaughter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Corporate_manslaughter_in_English_law" title="Corporate manslaughter in English law">Corporate manslaughter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Infanticide_Act_1938" title="Infanticide Act 1938">Infanticide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlawful_killing" title="Unlawful killing">Unlawful killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_destruction" title="Child destruction">Child destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concealment_of_birth" title="Concealment of birth">Concealment of birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grievous_bodily_harm" title="Grievous bodily harm">Wounding or causing grievous bodily harm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault_occasioning_actual_bodily_harm" title="Assault occasioning actual bodily harm">Assault occasioning actual bodily harm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_assault" title="Common assault">Common assault</a></li> <li>Attempting to choke, &c. in order to commit any indictable offence</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault_with_intent_to_rob" class="mw-redirect" title="Assault with intent to rob">Assault with intent to rob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robbery" title="Robbery">Robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assault_with_intent_to_rape&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assault with intent to rape (page does not exist)">Assault with intent to rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault_with_intent_to_resist_arrest" title="Assault with intent to resist arrest">Assault with intent to resist lawful apprehension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaulting_a_constable_in_the_execution_of_his_duty" title="Assaulting a constable in the execution of his duty">Assaulting a constable in the execution of his duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_(crime)" title="Battery (crime)">Battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">Kidnapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abduction" title="Child abduction">Child abduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_imprisonment" title="False imprisonment">False imprisonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection_from_Harassment_Act_1997" title="Protection from Harassment Act 1997">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offences_Against_the_Person_Act_1861" title="Offences Against the Person Act 1861">Offences Against the Person Act 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">Treason</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_offences_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sexual offences in the United Kingdom">Sexual offences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_English_law" title="Rape in English law">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_Offences_Act_2003" title="Sexual Offences Act 2003">Sexual Offences Act 2003</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public-order_crime" title="Public-order crime">Public order offences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">Riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violent_disorder" title="Violent disorder">Violent disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affray" title="Affray">Affray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlawful_assembly" title="Unlawful assembly">Unlawful assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_or_provocation_of_violence" title="Fear or provocation of violence">Fear or provocation of violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harassment,_alarm_or_distress" class="mw-redirect" title="Harassment, alarm or distress">Harassment, alarm or distress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_harassment,_alarm_or_distress" title="Intentional harassment, alarm or distress">intent aggravates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Order_Act_1986" title="Public Order Act 1986">Public Order Act 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incitement_to_ethnic_or_racial_hatred" title="Incitement to ethnic or racial hatred">Incitement to ethnic or racial hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuisance_in_English_law" title="Nuisance in English law">Nuisance</a></li> <li>Causing <a href="/wiki/Public_nuisance" title="Public nuisance">Public nuisance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outraging_public_decency" title="Outraging public decency">Outraging public decency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effecting_a_public_mischief" class="mw-redirect" title="Effecting a public mischief">Effecting a public mischief</a></li> <li>Keeping a <a href="/wiki/Disorderly_house" title="Disorderly house">disorderly house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventing_the_lawful_burial_of_a_body" title="Preventing the lawful burial of a body">Preventing the lawful burial of a body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breach_of_the_peace" title="Breach of the peace">Breach of the peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rout" title="Rout">Rout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forcible_entry" title="Forcible entry">Forcible entry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accessory_(legal_term)" title="Accessory (legal term)">Accessory (legal term)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misconduct_in_a_public_office" class="mw-redirect" title="Misconduct in a public office">Misconduct in a public office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misfeasance_in_public_office" title="Misfeasance in public office">Misfeasance in public office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abuse_of_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Abuse of authority">Abuse of authority</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Perjury</a> of oath</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dereliction_of_duty" class="mw-redirect" title="Dereliction of duty">Dereliction of duty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Property_crime" title="Property crime">Offences against property</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">Arson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dishonesty" title="Dishonesty">Dishonesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheating_(law)" title="Cheating (law)">Cheating (law)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burglary_in_English_law" title="Burglary in English law">Burglary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robbery" title="Robbery">Robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theft" title="Theft">Theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_damage_in_English_law" title="Criminal damage in English law">Criminal damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trespass" title="Trespass">Trespass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taking_without_owner%27s_consent" title="Taking without owner's consent">Taking without owner's consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deception_(criminal_law)" title="Deception (criminal law)">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handling_stolen_goods" class="mw-redirect" title="Handling stolen goods">Handling stolen goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misappropriation" title="Misappropriation">Misappropriation of funds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackmail" title="Blackmail">Blackmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">Extortion</a></li> <li><a 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title="Template:History of English criminal law">History of English criminal law</a> table</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310229#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1297" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible 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