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subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Emperor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christian_tradition_about_the_persecution_of_Paraskevi_of_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_tradition_about_the_persecution_of_Paraskevi_of_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Christian tradition about the persecution of Paraskevi of Rome </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_tradition_about_the_persecution_of_Paraskevi_of_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lack_of_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lack_of_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Lack of warfare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lack_of_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy_and_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy_and_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Economy and administration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy_and_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Legal reforms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diplomatic_mission_to_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomatic_mission_to_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Diplomatic mission to China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomatic_mission_to_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Death and legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Death_and_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Death and legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Death_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Historiography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descendants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descendants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Descendants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descendants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nerva–Antonine_family_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nerva–Antonine_family_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Nerva–Antonine family tree </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nerva–Antonine_family_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Antoninus Pius</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 86 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" > 86 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Antoninus Pius" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Antoninus Pius" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="أنطونيوس بيوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أنطونيوس بيوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_P%C3%ADo" title="Antonín Pío – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Antonín Pío" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_P%C3%ADu" title="Antonín Píu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Antonín Píu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Piy" title="Antonin Piy – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Antonin Piy" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="آنتونیوس پیوس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آنتونیوس پیوس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Antoninus Pius" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Антанін Пій – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Антанін Пій" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Антонин Пий – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Антонин Пий" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Pio" title="Antonin Pio – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Antonin Pio" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Antoninus Pius" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton%C3%AD_Pius" title="Antoní Pius – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Antoní Pius" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Antoninus Pius" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Antoninus Pius" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Antoninus Pius" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Antoninus Pius" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Antoninus Pius" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%BF_%CE%95%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B2%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Αντωνίνος ο Ευσεβής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αντωνίνος ο Ευσεβής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonino_P%C3%ADo" title="Antonino Pío – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Antonino Pío" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonino_Pia" title="Antonino Pia – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Antonino Pia" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonino_Pio" title="Antonino Pio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antonino Pio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="آنتونینوس پیوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آنتونینوس پیوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_le_Pieux" title="Antonin le Pieux – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Antonin le Pieux" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Antoninus Pius" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonino_P%C3%ADo" title="Antonino Pío – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Antonino Pío" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%88%ED%86%A0%EB%8B%88%EB%88%84%EC%8A%A4_%ED%94%BC%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="안토니누스 피우스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="안토니누스 피우스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD_%D5%8A%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Անտոնինոս Պիոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անտոնինոս Պիոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Pio" title="Antonin Pio – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Antonin Pio" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Antoninus Pius" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Antoninus Pius" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton%C3%ADnus_P%C3%ADus" title="Antonínus Píus – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Antonínus Píus" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonino_Pio" title="Antonino Pio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Antonino Pio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1" title="אנטונינוס פיוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנטונינוס פיוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಆಂಟೊನೈನಸ್ ಪಯಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಂಟೊನೈನಸ್ ಪಯಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ანტონინუს პიუსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ანტონინუს პიუსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Антоний Пий – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Антоний Пий" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Antoninus Pius" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Antoninus Pius" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Antoninus Pius" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Antoninus Pius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonijs_Pijs" title="Antonijs Pijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Antonijs Pijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninas_Pijus" title="Antoninas Pijus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Antoninas Pijus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius_r%C3%B3mai_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1r" title="Antoninus Pius római császár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Antoninus Pius római császár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%98" title="Антонин Пиј – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Антонин Пиј" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Antoninus Pius" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="അന്റോണിനസ് പയസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അന്റോണിനസ് പയസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8" title="अँटोनियस पायस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अँटोनियस पायस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ანტონინუს პიუსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ანტონინუს პიუსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="انطونينوس بيوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انطونينوس بيوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="آنتونیوس پیوس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آنتونیوس پیوس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Antoninus Pius" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B8" title="Антонини Пи – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Антонини Пи" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Antoninus Pius" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%8B%E3%83%8C%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%94%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9" title="アントニヌス・ピウス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アントニヌス・ピウス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Antoninus Pius" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius_av_Romarriket" title="Antoninus Pius av Romarriket – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Antoninus Pius av Romarriket" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_lo_Piet%C3%B3s" title="Antonin lo Pietós – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Antonin lo Pietós" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="انتونیوس پیوس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انتونیوس پیوس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_%C3%ABl_Pio" title="Antonin ël Pio – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Antonin ël Pio" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Antoninus Pius" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonino_Pio" title="Antonino Pio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Antonino Pio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Antoninus Pius" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Антонин Пий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Антонин Пий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Antoninus Pius" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Piu" title="Antonin Piu – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Antonin Piu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antuninu_Piu" title="Antuninu Piu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Antuninu Piu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Antoninus Pius" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Antoninus Pius" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Pij" title="Antonin Pij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Antonin Pij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Антонин Пије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Антонин Пије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Pije" title="Antonin Pije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Antonin Pije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Antoninus Pius" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Antoninus Pius" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonino_Pio" title="Antonino Pio – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Antonino Pio" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA" title="จักรพรรดิอันโตนีนุส ปิอุส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรพรรดิอันโตนีนุส ปิอุส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Antoninus Pius" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Антонін Пій – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Антонін Пій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="انتونیوس پیوس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انتونیوس پیوس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Antoninus Pius" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Antoninus Pius" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%95%A6%E5%AE%81%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E5%B0%A4" title="安敦宁·毕尤 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="安敦宁·毕尤" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Antoninus Pius" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%9D%B1%E5%B0%BC%E5%BA%87%E8%AD%B7" title="安東尼庇護 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="安東尼庇護" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Antoninus Pius" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%95%A6%E5%AE%81%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E5%B0%A4" title="安敦宁·毕尤 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="安敦宁·毕尤" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1429#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Roman emperor from 138 to 161</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Antoninus Pius</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><a href="/wiki/File:Antoninus_Pius_Glyptothek_Munich_337_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="White bust" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Antoninus_Pius_Glyptothek_Munich_337_cropped.jpg/220px-Antoninus_Pius_Glyptothek_Munich_337_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Antoninus_Pius_Glyptothek_Munich_337_cropped.jpg/330px-Antoninus_Pius_Glyptothek_Munich_337_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Antoninus_Pius_Glyptothek_Munich_337_cropped.jpg/440px-Antoninus_Pius_Glyptothek_Munich_337_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1930" data-file-height="2410" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Bust in the <a href="/wiki/Glyptothek" title="Glyptothek">Glyptothek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">11 July 138 – 7 March 161</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Antoninus<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> 19 September 86 <a href="/wiki/Lanuvium" title="Lanuvium">Lanuvium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italia</a>, Roman Empire</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">7 March 161 (aged 74) <a href="/wiki/Lorium" title="Lorium">Lorium</a>, Italia, Roman Empire</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Castel_Sant%27Angelo" title="Castel Sant'Angelo">Hadrian's Mausoleum</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Faustina_the_Elder" title="Faustina the Elder">Annia Galeria Faustina</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a> <a href="#Descendants">Detail</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Marcus Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus</li><li>Marcus Galerius Aurelius Antoninus</li><li>Aurelia Fadilla</li><li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_the_Younger" title="Faustina the Younger">Faustina the Younger</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> (adoptive)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a> (adoptive)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Titus Aelius Caesar Antoninus (after adoption)<a href="#cite_note-Cooley-492-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Imperator Caesar Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius<a href="#cite_note-Cooley-492-2">[2]</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_dynasty" title="Nerva–Antonine dynasty">Nerva–Antonine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Aurelius_Fulvus_(father_of_Antoninus_Pius)" title="Titus Aurelius Fulvus (father of Antoninus Pius)">Titus Aurelius Fulvus</a> (natural)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> (adoptive)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Arria Fadilla</li><li><a href="/wiki/Vibia_Sabina" title="Vibia Sabina">Vibia Sabina</a> (adoptive)</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_coins_denarius_Antoninus_Pius_Marcus_Aurelius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Roman_coins_denarius_Antoninus_Pius_Marcus_Aurelius.jpg/300px-Roman_coins_denarius_Antoninus_Pius_Marcus_Aurelius.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Roman_coins_denarius_Antoninus_Pius_Marcus_Aurelius.jpg/450px-Roman_coins_denarius_Antoninus_Pius_Marcus_Aurelius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Roman_coins_denarius_Antoninus_Pius_Marcus_Aurelius.jpg/600px-Roman_coins_denarius_Antoninus_Pius_Marcus_Aurelius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">Denarius</a>, struck 140 AD with portrait of Antoninus Pius (obverse) and his adoptive son <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> (reverse). Inscription: ANTONINVS AVG PIVS P. P., TR. P., CO[N]S. III / AVRELIVS CAES. AVG. PII F. 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imperial dynasties</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_dynasty" title="Nerva–Antonine dynasty">Nerva–Antonine dynasty</a> (AD 96–192)</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E5E4E2;"> Chronology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 96–98</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 98–117</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 117–138</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antoninus Pius</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 138–161</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 161–169</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 161–180</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 177–192</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E5E4E2;"> Family</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_dynasty#Nerva–Antonine_family_tree" title="Nerva–Antonine dynasty">Nerva–Antonine family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_dynasty" title="Category:Nerva–Antonine dynasty">Category:Nerva–Antonine dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E5E4E2;"> Succession</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Preceded by <a href="/wiki/Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">Flavian dynasty</a></td><td> Followed by <a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Five_Emperors" title="Year of the Five Emperors">Year of the Five Emperors</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_dynasty" title="Template:Nerva–Antonine dynasty"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_dynasty" title="Template talk:Nerva–Antonine dynasty"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_dynasty" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nerva–Antonine dynasty"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Pius (19 September AD 86 – 7 March 161) was <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> from AD 138 to 161. He was the fourth of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Good_Emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Good Emperors">Five Good Emperors</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_dynasty" title="Nerva–Antonine dynasty">Nerva–Antonine dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman2000150-3">[3]</a> Born into a senatorial family, Antoninus held various offices during the reign of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>. He married Hadrian's niece <a href="/wiki/Faustina_the_Elder" title="Faustina the Elder">Faustina</a>, and Hadrian adopted him as his son and successor shortly before his death. Antoninus acquired the <a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">cognomen</a> <a href="/wiki/Pius" title="Pius">Pius</a> after his accession to the throne, either because he compelled the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> to <a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">deify</a> his adoptive father,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley200054;_Dio,_70:1:2-4">[4]</a> or because he had saved senators sentenced to death by Hadrian in his later years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley200055;_citing_the_''[[Historia_Augusta]]'',_''Life_of_Hadrian''_24.4-5">[5]</a> His reign is notable for the peaceful state of the Empire, with no major revolts or military incursions during this time. A successful military campaign in <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Scotland" title="Geography of Scotland">southern Scotland</a> early in his reign resulted in the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Antonine_Wall" title="Antonine Wall">Antonine Wall</a>. Antoninus was an effective administrator, leaving his successors a large surplus in the treasury, expanding free access to drinking water throughout the Empire, encouraging legal conformity, and facilitating the enfranchisement of freed slaves. He died of illness in AD 161 and was succeeded by his adopted sons <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a> as co-emperors. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoninus_Pius&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood_and_family">Childhood and family</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoninus_Pius&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Childhood and family">edit</a>]</div> Antoninus Pius was born Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Antoninus near <a href="/wiki/Lanuvium" title="Lanuvium">Lanuvium</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Lanuvio" title="Lanuvio">Lanuvio</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italy</a> to <a href="/wiki/Titus_Aurelius_Fulvus_(father_of_Antoninus_Pius)" title="Titus Aurelius Fulvus (father of Antoninus Pius)">Titus Aurelius Fulvus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consul</a> in 89, and wife <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arria_Fadilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arria Fadilla (page does not exist)">Arria Fadilla</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman2000150-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The Aurelii Fulvi were an <a href="/wiki/Aurelia_(gens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurelia (gens)">Aurelian</a> family settled in <a href="/wiki/Nemausus" title="Nemausus">Nemausus</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/N%C3%AEmes" title="Nîmes">Nîmes</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1893523-7">[7]</a> Titus Aurelius Fulvus was the son of a senator of the same name, who, as legate of <a href="/wiki/Legio_III_Gallica" title="Legio III Gallica">Legio III Gallica</a>, had supported <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> in his bid to the Imperial office and been rewarded with a suffect consulship, plus an ordinary one under <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a> in 85. The Aurelii Fulvi were therefore a relatively new senatorial family from <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Gallia Narbonensis</a> whose rise to prominence was supported by the <a href="/wiki/Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">Flavians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The link between Antoninus' family and their home province explains the increasing importance of the post of <a href="/wiki/Proconsul" title="Proconsul">proconsul</a> of Gallia Narbonensis during the late second century.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Antoninus' father had no other children and died shortly after his 89 ordinary consulship. Antoninus was raised by his maternal grandfather <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Arrius_Antoninus" title="Gnaeus Arrius Antoninus">Gnaeus Arrius Antoninus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman2000150-3">[3]</a> reputed by contemporaries to be a man of integrity and culture and a friend of <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-10">[10]</a> The Arrii Antonini were an older senatorial family from Italy, very influential during <a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a>'s reign. Arria Fadilla, Antoninus' mother, married afterwards <a href="/wiki/Publius_Julius_Lupus" title="Publius Julius Lupus">Publius Julius Lupus</a>, suffect consul in 98; from that marriage came two daughters, Arria Lupula and Julia Fadilla.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2000242;_''Historia_Augusta'',_Antoninus_Pius_1:6-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage_and_children">Marriage and children</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoninus_Pius&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Marriage and children">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Faustina_the_Elder_-_Getty_Museum_(70.AA.113).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Portrait_of_Faustina_the_Elder_-_Getty_Museum_%2870.AA.113%29.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Faustina_the_Elder_-_Getty_Museum_%2870.AA.113%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Portrait_of_Faustina_the_Elder_-_Getty_Museum_%2870.AA.113%29.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Faustina_the_Elder_-_Getty_Museum_%2870.AA.113%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Portrait_of_Faustina_the_Elder_-_Getty_Museum_%2870.AA.113%29.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Faustina_the_Elder_-_Getty_Museum_%2870.AA.113%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3315" data-file-height="4213" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Faustina the Elder in the <a href="/wiki/Getty_Villa" title="Getty Villa">Getty Villa</a></figcaption></figure> Some time between 110 and 115, Antoninus married Annia Galeria <a href="/wiki/Faustina_the_Elder" title="Faustina the Elder">Faustina the Elder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Weigel,_Antoninus_Pius-12">[12]</a> They are believed to have enjoyed a happy marriage. Faustina was the daughter of consul <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Annius_Verus_(II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Annius Verus (II)">Marcus Annius Verus (II)</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman2000150-3">[3]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rupilia_Faustina" class="mw-redirect" title="Rupilia Faustina">Rupilia Faustina</a> (a step-sister to the Empress <a href="/wiki/Vibia_Sabina" title="Vibia Sabina">Vibia Sabina</a>).<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Faustina was a beautiful woman, and despite rumours about her character, it is clear that Antoninus cared for her deeply.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Faustina bore Antoninus four children, two sons and two daughters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley200034;_''Historia_Augusta'',_Antoninus_Pius_1:7-16">[16]</a> They were: <ul><li>Marcus Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus (died before 138); his sepulchral inscription has been found at the <a href="/wiki/Castel_Sant%27Angelo" title="Castel Sant'Angelo">Mausoleum of Hadrian</a> in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-Magie,_David_1921-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></li> <li>Marcus Galerius Aurelius Antoninus (died before 138); his sepulchral inscription has been found at the Mausoleum of Hadrian in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-Magie,_David_1921-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> His name appears on a Greek Imperial coin.</li> <li>Aurelia Fadilla (died in 135); she married <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Plautius_Lamia_Silvanus" title="Lucius Plautius Lamia Silvanus">Lucius Plautius Lamia Silvanus</a>, consul 145. She appeared to have no children with her husband; and her sepulchral inscription has been found in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></li> <li>Annia Galeria Faustina Minor or <a href="/wiki/Faustina_the_Younger" title="Faustina the Younger">Faustina the Younger</a> (between 125 and 130–175), a future Roman Empress, married her maternal cousin <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> in 146.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1893523-7">[7]</a></li></ul> When Faustina died in 141, Antoninus was greatly distressed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1893528-21">[21]</a> In honour of her memory, he asked the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> to deify her as a goddess, and authorised the construction of a temple to be built in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Forum" title="Roman Forum">Roman Forum</a> in her name, with priestesses serving in her temple.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley200077;_''Historia_Augusta'',_Antoninus_Pius_6:7-22">[22]</a> He had various coins with her portrait struck in her honor. These coins were scripted "DIVA FAUSTINA" and were elaborately decorated. He further founded a charity, calling it Puellae Faustinianae or Girls of Faustina, which assisted destitute girls<a href="#cite_note-Weigel,_Antoninus_Pius-12">[12]</a> of good family.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Finally, Antoninus created a new <a href="/wiki/Alimenta" title="Alimenta">alimenta</a>, a Roman welfare programme, as part of <a href="/wiki/Cura_Annonae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cura Annonae">Cura Annonae</a>. The emperor never remarried. Instead, he lived with <a href="/wiki/Galeria_Lysistrate" title="Galeria Lysistrate">Galeria Lysistrate</a>,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> one of Faustina's freed women. <a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">Concubinage</a> was a form of female companionship sometimes chosen by powerful men in Ancient Rome, especially widowers like <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a>. Their union could not produce any legitimate offspring who could threaten any heirs, such as those of Antoninus. Also, as one could not have a wife and an official concubine (or two concubines) at the same time, Antoninus avoided being pressed into a marriage with a noblewoman from another family. (Later, Marcus Aurelius would also reject the advances of his former fiancée Ceionia Fabia, Lucius Verus's sister, on the grounds of protecting his children from a stepmother, and took a concubine instead.)<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Favour_with_Hadrian">Favour with Hadrian</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoninus_Pius&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Favour with Hadrian">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marble_bust_of_Emperor_Antoninus_Pius._138-161_CE._From_the_house_of_Jason_Magnus_at_Cyrene,_modern-day_Libya._The_British_Museum,_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Marble_bust_of_Emperor_Antoninus_Pius._138-161_CE._From_the_house_of_Jason_Magnus_at_Cyrene%2C_modern-day_Libya._The_British_Museum%2C_London.jpg/220px-Marble_bust_of_Emperor_Antoninus_Pius._138-161_CE._From_the_house_of_Jason_Magnus_at_Cyrene%2C_modern-day_Libya._The_British_Museum%2C_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Marble_bust_of_Emperor_Antoninus_Pius._138-161_CE._From_the_house_of_Jason_Magnus_at_Cyrene%2C_modern-day_Libya._The_British_Museum%2C_London.jpg/330px-Marble_bust_of_Emperor_Antoninus_Pius._138-161_CE._From_the_house_of_Jason_Magnus_at_Cyrene%2C_modern-day_Libya._The_British_Museum%2C_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Marble_bust_of_Emperor_Antoninus_Pius._138-161_CE._From_the_house_of_Jason_Magnus_at_Cyrene%2C_modern-day_Libya._The_British_Museum%2C_London.jpg/440px-Marble_bust_of_Emperor_Antoninus_Pius._138-161_CE._From_the_house_of_Jason_Magnus_at_Cyrene%2C_modern-day_Libya._The_British_Museum%2C_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6015" data-file-height="4015" /></a><figcaption> Marble bust of Antoninus Pius (138–161); British Museum, London</figcaption></figure> Having filled the offices of <a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">quaestor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">praetor</a> with more than usual success,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> he obtained the <a href="/wiki/Consul" title="Consul">consulship</a> in 120<a href="#cite_note-Weigel,_Antoninus_Pius-12">[12]</a> having as his colleague <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Catilius_Severus" title="Lucius Catilius Severus">Lucius Catilius Severus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> He was next appointed by the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> as one of the four <a href="/wiki/Proconsul" title="Proconsul">proconsuls</a> to administer <a href="/wiki/Italia_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italia (Roman province)">Italia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman2000149-30">[30]</a> his district including <a href="/wiki/Etruria" title="Etruria">Etruria</a>, where he had estates.<a href="#cite_note-Bryant,_p._15-31">[31]</a> He then greatly increased his reputation by his conduct as proconsul of <a href="/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)" title="Asia (Roman province)">Asia</a>, probably during 134–135.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman2000149-30">[30]</a> He acquired much favor with Hadrian, who adopted him as his son and successor on 25 February 138,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman2000148-32">[32]</a> after the death of his first adopted son <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Aelius" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Aelius">Lucius Aelius</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1893517-33">[33]</a> on the condition that Antoninus would in turn adopt Marcus Annius Verus, the son of his wife's brother, and Lucius, son of Lucius Aelius, who afterwards became the emperors <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Weigel,_Antoninus_Pius-12">[12]</a> He also adopted (briefly) the name Imperator Titus Aelius Caesar Antoninus, in preparation for his rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooley492-34">[34]</a> There seems to have been some opposition to Antoninus' appointment on the part of other potential claimants, among them his former consular colleague Lucius Catilius Severus, then prefect of the city. Nevertheless, Antoninus assumed power without opposition.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emperor">Emperor</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoninus_Pius&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Emperor">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Empire_in_150_AD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Roman_Empire_in_150_AD.png/220px-Roman_Empire_in_150_AD.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Roman_Empire_in_150_AD.png/330px-Roman_Empire_in_150_AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Roman_Empire_in_150_AD.png/440px-Roman_Empire_in_150_AD.png 2x" data-file-width="2052" data-file-height="1414" /></a><figcaption>The Roman Empire during the reign of Antoninus Pius</figcaption></figure> On his accession, Antoninus' name and style became <a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a> <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a> Titus Aelius <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrianus</a> Antoninus <a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">Augustus</a> <a href="/wiki/Pontifex_Maximus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifex Maximus">Pontifex Maximus</a>. One of his first acts as emperor was to persuade the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> to grant divine honours to Hadrian, which they had at first refused;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman2000151-36">[36]</a> his efforts to persuade the Senate to grant these honours is the most likely reason given for his title of Pius (dutiful in affection; compare <a href="/wiki/Pietas" title="Pietas">pietas</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley200055-37">[37]</a> Two other reasons for this title are that he would support his aged father-in-law with his hand at Senate meetings, and that he had saved those men that Hadrian, during his period of ill-health, had condemned to death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1893523-7">[7]</a> Immediately after Hadrian's death, Antoninus approached Marcus and requested that his marriage arrangements be amended: Marcus' betrothal to Ceionia Fabia would be annulled, and he would be betrothed to Faustina, Antoninus' daughter, instead. Faustina's betrothal to Ceionia's brother <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Commodus</a>, Marcus' future co-Emperor, would also have to be annulled. Marcus consented to Antoninus' proposal.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley200053–54-39">[39]</a> Antoninus built temples, theaters, and mausoleums, promoted the arts and sciences, and bestowed honours and financial rewards upon the teachers of <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Weigel,_Antoninus_Pius-12">[12]</a> Antoninus made few initial changes when he became emperor, leaving intact as far as possible the arrangements instituted by Hadrian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman2000151-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">Epigraphical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prosopography" title="Prosopography">prosopographical</a> research has revealed that Antoninus' imperial ruling team centered around a group of closely knit senatorial families, most of them members of the priestly congregation for the cult of Hadrian, the <a href="/wiki/Sodales_Hadrianales" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodales Hadrianales">sodales Hadrianales</a>. According to the German historian <a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Pflaum" title="Hans-Georg Pflaum">H.G. Pflaum</a>, prosopographical research of Antoninus' ruling team allows us to grasp the deeply conservative character of the ruling senatorial <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> He owned palatial villas at <a href="/wiki/Lorium" title="Lorium">Lorium</a> (Etruria) and <a href="/wiki/Villa_Magna" title="Villa Magna">Villa Magna</a> (Latium). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_tradition_about_the_persecution_of_Paraskevi_of_Rome">Christian tradition about the persecution of Paraskevi of Rome</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoninus_Pius&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Christian tradition about the persecution of Paraskevi of Rome">edit</a>]</div> There is a Christian tradition that in the village of Therapia, Constantinople, <a href="/wiki/Paraskevi_of_Rome" title="Paraskevi of Rome">Paraskevi of Rome</a> was arrested by soldiers of Emperor <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antoninus Pius</a>, and brought to trial. The charge was blasphemy and her words were the cause of all the ills that had recently befallen the empire.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Antoninus Pius attempted to convince Paraskevi to denounce her faith, and even offered to marry her.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Paraskevi refused, and was beaten and tortured by having a steel helmet lined with nails placed on her head and tightened with a vice.<a href="#cite_note-oca-42">[42]</a> No pain seemed to affect her, and her endurance caused many to convert to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. Eventually, at his wit's end, Antoninus Pius demanded that Paraskevi be immersed into a large kettle of oil and tar. However, she emerged from even this unscathed. When she was accused of using magic, Paraskevi responded by throwing the liquid into the Emperor's face. He was blinded and desperately asked for her help. Antoninus Pius regained his sight. This miracle moved him to convert to Christianity and set Paraskevi free.<a href="#cite_note-oca-42">[42]</a> He did not persecute Christians thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-:3-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lack_of_warfare">Lack of warfare</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoninus_Pius&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lack of warfare">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_of_Divus_Antoninus_Pius_and_Diva_Faustina,_Upper_Via_Sacra,_Rome_(33093993915).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Temple_of_Divus_Antoninus_Pius_and_Diva_Faustina%2C_Upper_Via_Sacra%2C_Rome_%2833093993915%29.jpg/220px-Temple_of_Divus_Antoninus_Pius_and_Diva_Faustina%2C_Upper_Via_Sacra%2C_Rome_%2833093993915%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Temple_of_Divus_Antoninus_Pius_and_Diva_Faustina%2C_Upper_Via_Sacra%2C_Rome_%2833093993915%29.jpg/330px-Temple_of_Divus_Antoninus_Pius_and_Diva_Faustina%2C_Upper_Via_Sacra%2C_Rome_%2833093993915%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Temple_of_Divus_Antoninus_Pius_and_Diva_Faustina%2C_Upper_Via_Sacra%2C_Rome_%2833093993915%29.jpg/440px-Temple_of_Divus_Antoninus_Pius_and_Diva_Faustina%2C_Upper_Via_Sacra%2C_Rome_%2833093993915%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The temple of Antoninus and <a href="/wiki/Faustina_the_Elder" title="Faustina the Elder">Faustina</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Forum" title="Roman Forum">Roman Forum</a> (now the church of <a href="/wiki/San_Lorenzo_in_Miranda" class="mw-redirect" title="San Lorenzo in Miranda">San Lorenzo in Miranda</a>). The emperor and his <a href="/wiki/Augusta_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusta (honorific)">Augusta</a> were deified after their death by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a>.</figcaption></figure> There are no records of any military related acts in his time in which he participated. One modern scholar has written "It is almost certain not only that at no time in his life did he ever see, let alone command, a Roman army, but that, throughout the twenty-three years of his reign, he never went within five hundred miles of a legion."<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> His reign was the most peaceful in the entire history of the <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1893525-45">[45]</a> notwithstanding the fact that there were several military disturbances in the Empire in his time. Such disturbances happened in <a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a>, where a senator was named as governor of <a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a> in place of the usual equestrian procurator<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> and cavalry reinforcements from <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a> were brought in,<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> towns such as <a href="/wiki/Sala_Colonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sala Colonia">Sala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tipasa" title="Tipasa">Tipasa</a> being fortified.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Similar disturbances took place in <a href="/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judea (Roman province)">Judea</a>, and amongst the <a href="/wiki/Brigantes" title="Brigantes">Brigantes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britannia</a>; however, these were considered less serious than prior (and later) revolts among both.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1893525-45">[45]</a> It was however in Britain that Antoninus decided to follow a new, more aggressive path, with the appointment of a new governor in 139, <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Lollius_Urbicus" title="Quintus Lollius Urbicus">Quintus Lollius Urbicus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman2000151-36">[36]</a> a native of <a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a> and previously governor of <a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania Inferior</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> as well as a <a href="/wiki/Novus_homo" title="Novus homo">new man</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Under instructions from the emperor, Lollius undertook an invasion of southern <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, winning some significant victories, and constructing the <a href="/wiki/Antonine_Wall" title="Antonine Wall">Antonine Wall</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman2000152-51">[51]</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Forth" title="Firth of Forth">Firth of Forth</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Clyde" title="Firth of Clyde">Firth of Clyde</a>. The wall, however, was soon gradually decommissioned during the mid-150s and eventually abandoned late during the reign (early 160s), for reasons that are still not quite clear.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman2000155-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Antonine's Wall is mentioned in just one literary source, Antoninus' biography in the <a href="/wiki/Historia_Augusta" title="Historia Augusta">Historia Augusta</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> makes a brief and confused mention of a war in Britain. In one inscription honouring Antoninus, erected by <a href="/wiki/Legio_II_Augusta" title="Legio II Augusta">Legio II Augusta</a>, which participated in the building of the Wall, <a href="/wiki/The_Bridgeness_Slab" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bridgeness Slab">a relief showing four naked prisoners</a>, one of them beheaded, seems to stand for some actual warfare.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0_Antoninus_Pius_-_Museo_Chiaramonti_(Vatican).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/0_Antoninus_Pius_-_Museo_Chiaramonti_%28Vatican%29.JPG/220px-0_Antoninus_Pius_-_Museo_Chiaramonti_%28Vatican%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="378" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/0_Antoninus_Pius_-_Museo_Chiaramonti_%28Vatican%29.JPG/330px-0_Antoninus_Pius_-_Museo_Chiaramonti_%28Vatican%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/0_Antoninus_Pius_-_Museo_Chiaramonti_%28Vatican%29.JPG/440px-0_Antoninus_Pius_-_Museo_Chiaramonti_%28Vatican%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="3844" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Antoninus Pius in military garb and <a href="/wiki/Muscle_cuirass" title="Muscle cuirass">muscle cuirass</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Museo_Chiaramonti" class="mw-redirect" title="Museo Chiaramonti">Museo Chiaramonti</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a>)</figcaption></figure> Although Antonine's Wall was, in principle, much shorter (37 miles in length as opposed to 73), and at first sight more defensible than Hadrian's Wall, the additional area that it enclosed within the Empire was barren, with land use for grazing already in decay.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> This meant that supply lines to the wall were strained enough such as the costs for maintaining the additional territory outweighed the benefits of doing so.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Also, in the absence of urban development and the ensuing Romanization process, the rear of the wall could not be lastingly pacified.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> It has been therefore speculated that the invasion of Lowland Scotland and the building of the wall had to do mostly with internal politics, that is, offering Antoninus an opportunity to gain some modicum of necessary military prestige at the start of his reign. Actually, the campaign in Britannia was followed by an Imperial salutation, that is, by Antoninus formally taking for the second (and last) time the title of <a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a> in 142.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The fact that around the same time coins were struck announcing a victory in Britain points to Antoninus' need to publicise his achievements.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The orator <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Cornelius_Fronto" title="Marcus Cornelius Fronto">Fronto</a> was later to say that, although Antoninus bestowed the direction of the British campaign to others, he should be regarded as the helmsman who directed the voyage, whose glory, therefore, belonged to him.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> That this quest for some military achievement responded to an actual need is proved by the fact that, although generally peaceful, Antoninus' reign was not free from attempts at usurpation: Historia Augusta mentions two, made by the senators Cornelius Priscianus ("for disturbing the peace of Spain";<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Priscianus had also been Lollius Urbicus' successor as governor of Britain) and Atilius Rufius Titianus (possibly a troublemaker already exiled under Hadrian<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a>). Both attempts are confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/Fasti_Ostienses" title="Fasti Ostienses">Fasti Ostienses</a> as well as by the erasing of Priscianus' name from an inscription.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> In both cases, Antoninus was not in formal charge of the ensuing repression: Priscianus committed suicide and Titianus was found guilty by the Senate, with Antoninus abstaining from sequestering their families' properties.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ANTONINUS_PIUS._138-161_AD_Parthia_coinage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/ANTONINUS_PIUS._138-161_AD_Parthia_coinage.jpg/220px-ANTONINUS_PIUS._138-161_AD_Parthia_coinage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/ANTONINUS_PIUS._138-161_AD_Parthia_coinage.jpg/330px-ANTONINUS_PIUS._138-161_AD_Parthia_coinage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/ANTONINUS_PIUS._138-161_AD_Parthia_coinage.jpg/440px-ANTONINUS_PIUS._138-161_AD_Parthia_coinage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>A coin of Antoninus Pius showing a subdued <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a> (PAR-TH-IA on the reverse) handing the crown to him, an empty claim that Parthia was still subject to Rome after the events surrounding <a href="/wiki/Parthamaspates_of_Parthia" title="Parthamaspates of Parthia">Parthamaspates</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></figcaption></figure> There were also some troubles in <a href="/wiki/Dacia_Inferior" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacia Inferior">Dacia Inferior</a> which required the granting of additional powers to the <a href="/wiki/Procurator_(Roman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Procurator (Roman)">procurator</a> governor and the dispatch of additional soldiers to the province.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman2000155-52">[52]</a> On the northern <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> coast, the Greek city of <a href="/wiki/Olbia,_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Olbia, Ukraine">Olbia</a> was held against the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Also during his reign the governor of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Germany">Upper Germany</a>, probably Gaius Popillius Carus Pedo, built new fortifications in the <a href="/wiki/Agri_Decumates" title="Agri Decumates">Agri Decumates</a>, advancing the <a href="/wiki/Limes_Germanicus" title="Limes Germanicus">Limes Germanicus</a> fifteen miles forward in his province and neighboring <a href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Raetia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2000113-67">[67]</a> In the East, Roman suzerainty over <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenia</a> was retained by the choice in AD 140 of <a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Armenia" title="Arsacid dynasty of Armenia">Arsacid</a> scion <a href="/wiki/Sohaemus_of_Armenia" title="Sohaemus of Armenia">Sohaemus</a> as client king.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Nevertheless, Antoninus was virtually unique among emperors in that he dealt with these crises without leaving Italy once during his reign,<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> but instead dealt with provincial matters of war and peace through their governors or through imperial letters to the cities such as Ephesus (of which some were publicly displayed). This style of government was highly praised by his contemporaries and by later generations.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Antoninus was the last Roman Emperor recognised by the Indian Kingdoms, especially the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RML131-71">[71]</a> Raoul McLaughlin quotes Aurelius Victor as saying "The Indians, the Bactrians, and the Hyrcanians all sent ambassadors to Antoninus. They had all heard about the spirit of justice held by this great emperor, justice that was heightened by his handsome and grave countenance, and his slim and vigorous figure." Due to the outbreak of the Antonine epidemic and wars against northern Germanic tribes, the reign of Marcus Aurelius was forced to alter the focus of foreign policies, and matters relating to the Far East were increasingly abandoned in favour of those directly concerning the Empire's survival.<a href="#cite_note-RML131-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy_and_administration">Economy and administration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoninus_Pius&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Economy and administration">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aureus_d%27Antonin_le_Pieux.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Aureus_d%27Antonin_le_Pieux.jpg/220px-Aureus_d%27Antonin_le_Pieux.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Aureus_d%27Antonin_le_Pieux.jpg/330px-Aureus_d%27Antonin_le_Pieux.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Aureus_d%27Antonin_le_Pieux.jpg/440px-Aureus_d%27Antonin_le_Pieux.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Aureus" title="Aureus">aureus</a> of Antoninus Pius, 145 AD. Inscription: ANTONINVS <abbr title="AUGUSTUS">AVG</abbr> PIVS <abbr title="PATER PARIAE">PP</abbr> / <abbr title="TRIBUNICIA">TR</abbr> <abbr title="POTESTAS">POT</abbr> <abbr title="CONSUL">COS</abbr> IIII</figcaption></figure> Antoninus was regarded as a skilled administrator and as a builder. In spite of an extensive building directive—the free access of the people of Rome to drinking water was expanded with the construction of aqueducts, not only in Rome but throughout the Empire, as well as bridges and roads—the emperor still managed to leave behind a sizable public treasury of around 2.7 billion <a href="/wiki/Sestertius" title="Sestertius">sesterces</a>. Rome would not witness another Emperor leaving his successor with a surplus for a long time, but this treasury was depleted almost immediately after Antoninus's reign due to the <a href="/wiki/Antonine_Plague" title="Antonine Plague">Antonine Plague</a> brought back by soldiers after the Parthian victory.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The Emperor also famously suspended the collection of taxes from multiple cities affected by natural disasters, such as when fires struck Rome and Narbona, and earthquakes affected <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of Asia">Province of Asia</a>. He offered hefty financial grants for rebuilding and recovery of various Greek cities after two serious earthquakes: the first, circa 140, which affected mostly Rhodes and other islands; the second, in 152, which hit <a href="/wiki/Cyzicus" title="Cyzicus">Cyzicus</a> (where the huge and newly built Temple to Hadrian was destroyed<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a>. Antoninus' financial help earned him praise by Greek writers such as <a href="/wiki/Aelius_Aristides" title="Aelius Aristides">Aelius Aristides</a> and Pausanias.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> These cities received from Antoninus the usual honorific accolades, such as when he commanded that all governors of Asia should enter the province, when taking office, by way of Ephesus.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Ephesus was specially favoured by Antoninus, who confirmed and upheld its distinction of having two temples for the imperial cult (<a href="/wiki/Neocorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Neocorate">neocorate</a>), therefore having first place in the list of imperial honor titles, surpassing both Smyrna and <a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> In his dealings with Greek-speaking cities, Antoninus followed the policy adopted by Hadrian of ingratiating himself with local elites, especially with local intellectuals: philosophers, teachers of literature, rhetoricians and physicians were explicitly exempted from any duties involving private spending for civic purposes, a privilege granted by Hadrian that Antoninus confirmed by means of an edict preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Digest_(Roman_law)" title="Digest (Roman law)">Digest</a> (27.1.6.8).<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Antoninus also created a chair for the teaching of rhetoric in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Antoninus was known as an avid observer of rites of religion and of formal celebrations, both Roman and foreign. He is known for having increasingly formalized the official cult offered to the <a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Great Mother</a>, which from his reign onwards included a bull sacrifice, a <a href="/wiki/Taurobolium" title="Taurobolium">taurobolium</a>, formerly only a private ritual, now being also performed for the sake of the Emperor's welfare.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Antoninus also offered patronage to the worship of <a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithras</a>, to whom he erected a temple in <a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica" title="Ostia Antica">Ostia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> In 148, he presided over the celebrations of the 900th anniversary of the founding of Rome. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_reforms">Legal reforms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoninus_Pius&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legal reforms">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Copy_inscribed_in_marble_of_a_letter_from_Antoninus_Pius_to_the_Ephesians,_from_the_Bouleuterion_at_Ephesus,_140-144_AD,_British_Museum_(16965588461).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Copy_inscribed_in_marble_of_a_letter_from_Antoninus_Pius_to_the_Ephesians%2C_from_the_Bouleuterion_at_Ephesus%2C_140-144_AD%2C_British_Museum_%2816965588461%29.jpg/220px-Copy_inscribed_in_marble_of_a_letter_from_Antoninus_Pius_to_the_Ephesians%2C_from_the_Bouleuterion_at_Ephesus%2C_140-144_AD%2C_British_Museum_%2816965588461%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Copy_inscribed_in_marble_of_a_letter_from_Antoninus_Pius_to_the_Ephesians%2C_from_the_Bouleuterion_at_Ephesus%2C_140-144_AD%2C_British_Museum_%2816965588461%29.jpg/330px-Copy_inscribed_in_marble_of_a_letter_from_Antoninus_Pius_to_the_Ephesians%2C_from_the_Bouleuterion_at_Ephesus%2C_140-144_AD%2C_British_Museum_%2816965588461%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Copy_inscribed_in_marble_of_a_letter_from_Antoninus_Pius_to_the_Ephesians%2C_from_the_Bouleuterion_at_Ephesus%2C_140-144_AD%2C_British_Museum_%2816965588461%29.jpg/440px-Copy_inscribed_in_marble_of_a_letter_from_Antoninus_Pius_to_the_Ephesians%2C_from_the_Bouleuterion_at_Ephesus%2C_140-144_AD%2C_British_Museum_%2816965588461%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2433" data-file-height="1672" /></a><figcaption>Copy inscribed in marble of a letter from Antoninus to the Ephesians, from the <a href="/wiki/Bouleuterion" title="Bouleuterion">Bouleuterion</a> at Ephesus, 140–144 AD, explaining how the emperor resolved a dispute between the Roman cities of <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, London.</figcaption></figure> Antoninus tried to portray himself as a magistrate of the <a href="/wiki/Res_publica" title="Res publica">res publica</a>, no matter how extended and ill-defined his competencies were. He is credited with the splitting of the imperial treasury, the <a href="/wiki/Fiscus" title="Fiscus">fiscus</a>. This splitting had to do with the division of imperial properties into two parts. Firstly, the fiscus itself, or patrimonium, meaning the properties of the "Crown", the hereditary properties of each succeeding person that sat on the throne, transmitted to his successors in office,<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> regardless of their previous membership in the imperial family.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Secondly, the res privata, the "private" properties tied to the personal maintenance of the emperor and his family,<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> something like a <a href="/wiki/Privy_Purse" title="Privy Purse">Privy Purse</a>. An anecdote in the <a href="/wiki/Historia_Augusta" title="Historia Augusta">Historia Augusta</a> biography, where Antoninus replies to Faustina (who complained about his stinginess) that "we have gained an empire [and] lost even what we had before" possibly relates to Antoninus' actual concerns at the creation of the res privata.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> While still a private citizen, Antoninus had increased his personal fortune greatly by means of various legacies, the consequence of his caring scrupulously for his relatives.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Also, Antoninus left behind him a reputation for stinginess and was probably determined not to leave his personal property to be "swallowed up by the demands of the imperial throne".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley200071-86">[86]</a> The res privata lands could be sold and/or given away, while the patrimonium properties were regarded as public.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> It was a way of pretending that the Imperial function—and most properties attached to it—was a public one, formally subject to the authority of the Senate and the Roman people.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> That the distinction played no part in subsequent political history—that the personal power of the <a href="/wiki/Princeps" title="Princeps">princeps</a> absorbed his role as office-holder—proves that the autocratic logic of the imperial order had already subsumed the old republican institutions.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Of the public transactions of this period there is only the scantiest of information, but, to judge by what is extant, those twenty-two years were not remarkably eventful in comparison to those before and after the reign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-10">[10]</a> However, Antoninus did take a great interest in the revision and practice of the law throughout the empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1893526-90">[90]</a> One of his chief concerns was to having local communities conform their legal procedures to existing Roman norms: in a case concerning repression of banditry by local police officers ("irenarchs", Greek for "peace keepers") in Asia Minor, Antoninus ordered that these officers should not treat suspects as already condemned, and also keep a detailed copy of their interrogations, to be used in the possibility of an appeal to the Roman governor.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Also, although Antoninus was not an innovator, he would not always follow the absolute letter of the law; rather he was driven by concerns over humanity and equality, and introduced into <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a> many important new principles based upon this notion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1893526-90">[90]</a> In this, the emperor was assisted by five chief lawyers: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucius_Fulvius_Aburnius_Valens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucius Fulvius Aburnius Valens (page does not exist)">Lucius Fulvius Aburnius Valens</a>, an author of legal treatises;<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucius_Ulpius_Marcellus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucius Ulpius Marcellus (page does not exist)">Lucius Ulpius Marcellus</a>, a prolific writer; and three others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1893526-90">[90]</a> Of these three, the most prominent was <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Volusius_Maecianus" title="Lucius Volusius Maecianus">Lucius Volusius Maecianus</a>, a former military officer turned by Antoninus into a civil procurator, and who, in view of his subsequent career (discovered on the basis of epigraphical and prosopographical research), was the emperor's most important legal adviser.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Maecianus would eventually be chosen to occupy various prefectures (see below) as well as to conduct the legal studies of Marcus Aurelius. He was also the author of a large work on Fidei commissa (Testamentary Trusts). As a hallmark of the increased connection between jurists and the imperial government,<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Antoninus' reign also saw the appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Institutes_of_Gaius" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutes of Gaius">Institutes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gaius_(jurist)" title="Gaius (jurist)">Gaius</a>, an elementary legal textbook for beginners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1893526-90">[90]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:INC-1833-a_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BA._153-154_%D0%B3%D0%B3._(%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/INC-1833-a_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BA._153-154_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/220px-INC-1833-a_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BA._153-154_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/INC-1833-a_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BA._153-154_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/330px-INC-1833-a_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BA._153-154_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/INC-1833-a_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BA._153-154_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/440px-INC-1833-a_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BA._153-154_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption>Gold <a href="/wiki/Aureus" title="Aureus">aureus</a> of Antoninus, 153 AD. ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP TR P XVII</figcaption></figure> Antoninus passed measures to facilitate the <a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">enfranchisement</a> of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">slaves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1893527-95">[95]</a> Mostly, he favoured the principle of favor libertatis, giving the putative freedman the benefit of the doubt when the claim to freedom was not clearcut.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Also, he punished the killing of a slave by their master without previous trial<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> and determined that slaves could be forcibly sold to another master by a <a href="/wiki/Proconsul" title="Proconsul">proconsul</a> in cases of consistent mistreatment.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Antoninus upheld the enforcement of contracts for selling of female slaves forbidding their further employment in prostitution.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> In criminal law, Antoninus introduced the important principle of the <a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_innocence" title="Presumption of innocence">presumption of innocence</a>; that accused persons are not to be treated as guilty before trial,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1893527-95">[95]</a> as in the case of the irenarchs (see above). Antoninus also asserted the principle that the trial was to be held, and the punishment inflicted, in the place where the crime had been committed. He mitigated the use of <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> in examining slaves by certain limitations. Thus he prohibited the application of torture to children under fourteen years, though this rule had exceptions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1893527-95">[95]</a> However, it must be stressed that Antoninus extended, by means of a <a href="/wiki/Rescript" title="Rescript">rescript</a>, the use of torture as a means of obtaining evidence to pecuniary cases, when it had been applied up until then only in criminal cases.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Also, already at the time torture of free men of low status (humiliores) had become legal, as proved by the fact that Antoninus exempted town councillors expressly from it, and also free men of high rank (honestiores) in general.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> One highlight during his reign occurred in 148, with the nine-hundredth anniversary of the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> being celebrated by the hosting of magnificent games in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman2000154-102">[102]</a> It lasted a number of days, and a host of exotic animals were killed, including <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">giraffes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">tigers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros" title="Rhinoceros">rhinoceroses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crocodile" title="Crocodile">crocodiles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">hippopotamuses</a>. While this increased Antoninus's popularity, the frugal emperor had to debase the <a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Roman currency</a>. He decreased the silver purity of the denarius from 89% to 83.5, the actual silver weight dropping from 2.88 grams to 2.68 grams.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman2000155-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Scholars name Antoninus Pius as the leading candidate for an individual identified as a friend of Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Judah_haNasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Judah haNasi">Judah the Prince</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> (Avodah Zarah 10a–b), Rabbi Judah was very wealthy and greatly revered in Rome. He had a close friendship with "Antoninus", possibly Antoninus Pius,<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> who would consult Rabbi Judah on various worldly and spiritual matters. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diplomatic_mission_to_China">Diplomatic mission to China</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoninus_Pius&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Diplomatic mission to China">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sino-Roman_relations" title="Sino-Roman relations">Sino-Roman relations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_glass_Roman_cup_unearthed_at_Eastern_Han_tomb,_Guixian,_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Green_glass_Roman_cup_unearthed_at_Eastern_Han_tomb%2C_Guixian%2C_China.jpg/220px-Green_glass_Roman_cup_unearthed_at_Eastern_Han_tomb%2C_Guixian%2C_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Green_glass_Roman_cup_unearthed_at_Eastern_Han_tomb%2C_Guixian%2C_China.jpg/330px-Green_glass_Roman_cup_unearthed_at_Eastern_Han_tomb%2C_Guixian%2C_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Green_glass_Roman_cup_unearthed_at_Eastern_Han_tomb%2C_Guixian%2C_China.jpg/440px-Green_glass_Roman_cup_unearthed_at_Eastern_Han_tomb%2C_Guixian%2C_China.jpg 2x" data-file-width="918" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Green <a href="/wiki/Roman_glass" title="Roman glass">Roman glass</a> cup unearthed from an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han dynasty">Eastern Han dynasty</a> (25–220 AD) tomb, <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a>, China</figcaption></figure> The first group of people claiming to be an ambassadorial mission of Romans to China was recorded in 166 AD by the <a href="/wiki/Hou_Hanshu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hou Hanshu">Hou Hanshu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-halsall_2000-105">[105]</a> Harper (2017)<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> states that the embassy was likely to be a group of merchants, as many Roman merchants traveled to India and some might have gone beyond, while there are no records of official ambassadors of Rome travelling as far east. The group came to <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Huan_of_Han" title="Emperor Huan of Han">Emperor Huan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Han_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Han China">Han China</a> and claimed to be an embassy from "Andun" (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 安敦 āndūn; for Anton-inus), "king of <a href="/wiki/Daqin" title="Daqin">Daqin</a>" (Rome).<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> As Antoninus Pius died in 161, leaving the empire to his adoptive son <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius (Antoninus)</a>, and the envoy arrived in 166, confusion remains about who sent the mission, given that both emperors were named "Antoninus".<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> The Roman mission came from the south (therefore probably by <a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">sea</a>), entering China by the frontier province of <a href="/wiki/Jiaozhi" title="Jiaozhi">Jiaozhi</a> at <a href="/wiki/Rinan" title="Rinan">Rinan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tonkin" title="Tonkin">Tonkin</a> (present-day northern <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>). It brought presents of <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros" title="Rhinoceros">rhinoceros</a> <a href="/wiki/Horn_(anatomy)" title="Horn (anatomy)">horns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tortoise" title="Tortoise">tortoise</a> <a href="/wiki/Exoskeleton" title="Exoskeleton">shell</a>, probably acquired in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-halsall_2000-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The text specifically states that it was the first time there had been direct contact between the two countries.<a href="#cite_note-halsall_2000-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hill_2009,_p._27-112">[112]</a> Furthermore, a piece of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republican</a>-era <a href="/wiki/Roman_glass" title="Roman glass">Roman glassware</a> has been found at a <a href="/wiki/Western_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Han">Western Han</a> tomb in <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> along the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a>, dated to the early 1st century BC.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Roman golden medallions made during the reign of Antoninus Pius and perhaps even Marcus Aurelius have been found at <a href="/wiki/%C3%93c_Eo" title="Óc Eo">Óc Eo</a> in southern Vietnam, then part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Funan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Funan">Kingdom of Funan</a> near the Chinese province of <a href="/wiki/Jiaozhi" title="Jiaozhi">Jiaozhi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-young_2001_pp29-30-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-osborne_2006_pp24-25-115">[115]</a> This may have been the port city of <a href="/wiki/Kattigara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kattigara">Kattigara</a>, described by <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 150) as being visited by a Greek sailor named Alexander and lying beyond the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Chersonese" title="Golden Chersonese">Golden Chersonese</a> (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>).<a href="#cite_note-young_2001_pp29-30-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-osborne_2006_pp24-25-115">[115]</a> Roman coins from the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> to <a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a> have been discovered in <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>, China (site of the Han capital <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a>), although the significantly greater amount of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Roman_trade_relations" title="Indo-Roman trade relations">Roman coins unearthed in India</a> suggest the Roman maritime trade for <a href="/wiki/History_of_silk" title="History of silk">purchasing Chinese silk</a> was centered there, not in China or even the overland <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> running through ancient Iran.<a href="#cite_note-ball_2016_p154-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoninus_Pius&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Death and legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_ruins_of_the_East_Triumphal_Arch_built_by_Antoninus_Pius_outside_the_Sanctuary_of_Demeter_and_Kore,_Eleusis_(15552358684).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/The_ruins_of_the_East_Triumphal_Arch_built_by_Antoninus_Pius_outside_the_Sanctuary_of_Demeter_and_Kore%2C_Eleusis_%2815552358684%29.jpg/220px-The_ruins_of_the_East_Triumphal_Arch_built_by_Antoninus_Pius_outside_the_Sanctuary_of_Demeter_and_Kore%2C_Eleusis_%2815552358684%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/The_ruins_of_the_East_Triumphal_Arch_built_by_Antoninus_Pius_outside_the_Sanctuary_of_Demeter_and_Kore%2C_Eleusis_%2815552358684%29.jpg/330px-The_ruins_of_the_East_Triumphal_Arch_built_by_Antoninus_Pius_outside_the_Sanctuary_of_Demeter_and_Kore%2C_Eleusis_%2815552358684%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/The_ruins_of_the_East_Triumphal_Arch_built_by_Antoninus_Pius_outside_the_Sanctuary_of_Demeter_and_Kore%2C_Eleusis_%2815552358684%29.jpg/440px-The_ruins_of_the_East_Triumphal_Arch_built_by_Antoninus_Pius_outside_the_Sanctuary_of_Demeter_and_Kore%2C_Eleusis_%2815552358684%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Triumphal_arch" title="Triumphal arch">triumphal arch</a> of Antoninus Pius outside the Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore in <a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a>, Greece, imitating <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Hadrian_(Athens)" title="Arch of Hadrian (Athens)">Hadrian's Arch in Athens</a></figcaption></figure> In 156, Antoninus Pius turned 70. He found it difficult to keep himself upright without <a href="/wiki/Corset" title="Corset">stays</a>. He started nibbling on dry bread to give him the strength to stay awake through his morning receptions. Marcus Aurelius had already been created consul with Antoninus in 140, receiving the title of <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a>, i.e., heir apparent.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> As Antoninus aged, Marcus took on more administrative duties. Marcus's administrative duties increased again after the death, in 156 or 157, of one of Antoninus' most trusted advisers, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Gavius_Maximus" title="Marcus Gavius Maximus">Marcus Gavius Maximus</a>. For twenty years, Gavius Maximus had been <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefect" title="Praetorian prefect">praetorian prefect</a>, an office that was as much secretarial as military.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2000112-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Gavius Maximus had been awarded with the consular insignia and the honours due a senator.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> He had a reputation as a most strict disciplinarian (vir severissimus, according to Historia Augusta) and some fellow equestrian procurators held lasting grudges against him. A procurator named Gaius Censorius Niger died while Gavius Maximus was alive. In his will, Censorius Niger vilified Maximus, creating serious embarrassment for one of the heirs, the orator <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Cornelius_Fronto" title="Marcus Cornelius Fronto">Fronto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Gavius Maximus' death initiated a change in the ruling team. It has been speculated that it was the legal adviser <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Volusius_Maecianus" title="Lucius Volusius Maecianus">Lucius Volusius Maecianus</a> who assumed the role of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89minence_grise" title="Éminence grise">grey eminence</a>. Maecianus was briefly Praefect of Egypt, and subsequently <a href="/wiki/Praefectus_annonae" title="Praefectus annonae">Praefectus annonae</a> in Rome. If it was Maecianus who rose to prominence, he may have risen precisely in order to prepare the incoming—and unprecedented—joint succession.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> In 160, Marcus and Lucius were designated joint consuls for the following year. Perhaps Antoninus was already ill; in any case, he died before the year was out, probably on 7 March.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antoninus_Pius_(Museo_del_Prado)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Antoninus_Pius_%28Museo_del_Prado%29_01.jpg/220px-Antoninus_Pius_%28Museo_del_Prado%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Antoninus_Pius_%28Museo_del_Prado%29_01.jpg/330px-Antoninus_Pius_%28Museo_del_Prado%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Antoninus_Pius_%28Museo_del_Prado%29_01.jpg/440px-Antoninus_Pius_%28Museo_del_Prado%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1210" data-file-height="1521" /></a><figcaption>The bust of Antoninus Pius at the <a href="/wiki/Museo_del_Prado" title="Museo del Prado">Museo del Prado</a>, Madrid</figcaption></figure> Two days before his death, the biographer reports, Antoninus was at his ancestral estate at <a href="/wiki/Lorium" title="Lorium">Lorium</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Etruria" title="Etruria">Etruria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman2000156-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-Victor,_15:7-131">[131]</a> about twelve miles (19 km) from Rome.<a href="#cite_note-Victor,_15:7-131">[131]</a> He ate <a href="/wiki/Alpine_cheese" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpine cheese">Alpine cheese</a> at dinner quite greedily. In the night he vomited; he had a fever the next day. The day after that, he summoned the imperial council, and passed the state and his daughter to Marcus. The emperor gave the keynote to his life in the last word that he uttered: when the <a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">tribune</a> of the night-watch came to ask the password, he responded, "aequanimitas" (equanimity).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1893532-132">[132]</a> He then turned over, as if going to sleep, and died.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2000114-134">[134]</a> His death closed out the longest reign since <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> (surpassing <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> by a couple of months).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman2000156-130">[130]</a> His record for the second-longest reign would be unbeaten for 168 years, until 329 when it was surpassed by <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a>. Antoninus Pius' funeral ceremonies were, in the words of the biographer, "elaborate".<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> If his funeral followed the pattern of past funerals, his body would have been incinerated on a pyre at the <a href="/wiki/Campus_Martius" title="Campus Martius">Campus Martius</a>, while his spirit would rise to the gods' home in the heavens. However, it seems that this was not the case: according to his <a href="/wiki/Historia_Augusta" title="Historia Augusta">Historia Augusta</a> biography (which seems to reproduce an earlier, detailed report) Antoninus' body (and not his ashes) was buried in <a href="/wiki/Castel_Sant%27Angelo" title="Castel Sant'Angelo">Hadrian's mausoleum</a>. After a seven-day interval (justitium), Marcus and Lucius nominated their father for deification.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> In contrast to their behaviour during Antoninus' campaign to deify Hadrian, the senate did not oppose the emperors' wishes. A <a href="/wiki/Flamen" title="Flamen">flamen</a>, or cultic priest, was appointed to minister the cult of the deified Antoninus, now Divus Antoninus. A <a href="/wiki/Column_of_Antoninus_Pius" title="Column of Antoninus Pius">column</a> was dedicated to Antoninus on the Campus Martius,<a href="#cite_note-Weigel,_Antoninus_Pius-12">[12]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Antoninus_and_Faustina" title="Temple of Antoninus and Faustina">temple</a> he had built in the Forum in 141 to his deified wife Faustina was rededicated to the deified Faustina and the deified Antoninus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1893532-132">[132]</a> It survives as the church of San Lorenzo in Miranda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2000118-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoninus_Pius&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Historiography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sbeitla_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Sbeitla_04.jpg/220px-Sbeitla_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Sbeitla_04.jpg/330px-Sbeitla_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Sbeitla_04.jpg/440px-Sbeitla_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>Arch of Antoninus Pius in <a href="/wiki/Sbe%C3%AFtla" class="mw-redirect" title="Sbeïtla">Sbeïtla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antoninus_Pius,_Palazzo_Altemps,_Rome_(11383990114).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Antoninus_Pius%2C_Palazzo_Altemps%2C_Rome_%2811383990114%29.jpg/220px-Antoninus_Pius%2C_Palazzo_Altemps%2C_Rome_%2811383990114%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Antoninus_Pius%2C_Palazzo_Altemps%2C_Rome_%2811383990114%29.jpg/330px-Antoninus_Pius%2C_Palazzo_Altemps%2C_Rome_%2811383990114%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Antoninus_Pius%2C_Palazzo_Altemps%2C_Rome_%2811383990114%29.jpg/440px-Antoninus_Pius%2C_Palazzo_Altemps%2C_Rome_%2811383990114%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="4288" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Antoninus Pius, <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Altemps" class="mw-redirect" title="Palazzo Altemps">Palazzo Altemps</a>, Rome</figcaption></figure> The only intact account of his life handed down to us is that of the <a href="/wiki/Augustan_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustan History">Augustan History</a>, an unreliable and mostly fabricated work. Nevertheless, it still contains information that is considered reasonably sound; for instance, it is the only source that mentions the erection of the Antonine Wall in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Antoninus in many ways was the ideal of the landed gentleman praised not only by ancient Romans, but also by later scholars of classical history, such as <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> or the author of the article on Antoninus Pius in the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-10">[10]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">A few months afterwards, on Hadrian's death, he was enthusiastically welcomed to the throne by the Roman people, who, for once, were not disappointed in their anticipation of a happy reign. For Antoninus came to his new office with simple tastes, kindly disposition, extensive experience, a well-trained intelligence and the sincerest desire for the welfare of his subjects. Instead of plundering to support his prodigality, he emptied his private treasury to assist distressed provinces and cities, and everywhere exercised rigid economy (hence the nickname κυμινοπριστης "cummin-splitter"). Instead of exaggerating into treason whatever was susceptible of unfavorable interpretation, he turned the very conspiracies that were formed against him into opportunities for demonstrating his clemency. Instead of stirring up <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">persecution against the Christians</a>, he extended to them the strong hand of his protection throughout the empire. Rather than give occasion to that oppression which he regarded as inseparable from an emperor's progress through his dominions, he was content to spend all the years of his reign in Rome, or its neighbourhood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-10">[10]</a></blockquote> Some historians have a less positive view of his reign. According to the historian <a href="/wiki/J._B._Bury" title="J. B. Bury">J. B. Bury</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">however estimable the man, Antoninus was hardly a great statesman. The rest which the Empire enjoyed under his auspices had been rendered possible through Hadrian's activity, and was not due to his own exertions; on the other hand, he carried the policy of peace at any price too far, and so entailed calamities on the state after his death. He not only had no originality or power of initiative, but he had not even the insight or boldness to work further on the new lines marked out by Hadrian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1893524-140">[140]</a></blockquote> German historian <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kornemann" title="Ernst Kornemann">Ernst Kornemann</a> has had it in his Römische Geschichte [2 vols., ed. by H. Bengtson, Stuttgart 1954] that the reign of Antoninus comprised "a succession of grossly wasted opportunities", given the upheavals that were to come. There is more to this argument, given that the Parthians in the East were themselves soon to make no small amount of mischief after Antoninus' death. Kornemann's brief is that Antoninus might have waged preventive wars to head off these outsiders. <a href="/wiki/Michael_Grant_(classicist)" title="Michael Grant (classicist)">Michael Grant</a> agrees that it is possible that had Antoninus acted decisively sooner (it appears that, on his death bed, he was preparing a large-scale action against the Parthians), the Parthians might have been unable to choose their own time, but current evidence is not conclusive. Grant opines that Antoninus and his officers did act in a resolute manner dealing with frontier disturbances of his time, although conditions for long-lasting peace were not created. On the whole, according to Grant, Marcus Aurelius' eulogistic picture of Antoninus seems deserved, and Antoninus appears to have been a conservative and nationalistic (although he respected and followed Hadrian's example of Philhellenism moderately) emperor who was not tainted by the blood of either citizen or foe, combined and maintained Numa Pompilius' good fortune, pacific dutifulness and religious scrupulousness, and whose laws removed anomalies and softened harshnesses.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Krzysztof Ulanowski argues that the claims of military inability are exaggerated, considering that although the sources praise Antoninus' love for peace and his efforts "rather to defend, than enlarge the provinces", he could hardly be considered a pacifist, as shown by the conquest of the Lowlands, the building of the <a href="/wiki/Antonine_Wall" title="Antonine Wall">Antonine Wall</a> and the expansion of Germania Superior. Ulanowski also praises Antoninus for being successful in deterrence by diplomatic means.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Descendants">Descendants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoninus_Pius&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Descendants">edit</a>]</div> Although only one of his four children survived to adulthood, Antoninus came to be ancestor to four generations of prominent Romans, including the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Pflaum" title="Hans-Georg Pflaum">Hans-Georg Pflaum</a> has identified five direct descendants of Antoninus and Faustina who were consuls in the first half of the third century.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <ol><li>Marcus Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus (died before 138), died young without issue</li> <li>Marcus Galerius Aurelius Antoninus (died before 138), died young without issue</li> <li>Aurelia Fadilla (died in 135), who married <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Plautius_Lamia_Silvanus" title="Lucius Plautius Lamia Silvanus">Lucius Plautius Lamia Silvanus</a>, suffect consul in 145;<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> no children known for certain.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_the_Younger" title="Faustina the Younger">Annia Galeria Faustina the Younger</a> (21 September between 125 and 130–175), had several children; those who had children were:<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Lucilla" title="Lucilla">Annia Aurelia Galeria Lucilla</a> (7 March 150–182?), whose children included: <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Aurelius_Commodus_Pompeianus" title="Lucius Aurelius Commodus Pompeianus">Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus</a></li></ol></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annia_Galeria_Aurelia_Faustina" title="Annia Galeria Aurelia Faustina">Annia Galeria Aurelia Faustina</a> (151–?), whose children included: <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Claudius_Severus_Proculus" title="Tiberius Claudius Severus Proculus">Tiberius Claudius Severus Proculus</a> <ol><li>Empress <a href="/wiki/Annia_Faustina" title="Annia Faustina">Annia Faustina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a>' third wife</li></ol></li></ol></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fadilla" title="Fadilla">Annia Aurelia Fadilla</a> (159–after 211)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annia_Cornificia_Faustina_Minor" title="Annia Cornificia Faustina Minor">Annia Cornificia Faustina Minor</a> (160–213)</li></ol></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nerva–Antonine_family_tree">Nerva–Antonine family tree</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_family_tree&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: Nerva–Antonine family tree">edit</a>]</div> <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:100%; width:100%; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 0.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:100%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_family_tree" title="Template:Nerva–Antonine family tree"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_family_tree" title="Template talk:Nerva–Antonine family tree"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_family_tree" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nerva–Antonine family tree"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini">Nerva–Antonine family tree</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Barea_Soranus" title="Barea Soranus">Q. Marcius Barea Soranus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Marcius_Barea_Sura" title="Quintus Marcius Barea Sura">Q. Marcius Barea Sura</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Antonia Furnilla</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">M. Cocceius Nerva</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Sergia Plautilla</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">P. Aelius Hadrianus</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #c6bbf9;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 79–81)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Marcia_Furnilla" title="Marcia Furnilla">Marcia Furnilla</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Marcia_(mother_of_Trajan)" title="Marcia (mother of Trajan)">Marcia</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Ulpius_Traianus_(father_of_Trajan)" title="Marcus Ulpius Traianus (father of Trajan)">Trajanus Pater</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #e9a5d8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 96–98)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ulpia_(grandmother_of_Hadrian)" title="Ulpia (grandmother of Hadrian)">Ulpia</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[i]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Aelius_Hadrianus_Marullinus" title="Aelius Hadrianus Marullinus">Aelius Hadrianus Marullinus</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">Flavia<a href="#cite_note-giac8-147">[ii]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><a href="/wiki/Ulpia_Marciana" title="Ulpia Marciana">Marciana</a><a href="#cite_note-lev161-148">[iii]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Salonius_Matidius_Patruinus" title="Gaius Salonius Matidius Patruinus">C. Salonius Matidius</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[iv]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #e9a5d8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 98–117)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><a href="/wiki/Pompeia_Plotina" title="Pompeia Plotina">Plotina</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Publius_Acilius_Attianus" title="Publius Acilius Attianus">P. Acilius Attianus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Publius_Aelius_Hadrianus_Afer" title="Publius Aelius Hadrianus Afer">P. Aelius Afer</a><a href="#cite_note-giac7-150">[v]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Paulina#Mother_of_Hadrian" title="Paulina">Paulina Major</a><a href="#cite_note-DIR_hadrian-151">[vi]</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Mindius" title="Lucius Mindius">Lucius Mindius</a> (2)</td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Libo_Rupilius_Frugi" title="Libo Rupilius Frugi">Libo Rupilius Frugi</a> (3)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><a href="/wiki/Salonia_Matidia" title="Salonia Matidia">Salonia Matidia</a><a href="#cite_note-giac9-152">[vii]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Vibius_Sabinus" title="Lucius Vibius Sabinus">L. Vibius Sabinus</a> (1)<a href="#cite_note-153">[viii]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Paulina#Sister_of_Hadrian" title="Paulina">Paulina Minor</a><a href="#cite_note-DIR_hadrian-151">[vi]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #e5e5e5;"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Julius_Ursus_Servianus" title="Lucius Julius Ursus Servianus">L. Julius Ursus Servianus</a><a href="#cite_note-Smith_Servianus-154">[ix]</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Matidia_Minor" title="Matidia Minor">Matidia Minor</a><a href="#cite_note-giac9-152">[vii]</a></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><a href="/wiki/Vibia_Sabina" title="Vibia Sabina">Sabina</a><a href="#cite_note-lev161-148">[iii]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #e9a5d8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a><a href="#cite_note-giac7-150">[v]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smith_1870a_p._319-155">[x]</a><a href="#cite_note-DIR_hadrian-151">[vi]</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 117–138)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><a href="/wiki/Antinous" title="Antinous">Antinous</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[xi]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">C. Fuscus Salinator I</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Paulina#Niece_of_Hadrian" title="Paulina">Julia Serviana Paulina</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Annius_Verus_(grandfather_of_Marcus_Aurelius)" title="Marcus Annius Verus (grandfather of Marcus Aurelius)">M. Annius Verus</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[xii]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Rupilia Faustina<a href="#cite_note-lev163-158">[xiii]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[xiv]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Boionia Procilla</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Arrius_Antoninus" title="Gnaeus Arrius Antoninus">Cn. Arrius Antoninus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">L. Ceionius Commodus</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Appia Severa</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#e5e5e5">C. Fuscus Salinator II</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">L. Caesennius Paetus</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Arria Antonina</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Arria Fadilla<a href="#cite_note-lev162-160">[xv]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Titus_Aurelius_Fulvus_(father_of_Antoninus_Pius)" title="Titus Aurelius Fulvus (father of Antoninus Pius)">T. Aurelius Fulvus</a></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Caesennius_Antoninus" title="Lucius Caesennius Antoninus">L. Caesennius Antoninus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">L. Commodus</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Plautia_(mother_of_Aelius_Caesar)" title="Plautia (mother of Aelius Caesar)">Plautia</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">unknown<a href="#cite_note-lev164-161">[xvi]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Avidius_Nigrinus" title="Gaius Avidius Nigrinus">C. Avidius Nigrinus</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Annius_Verus_(praetor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Annius Verus (praetor)">M. Annius Verus</a><a href="#cite_note-lev163-158">[xiii]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Domitia_Lucilla_(mother_of_Marcus_Aurelius)" title="Domitia Lucilla (mother of Marcus Aurelius)">Calvisia Domitia Lucilla</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[xvii]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Fundania<a href="#cite_note-163">[xviii]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Annius_Libo" title="Marcus Annius Libo">M. Annius Libo</a><a href="#cite_note-lev163-158">[xiii]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><a href="/wiki/Faustina_the_Elder" title="Faustina the Elder">Faustina</a><a href="#cite_note-lev162-160">[xv]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #e9a5d8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antoninus Pius</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 138–161)<a href="#cite_note-lev162-160">[xv]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #f6dbef;"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Aelius_Caesar" title="Lucius Aelius Caesar">L. Aelius Caesar</a><a href="#cite_note-lev164-161">[xvi]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Avidia_(mother_of_Lucius_Verus)" title="Avidia (mother of Lucius Verus)">Avidia</a><a href="#cite_note-lev164-161">[xvi]</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Annia_Cornificia_Faustina" title="Annia Cornificia Faustina">Cornificia</a><a href="#cite_note-lev163-158">[xiii]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #e9a5d8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 161–180)<a href="#cite_note-giac10-164">[xix]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><a href="/wiki/Faustina_the_Younger" title="Faustina the Younger">Faustina Minor</a><a href="#cite_note-giac10-164">[xix]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #e5e5e5;"><a href="/wiki/Avidius_Cassius" title="Avidius Cassius">C. Avidius Cassius</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[xx]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Aurelia Fadilla<a href="#cite_note-lev162-160">[xv]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #e9a5d8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 161–169)<a href="#cite_note-lev164-161">[xvi]</a> (1)</td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ceionia_Fabia" title="Ceionia Fabia">Ceionia Fabia</a><a href="#cite_note-lev164-161">[xvi]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Plautius_Quintillus" title="Plautius Quintillus">Plautius Quintillus</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[xxi]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Servilius_Pudens" title="Quintus Servilius Pudens">Q. Servilius Pudens</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ceionia_Plautia" title="Ceionia Plautia">Ceionia Plautia</a><a href="#cite_note-lev164-161">[xvi]</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Annia_Cornificia_Faustina_Minor" title="Annia Cornificia Faustina Minor">Cornificia Minor</a><a href="#cite_note-lev117-167">[xxii]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Petronius_Sura_Mamertinus" title="Marcus Petronius Sura Mamertinus">M. Petronius Sura</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #e9a5d8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 177–192)<a href="#cite_note-giac10-164">[xix]</a></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fadilla" title="Fadilla">Fadilla</a><a href="#cite_note-lev117-167">[xxii]</a></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #f6dbef;"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Annius_Verus_Caesar" title="Marcus Annius Verus Caesar">M. Annius Verus Caesar</a><a href="#cite_note-giac10-164">[xix]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background: #e5e5e5;"><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Claudius_Pompeianus" title="Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus">Ti. Claudius Pompeianus</a> (2)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Lucilla" title="Lucilla">Lucilla</a><a href="#cite_note-giac10-164">[xix]</a></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Peducaeus_Plautius_Quintillus" title="Marcus Peducaeus Plautius Quintillus">M. Plautius Quintillus</a><a href="#cite_note-lev164-161">[xvi]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Junius Licinius Balbus</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Servilia Ceionia</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Petronius Antoninus</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">L. Aurelius Agaclytus (2)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Vibia_Aurelia_Sabina" title="Vibia Aurelia Sabina">Aurelia Sabina</a><a href="#cite_note-lev117-167">[xxii]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Antistius_Burrus" title="Lucius Antistius Burrus">L. Antistius Burrus</a> (1)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Plautius Quintillus</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Plautia Servilla</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Furius_Sabinius_Aquila_Timesitheus" title="Gaius Furius Sabinius Aquila Timesitheus">C. Furius Sabinus Timesitheus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Gordiana" title="Antonia Gordiana">Antonia Gordiana</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Junius_Licinius_Balbus" class="mw-redirect" title="Junius Licinius Balbus">Junius Licinius Balbus</a>?</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Tranquillina" title="Tranquillina">Furia Sabina Tranquillina</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#c6bbf9;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 238–244)</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"> <table style="border-spacing: 2px; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <ul><li>(1) = 1st spouse</li> <li>(2) = 2nd spouse</li> <li>(3) = 3rd spouse</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Reddish-purple indicates <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">emperor</a> of the Nerva–Antonine dynasty</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  lighter purple indicates designated imperial heir of said dynasty who never reigned</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  grey indicates unsuccessful imperial aspirants</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  bluish-purple indicates emperors of other dynasties</div></li> <li>dashed lines indicate adoption; dotted lines indicate love affairs/unmarried relationships</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">Small Caps = posthumously deified (<a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">Augusti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augusta_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusta (honorific)">Augustae</a>, or other)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Notes: Except where otherwise noted, the notes below indicate that an individual's parentage is as shown in the above family tree. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-roman" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Sister of Trajan's father: Giacosa (1977), p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-giac8-147"><a href="#cite_ref-giac8_147-0">^</a> Giacosa (1977), p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-lev161-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lev161_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev161_148-1">b</a> Levick (2014), p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Husband of Ulpia Marciana: Levick (2014), p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-giac7-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-giac7_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-giac7_150-1">b</a> Giacosa (1977), p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-DIR_hadrian-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DIR_hadrian_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DIR_hadrian_151-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DIR_hadrian_151-2">c</a> DIR contributor (Herbert W. Benario, 2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/hadrian.htm">"Hadrian"</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-giac9-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-giac9_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-giac9_152-1">b</a> Giacosa (1977), p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Husband of Salonia Matidia: Levick (2014), p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith_Servianus-154"><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_Servianus_154-0">^</a> Smith (1870), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/ACL3129.0003.001/800?rgn=full+text;view=image;q1=servianus">"Julius Servianus"</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith_1870a_p._319-155"><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_1870a_p._319_155-0">^</a> Smith (1870), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/acl3129.0002.001/329?page=root;rgn=full+text;size=100;view=image;q1=hadrian">"Hadrian"</a>, pp. 319–322. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> Lover of Hadrian: Lambert (1984), p. 99 and passim; deification: Lamber (1984), pp. 2–5, etc. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Husband of Rupilia Faustina: Levick (2014), p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-lev163-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lev163_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev163_158-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev163_158-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev163_158-3">d</a> Levick (2014), p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> It is uncertain whether Rupilia Faustina was Frugi's daughter by Salonia Matidia or another woman. </li> <li id="cite_note-lev162-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lev162_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev162_160-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev162_160-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev162_160-3">d</a> Levick (2014), p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-lev164-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lev164_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev164_161-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev164_161-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev164_161-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev164_161-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev164_161-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev164_161-6">g</a> Levick (2014), p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Wife of M. Annius Verus: Giacosa (1977), p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Wife of M. Annius Libo: Levick (2014), p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-giac10-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-giac10_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-giac10_164-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-giac10_164-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-giac10_164-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-giac10_164-4">e</a> Giacosa (1977), p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> The epitomator of Cassius Dio (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/72*.html">72.22</a>) gives the story that Faustina the Elder promised to marry Avidius Cassius. This is also echoed in <a href="/wiki/Historia_Augusta" title="Historia Augusta">HA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Marcus_Aurelius/2*.html">"Marcus Aurelius" 24</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> Husband of Ceionia Fabia: Levick (2014), p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-lev117-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lev117_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev117_167-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev117_167-2">c</a> Levick (2014), p. 117. </li> </ol></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">References: <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDIR_contributors2000" class="citation web cs1">DIR contributors (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/">"De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and Their Families"</a>. Retrieved 14 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=De+Imperatoribus+Romanis%3A+An+Online+Encyclopedia+of+Roman+Rulers+and+Their+Families&rft.date=2000&rft.au=%27%27DIR%27%27+contributors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roman-emperors.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoninus+Pius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiacosa1977" class="citation book cs1">Giacosa, Giorgio (1977). Women of the Caesars: Their Lives and Portraits on Coins. Translated by R. Ross Holloway. Milan: Edizioni Arte e Moneta. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8390-0193-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8390-0193-2"><bdi>0-8390-0193-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+of+the+Caesars%3A+Their+Lives+and+Portraits+on+Coins&rft.place=Milan&rft.pub=Edizioni+Arte+e+Moneta&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-8390-0193-2&rft.aulast=Giacosa&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoninus+Pius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambert1984" class="citation book cs1">Lambert, Royston (1984). Beloved and God: The Story of Hadrian and Antinous. New York: Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-15708-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-15708-2"><bdi>0-670-15708-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beloved+and+God%3A+The+Story+of+Hadrian+and+Antinous&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-670-15708-2&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=Royston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoninus+Pius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevick2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Levick" title="Barbara Levick">Levick, Barbara</a> (2014). Faustina I and II: Imperial Women of the Golden Age. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537941-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537941-9"><bdi>978-0-19-537941-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faustina+I+and+II%3A+Imperial+Women+of+the+Golden+Age&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-537941-9&rft.aulast=Levick&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoninus+Pius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_William1870" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)" title="William Smith (lexicographer)">Smith, William</a>, ed. (1870). <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology" title="Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology">Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Biography+and+Mythology&rft.date=1870&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoninus+Pius" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoninus_Pius&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalomies2014" class="citation book cs1">Salomies, O (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/9860972">"Adoptive and Polyonymous Nomenclature in the Roman Empire – Some Addenda"</a>. In Caldelli, M. L.; Gregori, G. L. (eds.). Epigrafia e ordine senatorio, 30 anni dopo. Edizioni Quasar. pp. 492–493. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788871405674" title="Special:BookSources/9788871405674"><bdi>9788871405674</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Adoptive+and+Polyonymous+Nomenclature+in+the+Roman+Empire+%E2%80%93+Some+Addenda&rft.btitle=Epigrafia+e+ordine+senatorio%2C+30+anni+dopo&rft.pages=492-493&rft.pub=Edizioni+Quasar&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9788871405674&rft.aulast=Salomies&rft.aufirst=O&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F9860972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoninus+Pius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cooley-492-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cooley-492_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cooley-492_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooley2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alison_E._Cooley" title="Alison E. 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Cambridge University Press. pp. 492–493. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84026-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84026-2"><bdi>978-0-521-84026-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Manual+of+Latin+Epigraphy&rft.pages=492-493&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84026-2&rft.aulast=Cooley&rft.aufirst=Alison+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVlghAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoninus+Pius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman2000150-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman2000150_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman2000150_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman2000150_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman2000150_3-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowman2000">Bowman 2000</a>, p. 150. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley200054;_Dio,_70:1:2-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley200054;_Dio,_70:1:2_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBirley2000">Birley 2000</a>, p. 54; Dio, 70:1:2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley200055;_citing_the_''[[Historia_Augusta]]'',_''Life_of_Hadrian''_24.4-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley200055;_citing_the_''[[Historia_Augusta]]'',_''Life_of_Hadrian''_24.4_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBirley2000">Birley 2000</a>, p. 55; citing the <a href="/wiki/Historia_Augusta" title="Historia Augusta">Historia Augusta</a>, Life of Hadrian 24.4. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2006" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, Paul B. (2006). Religion in republican Italy. 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Ontario: Queen's University. pp. 49–57. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://qspace.library.queensu.ca/bitstream/1974/7181/1/Whitfield_Hugo_TD_201204_MA.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. 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Retrieved 24 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+des+%C3%89tudes+Anciennes&rft.atitle=Le+proconsulat+de+Narbonnaise+sous+le+Haut-Empire&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=344-363&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Frea.1970.3874&rft.aulast=Gayraud&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Frea_0035-2004_1970_num_72_3_3874&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoninus+Pius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_10-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2000242;_''Historia_Augusta'',_Antoninus_Pius_1:6-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley2000242;_''Historia_Augusta'',_Antoninus_Pius_1:6_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBirley2000">Birley 2000</a>, p. 242; Historia Augusta, Antoninus Pius 1:6. </li> <li id="cite_note-Weigel,_Antoninus_Pius-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weigel,_Antoninus_Pius_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weigel,_Antoninus_Pius_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weigel,_Antoninus_Pius_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weigel,_Antoninus_Pius_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weigel,_Antoninus_Pius_12-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weigel,_Antoninus_Pius_12-5">f</a> Weigel, Antoninus Pius </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strachan.dk/family/rupilius.htm">Rupilius</a>. Strachan stemma. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSettipani2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Settipani, Christian (2000). Continuité gentilice et continuité familiale dans les familles sénatoriales romaines à l'époque impériale: mythe et réalité. Prosopographica et genealogica (in Italian). Vol. 2 (illustrated ed.). Unit for Prosopographical Research, Linacre College, University of Oxford. p. 278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781900934022" title="Special:BookSources/9781900934022"><bdi>9781900934022</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Continuit%C3%A9+gentilice+et+continuit%C3%A9+familiale+dans+les+familles+s%C3%A9natoriales+romaines+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%A9poque+imp%C3%A9riale%3A+mythe+et+r%C3%A9alit%C3%A9&rft.series=Prosopographica+et+genealogica&rft.pages=278&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Unit+for+Prosopographical+Research%2C+Linacre+College%2C+University+of+Oxford&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781900934022&rft.aulast=Settipani&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoninus+Pius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVagi2000" class="citation book cs1">Vagi, David L. 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London: Routledge, 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-01920-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-01920-1">978-1-138-01920-1</a>, p. 447; <a href="/wiki/Paul_Veyne" title="Paul Veyne">Paul Veyne</a>, L'Empire Gréco-Romain, Paris: Seuil, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-02-057798-4" title="Special:BookSources/2-02-057798-4">2-02-057798-4</a>, p. 28, footnote 61; Salway, 149 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Marta García Morcillo, Las ventas por subasta en el mundo romano: la esfera privada. Edicions Universitat Barcelona, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-475-3017-5" title="Special:BookSources/84-475-3017-5">84-475-3017-5</a>, p. 301 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlude2020" class="citation book cs1">Schlude, Jason M. (13 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l-LNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA176">Rome, Parthia, and the Politics of Peace: The Origins of War in the Ancient Middle East</a>. Routledge. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-13570-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-13570-2"><bdi>978-1-351-13570-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome%2C+Parthia%2C+and+the+Politics+of+Peace%3A+The+Origins+of+War+in+the+Ancient+Middle+East&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020-01-13&rft.isbn=978-1-351-13570-2&rft.aulast=Schlude&rft.aufirst=Jason+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl-LNDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoninus+Pius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Gocha R. Tsetskhladze, ed., North Pontic Archaeology: Recent Discoveries and Studies. Leiden: Brill, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12041-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12041-6">90-04-12041-6</a>, p. 425 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2000113-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley2000113_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBirley2000">Birley 2000</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Rouben Paul Adalian, Historical Dictionary of Armenia, Lanham: Scarecrow, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6096-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6096-4">978-0-8108-6096-4</a>, entry "Arshakuni/Arsacid", p. 174 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Speidel, Michael P., Riding for Caesar: The Roman Emperors' Horse Guards, Harvard University Press, 1997, p. 50 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> See Victor, 15:3 </li> <li id="cite_note-RML131-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RML131_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RML131_71-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLaughlin2010" class="citation book cs1">McLaughlin, Raoul (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gzJf1KgqrWQC&pg=PA131">Rome and the Distant East: Trade Routes to the Ancient Lands of Arabia, India and China</a>. A&C Black. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847252357" title="Special:BookSources/9781847252357"><bdi>9781847252357</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+and+the+Distant+East%3A+Trade+Routes+to+the+Ancient+Lands+of+Arabia%2C+India+and+China&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781847252357&rft.aulast=McLaughlin&rft.aufirst=Raoul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgzJf1KgqrWQC%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoninus+Pius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllenHoekstraTainter2012" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Timothy F. H.; Hoekstra, Thomas W.; Tainter, Joseph A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lQjb04tfBHsC&pg=PA106">Supply-Side Sustainability</a>. Columbia University Press. pp. 105–106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231504072" title="Special:BookSources/9780231504072"><bdi>9780231504072</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supply-Side+Sustainability&rft.pages=105-106&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780231504072&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Timothy+F.+H.&rft.au=Hoekstra%2C+Thomas+W.&rft.au=Tainter%2C+Joseph+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlQjb04tfBHsC%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoninus+Pius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Barbara Burrell. Neokoroi: Greek Cities and Roman Emperors. Leiden: Brill, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12578-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12578-7">90-04-12578-7</a>, p. 87 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> E.E. Bryant, The Reign of Antoninus Pius. Cambridge University Press: 1895, pp. 45–46, 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Conrad Gempf, ed., The Book of Acts in Its Graeco-Roman Setting. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85364-564-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-85364-564-7">0-85364-564-7</a>, p. 305 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Emmanuelle Collas-Heddeland, "Le culte impérial dans la compétition des titres sous le Haut-Empire. Une lettre d'Antonin aux Éphésiens". In: Revue des Études Grecques, tome 108, Juillet-décembre 1995. pp. 410–429. Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.persee.fr/doc/reg_0035-2039_1995_num_108_2_2661">[4]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180603005958/https://www.persee.fr/doc/reg_0035-2039_1995_num_108_2_2661">Archived</a> 3 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 22 January 2016; Edmund Thomas,(2007): Monumentality and the Roman Empire: Architecture in the Antonine Age. Oxford U. Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928863-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928863-2">978-0-19-928863-2</a>, p. 133 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Philip A. Harland, ed., Greco-Roman Associations: Texts, translations and commentaries. II: North Coast of the Black Sea, Asia Minor . Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-034014-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-034014-3">978-3-11-034014-3</a>, p. 381 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Paul Graindor, "Antonin le Pieux et Athènes". Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, tome 6, fasc. 3–4, 1927. pp. 753–756. Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1927_num_6_3_6468">[5]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180603171541/https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1927_num_6_3_6468">Archived</a> 3 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 22 January 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Gary Forsythe, Time in Roman Religion: One Thousand Years of Religious History. London: Routledge, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-52217-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-52217-5">978-0-415-52217-5</a>, p. 92 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Dill" title="Samuel Dill">Samuel Dill</a>, Roman Society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius. Library of Alexandria, s.d.g. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Oxford Classical Dictionary, London: 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954556-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954556-8">978-0-19-954556-8</a>, entry "Patrimonium". </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> After the death of <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>, the personal properties of the <a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudian dynasty</a> had been appropriated by the <a href="/wiki/Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">Flavians</a>, and therefore turned into public properties: Carrié & Roussele, 586 </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Carrié & Rousselle, 586 </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 11: The High Empire, AD 70–192. Cambridge U.P., 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521263351" title="Special:BookSources/9780521263351">9780521263351</a>, p. 150 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Edward Champlin, Final Judgments: Duty and Emotion in Roman Wills, 200 B.C. – A.D. 250. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-07103-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-07103-4">0-520-07103-4</a>, p. 98 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley200071-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley200071_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBirley2000">Birley 2000</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> David S. Potter, The Roman Empire at Bay. London: Routledge, 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-84054-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-84054-5">978-0-415-84054-5</a>, p. 49 </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Heinz Bellen, "Die 'Verstaatlichung' des Privatvermögens der römische Kaiser". Hildegard Temporini, ed., Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt, Berlin: De Gruyter, 1974, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-004571-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-004571-0">3-11-004571-0</a>, p. 112 </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Aloys Winterling, Politics and Society in Imperial Rome. Malden, MA: John Wiley & sons, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7969-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7969-0">978-1-4051-7969-0</a>, pp. 73–75 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1893526-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1893526_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1893526_90-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1893526_90-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1893526_90-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBury1893">Bury 1893</a>, p. 526. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Clifford Ando, Imperial Rome AD 193 to 284: The Critical Century. Edinburgh University Press, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2050-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2050-0">978-0-7486-2050-0</a>, p. 91 </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> John Anthony Crook, Consilium Principis: Imperial Councils and Counsellors from Augustus to Diocletian. Cambridge U.P.: 1955, p. 67 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> A. Arthur Schiller, Roman Law: Mechanisms of Development. The Hague: Mouton, 1978, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-279-7744-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-279-7744-5">90-279-7744-5</a>, p. 477 </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> George Mousourakis, Roman Law and the Origins of the Civil Law Tradition, Heidelberg: Springer, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-12267-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-12267-0">978-3-319-12267-0</a>, p. 79 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1893527-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1893527_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1893527_95-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1893527_95-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBury1893">Bury 1893</a>, p. 527. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Keith Bradley, Slavery and Society at Rome. Cambridge University Press: 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521263351" title="Special:BookSources/9780521263351">9780521263351</a>, p. 162 </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Aubert, Jean-Jacques. "L'esclave en droit romain ou l'impossible réification de l'homme". Esclavage et travail forcé, Cahiers de la Recherche sur les droits fondamentaux (CRDF). Vol. 10. 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Anastasia Serghidou, ed. Fear of slaves, fear of enslavement in the ancient Mediterranean. Presses Univ. Franche-Comté, 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84867-169-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84867-169-7">978-2-84867-169-7</a>, p. 159 </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Jean-Michel Carrié & Aline Rousselle, L'Empire Romain en Mutation, des Sévères à Constantin, 192–337. 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Mischcon, Abodah Zara, p.10a Soncino, 1988. Mischcon cites various sources, "SJ Rappaport... is of opinion that our Antoninus is Antoninus Pius." Other opinions cited suggest "Antoninus" was <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Severus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Severus">Alexander Severus</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-halsall_2000-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-halsall_2000_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-halsall_2000_105-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-halsall_2000_105-2">c</a> For a full translation of that passage, see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Halsall2000" class="citation web cs1">Paul Halsall (2000) [1998]. Jerome S. Arkenberg (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140910050947/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/eastasia/romchin1.html">"East Asian History Sourcebook: Chinese Accounts of Rome, Byzantium and the Middle East, c. 91 B.C.E. – 1643 C.E."</a> Fordham.edu. <a href="/wiki/Fordham_University" title="Fordham University">Fordham University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/eastasia/romchin1.html">the original</a> on 10 September 2014. Retrieved 17 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fordham.edu&rft.atitle=East+Asian+History+Sourcebook%3A+Chinese+Accounts+of+Rome%2C+Byzantium+and+the+Middle+East%2C+c.+91+B.C.E.+%E2%80%93+1643+C.E.&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Paul+Halsall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Feastasia%2Fromchin1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoninus+Pius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper2017" class="citation book cs1">Harper, Kyle (2017). The Fate of Rome. Princeton, New Jersey, United States: Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fate+of+Rome&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey%2C+United+States&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Kyle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoninus+Pius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> "... 其王常欲通使于汉，而安息欲以汉缯彩与之交市，故遮阂不得自达。至桓帝延熹九年，大秦王安敦遣使自日南徼外献象牙、犀角、瑇瑁，始乃一通焉。其所表贡，并无珍异，疑传者过焉。" 《后汉书·西域传》 Translation: "... The king of this state always wanted to enter into diplomatic relations with the Han. But Anxi wanted to trade with them in Han silk and so put obstacles in their way, so that they could never have direct relations [with Han]. This continued until the ninth year of the Yanxi (延熹) reign period of Emperor Huan (桓) (A.D. 166), when Andun 安敦, king of Da Qin, sent an envoy from beyond the frontier of <a href="/wiki/Rinan" title="Rinan">Rinan</a> (日南) who offered elephant tusk, rhinoceros horn, and tortoise shell. It was only then that for the first time communication was established [between the two states]." "Xiyu Zhuan" of the <a href="/wiki/Hou_Hanshu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hou Hanshu">Hou Hanshu</a> (ch. 88) in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYU2013" class="citation journal cs1">YU, Taishan (Chinese Academy of Social Sciences) (2013). "China and the Ancient Mediterranean World: A Survey of Ancient Chinese Sources". Sino-Platonic Papers. 242: 25–26. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.698.1744">10.1.1.698.1744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sino-Platonic+Papers&rft.atitle=China+and+the+Ancient+Mediterranean+World%3A+A+Survey+of+Ancient+Chinese+Sources&rft.volume=242&rft.pages=25-26&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.698.1744%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.aulast=YU&rft.aufirst=Taishan+%28Chinese+Academy+of+Social+Sciences%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoninus+Pius" class="Z3988">. Chinese original: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/dictionary.pl?if=en&id=77775&remap=gb">"Chinese Text Project Dictionary"</a>. ctext.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ctext.org&rft.atitle=Chinese+Text+Project+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fctext.org%2Fdictionary.pl%3Fif%3Den%26id%3D77775%26remap%3Dgb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoninus+Pius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYü1986" class="citation book cs1">Yü, Ying-shih (1986). "Han Foreign Relations". In Twitchett, Denis; Loewe, Michael (eds.). The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24327-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24327-8"><bdi>978-0-521-24327-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Han+Foreign+Relations&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+China%3A+Volume+I%3A+the+Ch%27in+and+Han+Empires%2C+221+B.C.+%E2%80%93+A.D.+220&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24327-8&rft.aulast=Y%C3%BC&rft.aufirst=Ying-shih&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoninus+Pius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Crespigny2007" class="citation book cs1">de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD). Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. p. 600. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15605-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15605-0"><bdi>978-90-04-15605-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Biographical+Dictionary+of+Later+Han+to+the+Three+Kingdoms+%2823%E2%80%93220+AD%29&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=600&rft.pub=Koninklijke+Brill&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15605-0&rft.aulast=de+Crespigny&rft.aufirst=Rafe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoninus+Pius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPulleyblankLeslieGardiner1999" class="citation journal cs1">Pulleyblank, Edwin G.; Leslie, D. D.; Gardiner, K. H. J. (1999). "The Roman Empire as Known to Han China". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 119 (1): 71–79. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F605541">10.2307/605541</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/605541">605541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=The+Roman+Empire+as+Known+to+Han+China&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=71-79&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F605541&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F605541%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Pulleyblank&rft.aufirst=Edwin+G.&rft.au=Leslie%2C+D.+D.&rft.au=Gardiner%2C+K.+H.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoninus+Pius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Hill (2009), p. 27 and nn. 12.18 and 12.20. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hill_2009,_p._27-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Hill_2009,_p._27_112-0">^</a> Hill (2009), p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAn2002" class="citation book cs1">An, Jiayao (2002). "When Glass Was Treasured in China". In Juliano, Annette L.; Lerner, Judith A. (eds.). Silk Road Studies VII: Nomads, Traders, and Holy Men Along China's Silk Road. Turnhout: Brepols. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2503521789" title="Special:BookSources/2503521789"><bdi>2503521789</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=When+Glass+Was+Treasured+in+China&rft.btitle=Silk+Road+Studies+VII%3A+Nomads%2C+Traders%2C+and+Holy+Men+Along+China%27s+Silk+Road&rft.place=Turnhout&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Brepols&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=2503521789&rft.aulast=An&rft.aufirst=Jiayao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoninus+Pius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-young_2001_pp29-30-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-young_2001_pp29-30_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-young_2001_pp29-30_114-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2001" class="citation book cs1">Young, Gary K. (2001). Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy, 31 BC – AD 305. London & New York: Routledge. pp. 29–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-24219-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-24219-3"><bdi>0-415-24219-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome%27s+Eastern+Trade%3A+International+Commerce+and+Imperial+Policy%2C+31+BC+%E2%80%93+AD+305&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pages=29-30&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-415-24219-3&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Gary+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoninus+Pius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-osborne_2006_pp24-25-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-osborne_2006_pp24-25_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-osborne_2006_pp24-25_115-1">b</a> For further information on <a href="/wiki/Oc_Eo" class="mw-redirect" title="Oc Eo">Oc Eo</a>, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsborne2006" class="citation book cs1">Osborne, Milton (2006) [first published 2000]. The Mekong: Turbulent Past, Uncertain Future (revised ed.). Crows Nest: Allen & Unwin. pp. 24–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-74114-893-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-74114-893-6"><bdi>1-74114-893-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mekong%3A+Turbulent+Past%2C+Uncertain+Future&rft.place=Crows+Nest&rft.pages=24-25&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-74114-893-6&rft.aulast=Osborne&rft.aufirst=Milton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoninus+Pius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ball_2016_p154-116"><a href="#cite_ref-ball_2016_p154_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Warwick_Ball" title="Warwick Ball">Ball, Warwick</a> (2016). Rome in the East: Transformation of an Empire (2nd ed.). London & New York: Routledge. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-72078-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-72078-6"><bdi>978-0-415-72078-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+in+the+East%3A+Transformation+of+an+Empire&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pages=154&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-415-72078-6&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Warwick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoninus+Pius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Geoffrey William Adams, Marcus Aurelius in the Historia Augusta and Beyond. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-7638-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-7638-2">978-0-7391-7638-2</a>, pp. 74–75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2000112-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley2000112_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBirley2000">Birley 2000</a>, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Grant, The Antonines, 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Michael Petrus Josephus Van Den Hout, A Commentary on the Letters of M. Cornelius Fronto. Leiden: Brill, 199, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004109579" title="Special:BookSources/9004109579">9004109579</a>, p. 389 </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Champlin, Final Judgments, 16 </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Michel_Christol" title="Michel Christol">Michel Christol</a>, "Préfecture du prétoire et haute administration équestre à la fin du règne d'Antonin le Pieux et au début du règne de Marc Aurèle". In: Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz, 18, 2007. pp. 115–140. Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.persee.fr/doc/ccgg_1016-9008_2007_num_18_1_1647">[6]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180602015631/https://www.persee.fr/doc/ccgg_1016-9008_2007_num_18_1_1647">Archived</a> 2 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Accessed 27 January 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraf2015" class="citation book cs1">Graf, Fritz (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xE22CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA89">Roman Festivals in the Greek East</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 89–90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107092112" title="Special:BookSources/9781107092112"><bdi>9781107092112</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Festivals+in+the+Greek+East&rft.pages=89-90&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781107092112&rft.aulast=Graf&rft.aufirst=Fritz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxE22CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoninus+Pius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Hammond, M. (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/4238599">The Tribunician Day during the Early Empire</a>. Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome, 15, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIstituto_Italiano_d'Arti_Grafiche1956" class="citation book cs1">Istituto Italiano d'Arti Grafiche (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D-ZLAAAAYAAJ&q=%22March+7%22+%2B+%22duranum%22">Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome, Vol. 24–25</a>. p. 101.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+the+American+Academy+in+Rome%2C+Vol.+24%E2%80%9325&rft.pages=101&rft.date=1956&rft.au=Istituto+Italiano+d%27Arti+Grafiche&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD-ZLAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%2522March%2B7%2522%2B%252B%2B%2522duranum%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoninus+Pius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._Temporini,_W._Haase1972" class="citation book cs1">H. Temporini, W. Haase (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r0hoAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Duranum+1.21%22+%2B+%227+March%22">Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: Principat. V</a>. <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>. p. 534. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110018851" title="Special:BookSources/9783110018851"><bdi>9783110018851</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aufstieg+und+Niedergang+der+r%C3%B6mischen+Welt%3A+Principat.+V&rft.pages=534&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9783110018851&rft.au=H.+Temporini%2C+W.+Haase&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr0hoAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Duranum%2B1.21%2522%2B%252B%2B%25227%2BMarch%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoninus+Pius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevickLevick2002" class="citation book cs1">Levick, Dr Barbara; Levick, Barbara (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5KSCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA144">"The Feriale Duranum"</a>. The Government of the Roman Empire: A Sourcebook. Routledge. pp. 143–146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-57264-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-57264-9"><bdi>978-1-134-57264-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Feriale+Duranum&rft.btitle=The+Government+of+the+Roman+Empire%3A+A+Sourcebook&rft.pages=143-146&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-134-57264-9&rft.aulast=Levick&rft.aufirst=Dr+Barbara&rft.au=Levick%2C+Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5KSCAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoninus+Pius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2013" class="citation book cs1">Lee, A. D. (15 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V9j1YX3JC2gC&pg=PA18">"A religious calendar: P. Dura"</a>. Pagans and Christians in Late Antiquity: A Sourcebook. Routledge. pp. 16–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-61739-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-61739-3"><bdi>978-1-136-61739-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+religious+calendar%3A+P.+Dura&rft.btitle=Pagans+and+Christians+in+Late+Antiquity%3A+A+Sourcebook&rft.pages=16-19&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-04-15&rft.isbn=978-1-136-61739-3&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=A.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV9j1YX3JC2gC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoninus+Pius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <a href="//archive.org/details/inscriptionesgra01cagnuoft/page/496/mode/1up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:inscriptionesgra01cagnuoft/page/496/mode/1up">IGRR I, 1509</a>. The date is found in an inscription by Titus Flavius Xenion.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Feriale_Duranum" title="Feriale Duranum">Feriale Duranum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://papyri.info/ddbdp/rom.mil.rec;1;117">1.21.</a>, written half a century later, states that his successors took power the day before: "Prid(ie) Non[is Ma]r[tis". However, most historians who cite the passage indicate that it occurred on 7 March (nones martis).<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> More recent modern scholars cite the date as 6 March.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Either way, 7 March is the universally accepted date.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-10">[10]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman2000156-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman2000156_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman2000156_130-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowman2000">Bowman 2000</a>, p. 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-Victor,_15:7-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Victor,_15:7_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Victor,_15:7_131-1">b</a> Victor, 15:7 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1893532-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1893532_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1893532_132-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBury1893">Bury 1893</a>, p. 532. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> HA Antoninus Pius 12.4–8 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2000114-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley2000114_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBirley2000">Birley 2000</a>, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> HA Marcus 7.10, tr. David Magie, cited in <a href="#CITEREFBirley2000">Birley 2000</a>, pp. 118, 278 n.6. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Robert Turcan, "Origines et sens de l'inhumation à l'époque impériale". In: Revue des Études Anciennes. Tome 60, 1958, n°3–4. pp. 323–347. Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1958_num_60_3_3595">[7]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180603225047/https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1958_num_60_3_3595">Archived</a> 3 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Accessed 14 January 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2000118-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley2000118_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBirley2000">Birley 2000</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Historia Augusta, Life of Antoninus Pius 5:4 </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbon2015" class="citation book cs1">Gibbon, Edward (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-FB4BgAAQBAJ&pg=PT125">Delphi Complete Works of Edward Gibbon (Illustrated)</a>. Delphi Classics. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781910630761" title="Special:BookSources/9781910630761"><bdi>9781910630761</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Delphi+Complete+Works+of+Edward+Gibbon+%28Illustrated%29&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Delphi+Classics&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781910630761&rft.aulast=Gibbon&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-FB4BgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoninus+Pius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1893524-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1893524_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBury1893">Bury 1893</a>, p. 524. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2016" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Michael (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-FwfDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT28">The Antonines: The Roman Empire in Transition</a>. Routledge. pp. 14–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317972112" title="Special:BookSources/9781317972112"><bdi>9781317972112</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Antonines%3A+The+Roman+Empire+in+Transition&rft.pages=14-23&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781317972112&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-FwfDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoninus+Pius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUlanowski2016" class="citation book cs1">Ulanowski, Krzysztof (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KX6kDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA358">The Religious Aspects of War in the Ancient Near East, Greece, and Rome: Ancient Warfare Series, Volume 1</a>. Brill. pp. 360–361. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004324763" title="Special:BookSources/9789004324763"><bdi>9789004324763</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religious+Aspects+of+War+in+the+Ancient+Near+East%2C+Greece%2C+and+Rome%3A+Ancient+Warfare+Series%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=360-361&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9789004324763&rft.aulast=Ulanowski&rft.aufirst=Krzysztof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKX6kDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA358&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoninus+Pius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Pflaum, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/doc/jds_0021-8103_1961_num_1_1_1005">"Les gendres de Marc-Aurèle"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180605001728/https://www.persee.fr/doc/jds_0021-8103_1961_num_1_1_1005">Archived</a> 5 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Journal des savants (1961), pp. 28–41 </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Ronald Syme, "Antonine Relatives: Ceionii and Vettuleni", Athenaeum, 35 (1957), p. 309 </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Based on Table F, "The Children of Faustina II" in <a href="#CITEREFBirley2000">Birley 2000</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoninus_Pius&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Primary sources</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, Roman History, Book 70, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/70*.html">English translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epitome_de_Caesaribus" title="Epitome de Caesaribus">Epitome de Caesaribus</a>", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220311020340/http://www.roman-emperors.org/epitome.htm">English translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historia_Augusta" title="Historia Augusta">Historia Augusta</a>, The Life of Antoninus Pius, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Antoninus_Pius*.html">English translation</a>. Note that the Historia Augusta includes pseudohistorical elements.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Secondary sources</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeigel2023" class="citation web cs1">Weigel, Richard D. (2 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/tonypis.htm">"Antoninus Pius (A.D. 138–161) De Imperatoribus Romanis"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antoninus+Pius+%28A.D.+138%E2%80%93161%29+De+Imperatoribus+Romanis&rft.date=2023-08-02&rft.aulast=Weigel&rft.aufirst=Richard+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roman-emperors.org%2Ftonypis.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoninus+Pius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowman2000" class="citation book cs1">Bowman, Alan K. (2000). The Cambridge Ancient History: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History%3A+The+High+Empire%2C+A.D.+70%E2%80%93192&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=Alan+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoninus+Pius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirley2000" class="citation book cs1">Birley, Anthony (2000). Marcus Aurelius. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marcus+Aurelius&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Birley&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoninus+Pius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBury1893" class="citation book cs1">Bury, J. B. (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofromanem00buryuoft">A History of the Roman Empire from its Foundation to the Death of Marcus Aurelius</a>. Harper.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Roman+Empire+from+its+Foundation+to+the+Death+of+Marcus+Aurelius&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Bury&rft.aufirst=J.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofromanem00buryuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoninus+Pius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooley" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alison_E._Cooley" title="Alison E. Cooley">Cooley, Alison E.</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VlghAwAAQBAJ">The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84026-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84026-2"><bdi>978-0-521-84026-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Manual+of+Latin+Epigraphy&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84026-2&rft.aulast=Cooley&rft.aufirst=Alison+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVlghAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoninus+Pius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2009" class="citation book cs1">Hill, John E. (2009). Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, First to Second Centuries CE. BookSurge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4392-2134-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4392-2134-1"><bdi>978-1-4392-2134-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Through+the+Jade+Gate+to+Rome%3A+A+Study+of+the+Silk+Routes+during+the+Later+Han+Dynasty%2C+First+to+Second+Centuries+CE&rft.pub=BookSurge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4392-2134-1&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoninus+Pius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHüttl1936" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Hüttl, W. (1936) [1933]. Antoninus Pius. Vol. I & II, Prag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antoninus+Pius&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=H%C3%BCttl&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoninus+Pius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Antoninus_Pius" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a>". <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 148–149.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antoninus+Pius&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=148-149&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoninus+Pius" class="Z3988"> This source lists: <ul><li>Bossart-Mueller, Zur Geschichte des Kaisers A. (1868)</li> <li>Bryant, The Reign of Antonine (Cambridge Historical Essays, 1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lacour-Gayet" title="Georges Lacour-Gayet">Lacour-Gayet</a>, A. le Pieux et son Temps (1888)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson1884" class="citation book cs1">Watson, P. B. (1884). "ii". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marcusaureliusan00watsrich">Marcus Aurelius Antoninus</a>. London: New York, Harper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780836956672" title="Special:BookSources/9780836956672"><bdi>9780836956672</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=ii&rft.btitle=Marcus+Aurelius+Antoninus&rft.place=London&rft.pub=New+York%2C+Harper&rft.date=1884&rft.isbn=9780836956672&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=P.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarcusaureliusan00watsrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntoninus+Pius" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoninus_Pius&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Titus_Aurelius_Fulvius_Boionius_Arrius_Antoninus_Pius" class="extiw" title="commons:Titus Aurelius Fulvius Boionius Arrius Antoninus Pius">Titus Aurelius Fulvius Boionius Arrius Antoninus Pius</a>.</div></div> </div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Antoninus Pius </div><div><a href="/wiki/Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_dynasty" title="Nerva–Antonine dynasty">Nerva–Antonine dynasty</a></div>Born: 19 September 86 Died: 7 March 161 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Roman emperor</a> 138–161 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Herennius_Capella" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Herennius Capella">G. Herennius Capella</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucius_Coelius_Rufus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucius Coelius Rufus (page does not exist)">L. Coelius Rufus</a></div>as suffect consuls </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Roman consul</a> 120 with <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Catilius_Severus" title="Lucius Catilius Severus">L. Catilius Severus Iulianus Claudius Reginus</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Quinctius_Certus_Poblicius_Marcellus" title="Gaius Quinctius Certus Poblicius Marcellus">G. Quinctius Certus Poblicius Marcellus</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Titus_Rutilius_Propinquus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titus Rutilius Propinquus (page does not exist)">T. Rutilius Propinquus</a></div>as suffect consuls </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Publius_Cassius_Secundus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Publius Cassius Secundus (page does not exist)">P. Cassius Secundus</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Nonius_Mucianus" title="Marcus Nonius Mucianus">M. Nonius Mucianus</a></div>as suffect consuls </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Roman consul</a> II January–April 139 with <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Bruttius_Praesens_Lucius_Fulvius_Rusticus" title="Gaius Bruttius Praesens Lucius Fulvius Rusticus">G. Bruttius Praesens L. Fulvius Rusticus</a> II </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Minicius_Natalis_Quadronius_Verus" title="Lucius Minicius Natalis Quadronius Verus">L. Minicius Natalis Quadronius Verus</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucius_Claudius_Proculus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucius Claudius Proculus (page does not exist)">L. Claudius Proculus</a></div>as suffect consuls </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Ceccius_Justinus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcus Ceccius Justinus (page does not exist)">M. Ceccius Justinus</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Bassus_(consul_139)" title="Gaius Julius Bassus (consul 139)">G. Julius Bassus</a></div>as suffect consuls </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Roman consul</a> III January 140 with <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Antonius_Isauricus" title="Quintus Antonius Isauricus">Q. Antonius Isauricus</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucius_Aurelius_Flaccus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucius Aurelius Flaccus (page does not exist)">L. Aurelius Flaccus</a></div>as suffect consuls </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Marcius_Celer_Marcus_Calpurnius_Longus" title="Lucius Marcius Celer Marcus Calpurnius Longus">L. Marcius Celer M. Calpurnius Longus</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Decimus_Velius_Fidus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Decimus Velius Fidus (page does not exist)">D. Velius Fidus</a></div>as suffect consuls </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Roman consul</a> IV January–February 145 with <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> II </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Plautius_Lamia_Silvanus" title="Lucius Plautius Lamia Silvanus">L. Plautius Lamia Silvanus</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucius_Poblicola_Priscus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucius Poblicola Priscus (page does not exist)">L. 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title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didius_Julianus" title="Didius Julianus">Didius Julianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis</a> 235–285</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip I</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_(Roman_emperor)" title="Philip II (Roman emperor)">Philip II</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Herennius_Etruscus" title="Herennius Etruscus">Herennius Etruscus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Hostilian" title="Hostilian">Hostilian</a> & <a href="/wiki/Volusianus" title="Volusianus">Volusianus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silbannacus" title="Silbannacus">Silbannacus</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Saloninus" title="Saloninus">Saloninus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florianus" title="Florianus">Florianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a> 284–610</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_II" title="Severus II">Severus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Valens" title="Valerius Valens">Valerius Valens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinian_(emperor)" title="Martinian (emperor)">Martinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans" title="Constans">Constans I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnentius" title="Magnentius">Magnentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotianus" title="Nepotianus">Nepotianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vetranio" title="Vetranio">Vetranio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procopius_(usurper)" title="Procopius (usurper)">Procopius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Victor_(emperor)" title="Victor (emperor)">Victor</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenius" title="Eugenius">Eugenius</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a> 395–480</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" title="Honorius (emperor)">Honorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)" title="Constantine III (Western Roman emperor)">Constantine III</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(son_of_Constantine_III)" title="Constans II (son of Constantine III)">Constans II</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscus_Attalus" title="Priscus Attalus">Priscus Attalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joannes" title="Joannes">Joannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronius_Maximus" title="Petronius Maximus">Petronius Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avitus" title="Avitus">Avitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorian" title="Majorian">Majorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libius_Severus" title="Libius Severus">Severus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthemius" title="Anthemius">Anthemius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olybrius" title="Olybrius">Olybrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycerius" title="Glycerius">Glycerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustulus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Empire</a> 395–610</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcian" title="Marcian">Marcian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" title="Leo I (emperor)">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_II_(emperor)" title="Leo II (emperor)">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiliscus" title="Basiliscus">Basiliscus</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Marcus_(son_of_Basiliscus)" title="Marcus (son of Basiliscus)">Marcus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus" title="Anastasius I Dicorus">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_II" title="Justin II">Justin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantine" title="Tiberius II Constantine">Tiberius II Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_(son_of_Maurice)" title="Theodosius (son of Maurice)">Theodosius</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern/ Byzantine Empire</a> 610–1453</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_Constantine" title="Heraclius Constantine">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclonas" title="Heraclonas">Heraclonas</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/David_(son_of_Heraclius)" title="David (son of Heraclius)">Tiberius</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans_II" title="Constans II">Constans II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Heraclius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Heraclius (son of Constans II)">Heraclius</a> & <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Constans II)">Tiberius</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontius" title="Leontius">Leontius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_III" title="Tiberius III">Tiberius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Justinian_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Justinian II)">Tiberius</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippicus" title="Philippicus">Philippicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_II_(emperor)" title="Anastasius II (emperor)">Anastasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_III" title="Theodosius III">Theodosius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artabasdos" title="Artabasdos">Artabasdos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_(son_of_Artabasdos)" title="Nikephoros (son of Artabasdos)">Nikephoros</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_IV_the_Khazar" title="Leo IV the Khazar">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staurakios" title="Staurakios">Staurakios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Rangabe" title="Michael I Rangabe">Michael I Rangabe</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Theophylact_(son_of_Michael_I)" title="Theophylact (son of Michael I)">Theophylact</a> & <a href="/wiki/Staurakios_(son_of_Michael_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Staurakios (son of Michael I)">Staurakios</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_V_the_Armenian" title="Leo V the Armenian">Leo V</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Leo_V)" title="Constantine (son of Leo V)">Constantine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_II" title="Michael II">Michael II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Theophilos)" title="Constantine (son of Theophilos)">Constantine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)" title="Theodora (wife of Theophilos)">Theodora (II)</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Thekla_(daughter_of_Theophilos)" title="Thekla (daughter of Theophilos)">Thekla</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Basil_I)" title="Constantine (son of Basil I)">Constantine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Byzantine_emperor)" title="Alexander (Byzantine emperor)">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_I_Lekapenos" title="Romanos I Lekapenos">Romanos I Lekapenos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lekapenos" title="Christopher Lekapenos">Christopher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lekapenos" title="Stephen Lekapenos">Stephen</a> & <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Lekapenos" title="Constantine Lekapenos">Constantine Lekapenos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_II" title="Romanos II">Romanos II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II Phokas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I Tzimiskes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VIII" title="Constantine VIII">Constantine VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Porphyrogenita" title="Zoe Porphyrogenita">Zoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_III_Argyros" title="Romanos III Argyros">Romanos III Argyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian" title="Michael IV the Paphlagonian">Michael IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_V_Kalaphates" title="Michael V Kalaphates">Michael V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos" title="Constantine IX Monomachos">Constantine IX Monomachos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Porphyrogenita" title="Theodora Porphyrogenita">Theodora (III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VI_Bringas" title="Michael VI Bringas">Michael VI Bringas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_I_Komnenos" title="Isaac I Komnenos">Isaac I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_X_Doukas" title="Constantine X Doukas">Constantine X Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa" title="Eudokia Makrembolitissa">Eudokia Makrembolitissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_IV_Diogenes" title="Romanos IV Diogenes">Romanos IV Diogenes</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Leo_Diogenes" title="Leo Diogenes">Leo</a> & <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Diogenes" title="Nikephoros Diogenes">Nikephoros</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VII_Doukas" title="Michael VII Doukas">Michael VII Doukas</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Andronikos Doukas (co-emperor)">Andronikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konstantios_Doukas" title="Konstantios Doukas">Konstantios</a> & <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_III_Botaneiates" title="Nikephoros III Botaneiates">Nikephoros III Botaneiates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_Komnenos" title="John II Komnenos">John II Komnenos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Alexios_Komnenos_(co-emperor)" title="Alexios Komnenos (co-emperor)">Alexios</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_II_Komnenos" title="Alexios II Komnenos">Alexios II Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos I Komnenos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/John_Komnenos_(son_of_Andronikos_I)" title="John Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)">John</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos">Isaac II Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_Angelos" title="Alexios III Angelos">Alexios III Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_IV_Angelos" title="Alexios IV Angelos">Alexios IV Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_V_Doukas" title="Alexios V Doukas">Alexios V Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_Laskaris" title="Theodore I Laskaris">Theodore I Laskaris</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Laskaris_(son_of_Theodore_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Laskaris (son of Theodore I)">Nicholas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_Vatatzes" class="mw-redirect" title="John III Vatatzes">John III Vatatzes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_II_Laskaris" title="Theodore II Laskaris">Theodore II Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_IV_Laskaris" title="John IV Laskaris">John IV Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos">Andronikos II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IX_Palaiologos" title="Michael IX Palaiologos">Michael IX Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos">Andronikos III Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos" title="John V Palaiologos">John V Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos">John VI Kantakouzenos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Kantakouzenos" title="Matthew Kantakouzenos">Matthew</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos IV Palaiologos">Andronikos IV Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VII_Palaiologos" title="John VII Palaiologos">John VII Palaiologos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_V_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos V Palaiologos">Andronikos V</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_Palaiologos" title="Manuel II Palaiologos">Manuel II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos" title="John VIII Palaiologos">John VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI Palaiologos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic emperors</a> (260–274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palmyrene_monarchs" title="List of Palmyrene monarchs">Palmyrene emperors</a> (267–273)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carausian_revolt" title="Carausian revolt">Britannic emperors</a> (286–296)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trapezuntine_emperors" title="List of Trapezuntine emperors">Trapezuntine emperors</a> (1204–1461)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonian emperors</a> (1224–1242)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Augustae" title="List of Augustae">Augustae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_usurper" title="Roman usurper">Usurpers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_usurpers" title="List of Roman usurpers">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_usurpers" title="List of Byzantine usurpers">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pharaohs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pharaohs" title="Template:Pharaohs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pharaohs" title="Template talk:Pharaohs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pharaohs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pharaohs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pharaohs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaohs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Protodynastic_to_First_Intermediate_Period_(" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Protodynastic</a> to <a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">First Intermediate Period</a>  (<3150–2040 BC)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female♀</li></ul></li> <li>uncertain</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Protodynastic</a> (pre-3150 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hedju_Hor" title="Hedju Hor">Hedju Hor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny-Hor" title="Ny-Hor">Ny-Hor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni-Neith" title="Ni-Neith">Ni-Neith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hat-Hor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hat-Hor">Hat-Hor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu (pharaoh)">Pu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hsekiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hsekiu">Hsekiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Khayu">Khayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiu (pharaoh)">Tiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thesh">Thesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neheb" class="mw-redirect" title="Neheb">Neheb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazner" class="mw-redirect" title="Wazner">Wazner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekh">Mekh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Falcon" title="Double Falcon">Double Falcon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wash_(pharaoh)" title="Wash (pharaoh)">Wash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_(pharaoh)" title="A (pharaoh)">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_Snail" title="Finger Snail">Finger Snail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_(pharaoh)" title="Fish (pharaoh)">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_(pharaoh)" title="Elephant (pharaoh)">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stork_(pharaoh)" title="Stork (pharaoh)">Stork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bull_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bull (pharaoh)">Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_I" title="Scorpion I">Scorpion I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_(pharaoh)" title="Crocodile (pharaoh)">Crocodile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iry-Hor" title="Iry-Hor">Iry-Hor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka_(pharaoh)" title="Ka (pharaoh)">Ka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_II" title="Scorpion II">Scorpion II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early Dynastic</a> (3150–2686 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djer" title="Djer">Djer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djet" title="Djet">Djet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_(pharaoh)" title="Den (pharaoh)">Den</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anedjib" title="Anedjib">Anedjib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semerkhet" title="Semerkhet">Semerkhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27a" title="Qa'a">Qa'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sneferka" title="Sneferka">Sneferka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horus_Bird_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horus Bird (Pharaoh)">Horus Bird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Second Dynasty of Egypt">II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hotepsekhemwy" title="Hotepsekhemwy">Hotepsekhemwy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebra_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebra (Pharaoh)">Nebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nynetjer" title="Nynetjer">Nynetjer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_(pharaoh)" title="Ba (pharaoh)">Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubnefer" title="Nubnefer">Nubnefer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horus_Sa" title="Horus Sa">Horus Sa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weneg_(pharaoh)" title="Weneg (pharaoh)">Weneg-Nebty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadjenes" title="Wadjenes">Wadjenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senedj" title="Senedj">Senedj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth-Peribsen" title="Seth-Peribsen">Seth-Peribsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemib-Perenmaat" title="Sekhemib-Perenmaat">Sekhemib-Perenmaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkara_I" title="Neferkara I">Neferkara I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkasokar" title="Neferkasokar">Neferkasokar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudjefa_I" title="Hudjefa I">Hudjefa I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasekhemwy" title="Khasekhemwy">Khasekhemwy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a> (2686–2181 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Third Dynasty of Egypt">III</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djoser" title="Djoser">Djoser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemkhet" title="Sekhemkhet">Sekhemkhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanakht" title="Sanakht">Sanakht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebka" title="Nebka">Nebka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaba" title="Khaba">Khaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedjes" title="Sedjes">Sedjes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qahedjet" title="Qahedjet">Qahedjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huni" title="Huni">Huni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">IV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sneferu" title="Sneferu">Snefru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedefre" title="Djedefre">Djedefre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikheris" title="Bikheris">Bikheris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menkaure" title="Menkaure">Menkaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepseskaf" title="Shepseskaf">Shepseskaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamphthis" title="Thamphthis">Thamphthis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">V</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Userkaf" title="Userkaf">Userkaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahure" title="Sahure">Sahure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferirkare_Kakai" title="Neferirkare Kakai">Neferirkare Kakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferefre" title="Neferefre">Neferefre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepseskare" title="Shepseskare">Shepseskare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyuserre_Ini" title="Nyuserre Ini">Nyuserre Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menkauhor_Kaiu" title="Menkauhor Kaiu">Menkauhor Kaiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Isesi" title="Djedkare Isesi">Djedkare Isesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unas" title="Unas">Unas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixth Dynasty of Egypt">VI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teti" title="Teti">Teti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Userkare" title="Userkare">Userkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepi_I_Meryre" title="Pepi I Meryre">Pepi I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_I" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf I">Merenre Nemtyemsaf I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepi_II_Neferkare" title="Pepi II Neferkare">Pepi II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_II" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf II">Merenre Nemtyemsaf II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netjerkare_Siptah" title="Netjerkare Siptah">Netjerkare Siptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferka" title="Neferka">Neferka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefer#Pharaoh" title="Nefer">Nefer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">1st Intermediate</a> (2181–2040 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventh Dynasty of Egypt">VII</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighth Dynasty of Egypt">VIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menkare" title="Menkare">Menkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_II" title="Neferkare II">Neferkare II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Neby" title="Neferkare Neby">Neferkare III Neby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Shemai" title="Djedkare Shemai">Djedkare Shemai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Khendu" title="Neferkare Khendu">Neferkare IV Khendu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenhor" title="Merenhor">Merenhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkamin" title="Neferkamin">Neferkamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikare" title="Nikare">Nikare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Tereru" title="Neferkare Tereru">Neferkare V Tereru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkahor" title="Neferkahor">Neferkahor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Pepiseneb" title="Neferkare Pepiseneb">Neferkare VI Pepiseneb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkamin_Anu" title="Neferkamin Anu">Neferkamin Anu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ibi" title="Qakare Ibi">Qakare Iby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkaure" title="Neferkaure">Neferkaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkauhor" title="Neferkauhor">Neferkauhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferirkare" title="Neferirkare">Neferirkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadjkare" title="Wadjkare">Wadjkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuiqer" title="Khuiqer">Khuiqer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khui" title="Khui">Khui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iytjenu" title="Iytjenu">Iytjenu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Ninth Dynasty of Egypt">IX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meryibre_Khety" title="Meryibre Khety">Meryibre Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare,_ninth_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Neferkare, ninth dynasty">Neferkare VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebkaure_Khety" title="Nebkaure Khety">Nebkaure Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setut" title="Setut">Setut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imhotep_(pharaoh)" title="Imhotep (pharaoh)">Imhotep</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Tenth Dynasty of Egypt">X</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meryhathor" title="Meryhathor">Meryhathor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_VIII" title="Neferkare VIII">Neferkare VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahkare_Khety" title="Wahkare Khety">Wahkare Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikare" title="Merikare">Merykare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Middle_Kingdom_and_Second_Intermediate_Period_(2040–1550_BC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">Second Intermediate Period</a>  (2040–1550 BC)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female♀</li></ul></li> <li>uncertain</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> (2040–1802 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">XI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_I" title="Mentuhotep I">Mentuhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_I" title="Intef I">Intef I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_II" title="Intef II">Intef II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_III" title="Intef III">Intef III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_II" title="Mentuhotep II">Mentuhotep II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_III" title="Mentuhotep III">Mentuhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_IV" title="Mentuhotep IV">Mentuhotep IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em">Nubia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Segerseni" title="Segerseni">Segerseni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ini" title="Qakare Ini">Qakare Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyibkhentre" title="Iyibkhentre">Iyibkhentre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">XII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_I" title="Amenemhat I">Amenemhat I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_I" title="Senusret I">Senusret I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_II" title="Amenemhat II">Amenemhat II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_II" title="Senusret II">Senusret II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_III" title="Senusret III">Senusret III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_III" title="Amenemhat III">Amenemhat III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_IV" title="Amenemhat IV">Amenemhat IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekneferu" title="Sobekneferu">Sobekneferu</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seankhibtawy_Seankhibra" title="Seankhibtawy Seankhibra">Seankhibtawy Seankhibra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">2nd Intermediate</a> (1802–1550 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre_Khutawy_Sobekhotep" title="Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep">Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonbef" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonbef">Sonbef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerikare" title="Nerikare">Nerikare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemkare" title="Sekhemkare">Sekhemkare Amenemhat V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameny_Qemau" title="Ameny Qemau">Ameny Qemau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotepibre" title="Hotepibre">Hotepibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iufni" title="Iufni">Iufni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhet_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenemhet VI">Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semenkare_Nebnuni" title="Semenkare Nebnuni">Semenkare Nebnuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehetepibre" title="Sehetepibre">Sehetepibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare" title="Sewadjkare">Sewadjkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedjemibre" title="Nedjemibre">Nedjemibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaankhre_Sobekhotep" title="Khaankhre Sobekhotep">Khaankhre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renseneb" title="Renseneb">Renseneb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hor" title="Hor">Hor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemrekhutawy_Khabaw" title="Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw">Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkheperew" title="Djedkheperew">Djedkheperew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebkay" title="Sebkay">Sebkay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedjefakare" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedjefakare">Sedjefakare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wegaf" title="Wegaf">Wegaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khendjer" title="Khendjer">Khendjer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imyremeshaw" title="Imyremeshaw">Imyremeshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehetepkare_Intef" title="Sehetepkare Intef">Sehetepkare Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Meribre" title="Seth Meribre">Seth Meribre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_III" title="Sobekhotep III">Sobekhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferhotep_I" title="Neferhotep I">Neferhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sihathor" title="Sihathor">Sihathor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_IV" title="Sobekhotep IV">Sobekhotep IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merhotepre_Sobekhotep" title="Merhotepre Sobekhotep">Merhotepre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Sobekhotep VI">Khahotepre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahibre_Ibiau" title="Wahibre Ibiau">Wahibre Ibiau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merneferre_Ay" title="Merneferre Ay">Merneferre Ay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merhotepre_Ini" title="Merhotepre Ini">Merhotepre Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankhenre_Sewadjtu" title="Sankhenre Sewadjtu">Sankhenre Sewadjtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersekhemre_Ined" title="Mersekhemre Ined">Mersekhemre Ined</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare_Hori" title="Sewadjkare Hori">Sewadjkare Hori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkawre_Sobekhotep" title="Merkawre Sobekhotep">Merkawre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mershepsesre_Ini_II" title="Mershepsesre Ini II">Mershepsesre Ini II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewahenre_Senebmiu" title="Sewahenre Senebmiu">Sewahenre Senebmiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkheperre" title="Merkheperre">Merkheperre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkare" title="Merkare">Merkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjare_Mentuhotep" title="Sewadjare Mentuhotep">Sewadjare Mentuhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seheqenre_Sankhptahi" title="Seheqenre Sankhptahi">Seheqenre Sankhptahi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yakbim_Sekhaenre" title="Yakbim Sekhaenre">Yakbim Sekhaenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27ammu_Nubwoserre" title="Ya'ammu Nubwoserre">Ya'ammu Nubwoserre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qareh" class="mw-redirect" title="Qareh">Qareh Khawoserre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aahotepre" class="mw-redirect" title="Aahotepre">'Ammu Ahotepre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheshi" title="Sheshi">Maaibre Sheshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehesy" title="Nehesy">Nehesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakherewre" class="mw-redirect" title="Khakherewre">Khakherewre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebefawre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebefawre">Nebefawre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehebre" title="Sehebre">Sehebre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merdjefare" title="Merdjefare">Merdjefare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare_III" title="Sewadjkare III">Sewadjkare III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebdjefare" title="Nebdjefare">Nebdjefare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebsenre" title="Nebsenre">Nebsenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekheperenre" title="Sekheperenre">Sekheperenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebnum" title="Bebnum">Bebnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Apepi" title="'Apepi">'Apepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuya" title="Nuya">Nuya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazad" title="Wazad">Wazad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheneh_(pharaoh)" title="Sheneh (pharaoh)">Sheneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenshek" title="Shenshek">Shenshek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamure" title="Khamure">Khamure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakareb" title="Yakareb">Yakareb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqub-Har" title="Yaqub-Har">Yaqub-Har</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharek" title="Sharek">Sharek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semqen" title="Semqen">Semqen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aperanat" title="Aperanat">'Aper-'Anati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salitis" title="Salitis">Salitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakir-Har" title="Sakir-Har">Sakir-Har</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khyan" title="Khyan">Khyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanassi" title="Yanassi">Yanassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apepi" title="Apepi">Apepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamudi" title="Khamudi">Khamudi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djehuti" class="mw-redirect" title="Djehuti">Djehuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_VIII" title="Sobekhotep VIII">Sobekhotep VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferhotep_III" title="Neferhotep III">Neferhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seankhenre_Mentuhotepi" title="Seankhenre Mentuhotepi">Mentuhotepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebiryraw_I" title="Nebiryraw I">Nebiryraw I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebiriau_II" title="Nebiriau II">Nebiriau II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semenre" title="Semenre">Semenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebiankh" title="Bebiankh">Bebiankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre_Shedwast" class="mw-redirect" title="Sekhemre Shedwast">Sekhemre Shedwast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedumose_I" title="Dedumose I">Dedumose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedumose_II" title="Dedumose II">Dedumose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedankhre_Montemsaf" title="Djedankhre Montemsaf">Montuemsaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merankhre_Mentuhotep" title="Merankhre Mentuhotep">Merankhre Mentuhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_IV" title="Senusret IV">Senusret IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepi_III" title="Pepi III">Pepi III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Abydos_Dynasty" title="Abydos Dynasty">Abydos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senebkay" title="Senebkay">Senebkay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wepwawetemsaf" title="Wepwawetemsaf">Wepwawetemsaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantjeny" title="Pantjeny">Pantjeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snaaib" title="Snaaib">Snaaib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rahotep" class="mw-redirect" title="Rahotep">Rahotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebmaatre" title="Nebmaatre">Nebmaatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekemsaf_I" title="Sobekemsaf I">Sobekemsaf I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekemsaf_II" title="Sobekemsaf II">Sobekemsaf II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre-Wepmaat_Intef" title="Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef">Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubkheperre_Intef" title="Nubkheperre Intef">Nubkheperre Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat_Intef" title="Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef">Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senakhtenre_Ahmose" title="Senakhtenre Ahmose">Senakhtenre Ahmose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seqenenre_Tao" title="Seqenenre Tao">Seqenenre Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamose" title="Kamose">Kamose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="New_Kingdom_and_Third_Intermediate_Period_(1550–664_BC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">Third Intermediate Period</a>  (1550–664 BC)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Pharaohs  (male</li><li>female♀)</li><li>uncertain</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> (1550–1070 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmose_I" title="Ahmose I">Ahmose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_I" title="Amenhotep I">Amenhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_I" title="Thutmose I">Thutmose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_II" title="Thutmose II">Thutmose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_II" title="Amenhotep II">Amenhotep II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_IV" title="Thutmose IV">Thutmose IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smenkhkare" title="Smenkhkare">Smenkhkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferneferuaten" title="Neferneferuaten">Neferneferuaten</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ay_(pharaoh)" title="Ay (pharaoh)">Ay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horemheb" title="Horemheb">Horemheb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_I" title="Ramesses I">Ramesses I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merneptah" title="Merneptah">Merneptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenmesse" title="Amenmesse">Amenmesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seti_II" title="Seti II">Seti II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siptah" title="Siptah">Siptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twosret" class="mw-redirect" title="Twosret">Twosret</a>♀</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt">XX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Setnakhte" title="Setnakhte">Setnakhte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_III" title="Ramesses III">Ramesses III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IV" title="Ramesses IV">Ramesses IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_V" title="Ramesses V">Ramesses V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VI" title="Ramesses VI">Ramesses VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VII" title="Ramesses VII">Ramesses VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VIII" title="Ramesses VIII">Ramesses VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IX" title="Ramesses IX">Ramesses IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_X" title="Ramesses X">Ramesses X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_XI" title="Ramesses XI">Ramesses XI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">3rd Intermediate</a> (1069–664 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt">XXI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smendes" title="Smendes">Smendes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemnisu" title="Amenemnisu">Amenemnisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_I" title="Psusennes I">Psusennes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemope_(pharaoh)" title="Amenemope (pharaoh)">Amenemope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_the_Elder" title="Osorkon the Elder">Osorkon the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamun" title="Siamun">Siamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_II" title="Psusennes II">Psusennes II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Amun" title="High Priest of Amun">High Priests of Amun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herihor" title="Herihor">Herihor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piankh" title="Piankh">Piankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinedjem_I" title="Pinedjem I">Pinedjem I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masaharta" title="Masaharta">Masaharta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkhonsuefankh" title="Djedkhonsuefankh">Djedkhonsuefankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menkheperre" title="Menkheperre">Menkheperre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smendes_II" title="Smendes II">Smendes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinedjem_II" title="Pinedjem II">Pinedjem II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_III" title="Psusennes III">Psusennes III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt">XXII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_I" title="Shoshenq I">Shoshenq I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_I" title="Osorkon I">Osorkon I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_II" title="Shoshenq II">Shoshenq II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutkheperre_Shoshenq" title="Tutkheperre Shoshenq">Tutkheperre Shoshenq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_I" title="Takelot I">Takelot I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_II" title="Osorkon II">Osorkon II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_III" title="Shoshenq III">Shoshenq III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_IV" title="Shoshenq IV">Shoshenq IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pami" title="Pami">Pami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_V" title="Shoshenq V">Shoshenq V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedubast_II" title="Pedubast II">Pedubast II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_IV" title="Osorkon IV">Osorkon IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt">XXIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harsiese_A" title="Harsiese A">Harsiese A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_II" title="Takelot II">Takelot II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedubast_I" title="Pedubast I">Pedubast I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iuput_I" title="Iuput I">Iuput I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VI" title="Shoshenq VI">Shoshenq VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_III" title="Osorkon III">Osorkon III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_III" title="Takelot III">Takelot III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudamun" title="Rudamun">Rudamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VII" title="Shoshenq VII">Shoshenq VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ini_(pharaoh)" title="Ini (pharaoh)">Menkheperre Ini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">XXIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tefnakht" title="Tefnakht">Tefnakht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakenranef" title="Bakenranef">Bakenranef</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">XXV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piye" title="Piye">Piye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shebitku" title="Shebitku">Shebitku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabaka" title="Shabaka">Shabaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taharqa" title="Taharqa">Taharqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantamani" title="Tantamani">Tanutamun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Late_to_Roman_Period_(664_BC–313_AD)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late</a> to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Period</a> (664 BC–313 AD)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female♀</li></ul></li> <li>uncertain</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late</a> (664–332 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">XXVI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammeris" title="Ammeris">Ammeris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefnakht_II" title="Tefnakht II">Tefnakht II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekauba" title="Nekauba">Nekauba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_I" title="Necho I">Necho I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_I" title="Psamtik I">Psamtik I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_II" title="Necho II">Necho II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_II" title="Psamtik II">Psamtik II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apries" title="Apries">Wahibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasis_II" title="Amasis II">Ahmose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_III" title="Psamtik III">Psamtik III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">XXVII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petubastis_III" title="Petubastis III">Petubastis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psammetichus_IV" title="Psammetichus IV">Psammetichus IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt">XXVIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amyrtaeus" title="Amyrtaeus">Amyrtaeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt">XXIX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepherites_I" title="Nepherites I">Nepherites I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakor" title="Hakor">Hakor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psammuthes" title="Psammuthes">Psammuthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepherites_II" title="Nepherites II">Nepherites II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthis" title="Muthis">Muthis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">XXX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_I" title="Nectanebo I">Nectanebo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teos_of_Egypt" title="Teos of Egypt">Teos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_II" title="Nectanebo II">Nectanebo II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">XXXI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khabash" title="Khabash">Khabash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arses_of_Persia" title="Arses of Persia">Arses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> (332–30 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III Arrhidaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_II" title="Arsinoe II">Arsinoe II</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III_Euergetes" title="Ptolemy III Euergetes">Ptolemy III Euergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice II">Berenice II Euergetes</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy IV Philopator">Ptolemy IV Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_III_Philopator" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsinoe III Philopator">Arsinoe III Philopator</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes" title="Ptolemy V Epiphanes">Ptolemy V Epiphanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_I_Syra" title="Cleopatra I Syra">Cleopatra I Syra</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VI_Philometor" title="Ptolemy VI Philometor">Ptolemy VI Philometor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_II" title="Cleopatra II">Cleopatra II</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VII_Neos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator">Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon" title="Ptolemy VIII Physcon">Ptolemy VIII Euergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_III" title="Cleopatra III">Cleopatra III</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IX_Lathyros" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy IX Lathyros">Ptolemy IX Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_IV" title="Cleopatra IV">Cleopatra IV</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_X_Alexander_I" title="Ptolemy X Alexander I">Ptolemy X Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_III" title="Berenice III">Berenice III</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XI_Alexander_II" title="Ptolemy XI Alexander II">Ptolemy XI Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XII_Auletes" title="Ptolemy XII Auletes">Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_V" title="Cleopatra V">Cleopatra V</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_IV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice IV of Egypt">Berenice IV Epiphaneia</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VI_Tryphaena" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra VI Tryphaena">Cleopatra VI Tryphaena</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra VII Philopator</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIII_Theos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator">Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_IV" title="Arsinoe IV">Arsinoe IV</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIV Philopator">Ptolemy XIV Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Ptolemy XV Caesarion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman</a> (30 BC–313 AD)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="XXXIV" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_pharaoh" title="Roman pharaoh">XXXIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pescennius_Niger" title="Pescennius Niger">Pescennius Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus Thrax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrianus_Minor" title="Macrianus Minor">Macrianus Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quietus" title="Quietus">Quietus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Mussius_Aemilianus" title="Lucius Mussius Aemilianus">Lucius Mussius Aemilianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius Gothicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus Daza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Dynastic_genealogies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Dynastic genealogies</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="First Dynasty of Egypt family tree">1st</a></li> <li>2nd</li> <li>3rd</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt family tree">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st,_22nd_%26_23rd_dynasties_of_Egypt_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="21st, 22nd & 23rd dynasties of Egypt family tree">21st to 23rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt#Family_tree" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">24th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">25th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">26th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">27th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt#Family_tree" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">30th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">31st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty#Family_tree" title="Argead dynasty">Argead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic family tree">Ptolemaic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharaohs" title="List of pharaohs">List of pharaohs</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1429#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1429#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1429#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000011028122X">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/282104028">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/82144648308918710777">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/47818/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjBKvpVDMc8Dx8Tjbg6hBK">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118503499">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79148931">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12561134c">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12561134c">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RMRV001575">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35120179">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2015860898&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1188052">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/4463">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070020469">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/6044213">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810632312005606">Poland</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810684212405606">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/17406">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007257591905171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058522047106706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13959251">Belgium</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/20720521">2</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500115700">ULAN</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/832270">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118503499.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118503499">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/074477226">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6sr1411">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/67182">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antoninus_Pius&oldid=1257353589">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antoninus_Pius&oldid=1257353589</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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