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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Decline and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Swatantra Party</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF" title="স্বতন্ত্ৰ পাৰ্টি – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="স্বতন্ত্ৰ পাৰ্টি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swatantra" title="Swatantra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Swatantra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swatantra-Partei" title="Swatantra-Partei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Swatantra-Partei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0_%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B7" title="સ્વતંત્ર પક્ષ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સ્વતંત્ર પક્ષ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80" title="स्वतंत्र पार्टी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्वतंत्र पार्टी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Swatantra" title="Partai Swatantra – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Partai Swatantra" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%94" title="מפלגת סוואטנטרה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מפלגת סוואטנטרה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF" title="സ്വതന്ത്രാ പാർട്ടി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്വതന്ത്രാ പാർട്ടി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7" title="स्वतंत्र पक्ष – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्वतंत्र पक्ष" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80" title="ਸਵਤੰਤਰ ਪਾਰਟੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਵਤੰਤਰ ਪਾਰਟੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partia_Wolno%C5%9Bci_(Indie)" title="Partia Wolności (Indie) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Partia Wolności (Indie)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сватантра – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сватантра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swatantra_Party" title="Swatantra Party – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Swatantra Party" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swatantra_Party" title="Swatantra Party – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Swatantra Party" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="சுதந்திராக் கட்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுதந்திராக் கட்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%80" title="స్వతంత్ర పార్టీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="స్వతంత్ర పార్టీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E9%BB%A8" title="自由獨立黨 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="自由獨立黨" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2002819#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Defunct Indian political party (1959–1974)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indian political party</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid Blue; border-bottom:2px solid Blue; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Swatantra Party</div> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Swatantra-Party-flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Swatantra-Party-flag.svg/180px-Swatantra-Party-flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Swatantra-Party-flag.svg/270px-Swatantra-Party-flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Swatantra-Party-flag.svg/360px-Swatantra-Party-flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="line-height:1.3em;">SWA</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">4 June 1959</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">4 August 1974<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Split from</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Merged into</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Lok_Dal" title="Bharatiya Lok Dal">Bharatiya Lok Dal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_India" title="Conservatism in India">Indian</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Erdman_2007_p._75_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erdman_2007_p._75-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal conservatism</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <a href="/wiki/Anti-Sovietism" title="Anti-Sovietism">Anti-Sovietism</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colours</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Blue</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Election symbol</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Swatantra_Party_symbol.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6e/Swatantra_Party_symbol.png/100px-Swatantra_Party_symbol.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6e/Swatantra_Party_symbol.png/150px-Swatantra_Party_symbol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6e/Swatantra_Party_symbol.png/200px-Swatantra_Party_symbol.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="484" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid Blue;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">Politics of India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_India" title="List of political parties in India">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_India" title="Elections in India">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Swatantra Party</b> was an <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical liberal">classical liberal</a> political party that existed from 1959 to 1974. It was founded by <a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in reaction to what he felt was the <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>-dominated <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>'s increasingly <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Statist" class="mw-redirect" title="Statist">statist</a> outlook.<sup id="cite_ref-Erdman_2007_p._75_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erdman_2007_p._75-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The party had a number of distinguished leaders, most of them old Congressmen, like <a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minoo_Masani" title="Minoo Masani">Minoo Masani</a>, <a href="/wiki/N.G._Ranga" class="mw-redirect" title="N.G. Ranga">N.G. Ranga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darshan_Singh_Pheruman" title="Darshan Singh Pheruman">Darshan Singh Pheruman</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-sa_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sa-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sh_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sh-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Udham_Singh_Nagoke" title="Udham Singh Nagoke">Udham Singh Nagoke</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/K.M._Munshi" class="mw-redirect" title="K.M. Munshi">K.M. Munshi</a>. The provocation for the formation of the party was the left turn that the Congress took at Avadi<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Nagpur Resolutions. </p><p>Swatantra stood for a <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market-based economy</a> and the dismantling of the "<a href="/wiki/Licence_Raj" title="Licence Raj">Licence Raj</a>" although it opposed <i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a></i> policies. Swatantra was not a religion-based party, unlike the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jana_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Jana Sangh">Bharatiya Jana Sangh</a>. In 1960, Rajagopalachari and his colleagues drafted a 21-point manifesto detailing why Swatantra had to be formed even though they had been Congressmen and associates of Nehru during the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian independence struggle">struggle for independence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (May 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru was highly critical of Swatantra and dubbed it as belonging to "the middle ages of lords, castles and <a href="/wiki/Zamindars" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamindars">zamindars</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swatantra_Party&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chakravarthi_Rajagopalachari.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="C. Rajagopalachari founded the Swatantra Party. He had been the last Governor-General of India and one of the first recipients of India's highest civilian award, the Bharat Ratna."><img alt="C. Rajagopalachari founded the Swatantra Party. He had been the last Governor-General of India and one of the first recipients of India's highest civilian award, the Bharat Ratna." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Chakravarthi_Rajagopalachari.jpg/113px-Chakravarthi_Rajagopalachari.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Chakravarthi_Rajagopalachari.jpg/170px-Chakravarthi_Rajagopalachari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Chakravarthi_Rajagopalachari.jpg/226px-Chakravarthi_Rajagopalachari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="296" data-file-height="392" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a> founded the Swatantra Party. He had been the last <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Governor-General of India</a> and one of the first recipients of India's highest civilian award, the <a href="/wiki/Bharat_Ratna" title="Bharat Ratna">Bharat Ratna</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NG_Ranga_2001_stamp_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="N. G. Ranga was the founder member of the Swatantra Party and its president for several years."><img alt="N. G. Ranga was the founder member of the Swatantra Party and its president for several years." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/NG_Ranga_2001_stamp_of_India.jpg/111px-NG_Ranga_2001_stamp_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/NG_Ranga_2001_stamp_of_India.jpg/167px-NG_Ranga_2001_stamp_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/NG_Ranga_2001_stamp_of_India.jpg/223px-NG_Ranga_2001_stamp_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="705" data-file-height="950" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/N._G._Ranga" title="N. G. Ranga">N. G. Ranga</a> was the founder member of the Swatantra Party and its president for several years.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maharani-gayatri-devi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gayatri Devi, the Maharani of Jaipur and princess of Cooch Behar, was a successful politician in the Swatantra Party."><img alt="Gayatri Devi, the Maharani of Jaipur and princess of Cooch Behar, was a successful politician in the Swatantra Party." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Maharani-gayatri-devi.jpg/112px-Maharani-gayatri-devi.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Maharani-gayatri-devi.jpg/169px-Maharani-gayatri-devi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Maharani-gayatri-devi.jpg/225px-Maharani-gayatri-devi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Devi" title="Gayatri Devi">Gayatri Devi</a>, the Maharani of <a href="/wiki/Jaipur" title="Jaipur">Jaipur</a> and princess of <a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar" title="Cooch Behar">Cooch Behar</a>, was a successful politician in the Swatantra Party.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bezawada_ramachandra_reddy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bezawada Ramachandra Reddy was the founder member of the Swatantra Party."><img alt="Bezawada Ramachandra Reddy was the founder member of the Swatantra Party." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ec/Bezawada_ramachandra_reddy.jpg/90px-Bezawada_ramachandra_reddy.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ec/Bezawada_ramachandra_reddy.jpg/135px-Bezawada_ramachandra_reddy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ec/Bezawada_ramachandra_reddy.jpg/180px-Bezawada_ramachandra_reddy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="228" data-file-height="379" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bezawada_Ramachandra_Reddy" title="Bezawada Ramachandra Reddy">Bezawada Ramachandra Reddy</a> was the founder member of the Swatantra Party.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Parliament">In Parliament</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swatantra_Party&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>N.G.Ranga rebuked the Nehru government for being ill-prepared in defence on 8 November 1962 in a speech during parliamentary debate.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Minoo Masani, the party MP from Rajkot, voiced his opposition to the bank nationalisation bill by Indira Gandhi's government on 25 July 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_history">Electoral history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swatantra_Party&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Electoral history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/1962_Indian_general_election" title="1962 Indian general election">1962 general election</a>, the first after its formation, Swatantra received 7.89 percent of the total votes and won 18 seats in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Lok_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Lok Sabha">third Lok Sabha</a> (1962–67). It emerged as the main opposition to the dominant Congress in four states: Bihar, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Orissa. By the <a href="/wiki/1967_Indian_general_election" title="1967 Indian general election">next general election in 1967</a>, Swatantra had become a significant force in some parts of India; it won 8.7 percent of the votes and became the single-largest opposition party in the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Lok_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Lok Sabha">fourth Lok Sabha</a> (1967–71) with 44 seats. In <a href="/wiki/1971_Indian_general_election" title="1971 Indian general election">1971</a>, Swatantra joined a "Grand Alliance" of parties from across the political spectrum that aimed to defeat Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a>. The party secured eight seats by winning 3% of the votes. The next year, in 1972, its founder, Rajagopalachari, died, and Swatantra declined rapidly. By 1974, it had dissolved, with many of its members joining the <a href="/wiki/Charan_Singh" title="Charan Singh">Charan Singh</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Lok_Dal" title="Bharatiya Lok Dal">Bharatiya Lok Dal</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background-color: #eee;"> <th>Year</th> <th data-sort-type="text">Election</th> <th>Popular-<br />vote</th> <th>Seats </th></tr> <tr> <td>1962</td> <td data-sort-value="1962 Indian general election"><a href="/wiki/1962_Indian_general_election" title="1962 Indian general election">1962 Indian general election</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">7.9 %</td> <td data-sort-value="18"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">18 / 494</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: Blue; width: 4%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1967</td> <td data-sort-value="1962 Indian general election"><a href="/wiki/1967_Indian_general_election" title="1967 Indian general election">1967 Indian general election</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">8.7 %</td> <td data-sort-value="44"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">44 / 520</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: Blue; width: 8%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1971</td> <td data-sort-value="1962 Indian general election"><a href="/wiki/1971_Indian_general_election" title="1971 Indian general election">1971 Indian general election</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">3.1 %</td> <td data-sort-value="8"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">8 / 518</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: Blue; width: 2%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_legislative_assembly_elections">State legislative assembly elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swatantra_Party&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: State legislative assembly elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Odisha">Odisha</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swatantra_Party&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Odisha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr style="background-color: #eee;"> <th rowspan="2">Year</th> <th rowspan="2" data-sort-type="text">Election</th> <th colspan="2">Popular-<br />vote </th> <th rowspan="2">Seats contested</th> <th rowspan="2">Seats </th></tr> <tr> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td>1967</td> <td data-sort-value="1962 Indian general election"><a href="/wiki/1967_Odisha_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election">1967 Orissa Legislative Assembly election</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">909,421 </td> <td>22.58% </td> <td><div style="text-align:center;">101</div></td> <td data-sort-value="44"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">49 / 140</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: Blue; width: 35%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1971</td> <td data-sort-value="1962 Indian general election"><a href="/wiki/1971_Odisha_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election">1971 Orissa Legislative Assembly election</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">767,815 </td> <td>17.44% </td> <td><div style="text-align:center;">115</div></td> <td data-sort-value="8"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">36 / 140</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: Blue; width: 26%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1974 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1974_Odisha_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election">1974 Orissa Legislative Assembly election</a> </td> <td>694,473 </td> <td>12.08% </td> <td><div style="text-align:center;">56</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">21 / 146</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: Blue; width: 14%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swatantra_Party&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rajasthan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Year </th> <th rowspan="2">Election </th> <th colspan="2">Popular- <p>vote </p> </th> <th rowspan="2">Seats contested </th> <th rowspan="2">Seats </th></tr> <tr> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td>1962 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1962_Rajasthan_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1962 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election">1962 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election</a> </td> <td>878,056 </td> <td>17.11% </td> <td>93 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">36 / 176</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: Blue; width: 20%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1967 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1967_Rajasthan_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1967 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election">1967 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election</a> </td> <td>1,493,018 </td> <td>22.10% </td> <td>107 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">48 / 184</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: Blue; width: 26%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1972 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1972_Rajasthan_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1972 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election">1972 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election</a> </td> <td>958,097 </td> <td>12.32% </td> <td>119 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">11 / 184</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: Blue; width: 6%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideology">Ideology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swatantra_Party&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ideology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fundamental_principles">Fundamental principles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swatantra_Party&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fundamental principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>First and foremost, the Swatantra Party committed to social justice and equality of opportunity of all people "without distinction of religion, caste, occupation, or political affiliation".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The party felt that progress, welfare and happiness of the people could be achieved by giving maximum freedom to individuals with the state minimising intervention. The state should replace its intervention with fostering the Indian tradition of helping other people directly.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In particular, the party believed that the state should adhere to the <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights,_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India" title="Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India">Fundamental Rights</a> guaranteed by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a> and, in particular, should compensate individuals if their property had to be acquired for public purposes. It also believed in giving citizens full freedom to educate their children as they wanted.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It recognised the need for increasing food production and sought to do so by giving peasants full land rights and incentives for increasing production in agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In industry, it sought to reduce state presence only to the minimum necessary to supplement private enterprise and in national services like the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Railways" title="Indian Railways">Indian Railways</a>. It sought to do away with controls on trade and commerce. However, it committed against unreasonable profits, prices and dividends. It believed in placing equal emphasis on the development of capital goods industries, consumer goods industries and rural and small industries.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the fields of taxation and state expenditure, it believed in thrift and called for taxation to suffice for carrying on of administration and social and economic activities taken upon by the state but should not depress capital formation and private investment. The government should also desist from running abnormally large <a href="/wiki/Deficit_spending" title="Deficit spending">deficits</a> or taking <a href="/wiki/External_debt" title="External debt">foreign loans</a> that are beyond the capacity of the country to repay. In particular, it resisted unnecessary expansion of the bureaucracy.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While standing for minimising state intervention in the economy, the Swatantra Party committed to securing a fair deal for labour, correlating wages to increased productivity and workers' right to <a href="/wiki/Collective_bargaining" title="Collective bargaining">collective bargaining</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also gave their members full freedom to question and criticise any point not included in the fundamental principles of that party.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swatantra_Party&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Party's fundamental principles had not covered several issues like foreign policy, national language, state reorganisation and religious and social reform.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The party was generally opposed to communism and in 1969, urged the Indian government to ban the three major communist parties in India at that time, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">CPI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">CPI(M)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Naxalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxalite">Naxalites</a>, because of their open or tacit support for armed struggles, which the Swatantra Party viewed as a major security threat to the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In foreign affairs, it opposed <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">non-alignment</a> and a close relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and advocated an intimate connection with the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline_and_legacy">Decline and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swatantra_Party&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Decline and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1969, the Congress party split, leading to consolidation of right-leaning votes under <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(Organisation)" title="Indian National Congress (Organisation)">Congress (O)</a>. This proved detrimental to the electoral prospects of the Swatantra party.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1971,the Swatantra party had disintegrated due to infighting and changed political scenarios.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> The party made some tactical mistakes like joining the Grand Alliance against Indira Gandhi's Congress in 1971 instead of fighting on an issue-based common programme.This resulted in the decimation of the party in the elections of that year.<br />After the death of Rajaji in 1972, personality clashes took a further toll. All this occurred while Indira Gandhi pressurised the royalty to support her. This resulted in Swatantra losing the backing of princes. Another potential benefactor,the business community couldn't advocate for the party since they were too reliant on state patronage.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, big business houses like Birla benefitted from the protectionist aspects of the Nehruvian state and didn't see Swatantra policies as being advantageous.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Finally the party was dissolved on 4 August 1974 by party president Piloo Mody who merged it with Charan Singh's Bharatiya Kranti Dal.The few independent state units except for Maharashtra later merged with Janata Party in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swatantra_Party&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 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V. Raju">S. V. Raju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._P._Menon" title="V. P. Menon">V. P. Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Ajmal_Khan" title="H. Ajmal Khan">H. Ajmal Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkatesh_Geriti" title="Venkatesh Geriti">Venkatesh Geriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_breakaway_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian National Congress breakaway parties">Indian National Congress breakaway parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._C._Cooper" title="R. C. Cooper">R. C. Cooper</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swatantra_Party&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It is also sometimes rated as "<a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">centrist</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "<a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swatantra_Party&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailyo.in/politics/swatantra-party-indira-gandhi-indira-gandhi-politics-opposition-party-in-india-c-rajagopalachari-narendra-modi-jawaharlal-nehru-31526">"45 years after its dissolution, here's what opposition parties must learn from Swatantra Party"</a>. <i>dailyO</i>. 18 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dailyO&rft.atitle=45+years+after+its+dissolution%2C+here%27s+what+opposition+parties+must+learn+from+Swatantra+Party&rft.date=2019-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyo.in%2Fpolitics%2Fswatantra-party-indira-gandhi-indira-gandhi-politics-opposition-party-in-india-c-rajagopalachari-narendra-modi-jawaharlal-nehru-31526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwatantra+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erdman_2007_p._75-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Erdman_2007_p._75_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erdman_2007_p._75_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErdman2007" class="citation book cs1">Erdman, H.L. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BkLbuvY8HwEC&pg=PA75"><i>The Swatantra Party and Indian Conservatism</i></a>. Cambridge South Asian Studies. Cambridge University Press. pp. 2, 62–63, 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521049801" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521049801"><bdi>978-0521049801</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Swatantra+Party+and+Indian+Conservatism&rft.series=Cambridge+South+Asian+Studies&rft.pages=2%2C+62-63%2C+75&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0521049801&rft.aulast=Erdman&rft.aufirst=H.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBkLbuvY8HwEC%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwatantra+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDas2002" class="citation book cs1">Das, Gurcharan (2002). <i>The Elephant Paradigm</i>. Penguin. p. 244.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elephant+Paradigm&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=Gurcharan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwatantra+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPratapchandra_Rasam1997" class="citation book cs1">Pratapchandra Rasam, Vasanti (1997). <i>Swatantra Party: a political biography</i>. Dattsons. p. 199.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swatantra+Party%3A+a+political+biography&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Dattsons&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Pratapchandra+Rasam&rft.aufirst=Vasanti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwatantra+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1966" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Donald E. (1966). <i>South Asian Politics and Religion</i>. Princeton University Press. p. 110.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asian+Politics+and+Religion&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Donald+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwatantra+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajadhyaksha2019" class="citation web cs1">Rajadhyaksha, Niranjan (28 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livemint.com/opinion/columns/opinion-the-contemporary-relevance-of-swatantra-party-s-liberal-view-1559032923329.html">"The contemporary relevance of Swatantra Party's liberal view"</a>. <i>Mint</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mint&rft.atitle=The+contemporary+relevance+of+Swatantra+Party%27s+liberal+view&rft.date=2019-05-28&rft.aulast=Rajadhyaksha&rft.aufirst=Niranjan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livemint.com%2Fopinion%2Fcolumns%2Fopinion-the-contemporary-relevance-of-swatantra-party-s-liberal-view-1559032923329.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwatantra+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMody2024" class="citation web cs1">Mody, Piloo (28 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theprint.in/opinion/piloo-mody-on-russian-friendship-trap-and-how-india-paid-the-price-when-shopping-for-arms/2173916/">"Piloo Mody on Russian 'friendship' trap and how India paid the price when shopping for arms"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Print" class="mw-redirect" title="The Print">The Print</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Print&rft.atitle=Piloo+Mody+on+Russian+%27friendship%27+trap+and+how+India+paid+the+price+when+shopping+for+arms&rft.date=2024-08-28&rft.aulast=Mody&rft.aufirst=Piloo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheprint.in%2Fopinion%2Fpiloo-mody-on-russian-friendship-trap-and-how-india-paid-the-price-when-shopping-for-arms%2F2173916%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwatantra+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaghbendra_Jha2014" class="citation book cs1">Raghbendra Jha, ed. (2014). <i>Facets of India's Economy and Her Society Volume I</i>. Springer. p. 263.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Facets+of+India%27s+Economy+and+Her+Society+Volume+I&rft.pages=263&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwatantra+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudra_Chaudhuri2014" class="citation book cs1">Rudra Chaudhuri, ed. (2014). <i>Forged in Crisis: India and the United States Since 1947</i>. Oxford University Press, Incorporated. p. 100.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forged+in+Crisis%3A+India+and+the+United+States+Since+1947&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwatantra+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnippet_view1978" class="citation book cs1">Snippet view, ed. (1978). <i>Triveni: Journal of Indian Renaissance - Volume 47</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wire&rft.atitle=Why+Today%27s+India+Needs+a+Resurrected+Swatantra+Party&rft.date=2021-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.thewire.in%2Farticle%2Fpolitics%2Ffarmers-protest-statism-swatanta-party&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwatantra+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/books/reviews/indias-journey-in-conservatism/article67281234.ece">"India's journey in Conservatism"</a>. <i>The Hindu Business Line</i>. 7 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu+Business+Line&rft.atitle=India%27s+journey+in+Conservatism&rft.date=2023-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindubusinessline.com%2Fbooks%2Freviews%2Findias-journey-in-conservatism%2Farticle67281234.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwatantra+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theprint.in/opinion/when-maharajas-business-tycoons-and-peasant-leaders-joined-the-mundu-clad-rajaji-to-form-the-swatantra-party/33246/">"When Maharajas, business tycoons and peasant leaders joined the mundu-clad Rajaji to form the Swatantra Party"</a>. <i>The Print</i>. 3 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Print&rft.atitle=When+Maharajas%2C+business+tycoons+and+peasant+leaders+joined+the+mundu-clad+Rajaji+to+form+the+Swatantra+Party&rft.date=2018-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheprint.in%2Fopinion%2Fwhen-maharajas-business-tycoons-and-peasant-leaders-joined-the-mundu-clad-rajaji-to-form-the-swatantra-party%2F33246%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwatantra+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKashyap2020" class="citation web cs1">Kashyap, Sanjeet (16 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theprint.in/opinion/masani-rajaji-and-shenoy-the-free-market-troika-that-challenged-the-nehruvian-state/544977/">"Masani, Rajaji and Shenoy — the free-market troika that challenged the Nehruvian State"</a>. <i>The Print</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Print&rft.atitle=Masani%2C+Rajaji+and+Shenoy+%E2%80%94+the+free-market+troika+that+challenged+the+Nehruvian+State&rft.date=2020-11-16&rft.aulast=Kashyap&rft.aufirst=Sanjeet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheprint.in%2Fopinion%2Fmasani-rajaji-and-shenoy-the-free-market-troika-that-challenged-the-nehruvian-state%2F544977%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwatantra+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.outlookindia.com/opinion/a-case-for-swatantra-news-291551">"A Case For Swatantra"</a>. <i>Outlook India</i>. 5 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Outlook+India&rft.atitle=A+Case+For+Swatantra&rft.date=2022-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.outlookindia.com%2Fopinion%2Fa-case-for-swatantra-news-291551&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwatantra+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swatantra_Party&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipan_Chandra" title="Bipan Chandra">Bipan Chandra</a> et al. <i>India Since Independence</i>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Penguin India">Penguin India</a>. 2008 [2011 digital edition].</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariadas_Ruthnaswamy" title="Mariadas Ruthnaswamy">Mariadas Ruthnaswamy</a>. "Swatantra Party and its leaders". <i><a href="/wiki/Swarajya_(magazine)" title="Swarajya (magazine)">Swarajya</a></i>. 30 July 1960.</li> <li>Mariadas Ruthnaswamy. "Is Swatantra inspiring enough?". <i>Swarajya</i>. 22 October 1960.</li> <li>H. R. Pasricha. <i>The Swatantra Party – Victory in Defeat</i>. Rajaji Foundation. 2002.</li> <li>Howard L. Erdman. "India's Swatantra Party". <i>Public Affairs</i>, vol. 36, iss. 4, pp. 394–410. Winter 1963–64.</li> <li>Howard L. Erdman. <i>The Swatantra Party and Indian Conservatism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. 1967. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/swatantrapartyin00erdm">Digitized</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a> in 2013.</li> <li>Madhavankutty Pillai. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openthemagazine.com/article/nation/last-man-standing">Last Man Standing</a>". <i>Open</i>. 5 April 2014.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajmohan_Gandhi" title="Rajmohan Gandhi">Rajmohan Gandhi</a>. <i>Rajaji: A Life</i>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Penguin India">Penguin India</a>. 1997.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Guha" title="Ramachandra Guha">Ramachandra Guha</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/India_After_Gandhi:_The_History_of_the_World%27s_Largest_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy">India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. 2008.</li> <li>Rasam Vasanti. <i>Swatantra Party: a political biography</i>. Dattson Publishers, Nagpur. 1997.</li> <li>Rasam Vasanti. "Role of Swantantra Party as an Opposition Party (National Level)". <i>Readings on Parliamentary Opposition</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swatantra_Party&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>C. Rajagopalachari : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://liberalpartyofindia.sabhlokcity.com/writers/rajaji1.html">Save freedom</a>. Why Swatantra, 1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoo_Masani" title="Minoo Masani">Minoo Masani</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://liberalpartyofindia.sabhlokcity.com/writers/masani1.html">To provide A Democratic Alternative</a>. Why Swatantra, 1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._M._Munshi" class="mw-redirect" title="K. M. Munshi">K. M. Munshi</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://liberalpartyofindia.sabhlokcity.com/writers/munshi1.html">To Restore Fundamental Rights</a>. Why Swatantra, 1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._G._Ranga" title="N. G. Ranga">N. G. Ranga</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://liberalpartyofindia.sabhlokcity.com/writers/ranga1.html">To Preserve Family Economy</a>. Why Swatantra, 1960</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rediff.com/news/oct/31raj2.htm">Rediff On The NeT: Rajmohan Gandhi on C Rajagopalachari and the birth of the Swatantra Party</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051120153855/http://iecolumnists.expressindia.com/full_column.php?content_id=75023">Revive the Swatantra Party</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianeconomy.org/2005/09/29/minoo-masani-and-the-swatantra-party/">Minoo Masani and the Swatantra Party</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2002819#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/44898-9">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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