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aria-controls="toc-Policies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Policies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Role_of_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Role of government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Decentralization_and_Senate_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decentralization_and_Senate_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Decentralization and Senate reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decentralization_and_Senate_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reductions_in_government-provided_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reductions_in_government-provided_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Reductions in government-provided services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reductions_in_government-provided_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Economic policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_trade_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_trade_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>International trade policies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_trade_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxation_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxation_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Taxation policies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxation_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_spending" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_spending"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Government spending</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_spending-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Social policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aboriginal_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aboriginal_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Aboriginal affairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aboriginal_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gay_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gay_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Gay rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gay_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration_policy,_language,_and_minority_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration_policy,_language,_and_minority_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Immigration policy, language, and minority rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration_policy,_language,_and_minority_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_unity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_unity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>National unity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_unity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_controversies_regarding_Reform's_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_controversies_regarding_Reform's_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Public controversies regarding Reform's policies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_controversies_regarding_Reform's_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_roots_and_the_party's_creation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_roots_and_the_party's_creation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Political roots and the party's creation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_roots_and_the_party's_creation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_party_in_the_late_1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_party_in_the_late_1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>The party in the late 1980s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_party_in_the_late_1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>1990s</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1990s-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 1990s subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1993_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1993_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>1993 election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1993_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Electoral_base" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_base"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Electoral base</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_base-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status_in_Ottawa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_in_Ottawa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Status in Ottawa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status_in_Ottawa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ontario" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ontario"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Ontario</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ontario-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Policies_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policies_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Policies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Policies_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1997_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1997_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>1997 election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1997_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rebranding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rebranding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Rebranding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rebranding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Related parties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Related_parties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Related parties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Related_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Provincial_wings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provincial_wings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Provincial wings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provincial_wings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reform_UK" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reform_UK"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Reform UK</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reform_UK-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Electoral results</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="حزب الإصلاح الكندي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حزب الإصلاح الكندي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformpartei_Kanadas" title="Reformpartei Kanadas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Reformpartei Kanadas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Reformista_de_Canad%C3%A1" title="Partido Reformista de Canadá – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Partido Reformista de Canadá" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_r%C3%A9formiste_du_Canada" title="Parti réformiste du Canada – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parti réformiste du Canada" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BA%90%EB%82%98%EB%8B%A4_%EA%B0%9C%ED%98%81%EB%8B%B9" title="캐나다 개혁당 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="캐나다 개혁당" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C3%B0reisnarflokkurinn_(Kanada)" title="Viðreisnarflokkurinn (Kanada) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Viðreisnarflokkurinn (Kanada)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partito_della_Riforma_del_Canada" title="Partito della Riforma del Canada – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Partito della Riforma del Canada" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Canada" title="Reform Party of Canada – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Reform Party of Canada" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%80%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%85%9A" title="カナダ改革党 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カナダ改革党" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadyjska_Partia_Reform" title="Kanadyjska Partia Reform – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kanadyjska Partia Reform" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Reformista_do_Canad%C3%A1" title="Partido Reformista do Canadá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Partido Reformista do Canadá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Реформістська партія Канади – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Реформістська партія Канади" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E9%BB%A8" title="加拿大改革黨 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="加拿大改革黨" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1680589#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Reform Party that existed prior to <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Canadian Confederation</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Reform_movement_(pre-Confederation_Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform movement (pre-Confederation Canada)">Reform movement (pre-Confederation Canada)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #3CB371; border-bottom:2px solid #3CB371; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Reform Party of Canada</div> <div style="font-size: 0.8em; padding-top:0.3em;" class="nickname">Parti réformiste du Canada</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Reform_Party_of_Canada-Parti_reformiste_du_Canada_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/59/Reform_Party_of_Canada-Parti_reformiste_du_Canada_logo.svg/180px-Reform_Party_of_Canada-Parti_reformiste_du_Canada_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/59/Reform_Party_of_Canada-Parti_reformiste_du_Canada_logo.svg/270px-Reform_Party_of_Canada-Parti_reformiste_du_Canada_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/59/Reform_Party_of_Canada-Parti_reformiste_du_Canada_logo.svg/360px-Reform_Party_of_Canada-Parti_reformiste_du_Canada_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="222" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Preston_Manning" title="Preston Manning">Preston Manning</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">October 30, 1987<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1987-10-30</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">March 27, 2000<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">2000-03-27</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Alliance" title="Canadian Alliance">Canadian Alliance</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social conservatism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Right-wing populism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colours</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output 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dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #3CB371;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Canada" title="Politics of Canada">Politics of Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Canada" title="List of political parties in Canada">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Canada" title="Elections in Canada">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output 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p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #36c; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Category:Conservatism in Canada">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#1034A6; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Conservatism in Canada"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism in Canada</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg/90px-Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg/135px-Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg/180px-Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="706" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calgary_School" title="Calgary School">Calgary School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerico-nationalism" title="Clerico-nationalism">Clerico-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_Canada" title="Populism in Canada">Right-wing populism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism#Canada" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_Canada" title="Social conservatism in Canada">Social conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_social_credit_movement" title="Canadian social credit movement">Social credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Toryism">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Toryism">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Toryism">Red</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_values" title="Canadian values">Canadian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_federalism" title="Canadian federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalism" title="Loyalism">Loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Canada" title="Monarchism in Canada">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_nationalism" title="Canadian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Property rights">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism#Canada" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Clique" class="mw-redirect" title="Château Clique">Château Clique</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Compact" title="Family Compact">Family Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada_Tories" title="Lower Canada Tories">Lower Canada Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Policy" title="National Policy">National Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Hope_Conference" title="Port Hope Conference">Port Hope Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_(Canada)" title="Unite the Right (Canada)">Unite the Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Empire_Loyalist" title="United Empire Loyalist">United Empire Loyalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada_Tories" title="Upper Canada Tories">Upper Canada Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_convoy_protest" title="Canada convoy protest">Canada convoy protest</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_K._Alexander" title="Bruce K. Alexander">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Black" title="Conrad Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_J._Blackwood" title="Stephen J. Blackwood">Blackwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Bouchard" title="Gérard Bouchard">Bouchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Byfield" title="Ted Byfield">Byfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Duchesne" title="Ricardo Duchesne">Duchesne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Farthing" title="John Farthing">Farthing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Flanagan_(political_scientist)" title="Tom Flanagan (political scientist)">Flanagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Furedi" title="Frank Furedi">Furedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Gilley" title="Bruce Gilley">Gilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Granatstein" title="J. L. Granatstein">Granatstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grant_(philosopher)" title="George Grant (philosopher)">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Groulx" title="Lionel Groulx">Groulx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Kaufmann" title="Eric Kaufmann">Kaufmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watson_Kirkconnell#Cold_War" title="Watson Kirkconnell">Kirkconnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Leacock" title="Stephen Leacock">Leacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Pageau" title="Jonathan Pageau">Pageau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Tiger" title="Lionel Tiger">Tiger</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Aberhart" title="William Aberhart">Aberhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Bennett (R. B.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._A._C._Bennett" title="W. A. C. Bennett">Bennett (W. A. C.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Borden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amor_De_Cosmos" title="Amor De Cosmos">De Cosmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Duplessis" title="Maurice Duplessis">Duplessis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Harris" title="Mike Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Klein" title="Ralph Klein">Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lougheed" title="Peter Lougheed">Lougheed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Manning" title="Ernest Manning">Manning (Ernest)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preston_Manning" title="Preston Manning">Manning (Preston)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Mulroney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Poilievre" title="Pierre Poilievre">Poilievre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danielle_Smith" title="Danielle Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stanfield" title="Robert Stanfield">Stanfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Vander_Zalm" title="Bill Vander Zalm">Vander Zalm</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalton_Camp" title="Dalton Camp">Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Chen" title="Lauren Chen">Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Crowder" title="Steven Crowder">Crowder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Frum" title="David Frum">Frum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamil_Jivani" title="Jamil Jivani">Jivani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normand_Lester" title="Normand Lester">Lester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Levant" title="Ezra Levant">Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_McInnes" title="Gavin McInnes">McInnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_McIntyre" title="Steve McIntyre">McIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_Murphy" title="Rex Murphy">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Segal" title="Hugh Segal">Segal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Speer" title="Sean Speer">Speer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Steyn" title="Mark Steyn">Steyn</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_Canadian_Question" title="Canada and the Canadian Question">Canada and the Canadian Question</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1891)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lament_for_a_Nation" title="Lament for a Nation">Lament for a Nation</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1965)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Who_Killed_Canadian_History%3F" title="Who Killed Canadian History?">Who Killed Canadian History?</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1998)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maps_of_Meaning" title="Maps of Meaning">Maps of Meaning</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1999)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Livre_noir_du_Canada_anglais" title="Le Livre noir du Canada anglais">The Black Book of English Canada</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Series; 2001–2003)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Uniqueness_of_Western_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="The Uniqueness of Western Civilization">The Uniqueness of Western Civilization</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2011)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harperism_(book)" title="Harperism (book)">Harperism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2014)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bruce_Gilley#The_Case_for_Colonialism" title="Bruce Gilley">The Case for Colonialism</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/12_Rules_for_Life" title="12 Rules for Life">12 Rules for Life</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whiteshift:_Populism,_Immigration_and_the_Future_of_White_Majorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Whiteshift: Populism, Immigration and the Future of White Majorities">Whiteshift</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Extant parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Federal</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Heritage_Party_of_Canada" title="Christian Heritage Party of Canada">Christian Heritage Party of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative Party of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Canada" title="Libertarian Party of Canada">Libertarian Party of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_of_Canada" title="People's Party of Canada">People's Party of Canada</a></li></ul> <p><b>Provincial</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_United" class="mw-redirect" title="British Columbia United">British Columbia United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Avenir_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Coalition Avenir Québec">Coalition Avenir Québec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_British_Columbia" title="Conservative Party of British Columbia">Conservative Party of British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Quebec_(2009%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party of Quebec (2009–present)">Conservative Party of Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Manitoba" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba">Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_New_Brunswick" title="Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick">Progressive Conservative Party of NB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Newfoundland and Labrador">Progressive Conservative Party of NL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Nova Scotia">Progressive Conservative Party of Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Ontario" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario">Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Prince Edward Island">Progressive Conservative Party of PEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Saskatchewan" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Saskatchewan">Progressive Conservative Party of Sask.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_Party" title="Saskatchewan Party">Saskatchewan Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Canada" title="Social Credit Party of Canada">Social Credit Party of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Conservative_Party" title="United Conservative Party">United Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_Party" title="Yukon Party">Yukon Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Historical parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Federal</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Alliance" title="Canadian Alliance">Canadian Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931942)" title="Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)">Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal-Conservative_Party" title="Liberal-Conservative Party">Liberal-Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative Party of Canada</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reform Party of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Canada" title="Social Credit Party of Canada">Social Credit Party of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(Canada)" title="Unionist Party (Canada)">Unionist Party</a></li></ul> <p><b>Provincial</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Action démocratique du Québec">Action démocratique du Québec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Social_Credit_Party" title="British Columbia Social Credit Party">British Columbia Social Credit Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Quebec_(historical)" title="Conservative Party of Quebec (historical)">Conservative Party of Quebec (historical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parti_bleu" title="Parti bleu">Parti bleu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Association_of_Alberta" title="Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta">Progressive Conservative Assoc. of Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Nationale_(Quebec)" title="Union Nationale (Quebec)">Union Nationale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada_Tories" title="Upper Canada Tories">Upper Canada Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildrose_Party" title="Wildrose Party">Wildrose Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CFRA" title="CFRA">CFRA</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Climate_Audit" title="Climate Audit">Climate Audit</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Dominion" title="Free Dominion">Free Dominion</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/LifeSiteNews" title="LifeSiteNews">LifeSiteNews</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Post" title="National Post">National Post</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Post_Millennial" title="The Post Millennial">The Post Millennial</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rebel_News" title="Rebel News">Rebel News</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_News_Network" title="Sun News Network">Sun News Network</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dorchester_Review" title="The Dorchester Review">The Dorchester Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Sun" title="Toronto Sun">Toronto Sun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Western_Standard" title="Western Standard">Western Standard</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Winnipeg_Sun" title="Winnipeg Sun">Winnipeg Sun</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_Life_Coalition" title="Campaign Life Coalition">Campaign Life Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Centre_for_Bio-Ethical_Reform" title="Canadian Centre for Bio-Ethical Reform">Canadian Centre for Bio-Ethical Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Coalition_for_Democracies" title="Canadian Coalition for Democracies">Canadian Coalition for Democracies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Taxpayers_Federation" title="Canadian Taxpayers Federation">Canadian Taxpayers Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Civil_Rights_League" title="Catholic Civil Rights League">Catholic Civil Rights League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Centre_for_Freedom_and_Democracy" title="Citizens Centre for Freedom and Democracy">Citizens Centre for Freedom and Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family_Canada" title="Focus on the Family Canada">Focus on the Family Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Institute" title="Fraser Institute">Fraser Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Research_on_Public_Policy" title="Institute for Research on Public Policy">Institute for Research on Public Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTory" title="LGBTory">LGBTory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macdonald%E2%80%93Laurier_Institute" title="Macdonald–Laurier Institute">Macdonald–Laurier Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Institute" title="Mackenzie Institute">Mackenzie Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Economic_Institute" title="Montreal Economic Institute">Montreal Economic Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Citizens_Coalition" title="National Citizens Coalition">National Citizens Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Order_in_Canada" title="Orange Order in Canada">Orange Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Group_for_Independent_Business" title="Progressive Group for Independent Business">Progressive Group for Independent Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REAL_Women_of_Canada" title="REAL Women of Canada">REAL Women of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumble_(company)" title="Rumble (company)">Rumble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Percenters" title="Three Percenters">Three Percenters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_North_Centre_for_Public_Policy" title="True North Centre for Public Policy">True North Centre for Public Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_Canadians" title="Voice of Canadians">Voice of Canadians</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Sense_Revolution" title="Common Sense Revolution">Common Sense Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">Conservatism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Canada#Criticism_of_Canadian_censorship" title="Censorship in Canada">Censorship under the <i>Canadian Human<br />Rights Act</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_Canada" title="Illegal immigration to Canada">Illegal immigration to Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Stock_Canadians" title="Old Stock Canadians">Old Stock Canadians</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pure_laine" title="Pure laine">Pure laine</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_alienation" title="Western alienation">Western alienation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Agenda" title="Alberta Agenda">Alberta Agenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_separatism" title="Alberta separatism">Alberta separatism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/14px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/21px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/28px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Template:Conservatism in Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Template talk:Conservatism in Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Reform Party of Canada</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Parti réformiste du Canada</i>) was a <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">right-wing populist</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">conservative</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_parties_in_Canada" title="List of federal political parties in Canada">federal political party in Canada</a> that existed from 1987 to 2000. Reform was founded as a <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Western_alienation" title="Western alienation">protest movement</a> that eventually became a populist conservative party, with strong <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_Canada" title="Social conservatism in Canada">social conservative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiscal conservatism in Canada">fiscal conservative</a> elements. It was initially motivated by profound Western Canadian discontent with the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative Party</a> (PC Party) government of <a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a>. </p><p>Led by its founder <a href="/wiki/Preston_Manning" title="Preston Manning">Preston Manning</a> throughout its existence, Reform was considered a populist movement that rapidly gained popularity and momentum in Western Canada during the late 1980s and early 1990s. In addition to attracting social conservatives, the party was popular among Western Canadians who were disillusioned with Mulroney's perceived prioritization of Quebec (during <a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney#Attempted_constitutional_reform" title="Brian Mulroney">his attempts to reform the Constitution</a>) as well as fiscal conservatives who were critical of the Mulroney government's tax increases and inability to reduce the <a href="/wiki/Budget_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Budget deficit">budget deficit</a>. In <a href="/wiki/1989_Beaver_River_federal_by-election" title="1989 Beaver River federal by-election">a 1989 by-election</a>, Reform won its first-ever seat in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a> before making a major electoral breakthrough in the <a href="/wiki/1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="1993 Canadian federal election">1993 federal election</a>, when it supplanted the PCs as the largest conservative party in Canada. In opposition, the party advocated for spending restraint, tax cuts, reductions in immigration, and wider reform of Canada's political institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/1997_Canadian_federal_election" title="1997 Canadian federal election">1997 federal election</a>, the party attempted to make a national breakthrough by running candidates in all provinces and territories. Although they became the <a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Official Opposition (Canada)">Official Opposition</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> majority and disappointment with the lack of Eastern seats led many members to question the future direction of the party. </p><p>In an attempt to move beyond its Western Canadian regional base and broaden its platform to encompass ideas from <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a>, the party changed its name to the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Alliance" title="Canadian Alliance">Canadian Alliance</a> in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, the Alliance lost <a href="/wiki/2000_Canadian_federal_election" title="2000 Canadian federal election">an election</a> to a third Liberal majority. In 2003, the <a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_(Canada)" title="Unite the Right (Canada)">Unite the Right</a> movement culminated in the Alliance merging with the Progressive Conservative Party to form the modern-day <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative Party of Canada</a>. Reform's impact on the Conservative Party's leaders and policies has been significant; three of its four permanent leaders were once Reform Party members. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Party_of_Canada&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Reform_Party_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Reform Party of Canada">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Reform+Party+of+Canada%22">"Reform Party of Canada"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Reform+Party+of+Canada%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Reform+Party+of+Canada%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Reform+Party+of+Canada%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Reform+Party+of+Canada%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Reform+Party+of+Canada%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Reform Party was founded in 1987 <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as an effort to give a voice to <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canadian</a> interests. <a href="/wiki/Preston_Manning" title="Preston Manning">Preston Manning</a>, the son of former <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> Premier <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Manning" title="Ernest Manning">Ernest Manning</a>, was elected the party's first leader. Ernest Manning had led the <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Social_Credit_Party" title="Alberta Social Credit Party">Alberta Social Credit Party</a>. Although the Reform Party never adopted the historical <a href="/wiki/Monetary_reform" title="Monetary reform">monetary reform</a> ideas of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_social_credit_movement" title="Canadian social credit movement">Canadian social credit movement</a>, both movements appealed to economically and socially conservative Western Canadian populists. </p><p>With the collapse of the 1984–1993 PC electoral coalition of Westerners, rural Ontarians, and Quebec nationalists, the Reform Party's fortunes rose. It first entered Parliament in 1989, when <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Grey" title="Deborah Grey">Deborah Grey</a> won a <a href="/wiki/1989_Beaver_River_federal_by-election" title="1989 Beaver River federal by-election">by-election</a> in the rural <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> riding of <a href="/wiki/Beaver_River_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Beaver River (federal electoral district)">Beaver River</a>, more than tripling her vote total from the <a href="/wiki/1988_Canadian_federal_election" title="1988 Canadian federal election">1988 general election</a>. </p><p>The party achieved a major breakthrough in the <a href="/wiki/1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="1993 Canadian federal election">1993 federal election</a>, when it jumped to 52 seats, just two behind the <a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a>, which became the <a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Official Opposition (Canada)">Official Opposition</a>. Reform actually finished second to the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberals</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a>, in the nationwide popular vote, due almost entirely to a strong showing in the West; virtually all PC support in Western Canada, particularly in rural areas, transferred to Reform. However, the Bloc's concentration of support in Quebec was slightly larger, allowing it to just nose out Reform for Official Opposition status. Nevertheless, the Liberals reckoned Reform as their main opposition on all other issues that were not specific to Quebec. Also, when Bloc leader <a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bouchard" title="Lucien Bouchard">Lucien Bouchard</a>'s position as <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)">Leader of the Opposition</a> granted him a meeting with visiting <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">US President</a> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, Manning was also given a meeting with Clinton in order to defuse Bouchard's separatist leverage.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reform's platform and policies emphasized the rights and responsibilities of the individual, <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a> and other democratic reforms in addition to smaller, more fiscally responsible government. However, the party came under persistent partisan attack of being extremist and intolerant due to a number of statements by Reform MPs which were considered racist, homophobic, and sexist. In the <a href="/wiki/1997_Canadian_federal_election" title="1997 Canadian federal election">1997 election</a>, Reform made only minor gains, but did manage to become the Official Opposition. </p><p>Nonetheless, the party still failed to present a true challenge to the Liberal government, since its agenda was seen as too extreme for the liking of <a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a>. A notable exception was rural <a href="/wiki/Central_Ontario" title="Central Ontario">Central Ontario</a>, an area that was almost as socially conservative as Reform's Western heartland. However, due to massive vote splitting with the PCs, this support only translated into one seat in Ontario during Reform's 1993 breakthrough—the only seat that the party ever won east of Manitoba. That seat was lost in 1997. </p><p>Demand for unity by the right encouraged Manning to promote a new movement, the "<a href="/wiki/United_Alternative" class="mw-redirect" title="United Alternative">United Alternative</a>," to create a small-"c" conservative alternative to the Liberals. Manning blamed "conservative" vote splitting for keeping the Liberals in power, although some polls showed that the Liberals were the second choice of many PC voters (especially in Ontario). Manning's efforts created a strong debate in the Reform Party, and he would even write a letter to the effect that he did not want to lead Reform anymore, but would only lead the new party. Manning won a <a href="/wiki/Leadership_review" title="Leadership review">leadership review</a>, with over 75% support quelling opposition to him. </p><p>In 2000, following the second of the two United Alternative conventions, the party voted to dissolve in favour of a new party,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the "Canadian Conservative Reform Alliance" (commonly called the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Alliance" title="Canadian Alliance">Canadian Alliance</a>), a declaration of policy, and a new constitution. On April 2, 2000, the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Electoral_Officer_of_Canada" title="Chief Electoral Officer of Canada">Chief Electoral Officer of Canada</a> granted the Reform Party's applications to change its name and logo (retroactive to March 27, 2000), over the objections of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada and the Canadian Action Party.<sup id="cite_ref-ChiefElectoralOfficerDecision_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChiefElectoralOfficerDecision-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mahoney-GlobeAndMail_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahoney-GlobeAndMail-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The newly named party's platform was a mixture of the PC and Reform platforms. However, it was largely seen as merely a renamed and enlarged Reform Party. Former Reform members dominated the newly named party, and the Reform caucus in the Commons essentially became the Alliance caucus (with a few exceptions). Former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a> called the party "Reform in pantyhose," and some opponents referred to the party as the "Reform Alliance" to reinforce this perception. </p><p>At the party's first leadership convention after being renamed, Manning was defeated in favour of the younger, more charismatic <a href="/wiki/Stockwell_Day" title="Stockwell Day">Stockwell Day</a>, longtime treasurer of Alberta. One Progressive Conservative senator, <a href="/wiki/Gerry_St._Germain" title="Gerry St. Germain">Gerry St. Germain</a>, joined the newly named party in October 2000, becoming the Alliance's only member of the Senate. </p><p>In the fall of 2000, the Liberals <a href="/wiki/2000_Canadian_federal_election" title="2000 Canadian federal election">called a snap election</a> that caught the Alliance off-guard. Nonetheless, the party went into the election with great hopes, campaigning on tax cuts, an end to the federal gun registration program, and their vision of "family values." Day was expected to have greater appeal to Ontario voters. At one point, the Alliance was at 30.5% in the polls, and some thought they could win the election, or at least knock the Liberals down to a minority government. However, the Liberals responded by accusing the Alliance of having a "hidden agenda" (introducing <a href="/wiki/Two-tier_health_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-tier health care">two-tier health care</a>, threatening gay rights and abortion rights) which the party denied. </p><p>Though disappointed with the election results in Ontario, the Alliance increased its presence to 66 MPs, including two MPs from Ontario, and remained the Official Opposition. Nationally, the party increased its popular vote to 25%. The Liberals increased their large majority mostly at the expense of the NDP, and the Tories under <a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Joe Clark</a> lost many seats and remained in fifth place, but Clark was elected in <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Centre" title="Calgary Centre">Calgary Centre</a> in the middle of Alliance country, so the overall political landscape was not significantly changed. </p><p>However, the Alliance failure to win more than the two seats in Ontario, along with residual resentments from the Alliance leadership contest and questions about Day's competence, led to caucus infighting. In the spring of 2001, eleven MPs who either voluntarily resigned or were expelled from the party formed the "Independent Alliance Caucus." The group was led by <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Strahl" title="Chuck Strahl">Chuck Strahl</a> and included Grey. Day offered the dissidents an amnesty at the end of the summer, but seven of them, including Grey and Strahl, turned it down and formed their own parliamentary grouping, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Representative_Caucus" title="Democratic Representative Caucus">Democratic Representative Caucus</a>. The DRC formed a coalition with Clark's Tories in the House, which was widely seen as an attempt by Clark to reunite the Canadian right on his terms. The split forced Day to call a new leadership convention, where, in April 2002, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a> defeated Day to become the new Alliance leader and Leader of the Official Opposition. </p><p>Once Harper assumed the leadership, most of the rebellious MPs rejoined the Alliance party. Two MPs did not rejoin, however: <a href="/wiki/Inky_Mark" title="Inky Mark">Inky Mark</a> chose to remain outside of caucus, and eventually joined the Tories, and the scandal-plagued <a href="/wiki/Jim_Pankiw" title="Jim Pankiw">Jim Pankiw</a> was rejected when he applied for readmission to the Alliance caucus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Policies">Policies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Party_of_Canada&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A cornerstone of the Reform Party's agenda was the rejection of the belief that Canada is a divided country, with division existing between English and French Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, Preston Manning called for a "New Canada" with a new identity that would solve existing problems, stating in his book <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Canada" title="The New Canada">The New Canada</a></i> (1992): </p> <blockquote> <p>The leaders of Canada's traditional federal parties continue to think of our country as "an equal partnership between two founding races, the English and French"—a federation of founding peoples and ethnic groups distinguished by official bilingualism, government-sponsored multiculturalism, and government enterprise. The approach to national unity is to grant special status to those Canadians who feel constitutionally or otherwise disadvantaged. This is Old Canada—and it has become "a house divided against itself."<sup id="cite_ref-Manning,_1992._Pviii_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manning,_1992._Pviii-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <blockquote> <p>Reformers seek a New Canada—a Canada which may be defined as "a balanced, democratic federation of provinces, distinguished by the sustainability of its environment, the viability of its economy, the acceptance of its social responsibilities, and the recognition of the equality and uniqueness of all of its citizens and provinces." New Canada must include a new deal for aboriginal peoples and a new Senate to address the problem of regional alienation. New Canada must be workable without Quebec, but it must be open and attractive enough to include a New Quebec.<sup id="cite_ref-Manning,_1992._Pviii_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manning,_1992._Pviii-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>The Reform Party saw the Canadian federal government as led by the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative</a> parties as being consistently indifferent to <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a> while focusing too much attention on <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>). It noted that the <a href="/wiki/National_Energy_Program" title="National Energy Program">National Energy Program</a> of the 1980s, introduced by a federal Liberal government, involved major government intervention into Canada's energy markets to regulate prices, resulting in economic losses to <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> and benefits to Eastern Canada. It also cited the 1986 decision by a federal Progressive Conservative government to contract the construction of <a href="/wiki/F/A-18_Hornet" class="mw-redirect" title="F/A-18 Hornet">CF-18</a> military aircraft to an unprepared contractor in Quebec rather than a ready contractor in <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>. To Reformers, these events served as evidence that Liberals and Progressive Conservatives consistently favoured Eastern Canada at the expense of Western Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_government">Role of government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Party_of_Canada&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Role of government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Decentralization_and_Senate_reform">Decentralization and Senate reform</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Party_of_Canada&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Decentralization and Senate reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Reform Party called for a decentralized Canadian federation in which the provinces would have more authority and advocated that the Canadian federal government ensure provincial equality in Canada<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as by creating a <a href="/wiki/Triple-E_Senate" title="Triple-E Senate">Triple-E Senate</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate of Canada</a> would become a democratically elected chamber (then and now, the Senate continues to be an appointed body, appointments are still made by the Governor General, but now following the list offered by the Prime Minister) and each province would have an equal number of seats, so that no province would have more power than another. A Triple-E Senate was highly popular in Western Canada, especially Alberta, where the Reform Party drew large support.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reductions_in_government-provided_services">Reductions in government-provided services</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Party_of_Canada&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reductions in government-provided services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Reform Party called for the privatization of various government services that the party believed could be better provided by the private sector. These government services included a number of state-owned corporations including <a href="/wiki/Canada_Post" title="Canada Post">Canada Post</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Petro_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Petro Canada">Petro Canada</a>. The Reform Party suggested that Canada's government-funded universal health insurance system be replaced by a two-tier private and public health insurance system. Preston Manning asserted however that the Reform Party was committed to ensuring that all Canadians would be able to access health insurance and health services.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_policy">Economic policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Party_of_Canada&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Economic policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="International_trade_policies">International trade policies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Party_of_Canada&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: International trade policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Reform Party supported a <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical liberal">classical liberal</a> economic plan including support for <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taxation_policies">Taxation policies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Party_of_Canada&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Taxation policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Reform Party supported significant tax cuts for citizens and businesses and opposed the <a href="/wiki/Goods_and_Services_Tax_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Goods and Services Tax (Canada)">Goods and Services Tax</a> (GST). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Government_spending">Government spending</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Party_of_Canada&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Government spending"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="1993 Canadian federal election">1993 federal election</a>, Reform pledged to eliminate Canada's chronic <a href="/wiki/Budget_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Budget deficit">budget deficit</a> within a period of three years.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberals</a> won a majority government and pledged to eliminate the deficit too, though with a more moderate approach. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_policy">Social policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Party_of_Canada&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Social policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aboriginal_affairs">Aboriginal affairs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Party_of_Canada&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Aboriginal affairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Reform Party called for major changes in the federal government's relations with Aboriginal peoples, which included dismantling the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_and_Northern_Affairs_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada">Department of Indian Affairs</a> and transferring its responsibilities directly to Aboriginal governing bodies to lessen Aboriginal peoples' dependence on the federal government.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gay_rights">Gay rights</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Party_of_Canada&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Gay rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Reform Party strongly opposed extending <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Canada" title="Same-sex marriage in Canada">marriage rights to gays and lesbians</a>. Many members of the Reform Party saw homosexuality as a moral wrong. Reform leader Preston Manning himself once publicly stated that "homosexuality is destructive to the individual, and in the long run, society".<sup id="cite_ref-Rayside_1998._Pp._128_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rayside_1998._Pp._128-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Immigration_policy,_language,_and_minority_rights"><span id="Immigration_policy.2C_language.2C_and_minority_rights"></span>Immigration policy, language, and minority rights</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Party_of_Canada&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Immigration policy, language, and minority rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Reform Party advocated an immigration policy based solely on the economic needs of Canada and differed from the other main parties by calling for more restrictions on immigration and for an annual limit on migration into Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-plainshumanities.unl.edu_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plainshumanities.unl.edu-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reform's early policy proposals for immigration were seen as highly controversial in Canada including a policy pamphlet called <i>Blue Sheet</i> that was issued in mid-1991 stating that Reformers opposed "any immigration based on race or creed or designed to radically or suddenly alter the ethnic makeup of Canada".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The statement was considered too controversial and subsequent Reform Party policy documents did not declare any similar concern for a radical alteration of the ethnic make-up of Canada. By 1993, the party began to soften its image as intolerant of minorities and ahead of the 1997 election sought to both recruit candidates and appeal to voters from ethnic minority backgrounds.<sup id="cite_ref-Tropper,_Harold_Martin_Pp._257_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tropper,_Harold_Martin_Pp._257-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-plainshumanities.unl.edu_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plainshumanities.unl.edu-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an updated version of the party's policy platform released as the <i>Blue Book</i> in 1996, Reform supported the acceptance and integration of immigrants and refugees that met the requirements of the UN <a href="/wiki/1951_Refugee_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1951 Refugee Convention">1951 Refugee Convention</a> "regardless of race, language or culture" while calling for limits on family migration, barring non-citizens from claiming state unemployment welfare and stricter penalties against illegal immigration.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the original <i>Blue Sheet</i> pamphlet and controversial opinions expressed by individuals within Reform raised the question over whether Reform was intolerant to non-white people and whether the party harboured racist members.<sup id="cite_ref-Tropper,_Harold_Martin_Pp._257_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tropper,_Harold_Martin_Pp._257-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent repeated accounts of xenophobic and racist statements by individual Reform party supporters and members spread this concern, though the party itself continuously denied that it supported such views.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Reform Party declared its opposition to existing government-funded <a href="/wiki/Bilingualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingualism">bilingualism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tropper,_Harold_Martin_Pp._257_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tropper,_Harold_Martin_Pp._257-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reformers claimed that efforts to create a bilingual country had not worked and that language policy should be a provincial issue. Reformers criticized government-sponsored multiculturalism for creating a "hyphenated Canadian" identity, rather than a single <a href="/wiki/Canadian_identity" title="Canadian identity">Canadian identity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party's platform called to an end to government initiatives to promote multiculturalism in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_unity">National unity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Party_of_Canada&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: National unity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Reform Party differed greatly with other major federal political parties in regards to national unity, as it did not treat the <a href="/wiki/Francophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophone">Francophone</a> province of Quebec in a unique manner. Instead, it believed Quebec was just one province of Canada, all of which were equal and none having a special status.<sup id="cite_ref-Manning,_1992._Pviii_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manning,_1992._Pviii-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the other parties, Reform did not believe that <a href="/wiki/Quebec_sovereignty_movement" title="Quebec sovereignty movement">Quebec secession</a> should be sought to be avoided at all costs and by all means, because the party believed that this amounted to favouritism to Quebec.<sup id="cite_ref-Manning,_1992._Pviii_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manning,_1992._Pviii-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reformers believed that Canada could continue to exist without Quebec, but hoped that offers of decentralization would satisfy the desire of the Quebec government for greater autonomy while still being equitable to all the provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-Manning,_1992._Pviii_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manning,_1992._Pviii-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_controversies_regarding_Reform's_policies"><span id="Public_controversies_regarding_Reform.27s_policies"></span>Public controversies regarding Reform's policies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Party_of_Canada&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Public controversies regarding Reform's policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Manning denied that he and most Reformers based their policies on intolerant views, but admitted that the party's populism had an inadvertent effect of drawing in some intolerant people whom Manning claimed he had always sought to keep out.<sup id="cite_ref-Manning,_Preston_1992._P24_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manning,_Preston_1992._P24-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manning claimed that he was just as committed to purging extremists from the Reform Party as his father <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Manning" title="Ernest Manning">Ernest Manning</a> had been when he purged anti-Semites from the <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Social_Credit_Party" title="Alberta Social Credit Party">Alberta Social Credit Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Manning,_Preston_1992._P24_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manning,_Preston_1992._P24-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He stated that during the 1988 election he was faced with just such an extremist, <a href="/wiki/Doug_Collins_(journalist)" title="Doug Collins (journalist)">Doug Collins</a>, who was seeking nomination as a Reform candidate. Many Reform supporters condemned Collins as being racist and said that they would leave the party if he were nominated.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manning responded by sending a letter to the constituency association which called for all candidates to accept the Reform Party's denouncement of racism and demanded that Collins accept this. Collins and his supporters refused, and he subsequently failed to win the nomination.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1993, Manning was again confronted by an example of intolerance by a Reform Party candidate, John Beck, who made a series of anti-immigrant remarks in an interview with Excalibur, the <a href="/wiki/York_University" title="York University">York University</a> student paper. York students confronted Manning with the remarks, and within an hour, Beck was forced to withdraw his candidacy.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reform Members of Parliament (MP) such as <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Grey" title="Deborah Grey">Deborah Grey</a> joined Manning in denouncing such intolerant people who joined the party.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reform MPs <a href="/wiki/Jan_Brown" title="Jan Brown">Jan Brown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a> (who would later become Prime Minister) went against the majority of Reform delegates at the 1994 party convention by refusing to support a motion that called for the party to oppose the allowance of homosexual couples to be treated the same as heterosexual couples. In 1996, after Reform MP <a href="/wiki/Bob_Ringma" title="Bob Ringma">Bob Ringma</a> stated in a newspaper interview that store owners should be free to move <a href="/wiki/Gay" title="Gay">gays</a> and "ethnics" "to the back of the shop," or even to fire them if the presence of that individual offended a bigoted customer,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and following Reform MP <a href="/wiki/David_Chatters" title="David Chatters">David Chatters</a>' remark that it would be acceptable for a school to prevent a homosexual person from teaching in school, a crisis erupted in the Reform Party caucus after Manning did not censure their comments. MPs <a href="/wiki/Jan_Brown" title="Jan Brown">Jan Brown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jim_Silye" title="Jim Silye">Jim Silye</a> demanded that Manning reprimand Ringma and Chatters, threatening that they and other moderate Reformers would leave the party if no reprimand was taken. Manning proceeded to suspend Ringma and Chatters for several months but also reprimanded Brown and Silye for speaking out against the party. Brown and Silye both subsequently left the Reform Party and later ran as Progressive Conservative candidates. </p><p>In spite of official objections to intolerance by the party leadership and some Reformer MPs, comments and decisions made at party conventions by Reform Party supporters on a number of issues were considered highly intolerant by onlookers. In 1991, Manning was humiliated at a Reform Party rally when a supporter praised him in racist terms, saying, "You're a fine white person. You know, we are letting in too many people from the Third World, the low blacks, the low Hispanics. They're going to take over the province."<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in the same rally, another supporter stood up and said, "Let them [Quebeckers] go. We don't need Quebec."<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Long-time Progressive Conservative member and political commentator <a href="/wiki/Dalton_Camp" title="Dalton Camp">Dalton Camp</a> observed the 1994 Reform convention in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a> and was personally disgusted with what he heard, saying, "The speechifying gives off acrid whiffs of xenophobia, homophobia, and paranoia—like an exhaust—in which it seems clear both orator and audience have been seized by some private terror: immigrants, lesbians, people out of work or from out of town and criminals."<sup id="cite_ref-Rayside_1998._Pp._129_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rayside_1998._Pp._129-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Reform Party policy convention in 1995, Manning urged members to avoid extremism, and a motion was passed saying that the Reform Party recognized the equality of every individual, but only after the delegates demanded that the words "without discrimination" be removed from the motion.<sup id="cite_ref-Rayside_1998._Pp._129_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rayside_1998._Pp._129-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1995 convention controversially called for the removal of group specification in all human rights legislation which was accepted in the convention by a 93 percent vote in favour.<sup id="cite_ref-Rayside_1998._Pp._128_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rayside_1998._Pp._128-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another controversial motion in the 1995 convention called for tighter regulation of people infected with HIV, which was supported by 84 percent of the delegates.<sup id="cite_ref-Rayside_1998._Pp._128_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rayside_1998._Pp._128-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One Reformer delegate raised concern that such a policy on HIV would make the party look anti-homosexual, but another delegate responded to this by saying "I did not join the Reform Party to bow down at the altar of political correctness."<sup id="cite_ref-Rayside_1998._Pp._128_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rayside_1998._Pp._128-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Reform Party was plagued by an influx of intolerant people who supported the party's opposition to government-funded multicultural programs and bilingual programs.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some have claimed that the large problem of intolerance in the Reform Party was not a mere coincidence of its policies of opposing government-sponsored multicultural programs, but a deliberate effort by the party to rally such intolerant people and to push an intolerant agenda.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The media focused on Reform's troubles involving intolerant people within the party, which made the party appear to support such intolerance.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the issue of episodes of racism and extremism within the Reform Party, Manning himself recognized the serious dangers that the political ideology of populism (which the Reform Party supported) posed should racists and extremists infiltrate it and spoke of the serious need for the party to repel such racism and extremism, saying that: </p> <blockquote> <p>If a revival of grassroots democratic populism is to be characteristic of the revitalization of Canadian federal politics of the 1990s, especially in Quebec and the West, it is of primary importance that its leaders be well versed in ways and means of preventing populism from developing racist or other extremist overtones. (This, of course, is also the number-one challenge facing those attempting to lead the reform movements of eastern Europe and the Soviet Union.)"<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>By 1997, the Reform Party attempted to combat distaste for its views on immigration and minority rights by selecting multiple members of ethnic minority groups as candidates in that year's federal election. As a result, multiple minorities became Reform MPs, including <a href="/wiki/Rahim_Jaffer" title="Rahim Jaffer">Rahim Jaffer</a> (who became Canada's first <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> Member of Parliament), <a href="/wiki/Gurmant_Grewal" title="Gurmant Grewal">Gurmant Grewal</a> (an Indo-Canadian <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikh</a> who had immigrated to Canada six years earlier), <a href="/wiki/Deepak_Obhrai" title="Deepak Obhrai">Deepak Obhrai</a> (who was born in Tanzania), and <a href="/wiki/Inky_Mark" title="Inky Mark">Inky Mark</a> (a Chinese-Canadian). However, these attempts to refurbish the party's image were damaged during the 1997 campaign, when Reform released a controversial television advertisement in which the faces of four Quebec politicians (Prime Minister Jean Chrétien, Bloc Québécois leader <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Duceppe" title="Gilles Duceppe">Gilles Duceppe</a>, Progressive Conservative leader <a href="/wiki/Jean_Charest" title="Jean Charest">Jean Charest</a>, and separatist Quebec Premier <a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bouchard" title="Lucien Bouchard">Lucien Bouchard</a>) were crossed out, followed by a message saying that Quebec politicians had dominated the federal government for too long and that Reform would end this favouritism towards Quebec.<sup id="cite_ref-cnn.com_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn.com-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other party leaders harshly criticized the advertisement and Manning was accused of being "intolerant" and a "bigot" for permitting the advertisement to be aired.<sup id="cite_ref-cnn.com_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn.com-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manning however has not held a public negative view of Quebec; in his 1992 book, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Canada" title="The New Canada">The New Canada</a></i>, he complimented <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> for being open to populist third parties, mentioning the <a href="/wiki/Bloc_Populaire_Canadien" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloc Populaire Canadien">Bloc Populaire Canadien</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ralliement_cr%C3%A9ditiste_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Ralliement créditiste du Québec">Ralliement créditiste du Québec</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Parti_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Parti Québécois">Parti Québécois</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a> as examples of populist third parties in the province.<sup id="cite_ref-Manning,_1992._P26_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manning,_1992._P26-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_roots_and_the_party's_creation"><span id="Political_roots_and_the_party.27s_creation"></span>Political roots and the party's creation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Party_of_Canada&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Political roots and the party's creation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Western_alienation" title="Western alienation">Western alienation</a></div> <p>In May 1987, a conference called "A Western Assembly on Canada's Economic and Political Future" was held in <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>. This conference led to the formation of the Reform Party in Winnipeg in October of that year. The party's founding occurred as the coalition of Western Prairie <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> <a href="/wiki/Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist">nationalists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> business leaders, and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic</a> <a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red Tories</a> that made up <a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative Party</a> began to fracture.<sup id="cite_ref-Historica_Canada_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historica_Canada-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The party was the brainchild of a group of discontented Western interest groups who were upset with the PC government and the lack of a voice for Western concerns at the national level. Leading figures in this movement included <a href="/wiki/Ted_Byfield" title="Ted Byfield">Ted Byfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stan_Roberts" title="Stan Roberts">Stan Roberts</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Winspear&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Winspear (page does not exist)">Francis Winspear</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Preston_Manning" title="Preston Manning">Preston Manning</a>. A major intellectual impetus at the time was provided by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Brimelow" title="Peter Brimelow">Peter Brimelow</a>'s 1986 book, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Patriot_Game_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Patriot Game (book)">The Patriot Game</a></i>. They believed the West needed its own party if it was to be heard. Their main complaints against the Mulroney government were its alleged favouritism towards Quebec, lack of fiscal responsibility, and a failure to support a program of institutional reform (for example, of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a>). The roots of this discontent lay mainly in their belief that a package of proposed constitutional amendments, called the <a href="/wiki/Meech_Lake_Accord" title="Meech Lake Accord">Meech Lake Accord</a>, failed to meet the needs of Westerners and Canadian unity overall. </p><p>The Reform Party was founded as a western-based <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populist</a> party to promote reform of democratic institutions. However, shortly after the 1987 founding convention, <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_Canada" title="Social conservatism in Canada">social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">fiscal</a> conservatives became dominant within the party, moving it to the <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Who_is_Stephen_Harper_and_where_did_his_party_come_from:_The_remaking_of_Canadian_conservatism_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who_is_Stephen_Harper_and_where_did_his_party_come_from:_The_remaking_of_Canadian_conservatism-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their political aims were a reduction in government spending on social programs, and reductions in taxation. Though largely a fringe party in 1987, by 1990 the party had made huge inroads in public support as support for Mulroney's PC party dropped due to the unpopular <a href="/wiki/Goods_and_Services_Tax_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Goods and Services Tax (Canada)">Goods and Services Tax</a> (GST), high unemployment, and the failure of the Meech Lake Accord. In 1992, leader Preston Manning released a book called <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Canada" title="The New Canada">The New Canada</a></i> explaining the origins of the new party and its policies, explaining his personal life and convictions, and defending some of the controversial elements of Reform's policies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_party_in_the_late_1980s">The party in the late 1980s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Party_of_Canada&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: The party in the late 1980s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reform_Party_of_Canada_logo_1988.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/35/Reform_Party_of_Canada_logo_1988.svg/200px-Reform_Party_of_Canada_logo_1988.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/35/Reform_Party_of_Canada_logo_1988.svg/300px-Reform_Party_of_Canada_logo_1988.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/35/Reform_Party_of_Canada_logo_1988.svg/400px-Reform_Party_of_Canada_logo_1988.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Logo of the Reform Party of Canada from the late 1980s to early 1990s.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Reform Party was founded as a <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western</a>-based political party in a convention in October 1987 in <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> led by three principal organizers including Preston Manning, former <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party</a> member <a href="/wiki/Stan_Roberts" title="Stan Roberts">Stan Roberts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Muir_(politician)" title="Robert Muir (politician)">Robert Muir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 1, 1987, at the convention, Manning was unanimously named leader after Roberts left the convention in protest over the new party's finances.<sup id="cite_ref-cpac_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cpac-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ellis,_2005._P22_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellis,_2005._P22-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party's delegates discussed a variety of topics to formulate policies such as calling for the party to endorse a <a href="/wiki/Triple-E_Senate" title="Triple-E Senate">Triple-E Senate</a> amendment to be added to the <a href="/wiki/Meech_Lake_Accord" title="Meech Lake Accord">Meech Lake Accord</a>, advocating the addition of <a href="/wiki/Property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Property rights">property rights</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a>, and other issues such as "provincial resource rights, deficit reduction, free trade, economic diversification, welfare reform, and regional fairness in federal procurements."<sup id="cite_ref-Ellis,_2005._P22_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellis,_2005._P22-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The convention briefly discussed the contentious topic of western separation, which was not a serious concern as most of the delegates rejected the idea and Manning stated that he would refuse to lead a western separatist party and went on to say "We want to tell the rest of the country not that the West is leaving, but that the West is arriving."<sup id="cite_ref-Ellis,_2005._P22_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellis,_2005._P22-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The party fought in the <a href="/wiki/1988_Canadian_federal_election" title="1988 Canadian federal election">1988 federal election</a>, but was never considered more than a fringe element, and none of its 72 candidates won election. However, the party ran second to the governing Tories in many Western ridings and earned 2.1% of the total national vote. The party clearly identified itself as a Western-based political party in 1988 with its slogan "The West Wants In". The party advocated controversial policies such as its opposition to official bilingualism and multiculturalism and its opposition for distinct society status for Quebec which all mainstream political parties at the time supported. </p><p>In 1989, following the sudden death of <a href="/wiki/John_Dahmer" title="John Dahmer">John Dahmer</a>, PC MP for <a href="/wiki/Beaver_River_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Beaver River (federal electoral district)">Beaver River</a> in Alberta, the Reform Party gained its first MP when <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Grey" title="Deborah Grey">Deborah Grey</a> won the <a href="/wiki/1989_Beaver_River_federal_by-election" title="1989 Beaver River federal by-election">resulting by-election</a>. Grey had finished fourth in the 1988 election. As the party's first MP, she became Reform's deputy leader, a position she held for the remainder of the party's history. </p><p>Also in 1989, <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Waters" title="Stanley Waters">Stanley Waters</a> won Alberta's first senatorial election under the banner of the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Alberta_(1989-2004)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform Party of Alberta (1989-2004)">Reform Party of Alberta</a>. In 1990, he became Reform's first (and only) federal Senator, remaining in office until his untimely death one year later. Waters' appointment, following his election victory, has led some to describe him as Canada's first elected Senator. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1990s">1990s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Party_of_Canada&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reform_Party_of_Canada_logo_(english_version).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Reform_Party_of_Canada_logo_%28english_version%29.svg/300px-Reform_Party_of_Canada_logo_%28english_version%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Reform_Party_of_Canada_logo_%28english_version%29.svg/450px-Reform_Party_of_Canada_logo_%28english_version%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Reform_Party_of_Canada_logo_%28english_version%29.svg/600px-Reform_Party_of_Canada_logo_%28english_version%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="82" /></a><figcaption>English version logo of the Reform Party, adopted in 1991.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parti_reformiste_du_Canada_logo_(version_francais).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/85/Parti_reformiste_du_Canada_logo_%28version_francais%29.svg/300px-Parti_reformiste_du_Canada_logo_%28version_francais%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/85/Parti_reformiste_du_Canada_logo_%28version_francais%29.svg/450px-Parti_reformiste_du_Canada_logo_%28version_francais%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/85/Parti_reformiste_du_Canada_logo_%28version_francais%29.svg/600px-Parti_reformiste_du_Canada_logo_%28version_francais%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="562" data-file-height="114" /></a><figcaption>French version logo of the Reform Party, adopted in 1991.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1991 and 1992, support for Reform rose not only in Western Canada, but also in other parts of Canada as well, including <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>. The party took note of this new support and changed its position from being a Western-based political party to being a national party. However, it excluded candidates from Quebec, as there was little support from francophone <a href="/wiki/French-speaking_Quebecer" class="mw-redirect" title="French-speaking Quebecer">Quebecers</a> for Reform's opposition to distinct society for Quebec. However, Manning did not dispel the possibility of Reform naturally expanding into Quebec in the early 1990s, as in his 1992 book, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Canada" title="The New Canada">The New Canada</a></i>, Manning credits the populist reform tradition in Canada as not having begun in the west, and mentions its early roots in the 19th century reform parties of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a> (Ontario) <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a> (Quebec), and <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> that fought against colonial <a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">elites</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Family_Compact" title="Family Compact">Family Compact</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Clique" class="mw-redirect" title="Château Clique">Château Clique</a> and sought to replace them with responsible governments.<sup id="cite_ref-Manning,_1992._P26_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manning,_1992._P26-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Manning complimented <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> for being open to populist politics and populist third party politics.<sup id="cite_ref-Manning,_1992._P26_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manning,_1992._P26-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1992, the Mulroney government made another attempt at amending Canada's <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">constitution</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Charlottetown_Accord" title="Charlottetown Accord">Charlottetown Accord</a> was even more ambitious than the <a href="/wiki/Meech_Lake_Accord" title="Meech Lake Accord">Meech Lake Accord</a>, but it failed to win support in a <a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Canada" title="Referendums in Canada">nationwide referendum</a>. The Reform Party was one of the few groups to oppose the accord. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1993_election">1993 election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Party_of_Canada&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 1993 election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The constitutional debacle, unpopular initiatives such as the introduction of a <a href="/wiki/Goods_and_Services_Tax_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Goods and Services Tax (Canada)">Goods and Services Tax</a> (GST), together with a series of high-profile scandals, all contributed to the implosion of the Progressive Conservative "grand coalition" in the <a href="/wiki/1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="1993 Canadian federal election">1993 election</a>. The Progressive Conservatives suffered the worst defeat ever for a governing party at the federal level, falling from 151 to only two seats, while the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberals</a> under <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a> won a majority government. </p><p>The Reform Party's success in 1993 was related to the mobilization of people who were opposed to the welfare state, but this represents only one dimension of the party's appeal. Jenkins (2002) examines the effect of issues on Reform support during the campaign and considers the actual process by which issues affected party support. Although candidates can prime or stress certain issues for voters, the priming label is sometimes misused. Jenkins makes a distinction between campaign learning and priming. If voters do not know where a party stands on an issue, they cannot adequately employ this information in their overall evaluation. Evidence demonstrates that the increased importance of attitudes toward the welfare state was largely a function of the distribution of new information or learning, while the increased importance of cultural questions represented priming. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electoral_base">Electoral base</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Party_of_Canada&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Electoral base"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reform was the major beneficiary of the Tory collapse, taking nearly 16% of the popular vote – a healthy increase from 1988. With few exceptions, the PCs' Western support transferred <i>en masse</i> to Reform. It won all but four seats in Alberta and dominated <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> as well. The party also won four seats in <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> and one seat in <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>. Besides taking over nearly all of the PC seats in the West, Reform also won several ridings held by the <a href="/wiki/Social_democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democratic">social democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic Party</a> (NDP). Despite sharp ideological differences, Reform's populism struck a responsive chord with many NDP voters who were dissatisfied with <a href="/wiki/Audrey_McLaughlin" title="Audrey McLaughlin">Audrey McLaughlin</a>'s leadership and Ontario supporters who were frustrated with the government of NDP Premier <a href="/wiki/Bob_Rae" title="Bob Rae">Bob Rae</a>. </p><p>However, Reform did not do as well as hoped east of Manitoba. It was entirely shut out of <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a> – a region where a much more moderate strain of conservatism has traditionally prevailed. Many <a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red Tory</a> voters in both Atlantic Canada and Ontario were fed up with the Tories, but found Reform's agenda too extreme and shifted to the Liberals, at least at the national level. Despite strong support in rural central Ontario, a very socially conservative area which had been the backbone of previous <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Ontario" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario">provincial Tory governments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vote_splitting" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote splitting">vote splitting</a> with the national Tories allowed the Liberals to win all but one seat in Ontario. Reform's <a href="/wiki/Ed_Harper" title="Ed Harper">Ed Harper</a> managed to win in <a href="/wiki/Simcoe_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Simcoe Centre">Simcoe Centre</a>, but had 123 more votes gone to his Liberal opponent, the Liberals would have had the first-ever clean sweep of Canada's most populous province. As it turned out, this was Reform's only victory east of Manitoba, ever. The party also did not run any candidates in Quebec. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Status_in_Ottawa">Status in Ottawa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Party_of_Canada&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Status in Ottawa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reform began as a Western protest party in the minds of most Canadians. Its heavy concentration of support in the West netted it 52 seats. However, the <a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a>'s concentration of support in Quebec was slightly larger, leaving Reform three seats short of <a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Official Opposition (Canada)">Official Opposition</a> status despite finishing second in the popular vote. Even with these disappointments, the 1993 election was a tremendous success for Reform. In one stroke, it had replaced the Progressive Conservative Party as the major right-wing party in Canada. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ontario">Ontario</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Party_of_Canada&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Ontario"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reform's ambitions of becoming a national party and spreading into the east, particularly into Ontario, were helped by the rise of <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Ontario" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario">Ontario Progressive Conservative</a> Premier <a href="/wiki/Mike_Harris" title="Mike Harris">Mike Harris</a> to power in 1995. Harris' <a href="/wiki/Common_Sense_Revolution" title="Common Sense Revolution">Common Sense Revolution</a> agenda shared much of Reform's fiscally neoliberal ideology, including deep spending cuts, <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a> of social services, and <a href="/wiki/Tax_cut" title="Tax cut">tax cuts</a>. The party continued to show its ties to Harris as a means to diminish support for the federal PC Party. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Policies_2">Policies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Party_of_Canada&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reform claimed credit for pressuring the Liberal government to initiate spending cuts and focus on deficit reduction in 1995, though the party had wanted even deeper cuts. It also managed to put forward its own strategy for national unity after the slim federalist victory in the <a href="/wiki/1995_Quebec_referendum" title="1995 Quebec referendum">1995 Quebec referendum on sovereignty</a>, which advocated deep decentralization of powers from the federal government to the provinces and territories. Manning was attacked, however, for not appearing at federalist rallies in Quebec, as Prime Minister Chrétien and new Progressive Conservative leader <a href="/wiki/Jean_Charest" title="Jean Charest">Jean Charest</a> had done. </p><p>Despite some steps forward, Reform came under considerable attack during its tenure in Parliament from 1994 to 1997. The party's staunch <a href="/wiki/Social_conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Social conservative">social conservative</a> stances on bilingualism, immigration, abortion, <a href="/wiki/Gay_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay rights">gay rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minority_rights" title="Minority rights">minority rights</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_peoples_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal peoples in Canada">aboriginal</a> rights led to a large number of Reform MPs making statements that were considered to be intolerant.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (May 2015)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reform_Party_of_Canada_wave_logo_(english_version).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Reform_Party_of_Canada_wave_logo_%28english_version%29.svg/300px-Reform_Party_of_Canada_wave_logo_%28english_version%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Reform_Party_of_Canada_wave_logo_%28english_version%29.svg/450px-Reform_Party_of_Canada_wave_logo_%28english_version%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Reform_Party_of_Canada_wave_logo_%28english_version%29.svg/600px-Reform_Party_of_Canada_wave_logo_%28english_version%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="112" /></a><figcaption>English version of the Reform Party "wave" logo adopted in 1996.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parti_reformiste_du_Canada_logo_de_vague_(version_francais).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/21/Parti_reformiste_du_Canada_logo_de_vague_%28version_francais%29.svg/300px-Parti_reformiste_du_Canada_logo_de_vague_%28version_francais%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/21/Parti_reformiste_du_Canada_logo_de_vague_%28version_francais%29.svg/450px-Parti_reformiste_du_Canada_logo_de_vague_%28version_francais%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/21/Parti_reformiste_du_Canada_logo_de_vague_%28version_francais%29.svg/600px-Parti_reformiste_du_Canada_logo_de_vague_%28version_francais%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="112" /></a><figcaption>French version of the Reform Party "wave" logo adopted in 1996.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1997_election">1997 election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Party_of_Canada&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 1997 election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1996 to the <a href="/wiki/1997_Canadian_federal_election" title="1997 Canadian federal election">1997 election</a>, the party's executive tried to refurbish the party's image and shed its controversial past. A number of ethnic minorities were sought out as Reform candidates for the upcoming 1997 election. Also, Reform changed tactics by running a candidate in every riding in Canada, including those in Quebec. The party increased its total seats to 60 and became the <a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Official Opposition (Canada)">Official Opposition</a>. Despite this breakthrough, however, Reform failed to win any seats east of Manitoba. The 1997 election also saw the return of the Progressive Conservative Party to official party status following their electoral dominance of the conservative vote in eastern Canada. The party was considerably hampered in its efforts to reach <a href="/wiki/Francophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophone">Francophone</a> voters because of Manning's inability to speak fluent French. There was also a perception of the party as being anti-Quebec due to its position on official bilingualism and its opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Meech_Lake_Accord" title="Meech Lake Accord">Meech Lake Accord</a>. </p><p>During this time, Reform again came under fire for ostensibly being extremist. The party ran an election ad in which the faces of four key Quebec leaders (Prime Minister Chrétien, PC leader Charest, former Bloc Québécois chief <a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bouchard" title="Lucien Bouchard">Lucien Bouchard</a>, and new Bloc leader <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Duceppe" title="Gilles Duceppe">Gilles Duceppe</a>) were crossed out, saying that Canada had been governed too long by Quebec politicians. The response to this ad was negative, and the leaders of the other parties claimed that the ad was an attack on Quebec and that Manning was a bigot.<sup id="cite_ref-cnn.com_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn.com-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Disillusionment with the traditional political parties in general had been the impetus behind Reform's initial growth, but that growth was now felt to have stalled. Its claims to be a populist and Western protest party came under attack in 1997, when Manning accepted an offer to live at <a href="/wiki/Stornoway_(residence)" title="Stornoway (residence)">Stornoway</a>, the official residence provided to the leader of the Official Opposition. Manning had previously said that Stornoway was a waste of taxpayer money and that he would not reside there<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>Reform had also failed in 1997 to establish itself as the clear right-wing alternative to the Liberal Party. The Progressive Conservative Party, which had been steadily rebuilt under Charest, enjoyed a modest revival in the 1997 election. It won 20 seats, up from the dismal two it had won in the 1993 election. The split in the right-wing vote between Reform and the PCs possibly aided the Liberals to win a second majority government. Some political pundits claimed that it was a divided right which allowed the Liberals to gain a second majority government, and claimed that if the two parties did not put away their differences, the result could repeat itself. </p><p>Manning recognized the frustration by Canada's right-wing proponents and began discussions towards the launch of a new pan-Canadian party, using "<a href="/wiki/United_Alternative" class="mw-redirect" title="United Alternative">United Alternative</a>" ("UA") forums to bring grassroots Reformers together with Tories. The goal was to create a <a href="/wiki/Small-c_conservative" title="Small-c conservative">small-c conservative</a> political alternative to the Liberals that could woo Ontarian and Atlantic Canadian voters. Manning was supported by the more right-of-centre "Focus Federally For Reform," while "Grassroots United Against Reform's Demise" ("GUARD") opposed the initiative. The United Alternative proposal created a strong debate in the Reform Party. Manning himself wrote a letter to the effect that he did not want to lead Reform anymore, but would only lead a new party. A leadership vote in 1998 managed to officially put aside the differences, with Manning winning a large majority in support of his leadership. Afterwards, Reform steadily progressed towards creating the United Alternative. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rebranding">Rebranding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Party_of_Canada&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Rebranding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Reform_Party_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Reform Party of Canada">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Reform+Party+of+Canada%22">"Reform Party of Canada"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Reform+Party+of+Canada%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Reform+Party+of+Canada%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Reform+Party+of+Canada%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Reform+Party+of+Canada%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Reform+Party+of+Canada%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The outcome was the renaming of the Reform Party effective March 27, 2000, as the Canadian Reform Conservative Alliance. The new short form name (to appear on the ballot) was <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Alliance" title="Canadian Alliance">Canadian Alliance</a>. The new name and a new logo were approved by the Chief Electoral Officer over the objections of two other parties.<sup id="cite_ref-ChiefElectoralOfficerDecision_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChiefElectoralOfficerDecision-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mahoney-GlobeAndMail_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahoney-GlobeAndMail-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joe Clark, leader of the Progressive Conservative Party, had accused the Reform Party of trying to take the party's name, arguing that the word "Conservative" in the Reform Party's proposed new name would result in a real possibility of confusion.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams-GlobeAndMail_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams-GlobeAndMail-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under its new name, the party fused about half of the Progressive Conservative policies, and half of Reform's policies in an effort to broaden its appeal and present itself as a party of government.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Even though the Canadian Alliance was intended to attract a broader base of right-of-centre voters, former Reform members dominated the newly named party. The Reform parliamentary caucus, with few exceptions, simply became the Alliance caucus. As a result, the Alliance was widely seen as a renamed and enlarged Reform Party. Critics of the party frequently referred to it as the "Reform Alliance" to underscore its previous incarnation as Reform, at a time when many Canadians east of Manitoba had grown uneasy about the multiple allegations of discrimination and extremism within the Reform Party as portrayed in the media. </p><p>Manning stood in the first <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Alliance_leadership_elections" title="Canadian Alliance leadership elections">leadership race</a> for the new party, but lost to the younger and more charismatic <a href="/wiki/Stockwell_Day" title="Stockwell Day">Stockwell Day</a>, the treasurer (<a href="/wiki/Finance_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Finance minister">finance minister</a>) and deputy premier of <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>. </p><p>The change of identity to "Canadian Alliance", and its eventual merger in 2003 with the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative Party</a> to form the new <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative Party of Canada</a>, alienated some of the old Reform populists, who saw the merger as the final demise of the former Reform Party and the return of Tory indifference to western Canadian concerns. This led to the creation of a new "Reform Association of Canada". "Bring Back Real Reform" also was created by a fringe group of original Reformers from Ontario, with the aim of bringing back a federal Reform Party. Under the tag "Operation Back to the Future", it was launched in Spring 2005 as an umbrella for all original Reformers across the nation who felt that they were still without a political home. Neither of these groups has attracted any support. </p><p>Most of these people were also members of GUARD, were anti-UA, and were generally unsupportive of the Canadian Alliance, seeing it as a political vehicle for a Tory takeover even though the Alliance was dominated by former Reform Party members. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_parties">Related parties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Party_of_Canada&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Related parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provincial_wings">Provincial wings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Party_of_Canada&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Provincial wings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Reform Party of Canada had two official provincial wings, that were registered by the party to be kept in a mostly dormant state. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Ontario" title="Reform Party of Ontario">Reform Party of Ontario</a> ran only one candidate in each election to maintain registration, whilst the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Alberta_(1989-2004)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform Party of Alberta (1989-2004)">Reform Party of Alberta</a> ran candidates in the first two senatorial elections. There were also two unaffiliated provincial parties, the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_British_Columbia" title="Reform Party of British Columbia">Reform Party of British Columbia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Manitoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform Party of Manitoba">Reform Party of Manitoba</a>. While they had no official connection to the federal party, they shared a similar political outlook. Both provincial parties are now largely inactive. </p><p>The Reform Party of Canada held close association with the provincial <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative</a> parties in Alberta under <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Klein" title="Ralph Klein">Ralph Klein</a> and Ontario under <a href="/wiki/Mike_Harris" title="Mike Harris">Mike Harris</a> which held similar economic policies. The Reform Party also supported the populist conservative <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_Party" title="Saskatchewan Party">Saskatchewan Party</a> formed in 1997 as well as the Liberal Party of British Columbia under <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Campbell_(Canadian_politician)" title="Gordon Campbell (Canadian politician)">Gordon Campbell</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reform_UK">Reform UK</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Party_of_Canada&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Reform UK"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While there is no direct link between the defunct Canadian federal party and <a href="/wiki/Reform_UK" title="Reform UK">Reform UK</a>, a British political party which has become a serious challenger to the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a>'s longstanding the dominant right wing party in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, Reform UK leader <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Farage" title="Nigel Farage">Nigel Farage</a> has described himself as a "great admirer" of Manning and claimed the party's current name (changed from <a href="/wiki/Brexit_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Brexit Party">Brexit Party</a> in 2020) was largely inspired by Manning's former party. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_results">Electoral results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Party_of_Canada&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Electoral results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Election </th> <th>Leader </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>+/– </th> <th>Position </th> <th>Government </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1988_Canadian_federal_election" title="1988 Canadian federal election">1988</a> </th> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Preston_Manning" title="Preston Manning">Preston Manning</a> </td> <td>275,767 </td> <td>2.09 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 295</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #3CB371; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="1993 Canadian federal election">1993</a> </th> <td>2,559,245 </td> <td>18.69 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">52 / 295</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #3CB371; width: 18%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 52 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3rd </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Third party </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1997_Canadian_federal_election" title="1997 Canadian federal election">1997</a> </th> <td>2,513,080 </td> <td>19.35 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">60 / 301</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #3CB371; width: 20%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 8 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2nd </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Official Opposition </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Party_of_Canada&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/26px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/39px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/52px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">conservatism portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Reform_Party_of_Canada_MPs" title="List of Reform Party of Canada MPs">List of Reform Party of Canada MPs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Canada_candidates,_1997_Canadian_federal_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform Party of Canada candidates, 1997 Canadian federal election">Reform Party candidates, 1997 Canadian federal election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Canada_candidates,_1993_Canadian_federal_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform Party of Canada candidates, 1993 Canadian federal election">Reform Party candidates, 1993 Canadian federal election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_of_Canada" title="People's Party of Canada">People's Party of Canada</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Party_of_Canada&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/reform-party-of-canada">"Reform Party of Canada | The Canadian Encyclopedia"</a>. <i>www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca&rft.atitle=Reform+Party+of+Canada+%26%23124%3B+The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Freform-party-of-canada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReform+Party+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkel1996" class="citation journal cs1">Finkel, Alvin (1996). "Of Passionate Intensity: Right-Wing Populism and the Reform Party of Canada by Trevor Harrison (review)". <i>The Canadian Historical Review</i>. <b>77</b> (3): 454–456. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Project_Muse" title="Project Muse">Project MUSE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/574837">574837</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Of+Passionate+Intensity%3A+Right-Wing+Populism+and+the+Reform+Party+of+Canada+by+Trevor+Harrison+%28review%29&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=454-456&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Finkel&rft.aufirst=Alvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReform+Party+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/summary/Canadian-Alliance">"Canadian Alliance summary | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Canadian+Alliance+summary+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fsummary%2FCanadian-Alliance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReform+Party+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaycock2012" class="citation book cs1">Laycock, David (2012). "Populism and democracy in Canada's Reform Party". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/populism-in-europe-and-the-americas/populism-and-democracy-in-canadas-reform-party/95E9D17303BD7CA1326E9AFFA3AD9D2E"><i>Populism in Europe and the Americas: Threat or Corrective for Democracy?</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 46–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139152365.004">10.1017/CBO9781139152365.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107023857" title="Special:BookSources/9781107023857"><bdi>9781107023857</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Populism+and+democracy+in+Canada%27s+Reform+Party&rft.btitle=Populism+in+Europe+and+the+Americas%3A+Threat+or+Corrective+for+Democracy%3F&rft.pages=46-67&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9781139152365.004&rft.isbn=9781107023857&rft.aulast=Laycock&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fabs%2Fpopulism-in-europe-and-the-americas%2Fpopulism-and-democracy-in-canadas-reform-party%2F95E9D17303BD7CA1326E9AFFA3AD9D2E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReform+Party+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren_Caragata_in_Ottawa_with_Carl_Mollins_in_Washington1995" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Warren Caragata in Ottawa with Carl Mollins in Washington (March 6, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090428054316/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=M1ARTM0010399">"Clinton visits Chrétien"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia">The Canadian Encyclopedia</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Maclean%27s" title="Maclean's">Maclean's</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=M1ARTM0010399">the original</a> on April 28, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Clinton+visits+Chr%C3%A9tien&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Maclean%27s&rft.date=1995-03-06&rft.au=Warren+Caragata+in+Ottawa+with+Carl+Mollins+in+Washington&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.com%2Findex.cfm%3FPgNm%3DTCE%26Params%3DM1ARTM0010399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReform+Party+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elections.ca/content.aspx?section=med&document=decision&dir=pre&lang=e">"Press Releases"</a>. September 20, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+Releases&rft.date=2022-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felections.ca%2Fcontent.aspx%3Fsection%3Dmed%26document%3Ddecision%26dir%3Dpre%26lang%3De&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReform+Party+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChiefElectoralOfficerDecision-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ChiefElectoralOfficerDecision_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChiefElectoralOfficerDecision_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elections.ca/content.aspx?section=med&document=decision&dir=pre&lang=e">"Reform Party Application"</a>. <i>Elections Canada</i>. April 2, 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Elections+Canada&rft.atitle=Reform+Party+Application&rft.date=2000-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felections.ca%2Fcontent.aspx%3Fsection%3Dmed%26document%3Ddecision%26dir%3Dpre%26lang%3De&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReform+Party+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahoney-GlobeAndMail-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mahoney-GlobeAndMail_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahoney-GlobeAndMail_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJill_Mahoney2000" class="citation news cs1">Jill Mahoney (April 3, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1124995129">"Tories vow court action over new party's title"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. p. A4. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/1124995129">1124995129</a>. <q>Chief Electoral Officer Jean-Pierre Kingsley decided in favour of a request by former Reform leader Preston Manning to change the Reform Party's name to Canadian Reform Conservative Alliance.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Tories+vow+court+action+over+new+party%27s+title&rft.pages=A4&rft.date=2000-04-03&rft.au=Jill+Mahoney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F1124995129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReform+Party+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manning, Preston. <i>The New Canada</i>. Macmillan Canada, 1992. Pviii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manning,_1992._Pviii-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manning,_1992._Pviii_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manning,_1992._Pviii_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manning,_1992._Pviii_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manning,_1992._Pviii_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manning,_1992._Pviii_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Manning, 1992. Pviii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manning, 1992. P120, P126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weaver, R. Kent. 1992. The Collapse of Canada? 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P26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Historica_Canada-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Historica_Canada_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2017" class="citation web cs1">Harrison, Trevor (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/reform-party-of-canada/">"Reform Party of Canada"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reform+Party+of+Canada&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Freform-party-of-canada%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReform+Party+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Who_is_Stephen_Harper_and_where_did_his_party_come_from:_The_remaking_of_Canadian_conservatism-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Who_is_Stephen_Harper_and_where_did_his_party_come_from:_The_remaking_of_Canadian_conservatism_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaxer2017" class="citation web cs1">Laxer, James (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rabble.ca/blogs/bloggers/james-laxer/2011/05/who-stephen-harper-and-where-did-his-party-come-remaking-canadian">"Who is Stephen Harper and where did his party come from: The remaking of Canadian conservatism"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+is+Stephen+Harper+and+where+did+his+party+come+from%3A+The+remaking+of+Canadian+conservatism&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Laxer&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frabble.ca%2Fblogs%2Fbloggers%2Fjames-laxer%2F2011%2F05%2Fwho-stephen-harper-and-where-did-his-party-come-remaking-canadian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReform+Party+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellis, Faron. <i>The Limits of Participation: Members and Leaders in Canada's Reform Party</i>. University of Calgary Press, 2005. P22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cpac-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cpac_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpac.ca/en/1987-reform-convention/">"1987 Reform Convention"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CPAC_(TV_channel)" title="CPAC (TV channel)">CPAC</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 24,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CPAC&rft.atitle=1987+Reform+Convention&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpac.ca%2Fen%2F1987-reform-convention%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReform+Party+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ellis,_2005._P22-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ellis,_2005._P22_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ellis,_2005._P22_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ellis,_2005._P22_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellis, 2005. P22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams-GlobeAndMail-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adams-GlobeAndMail_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Adams2000" class="citation news cs1">Paul Adams (March 28, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/parties-play-name-game-as-alliance-waits-for-word-on-moniker/article4162083/">"Parties play name game as Alliance waits for word on moniker"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Parties+play+name+game+as+Alliance+waits+for+word+on+moniker&rft.date=2000-03-28&rft.au=Paul+Adams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fparties-play-name-game-as-alliance-waits-for-word-on-moniker%2Farticle4162083%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReform+Party+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Party_of_Canada&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cody, Howard. "Captive Three Times Over: Preston Manning and the Dilemmas of the Reform Party." <i>American Review of Canadian Studies.</i> Volume: 28. Issue: 4. 1998. pp 445–67. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/5002300408?title=Captive%20Three%20Times%20Over%3a%20Preston%20Manning%20and%20the%20Dilemmas%20of%20the%20Reform%20Party">online edition</a></li> <li>Dabbs, Frank. <i>Preston Manning: The Roots of Reform</i> (2000)</li> <li>Dobbin, Murray. <i>Preston Manning and the Reform Party</i> (1991), unsympathetic</li> <li>Ellis, Faron. <i>The Limits of Participation: Members and Leaders in Canada's Reform Party.</i> University of Calgary Press 2005.</li> <li>Flanagan, Tom. <i>Waiting for the Wave: The Reform Party and Preston Manning.</i> Toronto: Stoddart, 1995. 245 pp., favourable study by former official of reform Party</li> <li>Harrison, Trevor. <i>Of Passionate Intensity: Right-Wing Populism and the Reform Party of Canada.</i> (U. of Toronto Press, 1995). 325 pp.</li> <li>Jenkins, Richard W. "How Campaigns Matter in Canada: Priming and Learning as Explanations for the Reform Party's 1993 Campaign Success." <i>Canadian Journal of Political Science</i> 2002 35(2): 383–408.</li> <li>Manning, Preston. <i>The New Canada</i> (1992), Manning's manifesto of the Reform Party; a primary source</li> <li>Manning, Preston. <i>Think Big: Adventures in Life and Democracy</i>, (2003), his memoir; a primary source</li> <li>Sharpe, Sydney and Don Braid. <i> Storming Babylon: Preston Manning and the Rise of the Reform Party</i> (1992)</li> <li>Sigurdson, Richard. "Preston Manning and the Politics of Postmodernism in Canada." <i>Canadian Journal of Political Science</i> 1994 27(2): 249–276.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_Party_of_Canada&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090309161009/http://www.mta.ca/faculty/arts/canadian_studies/english/about/study_guide/roots/index.html">The Prairie Roots of Canada's Political 'Third Parties'</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contentdm.ucalgary.ca/cdm/landingpage/collection/reform">Reform Party of Canada digitized records at the University of Calgary</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> (153)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative</a> (119)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a> (33)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic</a> (25)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canada" title="Green Party of Canada">Green</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> (4)</li> <li>Vacant (2)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Independent_Senators_Group" title="Independent Senators Group">Independent Senators Group</a></i> (41)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Senators_Group" title="Canadian Senators Group">Canadian Senators Group</a></i> (18)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Non-affiliated</a> (15)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Senate_Group" title="Progressive Senate Group">Progressive Senate Group</a></i> (14)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada#Senate_Caucus" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative</a> (12)</li> <li>Vacant (5)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other registered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Protection_Party_of_Canada" title="Animal Protection Party of Canada">Animal Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_Party_of_Canada" title="Centrist Party of Canada">Centrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Heritage_Party_of_Canada" title="Christian Heritage Party of Canada">Christian Heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada" title="Communist Party of Canada">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Party_Canada" title="Free Party Canada">Free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Future_Party" title="Canadian Future Party">Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Canada" title="Libertarian Party of Canada">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marijuana_Party_(Canada)" title="Marijuana Party (Canada)">Marijuana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist)">Marxist–Leninist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maverick_Party" title="Maverick Party">Maverick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_of_Canada" title="People's Party of Canada">People's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros_Party" title="Rhinoceros Party">Rhinoceros</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable <br />historical parties<br /> and groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Confederation_Party" title="Anti-Confederation Party">Anti-Confederate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloc_populaire" title="Bloc populaire">Bloc populaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Alliance" title="Canadian Alliance">Canadian Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931942)" title="Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Commonwealth_Federation" title="Co-operative Commonwealth Federation">Co-operative Commonwealth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Representative_Caucus" title="Democratic Representative Caucus">Democratic Representative Caucus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ginger_Group" title="Ginger Group">Ginger Group</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_candidates_and_parties_in_Canada" title="Labour candidates and parties in Canada">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor-Progressive_Party" title="Labor-Progressive Party">Labor-Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democracy_(Canada)" title="New Democracy (Canada)">New Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Party of Canada">Progressive/United Farmers</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec_debout" title="Québec debout">Québec debout</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralliement_cr%C3%A9ditiste" title="Ralliement créditiste">Ralliement créditiste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Party_of_Canada" title="Reconstruction Party of Canada">Reconstruction</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reform</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Senate_Liberal_Caucus" title="Senate Liberal Caucus">Senate Liberal Caucus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Canada" title="Social Credit Party of Canada">Social Credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strength_in_Democracy" title="Strength in Democracy">Strength in Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(Canada)" title="Unionist Party (Canada)">Unionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_(Canada)" title="Unity (Canada)">Unity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_group" title="Parliamentary group">parliamentary group</a> that acts as a party in the legislature, but does not contest elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Portal:Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ruling_political_parties_by_country" title="List of ruling political parties by country">List of political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Canada" title="Politics of Canada">Politics of Canada</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conservative_parties_in_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_conservative_parties" title="Template:Canadian conservative parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_conservative_parties" title="Template talk:Canadian conservative parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_conservative_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian conservative parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conservative_parties_in_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservative_parties_in_Canada" title="List of conservative parties in Canada">Conservative parties in Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Federal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Federal</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Official_opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Official opposition">Official opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative Party of Canada</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">No representation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Future_Party" title="Canadian Future Party">Canadian Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Heritage_Party_of_Canada" title="Christian Heritage Party of Canada">Christian Heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maverick_Party" title="Maverick Party">Maverick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_of_Canada" title="People's Party of Canada">People's</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Alliance" title="Canadian Alliance">Canadian Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931942)" title="Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)">Conservative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal-Conservative_Party" title="Liberal-Conservative Party">Liberal-Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_and_Conservative_Party" title="National Liberal and Conservative Party">National Liberal and Conservative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Representative_Caucus" title="Democratic Representative Caucus">Democratic Representative Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal-Conservative_Party" title="Liberal-Conservative Party">Liberal-Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Canadian_Party" title="Progressive Canadian Party">Progressive Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Party_of_Canada" title="Reconstruction Party of Canada">Reconstruction</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralliement_cr%C3%A9ditiste" title="Ralliement créditiste">Ralliement créditiste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Canada" title="Social Credit Party of Canada">Social Credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(Canada)" title="Unionist Party (Canada)">Unionist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Provincial_and_territorial" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Provincial and territorial</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Avenir_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Coalition Avenir Québec">Coalition Avenir Québec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_New_Brunswick" title="Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick">New Brunswick PCs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Association_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Progressive Conservative Association of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia PCs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Ontario" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario">Ontario PCs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island PCs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_Party" title="Saskatchewan Party">Saskatchewan Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Conservative_Party" title="United Conservative Party">United Conservative (AB)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official opposition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_British_Columbia" title="Conservative Party of British Columbia">Conservative Party of British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Manitoba" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba">Manitoba PCs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador PCs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_Party" title="Yukon Party">Yukon Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Represented</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_United_Party" title="Saskatchewan United Party">Saskatchewan United</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="No_representation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:90%">No representation</span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alberta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wildrose_Independence_Party_of_Alberta" title="Wildrose Independence Party of Alberta">Wildrose Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildrose_Loyalty_Coalition" title="Wildrose Loyalty Coalition">Wildrose Loyalty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British Columbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BC_United" title="BC United">BC United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Heritage_Party_of_British_Columbia" title="Christian Heritage Party of British Columbia">Christian Heritage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manitoba</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keystone_Party_of_Manitoba" title="Keystone Party of Manitoba">Keystone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Brunswick</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Alliance_of_New_Brunswick" title="People's Alliance of New Brunswick">People's Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nova Scotia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantica_Party" title="Atlantica Party">Atlantica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ontario</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadians%27_Choice_Party" title="Canadians' Choice Party">Canadians' Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Blue_Party_of_Ontario" title="New Blue Party of Ontario">New Blue Party of Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Alliance" title="Ontario Alliance">Ontario Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Party" title="Ontario Party">Ontario Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Provincial_Confederation_of_Regions_Party" title="Ontario Provincial Confederation of Regions Party">Ontario Provincial Confederation of Regions Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populist_Party_Ontario" title="Populist Party Ontario">Populist Party Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_the_New_Sex-Ed_Agenda" title="Stop the New Sex-Ed Agenda">Stop the New Sex-Ed Agenda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Quebec</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Quebec" title="Conservative Party of Quebec">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89quipe_Autonomiste" title="Équipe Autonomiste">Équipe Autonomiste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saskatchewan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Party_of_Saskatchewan" title="Buffalo Party of Saskatchewan">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Saskatchewan" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Saskatchewan">Progressive Conservative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yukon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_Freedom_Party" title="Yukon Freedom Party">Yukon Freedom Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:90%">Historical</span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alberta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Alliance_Party" title="Alberta Alliance Party">Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Association_of_Alberta" title="Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta">Progressive Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Conservative_Party_of_Alberta" title="Freedom Conservative Party of Alberta">Freedom Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Social_Credit_Party" title="Alberta Social Credit Party">Social Credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildrose_Party" title="Wildrose Party">Wildrose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British Columbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Unity_Party" title="British Columbia Unity Party">Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Social_Credit_Party" title="British Columbia Social Credit Party">Social Credit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manitoba</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba_First" title="Manitoba First">Manitoba First</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Brunswick</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick_Confederation_of_Regions_Party" title="New Brunswick Confederation of Regions Party">Confederation of Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northwest Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North-West_Territories_Liberal-Conservative_Party" title="North-West Territories Liberal-Conservative Party">North-West Territories Liberal-Conservatives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ontario</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Protective_Association" title="Protestant Protective Association">Protestant Protective Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Ontario" title="Reform Party of Ontario">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Reform_Party_of_Ontario" title="New Reform Party of Ontario">New Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Ontario" title="Social Credit Party of Ontario">Social Credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trillium_Party_of_Ontario" title="Trillium Party of Ontario">Trillium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Quebec</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Action démocratique du Québec">Action démocratique du Québec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Quebec_(historical)" title="Conservative Party of Quebec (historical)">Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parti_Unit%C3%A9_Nationale" title="Parti Unité Nationale">Unité nationale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Quebec" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Quebec">Progressive Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralliement_cr%C3%A9ditiste_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Ralliement créditiste du Québec">Ralliement créditiste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Nationale_(Quebec)" title="Union Nationale (Quebec)">Union nationale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yukon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Alliance_Party" title="Independent Alliance Party">Independent Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_Progressive_Conservative_Party" title="Yukon Progressive Conservative Party">Progressive Conservative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Clique" class="mw-redirect" title="Château Clique">Château Clique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Compact" title="Family Compact">Family Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parti_bleu" title="Parti bleu">Parti bleu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada_Tories" title="Upper Canada Tories">Upper Canada Tories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Municipal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipal</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British Columbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABC_Vancouver" title="ABC Vancouver">ABC Vancouver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_West_Progressives" title="New West Progressives">New West Progressives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Partisan_Association" title="Non-Partisan Association">Non-Partisan Association</a> (Vancouver)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_Vancouver" title="Progress Vancouver">Progress Vancouver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrey_First" title="Surrey First">Surrey First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vancouver_1st" title="Vancouver 1st">Vancouver 1st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td 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