CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Autograph (manuscript) - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"28c02217-8eb4-40e3-9616-a999d713a6cd","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Autograph_(manuscript)","wgTitle":"Autograph (manuscript)","wgCurRevisionId":1260481398,"wgRevisionId":1260481398,"wgArticleId":62451323,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","CS1 Italian-language sources (it)","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from May 2021","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2019","Articles containing German-language text", "Articles needing additional references from November 2017","All articles needing additional references","Articles that may contain original research from April 2016","All articles that may contain original research","Articles with multiple maintenance issues","CS1 interwiki-linked names","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Documents","Manuscripts","Penmanship"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Autograph_(manuscript)","wgRelevantArticleId":62451323,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true, "watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q9026959","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready", "ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="891"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg/800px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="594"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg/640px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="475"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Autograph (manuscript) - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autograph_(manuscript)"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Autograph_(manuscript)&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autograph_(manuscript)"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Autograph_manuscript rootpage-Autograph_manuscript skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Autograph+%28manuscript%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Autograph+%28manuscript%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Autograph+%28manuscript%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Autograph+%28manuscript%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Music subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scholarship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Scholarship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_collectable_object" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_collectable_object"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>As collectable object</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_collectable_object-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holographic_documents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holographic_documents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Holographic documents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holographic_documents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Autograph (manuscript)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81" title="أوتوجراف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوتوجراف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81" title="اوتوگراف – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوتوگراف" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84" title="Автограф – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Автограф" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autograf" title="Autograf – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Autograf" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autograph" title="Autograph – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Autograph" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autograaf" title="Autograaf – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Autograaf" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autografo" title="Autografo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Autografo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-autograph" title="I-autograph – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-autograph" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autografo" title="Autografo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Autografo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%91_%D7%99%D7%93_(%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8)" title="כתב יד (מקור) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כתב יד (מקור)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autograaf" title="Autograaf – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Autograaf" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E7%AD%86" title="直筆 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="直筆" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dastxat" title="Dastxat – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dastxat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84_(%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C)" title="Автограф (рукопись) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Автограф (рукопись)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%BD%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81" title="آٽوگراف – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آٽوگراف" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84" title="Автограф – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Автограф" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Авторський рукопис – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Авторський рукопис" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4" title="خودنگارش – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خودنگارش" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9026959#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Autograph_(manuscript)" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Autograph_(manuscript)" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Autograph_(manuscript)"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autograph_(manuscript)&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autograph_(manuscript)&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Autograph_(manuscript)"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autograph_(manuscript)&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autograph_(manuscript)&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Autograph_(manuscript)" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Autograph_(manuscript)" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autograph_(manuscript)&oldid=1260481398" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autograph_(manuscript)&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Autograph_%28manuscript%29&id=1260481398&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAutograph_%28manuscript%29"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAutograph_%28manuscript%29"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Autograph_%28manuscript%29&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autograph_(manuscript)&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Autograph_manuscripts" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9026959" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Manuscript or document written in the author's handwriting</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Holograph" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">Holography</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg/220px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg/330px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg/440px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="698" /></a><figcaption>The opening pages of the <a href="/wiki/Konya_Manuscript" title="Konya Manuscript">Konya manuscript</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Al-Futuhat_al-Makkiyya" title="Al-Futuhat al-Makkiyya"><i>Meccan Revelations</i></a>, handwritten by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a> in the 13th century<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satie_sports_preface.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Satie_sports_preface.jpg/330px-Satie_sports_preface.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Satie_sports_preface.jpg/495px-Satie_sports_preface.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Satie_sports_preface.jpg/660px-Satie_sports_preface.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="838" /></a><figcaption>"Préface" (preface) and "Choral inappétissant" (unsavoury chorale), first page of <a href="/wiki/Erik_Satie" title="Erik Satie">Satie</a>'s autograph of <i><a href="/wiki/Sports_et_divertissements" title="Sports et divertissements">Sports et divertissements</a></i> (dated 15 May 1914)</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>autograph</b> or <b>holograph</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscript</a> or document written in its <a href="/wiki/Author" title="Author">author</a>'s or <a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">composer</a>'s hand. The meaning of "<a href="/wiki/Autograph" title="Autograph">autograph</a>" as a document penned entirely by the author of its content (as opposed to a typeset document or one written by a copyist or scribe other than the author) overlaps with that of "holograph". </p><p>Autograph manuscripts are studied by scholars (such as <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paleographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleographer">paleographers</a>), and can become <a href="/wiki/Autograph_collecting" title="Autograph collecting">collectable objects</a>. Holographic documents have, in some jurisdictions, a specific legal standing.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources in the body of the article. (December 2019)">not verified in body</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Related terms include <i><b>archetype</b></i> (the hypothesised form of an autograph), and <i><b>protograph</b></i> (the common ancestor of two closely-related <a href="/wiki/Textual_witness" class="mw-redirect" title="Textual witness"> witnesses</a> which ultimately descended from the same autograph). For example, the <a href="/wiki/Novgorodsko-Sofiysky_Svod" title="Novgorodsko-Sofiysky Svod">Novgorodsko-Sofiysky Svod</a> is the hypothetical protograph of the <i><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Fourth_Chronicle" title="Novgorod Fourth Chronicle">Novgorod Fourth Chronicle</a></i> (NPL) and <i><a href="/wiki/Sofia_First_Chronicle" title="Sofia First Chronicle">Sofia First Chronicle</a></i>, both of which are extant <a href="/wiki/Textual_witness" class="mw-redirect" title="Textual witness">textual witnesses</a> of the lost archetype, the <i><a href="/wiki/Primary_Chronicle" title="Primary Chronicle">Primary Chronicle</a></i> (PVL). A <i>paradosis</i> is a proposed best-reading, postulated when attempting to reconstruct the autograph. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autograph_(manuscript)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <i>The Oxford English Minidictionary</i>, an autograph is, apart from its meaning as a <a href="/wiki/Autograph#Celebrity's_signature" title="Autograph">signature</a>, a "<a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscript</a> in the author's handwriting," while a holograph is a "(document) written wholly in the handwriting of the person in whose name it appears."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 edition of the <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Maunde_Thompson" title="Edward Maunde Thompson">Edward Maunde Thompson</a> gives two common meanings of the word autograph as it applies to documents: "a document signed by the person from whom it emanates" and "one written entirely in the hand of such a person", noting that the latter is "more technically described as a holograph".<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archive-ugent-be-71214C7A-4DA8-11E1-9711-46853B7C8C91_DS-1_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Archive-ugent-be-71214C7A-4DA8-11E1-9711-46853B7C8C91_DS-1_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Archive-ugent-be-71214C7A-4DA8-11E1-9711-46853B7C8C91_DS-1_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="408" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Archive-ugent-be-71214C7A-4DA8-11E1-9711-46853B7C8C91_DS-1_%28cropped%29.jpg/450px-Archive-ugent-be-71214C7A-4DA8-11E1-9711-46853B7C8C91_DS-1_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Archive-ugent-be-71214C7A-4DA8-11E1-9711-46853B7C8C91_DS-1_%28cropped%29.jpg/600px-Archive-ugent-be-71214C7A-4DA8-11E1-9711-46853B7C8C91_DS-1_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2779" data-file-height="3780" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hippoliet_Van_Peene" title="Hippoliet Van Peene">Hippoliet Van Peene</a>'s autograph of the lyrics of "<a href="/wiki/De_Vlaamse_Leeuw" title="De Vlaamse Leeuw">De Vlaamse Leeuw</a>" (22 July 1845).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Webster%27s_Third_New_International_Dictionary" title="Webster's Third New International Dictionary">Webster's Third New International Dictionary</a></i>, the definitions are:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dt><sup>1</sup>autograph</dt> <dd><b>1:</b> something that is written with one's own hand: <b>a:</b> an original handwritten manuscript (as of an author's or composer's work) <span class="nowrap">⟨valuable old ~<i>s</i> of Dickens⟩</span> [p. 147]</dd> <dt><sup>1</sup>holograph</dt> <dd><b>:</b> a document (as a letter, deed, or will) wholly in the handwriting of the person from whom it proceeds and whose act it purports to be [p. 1081]</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>According to Stanley Boorman in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i>:<sup id="cite_ref-NewGrove2001_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewGrove2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dt>Holograph</dt> <dd>A document written in the hand of the author or composer. This distinguishes it from the more commonly used word, Autograph, for the latter, strictly, means merely that the document is written by someone who can be named.<sup id="cite_ref-NewGrove2001_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewGrove2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Boorman describes the manuscripts handwritten by a composer as including holographs (copies of their own work) and autographs (copies of the works of other composers). He notes that this distinction is rarely made by "antiquarian dealers or auctioneers", but says that scribes and copyists often included other composers and so identifying them and their autographs can be useful for people studying their works.<sup id="cite_ref-NewGrove2001_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewGrove2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beethoven_ninth_symphony_manuscript.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Beethoven_ninth_symphony_manuscript.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="155" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a>'s final <a href="/wiki/Full_score" class="mw-redirect" title="Full score">score</a> of <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)">his ninth symphony</a>: partial autograph, of the "non-autograph copy with autograph corrections" type.<sup id="cite_ref-Beethoven9th_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beethoven9th-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BWV_232_Credo_Revision.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/BWV_232_Credo_Revision.jpg/300px-BWV_232_Credo_Revision.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/BWV_232_Credo_Revision.jpg/450px-BWV_232_Credo_Revision.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/BWV_232_Credo_Revision.jpg/600px-BWV_232_Credo_Revision.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1378" data-file-height="964" /></a><figcaption>In 2009 <a href="/wiki/Uwe_Wolf_(musicologist)" title="Uwe Wolf (musicologist)">Uwe Wolf</a> reported about the X-ray technology he had used on the (D-B) Mus.ms. Bach P 180 manuscript, to distinguish J. S. Bach's autograph<sup id="cite_ref-Tomita_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tomita-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> composition from later revisions by his son C. P. E.<sup id="cite_ref-P180_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P180-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Y%C5%8D_Tomita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yō Tomita (page does not exist)">Yō Tomita</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%8D_Tomita" class="extiw" title="fr:Yō Tomita">fr</a>]</span>, writing in <i>The Routledge Research Companion to Johann Sebastian Bach</i>, "autograph" and "holograph" can be considered synonyms (i.e., a manuscript for which the writer is the author of the work), the former term being generally preferred in studies of manuscripts. Further, he writes that Bach's copies of compositions by other composers "should never be referred to as Bach's autographs, even if they are entirely in Bach's handwriting." He distinguishes two types of partial autographs: the first being written by a set of scribes, including the composer, the second being a copy made by a scribe other than the composer, to which the composer, in a later stage, applied editorial corrections and/or other modifications. According to Tomita, manuscripts of straightforward transcriptions should be referred to as "copy" or "transcription manuscript", while more convoluted arrangements should be referred to as an "autograph" rather than a "copy". In Bach scholarship, "original manuscript" refers to a score or performance parts written (by himself or his scribes) for the composer's own use.<sup id="cite_ref-Tomita_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tomita-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In what follows the terms "autograph" and "holograph" are used as quoted in the sources indicated by the footnoted references. When these sources only use a description, such as "in the author's handwriting" or "written in the hand of the author", then, following <i>Webster's</i>, "autograph" is used for a "manuscript (as of an author's or composer's work)" and "holograph" for a "document (as a letter, deed, or will)", and either of these terms only when the explicitly named scribe of the manuscript or document is also the creator of its content. For instance: </p> <ul><li>If the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9pertoire_International_des_Sources_Musicales" title="Répertoire International des Sources Musicales">RISM</a> page used as reference for the (D-B) Mus.ms. Bach P 180 manuscript describes that object as an "autograph" (by Johann Sebastian Bach), then that qualification is not changed to holograph: the context is clear, i.e. written and composed by J. S. Bach,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even if this handwritten score was, in 1786, partially altered and completed for performance by the composer's son C. P. E. Bach.<sup id="cite_ref-P180_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P180-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the second half of the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Rust" title="Wilhelm Rust">Wilhelm Rust</a> compiled a score from a composite 18th-century manuscript, partially in J. S. Bach's hand, of the <i><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christus_ist_um_unsrer_Missetat_willen_verwundet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christus ist um unsrer Missetat willen verwundet">Jesus Christus ist um unsrer Missetat willen verwundet</a></i> St Mark Passion. None of the available descriptions at the <a href="/wiki/Bach_Digital" title="Bach Digital">Bach Digital</a> and RISM websites qualify either of these 18th- and 19th-century manuscripts as either autograph or holograph, nor by Bach, nor by Rust, but as versions of a work by another composer dubbed "Keiser".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 18th-century manuscript can however be indicated as an "original source" according to the Bach Digital page on the Weimar version of this Passion.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Autograph letters which are not in the handwriting of the person from whom they emanate, and perhaps only bear the signature of their author, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Autograph_letter_(Holy_See)" title="Autograph letter (Holy See)">Vatican usage of the term</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are not further considered in this article about autograph manuscripts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Text">Text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autograph_(manuscript)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manuscript_page_by_Maimonides_Arabic_in_Hebrew_letters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Manuscript_page_by_Maimonides_Arabic_in_Hebrew_letters.jpg/220px-Manuscript_page_by_Maimonides_Arabic_in_Hebrew_letters.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Manuscript_page_by_Maimonides_Arabic_in_Hebrew_letters.jpg/330px-Manuscript_page_by_Maimonides_Arabic_in_Hebrew_letters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Manuscript_page_by_Maimonides_Arabic_in_Hebrew_letters.jpg/440px-Manuscript_page_by_Maimonides_Arabic_in_Hebrew_letters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1129" data-file-height="1234" /></a><figcaption>An autograph fragment of <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides'</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Guide_for_the_Perplexed" title="The Guide for the Perplexed"><i>Guide for the Perplexed</i></a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Geniza" title="Cairo Geniza">Cairo Geniza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vinci_-_Hammer_2A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Vinci_-_Hammer_2A.jpg/300px-Vinci_-_Hammer_2A.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Vinci_-_Hammer_2A.jpg/450px-Vinci_-_Hammer_2A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Vinci_-_Hammer_2A.jpg/600px-Vinci_-_Hammer_2A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4108" data-file-height="2796" /></a><figcaption>Two pages from the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Leicester" title="Codex Leicester">Codex Leicester</a>, a manuscript by <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Beatty_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beatty-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sketch_by_Emily_Bront%C3%AB_sgowing_herself_and_Anne_at_work_in_the_dining_room_of_the_parsonage..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Sketch_by_Emily_Bront%C3%AB_sgowing_herself_and_Anne_at_work_in_the_dining_room_of_the_parsonage..jpg/300px-Sketch_by_Emily_Bront%C3%AB_sgowing_herself_and_Anne_at_work_in_the_dining_room_of_the_parsonage..jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="366" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Sketch_by_Emily_Bront%C3%AB_sgowing_herself_and_Anne_at_work_in_the_dining_room_of_the_parsonage..jpg/450px-Sketch_by_Emily_Bront%C3%AB_sgowing_herself_and_Anne_at_work_in_the_dining_room_of_the_parsonage..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Sketch_by_Emily_Bront%C3%AB_sgowing_herself_and_Anne_at_work_in_the_dining_room_of_the_parsonage..jpg/600px-Sketch_by_Emily_Bront%C3%AB_sgowing_herself_and_Anne_at_work_in_the_dining_room_of_the_parsonage..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1461" data-file-height="1782" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emily_Bront%C3%AB" title="Emily Brontë">Emily Brontë</a>'s diary (26 June 1837).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_last_speech_manuscript.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Lincoln_last_speech_manuscript.jpg/300px-Lincoln_last_speech_manuscript.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Lincoln_last_speech_manuscript.jpg/450px-Lincoln_last_speech_manuscript.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Lincoln_last_speech_manuscript.jpg/600px-Lincoln_last_speech_manuscript.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>'s 1865 last address as president.<sup id="cite_ref-Lincoln_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lincoln-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Draft_document" title="Draft document">Draft document</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foul_papers" title="Foul papers">Foul papers</a></div> <p>Autograph text, with or without drawn illustrations, or calculations, remains from many authors, from different eras, including: </p> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_of_Aquasparta" title="Matthew of Aquasparta">Matthew of Aquasparta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Beatty_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beatty-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>17th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">Cardinal Richelieu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">John Dryden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>18th century</dt></dl> <ul><li>Johann Sebastian Bach's autograph report on the state of <a href="/wiki/Bach%27s_choir_and_orchestra" title="Bach's choir and orchestra">his choir and orchestra</a> in Leipzig<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been studied in the context of <a href="/wiki/Historically_informed_performance" title="Historically informed performance">Historically informed performance</a> practice,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his autograph letters to Georg Erdmann in the context of <a href="/wiki/Biographies_of_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Biographies of Johann Sebastian Bach">his biography</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>19th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Austen" title="Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bront%C3%AB_sisters" class="mw-redirect" title="Brontë sisters">Brontë sisters</a> and their brother <a href="/wiki/Branwell_Bront%C3%AB" title="Branwell Brontë">Branwell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lincoln_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lincoln-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>20th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">André Breton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Béla Bartók</a>'s autograph calculations have been the subject of minute analysis: a hypothesis, proposed by <a href="/wiki/Ern%C5%91_Lendvai" title="Ernő Lendvai">Ernő Lendvai</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others in the 3rd quarter of the 20th century, that the composer would have deliberately planned the proportions of his compositions according to <a href="/wiki/Golden_ratio" title="Golden ratio">golden ratio</a> principles, using the <a href="/wiki/Fibonacci_sequence" title="Fibonacci sequence">Fibonacci sequence</a>, was rejected in later scholarship for the absence of any such calculation in the many computational notes left by the composer.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>'s autographs have been the object of critical studies.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An autograph page by Tolkien sold for US$81,250 in December 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also autograph letters by Tolkien have come up at auction.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>21st century</dt></dl> <ul><li>One of seven autograph copies of <a href="/wiki/J._K._Rowling" title="J. K. Rowling">J. K. Rowling</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tales_of_Beedle_the_Bard" title="The Tales of Beedle the Bard">The Tales of Beedle the Bard</a></i> sold for <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">£</a>1,950,000 in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autograph_(manuscript)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vivaldi_Violinkonzert-gdur-buchmuseum_-_1.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Vivaldi_Violinkonzert-gdur-buchmuseum_-_1.jpeg/300px-Vivaldi_Violinkonzert-gdur-buchmuseum_-_1.jpeg" decoding="async" width="300" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Vivaldi_Violinkonzert-gdur-buchmuseum_-_1.jpeg/450px-Vivaldi_Violinkonzert-gdur-buchmuseum_-_1.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Vivaldi_Violinkonzert-gdur-buchmuseum_-_1.jpeg/600px-Vivaldi_Violinkonzert-gdur-buchmuseum_-_1.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi" title="Antonio Vivaldi">Vivaldi</a>'s autograph of <a href="/wiki/Ryom-Verzeichnis" title="Ryom-Verzeichnis">RV</a> 314, displayed in the Buchmuseum (<a href="/wiki/Saxon_State_and_University_Library_Dresden" title="Saxon State and University Library Dresden">SLUB Dresden</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BWV_906_autograph_c1738_(D-Dl_Mus._2405-T-52),_p3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/BWV_906_autograph_c1738_%28D-Dl_Mus._2405-T-52%29%2C_p3.png/300px-BWV_906_autograph_c1738_%28D-Dl_Mus._2405-T-52%29%2C_p3.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="493" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/BWV_906_autograph_c1738_%28D-Dl_Mus._2405-T-52%29%2C_p3.png/450px-BWV_906_autograph_c1738_%28D-Dl_Mus._2405-T-52%29%2C_p3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/BWV_906_autograph_c1738_%28D-Dl_Mus._2405-T-52%29%2C_p3.png/600px-BWV_906_autograph_c1738_%28D-Dl_Mus._2405-T-52%29%2C_p3.png 2x" data-file-width="1832" data-file-height="3008" /></a><figcaption>Third page of Bach's autograph of the <a href="/wiki/Fantasia_and_Fugue_in_C_minor,_BWV_906" title="Fantasia and Fugue in C minor, BWV 906">Fantasia and Fugue in C minor, BWV 906</a> (start of Fugue shown):<sup id="cite_ref-BWV906_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BWV906-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before the discovery of this manuscript in 1876, the Fugue could not be authenticated as Bach's.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manuscript_of_Mahler%27s_Symphony_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Manuscript_of_Mahler%27s_Symphony_2.jpg/300px-Manuscript_of_Mahler%27s_Symphony_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Manuscript_of_Mahler%27s_Symphony_2.jpg/450px-Manuscript_of_Mahler%27s_Symphony_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Manuscript_of_Mahler%27s_Symphony_2.jpg/600px-Manuscript_of_Mahler%27s_Symphony_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1310" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a>'s autograph of <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 2 (Mahler)">his second symphony</a>, sold for a record sum in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahler2nd_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahler2nd-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sketch_(music)" title="Sketch (music)">Sketch (music)</a></div> <p>Musical autographs exist in various stages of completion:<sup id="cite_ref-Tomita_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tomita-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sketch_(music)" title="Sketch (music)">Sketch</a>, indicating musical ideas written down in the early stages of a composition process, often not more than a few bars of music (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a>'s <a href="/wiki/D._309A" class="mw-redirect" title="D. 309A">D 309A</a> and <a href="/wiki/D._769A" class="mw-redirect" title="D. 769A">D 769A</a> survived as autograph sketches).<sup id="cite_ref-Deutsch_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deutsch-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Draft, which can contain corrections, and is not necessarily a complete composition (e.g. the autograph of Schubert's <a href="/wiki/D._840" class="mw-redirect" title="D. 840">D 840</a> is an incomplete draft of a four-movement <a href="/wiki/Piano_sonata" title="Piano sonata">piano sonata</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Deutsch_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deutsch-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Composing score (e.g. autograph composing scores survive for several of Bach's cantatas).<sup id="cite_ref-Tomita_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tomita-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Fair copy, written out clear enough to be used for performance or publication of the music. Fair copies are not necessarily written by the composer, but if the composer has some control over the process of copying, and possibly adds some corrections or completions in his own hand, the fair copy may still be considered an original source (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Bach</a>'s partial autograph of the <a href="/wiki/BWV_210" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 210">BWV 210</a> cantata is a fair copy which is considered an original source).<sup id="cite_ref-Dürr_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dürr-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For pieces with multiple performers, apart from the score itself, also performance parts (i.e. sheet music for individual performers), may exist as autographs, as partial autographs or as copies by others, and would usually be fair copies although earlier stages of such parts may exist (e.g. D-Dl Mus. 2405-D-21 is a set of partial autograph performance parts of <a href="/wiki/Mass_for_the_Dresden_court_(Bach)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass for the Dresden court (Bach)">Bach's 1733 Mass for the Dresden court</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Intermediate stages are possible, for instance <a href="/wiki/Wagner%27s_method_of_composition" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagner's method of composition">Wagner's method of composition</a> entailed several sketch and draft stages, and a first stage of the complete score (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Partiturerstschrift</i></span>) before the fair copy.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other composers used fewer steps: for his cantatas, Bach apparently often started directly with the composing score (with some sketches and drafts written in that score while composing), without, in the end, always transferring such score to a fair copy.<sup id="cite_ref-Tomita_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tomita-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes, however, he started with the transcription of an earlier work, which developed in a revision score, before being transferred to a fair copy.<sup id="cite_ref-Tomita_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tomita-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Or otherwise, a revision manuscript could be turned into performance material for a rewritten work: D-B Mus.ms. Bach St 112 VI, Fascicle 1, a partially autograph bundle of performance parts for the <a href="/wiki/Herr,_wenn_die_stolzen_Feinde_schnauben,_BWV_248_VI" title="Herr, wenn die stolzen Feinde schnauben, BWV 248 VI">last cantata of Bach's <i>Christmas Oratorio</i></a>, contains four parts which are revision versions originally written for an otherwise undocumented cantata (<a href="/wiki/BWV_248_VI_a" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 248 VI a">BWV 248 VI a</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometimes a composer's autograph starts as a fair copy, continuing as a draft. For example, the Fantasia in the late 1730s autograph of <a href="/wiki/Fantasia_and_Fugue_in_C_minor,_BWV_906" title="Fantasia and Fugue in C minor, BWV 906">Fantasia and Fugue in C minor, BWV 906</a>, is a fair copy, but halfway through the (likely incomplete) Fugue the manuscript gradually shifts to a draft with several corrections.<sup id="cite_ref-BWV906_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BWV906-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scholarship">Scholarship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autograph_(manuscript)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Scholarship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholarly studies of autographs can help in establishing authenticity or date of origin of a composition.<sup id="cite_ref-Tomita_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tomita-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dürr_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dürr-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Autographs, and fair copies produced with the assistance of scribes, can also be studied to detect a composer's true intentions. For instance, <a href="/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)" title="John Tyrrell (musicologist)">John Tyrrell</a> argued that <a href="/wiki/Leo%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" title="Leoš Janáček">Janáček</a>'s autograph score of <a href="/wiki/From_the_House_of_the_Dead" title="From the House of the Dead">his last opera</a> was less authoritative as the final state of that opera than the fair copy by the composer's scribes, produced under his direction and with his corrections.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_collectable_object">As collectable object</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autograph_(manuscript)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: As collectable object"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Autograph_collecting" title="Autograph collecting">Autograph collecting</a></div> <p>Bach's autograph compositions are rarely available for private collectors: the bulk of his hundreds of extant autographs resides at the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_State_Library" title="Berlin State Library">Berlin State Library</a>, while only a fourth of 40 complete autograph manuscripts outside that collection are privately owned. One of such exceptional autographs, that came up for auction in 2016, fetched over £2.5m.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a>'s autographs have, since a few months after the composer's death in 1827, been sold for considerable prices at auctions.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beethoven's autograph of the <i><a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fe_Fuge" class="mw-redirect" title="Große Fuge">Große Fuge</a></i> (version for <a href="/wiki/Piano_four_hands" title="Piano four hands">four hands</a>) sold for £1.1m at <a href="/wiki/Sotheby%27s" title="Sotheby's">Sotheby's</a> in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2016 the autograph score of a <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a> symphony sold for £4,546,250: no autograph symphony had ever sold for a higher price.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahler2nd_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahler2nd-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Holographic_documents">Holographic documents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autograph_(manuscript)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Holographic documents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This section has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Autograph_(manuscript)" title="Special:EditPage/Autograph (manuscript)">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Autograph_(manuscript)" title="Talk:Autograph (manuscript)">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Autograph_(manuscript)" title="Special:EditPage/Autograph (manuscript)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Autograph%22+manuscript">"Autograph" manuscript</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Autograph%22+manuscript+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Autograph%22+manuscript&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Autograph%22+manuscript+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Autograph%22+manuscript">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Autograph%22+manuscript&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autograph_(manuscript)&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A holograph is a document written entirely in the handwriting of the person whose signature it bears. Some countries (e.g. France) or local jurisdictions within certain countries (e.g. some U.S. states) give legal standing to specific types of holographic documents, generally waiving requirements that they be witnessed. One of the most important types of such documents are <a href="/wiki/Holographic_will" title="Holographic will">holographic last wills</a>. </p><p>In fiction, <i>The Ardua Hall Holograph</i>, handwritten by Aunt Lydia, plays a central role in Margaret Atwood's novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Testaments" title="The Testaments">The Testaments</a></i> (2019). </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autograph_(manuscript)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_books_and_manuscripts" title="List of most expensive books and manuscripts">List of most expensive books and manuscripts</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autograph_(manuscript)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHirtenstein" class="citation book cs1">Hirtenstein, Stephen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1049200830"><i>the Master's hand : a preliminary study of Ibn 'Arabi's holographs and autographs</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1049200830">1049200830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=the+Master%27s+hand+%3A+a+preliminary+study+of+Ibn+%27Arabi%27s+holographs+and+autographs&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1049200830&rft.aulast=Hirtenstein&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1049200830&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hawkins, Joyce M. (ed.), 1994. <i>The Oxford English Minidictionary</i>, Revised Third Edition. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>, pp. 29 and 243. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-861310-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-861310-5">0-19-861310-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Thompson, Edward Maunde (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Autographs"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Autographs">"Autographs" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 45–47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Autographs&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=45-47&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Edward+Maunde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:71214C7A-4DA8-11E1-9711-46853B7C8C91#?c=&m=&s=&cv=&xywh=-5004,-440,15746,8792">"De Vlaemsche leeuw"</a>. <i>lib.ugent.be</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lib.ugent.be&rft.atitle=De+Vlaemsche+leeuw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flib.ugent.be%2Fviewer%2Farchive.ugent.be%3A71214C7A-4DA8-11E1-9711-46853B7C8C91%23%3Fc%3D%26m%3D%26s%3D%26cv%3D%26xywh%3D-5004%2C-440%2C15746%2C8792&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Babcock_Gove" title="Philip Babcock Gove">Gove, Philip B.</a> (ed.), 1981. <i><a href="/wiki/Webster%27s_Third_New_International_Dictionary" title="Webster's Third New International Dictionary">Webster's Third New International Dictionary</a></i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87779-206-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87779-206-2">0-87779-206-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NewGrove2001-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NewGrove2001_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewGrove2001_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewGrove2001_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoorman2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Boorman, Stanley (2001). "Holograph". In <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Sadie, Stanley</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)" title="John Tyrrell (musicologist)">Tyrrell, John</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i>. Vol. 11 (2nd ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Holograph&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Boorman&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beethoven9th-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beethoven9th_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2003" class="citation news cs1">Kennedy, Maev (8 April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/apr/08/arts.artsnews">"Beethoven's Ninth manuscript could fetch £3m"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Beethoven%27s+Ninth+manuscript+could+fetch+%C2%A33m&rft.date=2003-04-08&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Maev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2003%2Fapr%2F08%2Farts.artsnews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tomita-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tomita_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tomita_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tomita_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tomita_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tomita_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tomita_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tomita_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomita2016" class="citation book cs1">Tomita, Yo (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SCklDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA47">"3. Manuscripts"</a>. In Leaver, Robin A. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SCklDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Routledge Research Companion to Johann Sebastian Bach</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 47–88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315452807" title="Special:BookSources/9781315452807"><bdi>9781315452807</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3.+Manuscripts&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Research+Companion+to+Johann+Sebastian+Bach&rft.pages=47-88&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781315452807&rft.aulast=Tomita&rft.aufirst=Yo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSCklDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-P180-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-P180_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-P180_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RISM_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RISM (identifier)">RISM</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/sources/467018000">467018000</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://resolver.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/SBB0001B78F00000000">(D-B) Mus.ms. Bach P 180</a> at <a href="/wiki/Berlin_State_Library" title="Berlin State Library">Berlin State Library</a> website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00018426?lang=en">D-B Mus.ms. 11471/1</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00000803?lang=en">D-B Mus.ms. D-B N.Mus.ms. 10624</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bach_Digital" title="Bach Digital">Bach Digital</a> website; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RISM_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RISM (identifier)">RISM</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/sources/452028310">452028310</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00001534?lang=en">Passion pasticcio "Jesus Christus ist um unsrer Missetat willen verwundet" (Marks Passion, Weimar version) BNB I/K/1 (Weimarer Fassung); BWV deest; BC D 5a</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bach_Digital" title="Bach Digital">Bach Digital</a> website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a>. 25 December 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/letters/2002/documents/hf_jp-ii_let_20020119_mons-rangel.html">"AUTOGRAPH LETTER OF JOHN PAUL II TO BISHOP LICINIO RANGEL AND THE SONS OF THE UNION OF ST JOHN MARY VIANNEY OF CAMPOS, BRAZIL"</a> at the website of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved 4 December 2019<span style="font-size: 90%; color: #555"></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-TS-00010-KA-00004-00001">"Cairo Genizah : Philosophy"</a>. <i>Cambridge Digital Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=Cairo+Genizah+%3A+Philosophy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcudl.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fview%2FMS-TS-00010-KA-00004-00001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beatty-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beatty_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beatty_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chesterbeatty.ie/exhibitions/leonardo-the-codex-leicester/">Leonardo: the Codex Leicester</a>" at <a href="/wiki/Chester_Beatty_Library" title="Chester Beatty Library">Chester Beatty</a> website.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/emily-brontes-diary-1837">Emily Brontë's diary paper, 1837</a>" at <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a> website. <span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved 9 December 2019<span style="font-size: 90%; color: #555"></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lincoln-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lincoln_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lincoln_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/lot/while-the-crowd-was-assembling-in-front-3886828-details.aspx?from=salesummery&intobjectid=3886828&sid=9bded12e-ba1a-4df1-96ef-d5858bc027a4">"LINCOLN, Abraham. Autograph manuscript of HIS LAST ADDRESS as President, delivered in Washington D.C. from the window of the White House on the evening of 11 April 1865"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's">Christie's</a>. 27 March 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LINCOLN%2C+Abraham.+Autograph+manuscript+of+HIS+LAST+ADDRESS+as+President%2C+delivered+in+Washington+D.C.+from+the+window+of+the+White+House+on+the+evening+of+11+April+1865&rft.pub=Christie%27s&rft.date=2002-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christies.com%2Flotfinder%2Flot%2Fwhile-the-crowd-was-assembling-in-front-3886828-details.aspx%3Ffrom%3Dsalesummery%26intobjectid%3D3886828%26sid%3D9bded12e-ba1a-4df1-96ef-d5858bc027a4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPastore2015" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pastore, Graziella (2015). Roccati, Giovanni Matteo (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/studifrancesi/1217">"<i>Medieval Autograph Manuscripts. Proceedings of the xvii<sup>th</sup> Colloquium of the Comité International de Paléographie Latine</i>, edited by Nataša Golob"</a>. <i>Studi Francesi</i>. Rassegna bibliografica Medioevo (in Italian). <b>LIX</b> (III (177)). Rosenberg & Sellier: 557. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fstudifrancesi.1217">10.4000/studifrancesi.1217</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0039-2944">0039-2944</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studi+Francesi&rft.atitle=Medieval+Autograph+Manuscripts.+Proceedings+of+the+xvii%3Csup%3Eth%3C%2Fsup%3E+Colloquium+of+the+Comit%C3%A9+International+de+Pal%C3%A9ographie+Latine%2C+edited+by+Nata%C5%A1a+Golob&rft.volume=LIX&rft.issue=III+%28177%29&rft.pages=557&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fstudifrancesi.1217&rft.issn=0039-2944&rft.aulast=Pastore&rft.aufirst=Graziella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fstudifrancesi%2F1217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ilab.org/articles/reformation-500-luther-autograph-display-bodleian-oxford-30-oct-3rd-nov-2017">Reformation 500: Luther autograph on display – Bodleian Oxford 30 Oct – 3rd Nov 2017</a> at <a href="/wiki/International_League_of_Antiquarian_Booksellers" title="International League of Antiquarian Booksellers">ILAB</a> website. <span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved 9 December 2019<span style="font-size: 90%; color: #555"></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.autographauctions.co.uk/0075-lot-343-RICHELIEU-CARDINAL-1585-1642-Armand-Jean-du-Plessis-Duke-of-Richelieu-and-Fronsac-French-Clergy?auction_id=0&view=lot_detail">https://www.autographauctions.co.uk/0075-lot-343-RICHELIEU-CARDINAL-1585-1642-Armand-Jean-du-Plessis-Duke-of-Richelieu-and-Fronsac-French-Clergy?auction_id=0&view=lot_detail</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.autographauctions.co.uk/">International Autograph Auctions</a> website. <span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved 9 December 2019<span style="font-size: 90%; color: #555"></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/autograph-poem-by-dryden-on-the-death-of-oliver-cromwell">Autograph poem by Dryden on the death of Oliver Cromwell</a> at <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a> website. <span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved 9 December 2019<span style="font-size: 90%; color: #555"></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1724026">1724026</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParrott2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Parrott" title="Andrew Parrott">Parrott, Andrew</a> (May 2010). "Bach's chorus: the Leipzig line – A response to Andreas Glöckner". <i>Early Music</i>. <b>38</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>: 223–235. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fem%2Fcaq038">10.1093/em/caq038</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40731351">40731351</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Early+Music&rft.atitle=Bach%27s+chorus%3A+the+Leipzig+line+%E2%80%93+A+response+to+Andreas+Gl%C3%B6ckner&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=223-235&rft.date=2010-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fem%2Fcaq038&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40731351%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Parrott&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Wolff" title="Christoph Wolff">Christoph Wolff</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YtJVFiHnepcC"><i>Johann Sebastian Bach: The Learned Musician</i>.</a> <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-04825-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-04825-X">0-393-04825-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/24156/lot/23/">VOLTAIRE, FRANCOIS-MARIE AROUET. 1694–1778. Autograph Manuscript, being a portion of the original manuscript of <i>Therese</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/Bonhams" title="Bonhams">Bonhams</a> website. <span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved 9 December 2019<span style="font-size: 90%; color: #555"></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTokoo2002" class="citation book cs1">Tokoo, Tatsuo (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NqB_lJExnRsC"><i>A Catalogue and Index of the Shelley Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library and a General Index to the Facsimile Edition of the Bodleian Shelley Manuscripts, Volumes I–XXII</i></a>. Vol. XXIII. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815311584" title="Special:BookSources/9780815311584"><bdi>9780815311584</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Catalogue+and+Index+of+the+Shelley+Manuscripts+in+the+Bodleian+Library+and+a+General+Index+to+the+Facsimile+Edition+of+the+Bodleian+Shelley+Manuscripts%2C+Volumes+I%E2%80%93XXII&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780815311584&rft.aulast=Tokoo&rft.aufirst=Tatsuo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNqB_lJExnRsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2011/english-literature-history-childrens-books-illustrations-l11404/lot.51.html">"Austen, Jane: AUTOGRAPH DRAFT MANUSCRIPT OF HER UNFINISHED NOVEL 'THE WATSONS'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>www.sothebys.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/Sotheby%27s" title="Sotheby's">Sotheby's</a>. 14 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sothebys.com&rft.atitle=Austen%2C+Jane%3A+AUTOGRAPH+DRAFT+MANUSCRIPT+OF+HER+UNFINISHED+NOVEL+%27THE+WATSONS%27&rft.date=2011-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sothebys.com%2Fen%2Fauctions%2Fecatalogue%2F2011%2Fenglish-literature-history-childrens-books-illustrations-l11404%2Flot.51.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themorgan.org/collection/literary-and-historical-manuscripts/80096">Anne Brontë, Patrick Branwell, and Emily Jane Brontë: Autograph manuscripts and letters</a> at <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Library_%26_Museum" title="Morgan Library & Museum">Morgan Library & Museum</a> website.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/Lot/bronte-charlotte-1816-1855-autograph-letter-signed-c-6218425-details.aspx">"BRONTË, Charlotte (1816–1855): Autograph letter signed ('C Brontë') to D[avid] Waldie, Gloucester Terrace, London, 19 January (1853)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's">Christie's</a>. 10 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BRONT%C3%8B%2C+Charlotte+%281816%E2%80%931855%29%3A+Autograph+letter+signed+%28%27C+Bront%C3%AB%27%29+to+D%5Bavid%5D+Waldie%2C+Gloucester+Terrace%2C+London%2C+19+January+%281853%29&rft.pub=Christie%27s&rft.date=2019-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christies.com%2Flotfinder%2FLot%2Fbronte-charlotte-1816-1855-autograph-letter-signed-c-6218425-details.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/lot.201.html/2008/books-manuscripts-and-photographs-including-nine-manuscripts-by-andre-breton-from-the-simone-collinet-collection-pf8005">"Manifeste du surréalisme: Manuscrit autographe (Lorient-Paris, juillet-août 1924)"</a>. <i>www.sothebys.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/Sotheby%27s" title="Sotheby's">Sotheby's</a>. 21 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sothebys.com&rft.atitle=Manifeste+du+surr%C3%A9alisme%3A+Manuscrit+autographe+%28Lorient-Paris%2C+juillet-ao%C3%BBt+1924%29&rft.date=2008-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sothebys.com%2Fen%2Fauctions%2Fecatalogue%2Flot.201.html%2F2008%2Fbooks-manuscripts-and-photographs-including-nine-manuscripts-by-andre-breton-from-the-simone-collinet-collection-pf8005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="Reference-{{{id}}}"><a href="/wiki/Ern%C5%91_Lendvai" title="Ernő Lendvai">Lendvai, Ernő</a>. 1971. <i>Béla Bartók: An Analysis of His Music</i>, introduced by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Bush" title="Alan Bush">Alan Bush</a>. London: Kahn & Averill. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900707-04-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-900707-04-6">0-900707-04-6</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/240301">240301</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSomfai1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Somfai" title="László Somfai">Somfai, László</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R1uFw41k3mgC&pg=PA80">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Plans' and 'calculations'?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R1uFw41k3mgC"><i>Bela Bartok: Composition, Concepts, and Autograph Sources</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. pp. 80–82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520914612" title="Special:BookSources/9780520914612"><bdi>9780520914612</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Plans%27+and+%27calculations%27%3F&rft.btitle=Bela+Bartok%3A+Composition%2C+Concepts%2C+and+Autograph+Sources&rft.pages=80-82&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780520914612&rft.aulast=Somfai&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR1uFw41k3mgC%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/books-manuscripts/einstein-albert-autograph-letter-signed-a-6167096-details.aspx">"EINSTEIN, Albert (1879-1955). Autograph letter signed ("A. Einstein") to Eric Gutkind, Princeton, 3 January 1954"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's">Christie's</a>. 4 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EINSTEIN%2C+Albert+%281879-1955%29.+Autograph+letter+signed+%28%22A.+Einstein%22%29+to+Eric+Gutkind%2C+Princeton%2C+3+January+1954.&rft.pub=Christie%27s&rft.date=2018-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christies.com%2Flotfinder%2Fbooks-manuscripts%2Feinstein-albert-autograph-letter-signed-a-6167096-details.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/lot/in-other-words-we-think-we-have-5665783-details.aspx">"CRICK, Francis Harry Compton (1916–2004). Autograph Letter Signed ("Daddy") to his son Michael, outlining the revolutionary discovery of the structure and function of DNA. Cambridge, 19 March 1953"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's">Christie's</a>. 10 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CRICK%2C+Francis+Harry+Compton+%281916%E2%80%932004%29.+Autograph+Letter+Signed+%28%22Daddy%22%29+to+his+son+Michael%2C+outlining+the+revolutionary+discovery+of+the+structure+and+function+of+DNA.+Cambridge%2C+19+March+1953&rft.pub=Christie%27s&rft.date=2013-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christies.com%2Flotfinder%2Flot%2Fin-other-words-we-think-we-have-5665783-details.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrout2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_D._C._Drout" title="Michael D. C. Drout">Drout, Michael D. C.</a> (1 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dmu9G8oU3oQC&pg=PA15">"Towards a better Tolkien criticism"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Robert_Eaglestone" title="Robert Eaglestone">Eaglestone, Robert</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dmu9G8oU3oQC"><i>Reading The Lord of the Rings: New Writings on Tolkien's Classic</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/A_%26_C_Black" title="A & C Black">A & C Black</a>. pp. 15–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826484604" title="Special:BookSources/9780826484604"><bdi>9780826484604</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Towards+a+better+Tolkien+criticism&rft.btitle=Reading+The+Lord+of+the+Rings%3A+New+Writings+on+Tolkien%27s+Classic&rft.pages=15-28&rft.pub=A+%26+C+Black&rft.date=2006-03-01&rft.isbn=9780826484604&rft.aulast=Drout&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddmu9G8oU3oQC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/Lot/tolkien-jrr-1892-1973-autograph-manuscript-headed-the-6173279-details.aspx">"TOLKIEN, J.R.R. (1892-1973). Autograph manuscript, headed <i>The Lord of the Rings III</i>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's">Christie's</a>. 4 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TOLKIEN%2C+J.R.R.+%281892-1973%29.+Autograph+manuscript%2C+headed+The+Lord+of+the+Rings+III&rft.pub=Christie%27s&rft.date=2018-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christies.com%2Flotfinder%2FLot%2Ftolkien-jrr-1892-1973-autograph-manuscript-headed-the-6173279-details.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/lot/tolkien-jrr-autograph-letter-signed-3918797-details.aspx">"TOLKIEN, J.R.R. Autograph letter signed (<i>J.R.R. Tolkien</i>), to Nancy Smith. Oxford, <i>Christmas Day</i> 1963"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's">Christie's</a>. 24 May 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TOLKIEN%2C+J.R.R.+Autograph+letter+signed+%28J.R.R.+Tolkien%29%2C+to+Nancy+Smith.+Oxford%2C+Christmas+Day+1963.&rft.pub=Christie%27s&rft.date=2002-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christies.com%2Flotfinder%2Flot%2Ftolkien-jrr-autograph-letter-signed-3918797-details.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2014/rock-roll-history-presley-to-punk-n09160/lot.146.html">"Bob Dylan: Original working autograph manuscript of "Like a Rolling Stone" – the final draft lyrics as recorded (June, 1965)"</a>. <i>www.sothebys.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/Sotheby%27s" title="Sotheby's">Sotheby's</a>. 24 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sothebys.com&rft.atitle=Bob+Dylan%3A+Original+working+autograph+manuscript+of+%22Like+a+Rolling+Stone%22+%E2%80%93+the+final+draft+lyrics+as+recorded+%28June%2C+1965%29.&rft.date=2014-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sothebys.com%2Fen%2Fauctions%2Fecatalogue%2F2014%2Frock-roll-history-presley-to-punk-n09160%2Flot.146.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2007/english-literature-history-childrens-books-and-illustrations-l07411/lot.311A.html">"Rowling, J.K. <i>AUTOGRAPH MANUSCRIPT OF THE TALES OF BEEDLE THE BARD TRANSLATED FROM THE ORIGINAL RUNES BY J.K. ROWLING</i>"</a>. <i>www.sothebys.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/Sotheby%27s" title="Sotheby's">Sotheby's</a>. 13 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sothebys.com&rft.atitle=Rowling%2C+J.K.+AUTOGRAPH+MANUSCRIPT+OF+THE+TALES+OF+BEEDLE+THE+BARD+TRANSLATED+FROM+THE+ORIGINAL+RUNES+BY+J.K.+ROWLING&rft.date=2007-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sothebys.com%2Fen%2Fauctions%2Fecatalogue%2F2007%2Fenglish-literature-history-childrens-books-and-illustrations-l07411%2Flot.311A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.slub-dresden.de/id320824519/13">Mus.2389-O-70</a> at <a href="/wiki/Saxon_State_and_University_Library_Dresden" title="Saxon State and University Library Dresden">SLUB</a> website; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RISM_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RISM (identifier)">RISM</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/sources/212000174">212000174</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BWV906-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BWV906_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BWV906_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00002737?lang=en">D-Dl Mus. 2405-T-52</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bach_Digital" title="Bach Digital">Bach Digital</a> website.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForkelTerry1920" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nikolaus_Forkel" title="Johann Nikolaus Forkel">Forkel, Johann Nikolaus</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanford_Terry_(historian)" title="Charles Sanford Terry (historian)">Terry, Charles Sanford</a> (1920). <i><a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach:_His_Life,_Art,_and_Work" title="Johann Sebastian Bach: His Life, Art, and Work">Johann Sebastian Bach: His Life, Art and Work – translated from the German, with notes and appendices</a></i>. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Howe. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johannsebastian01terrgoog/page/n173">127</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Johann+Sebastian+Bach%3A+His+Life%2C+Art+and+Work+%E2%80%93+translated+from+the+German%2C+with+notes+and+appendices&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Harcourt%2C+Brace+and+Howe&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Forkel&rft.aufirst=Johann+Nikolaus&rft.au=Terry%2C+Charles+Sanford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahler2nd-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mahler2nd_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahler2nd_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHann2016" class="citation news cs1">Hann, Michael (29 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/nov/29/mahler-second-symphony-manuscript-sold-record-sum">"Mahler's second symphony manuscript sells for record £4.5m"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Mahler%27s+second+symphony+manuscript+sells+for+record+%C2%A34.5m&rft.date=2016-11-29&rft.aulast=Hann&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2016%2Fnov%2F29%2Fmahler-second-symphony-manuscript-sold-record-sum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deutsch-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Deutsch_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deutsch_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutsch1978" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Erich_Deutsch" title="Otto Erich Deutsch">Deutsch, Otto Erich</a>; et al. (<a href="/wiki/Walther_D%C3%BCrr" title="Walther Dürr">Walther Dürr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Feil" title="Arnold Feil">Arnold Feil</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christa_Landon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christa Landon (page does not exist)">Christa Landon</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christa_Landon" class="extiw" title="de:Christa Landon">de</a>]</span> and <a href="/wiki/Werner_Aderhold" title="Werner Aderhold">Werner Aderhold</a>) (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/FranzSchubert.ThematischesVerzeichnisSeinerWerkeInChronologischerFolge"><i>Franz Schubert: Thematisches Verzeichnis seiner Werke in chronologischer Folge</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Schubert_Edition" title="New Schubert Edition">New Schubert Edition</a>, Series VIII: Supplement (in German). Vol. 4. Kassel: <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A4renreiter" title="Bärenreiter">Bärenreiter</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783761805718" title="Special:BookSources/9783761805718"><bdi>9783761805718</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISMN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISMN (identifier)">ISMN</a> 9790006305148.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franz+Schubert%3A+Thematisches+Verzeichnis+seiner+Werke+in+chronologischer+Folge&rft.place=Kassel&rft.series=New+Schubert+Edition%2C+Series+VIII%3A+Supplement&rft.pub=B%C3%A4renreiter&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9783761805718&rft.aulast=Deutsch&rft.aufirst=Otto+Erich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FFranzSchubert.ThematischesVerzeichnisSeinerWerkeInChronologischerFolge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dürr-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dürr_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dürr_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDürr1971" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_D%C3%BCrr" title="Alfred Dürr">Dürr, Alfred</a> (1971). <i>Die Kantaten von Johann Sebastian Bach</i> (in German). Vol. 1. Bärenreiter-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/523584">523584</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Kantaten+von+Johann+Sebastian+Bach&rft.pub=B%C3%A4renreiter-Verlag&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F523584&rft.aulast=D%C3%BCrr&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bach_Digital" title="Bach Digital">Bach Digital</a> Work <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000265?lang=en">00265</a>, Bach Digital Source <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00002401?lang=en">2401</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bach_Digital" title="Bach Digital">Bach Digital</a> Source <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00002721">2721</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RISM_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RISM (identifier)">RISM</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/sources/212000569">212000569</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarcy1993" class="citation book cs1">Darcy, Warren (1993). <i>Das Rheingold</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-816603-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-816603-6"><bdi>0-19-816603-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Rheingold&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-19-816603-6&rft.aulast=Darcy&rft.aufirst=Warren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalSource_source_00002461?lang=en">D-B Mus.ms. Bach St 112 VI, Fascicle 1</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bach_Digital" title="Bach Digital">Bach Digital</a> website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyrrell1980" class="citation AV-media-notes cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)" title="John Tyrrell (musicologist)">Tyrrell, John</a> (1980). "The definitive score of 'From the House of the Dead'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Janáček: From the House of the Dead</i> (Media notes). Decca. p. 18. 430 375–2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek%3A+From+the+House+of+the+Dead&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Decca&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Tyrrell&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/books-manuscripts/bach-johann-sebastian-6012445-details.aspx">"BACH, Johann Sebastian (1685–1750): Autograph music manuscript, titled and signed in autograph <i>Prelude [-- Fuga – Allegro] pour la Luth. ò Cembal. Par J.S. Bach</i>, for the Prelude, Fugue and Allegro for lute or keyboard in E-flat major, BWV 998, n.d. (c.1735–1740)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's">Christie's</a>. 13 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BACH%2C+Johann+Sebastian+%281685%E2%80%931750%29%3A+Autograph+music+manuscript%2C+titled+and+signed+in+autograph+Prelude+%5B--+Fuga+%E2%80%93+Allegro%5D+pour+la+Luth.+%C3%B2+Cembal.+Par+J.S.+Bach%2C+for+the+Prelude%2C+Fugue+and+Allegro+for+lute+or+keyboard+in+E-flat+major%2C+BWV+998%2C+n.d.+%28c.1735%E2%80%931740%29&rft.pub=Christie%27s&rft.date=2016-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christies.com%2Flotfinder%2Fbooks-manuscripts%2Fbach-johann-sebastian-6012445-details.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStroh2007" class="citation journal cs1">Stroh, Patricia (March 2007). "Beethoven in the Auction Market: A Twenty-Year Review". <i><a href="/wiki/Notes_(journal)" title="Notes (journal)">Notes</a></i>. II. <b>63</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Music_Library_Association" title="Music Library Association">Music Library Association</a>: 533–564. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fnot.2007.0043">10.1353/not.2007.0043</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4487822">4487822</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192468809">192468809</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes&rft.atitle=Beethoven+in+the+Auction+Market%3A+A+Twenty-Year+Review&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=533-564&rft.date=2007-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A192468809%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4487822%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fnot.2007.0043&rft.aulast=Stroh&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHonigsbaum2005" class="citation news cs1">Honigsbaum, Mark (2 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/dec/02/arts.artsnews1">"Beethoven manuscript fetches £1.1m"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Beethoven+manuscript+fetches+%C2%A31.1m&rft.date=2005-12-02&rft.aulast=Honigsbaum&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2005%2Fdec%2F02%2Farts.artsnews1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autograph_(manuscript)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolob2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nata%C5%A1a_Golob" class="extiw" title="sl:Nataša Golob">Golob, Nataša</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Slovenian]</span>, ed. (2013). <i>Medieval Autograph Manuscripts: Proceedings of the XVIIth Colloquium of the Comité International de Paléographie Latine, Held in Ljubljana, 7–10 September 2010</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brepols" title="Brepols">Brepols</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782503549163" title="Special:BookSources/9782503549163"><bdi>9782503549163</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Autograph+Manuscripts%3A+Proceedings+of+the+XVIIth+Colloquium+of+the+Comit%C3%A9+International+de+Pal%C3%A9ographie+Latine%2C+Held+in+Ljubljana%2C+7%E2%80%9310+September+2010&rft.pub=Brepols&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9782503549163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priscilla_Taylor_(editor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Priscilla Taylor (editor) (page does not exist)">Taylor, Priscilla</a>, ed. (1984). <i>Manuscripts: The First Twenty Years</i>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313242816" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313242816"><bdi>978-0313242816</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manuscripts%3A+The+First+Twenty+Years&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0313242816&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutograph+%28manuscript%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autograph_(manuscript)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Autograph_manuscripts" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Autograph manuscripts">Autograph manuscripts</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shapell.org/">Shapell Manuscript Foundation</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9026959#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9026959#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9026959#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4003942-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="autografy"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph118689&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10639095">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=42423">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autograph_(manuscript)&oldid=1260481398">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autograph_(manuscript)&oldid=1260481398</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Documents" title="Category:Documents">Documents</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Manuscripts" title="Category:Manuscripts">Manuscripts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Penmanship" title="Category:Penmanship">Penmanship</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2021">Use dmy dates from May 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_November_2017" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from November 2017">Articles needing additional references from November 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research_from_April_2016" title="Category:Articles that may contain original research from April 2016">Articles that may contain original research from April 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_contain_original_research" title="Category:All articles that may contain original research">All articles that may contain original research</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues" title="Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues">Articles with multiple maintenance issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_interwiki-linked_names" title="Category:CS1 interwiki-linked names">CS1 interwiki-linked names</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 1 December 2024, at 00:29<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autograph_(manuscript)&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5857dfdcd6-58xnn","wgBackendResponseTime":998,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.643","walltime":"0.849","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4493,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":118181,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":12312,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":13,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":167677,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 745.285 1 -total"," 16.14% 120.306 11 Template:Cite_book"," 12.04% 89.765 1 Template:Lang"," 9.62% 71.675 1 Template:Authority_control"," 7.67% 57.188 1 Template:Commons_category"," 7.57% 56.445 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.49% 55.810 1 Template:Sister_project"," 7.31% 54.483 1 Template:Side_box"," 7.04% 52.433 1 Template:Multiple_issues"," 6.21% 46.262 13 Template:Cite_web"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.402","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22335784,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5857dfdcd6-58xnn","timestamp":"20241203081128","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Autograph (manuscript)","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autograph_(manuscript)","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9026959","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9026959","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2019-11-28T07:39:32Z","dateModified":"2024-12-01T00:29:37Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a7\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg","headline":"document handwritten by its author"}</script> </body> </html>