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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tentative_biography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Tentative biography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tentative_biography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Флор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Флор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florus" title="Florus – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Florus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florus" title="Florus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Florus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florus" title="Florus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Florus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florus" title="Florus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Florus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floro" title="Floro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Floro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floruso" title="Floruso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Floruso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzio_Anneo_Floro" title="Luzio Anneo Floro – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Luzio Anneo Floro" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florus" title="Florus – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Florus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floro" title="Floro – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Floro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publije_Anije_Flor" title="Publije Anije Flor – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Publije Anije Flor" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florus" title="Florus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Florus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floro" title="Floro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Floro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1" title="לוקיוס אנאוס פלורוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לוקיוס אנאוס פלורוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florus" title="Florus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Florus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Annaeus_Florus" title="Lucius Annaeus Florus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lucius Annaeus Florus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="فلوروس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فلوروس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florus_(historicus)" title="Florus (historicus) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Florus (historicus)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florus" title="Florus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Florus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florus" title="Florus – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Florus" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floro" title="Floro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Floro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florus" title="Florus – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Florus" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Луций Анней Флор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Луций Анней Флор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._A._Flori" title="L. A. Flori – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="L. A. Flori" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%98_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Луције Анеј Флор – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Луције Анеј Флор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florus" title="Florus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Florus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Луцій Анней Флор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Луцій Анней Флор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E7%BD%97%E9%B2%81%E6%96%AF" title="弗罗鲁斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="弗罗鲁斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q316483#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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class="mw-redirect" title="Works attributed to Florus">Works attributed to Florus</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">2nd-century Roman historians and poets</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Florus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Florus (disambiguation)">Florus (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucius_Annaeus_Florus_(74-130).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Lucius_Annaeus_Florus_%2874-130%29.jpg/220px-Lucius_Annaeus_Florus_%2874-130%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="409" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Lucius_Annaeus_Florus_%2874-130%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Three main sets of works are attributed to Florus (a Roman <a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">cognomen</a>): <i><b>Virgilius orator an poeta</b></i>, the <i><b>Epitome of Roman History</b></i> and a collection of 14 short poems (66 lines in all). As to whether these were composed by the same person, or set of people, is unclear, but the works are variously attributed to: </p> <ul><li><b>Publius Annius Florus</b>, described as a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Poet" title="Poet">poet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetorician</a>.</li> <li><b>Julius Florus</b>, described as an ancient Roman poet, orator, and author who was born around 74 AD and died around 130 AD<sup id="cite_ref-harvard.edu_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvard.edu-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Florus was born in Africa,<sup id="cite_ref-harvard.edu_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvard.edu-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but raised in Rome.</li> <li><b>Lucius Annaeus Florus</b> (<i>circa</i> 74 – 130 AD<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), a Roman <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historian</a>, who lived in the time of <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> and was also born in Africa.</li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Virgilius_orator_an_poeta"><i>Virgilius orator an poeta</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Florus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Virgilius orator an poeta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bust_Hadrian_Musei_Capitolini_MC817.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bust_Hadrian_Musei_Capitolini_MC817.jpg/210px-Bust_Hadrian_Musei_Capitolini_MC817.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bust_Hadrian_Musei_Capitolini_MC817.jpg/315px-Bust_Hadrian_Musei_Capitolini_MC817.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bust_Hadrian_Musei_Capitolini_MC817.jpg/420px-Bust_Hadrian_Musei_Capitolini_MC817.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="2125" /></a><figcaption>Hadrian</figcaption></figure> <p>The introduction to a dialogue called <i>Virgilius orator an poeta</i> is extant, in which the author (whose name is given as Publius Annius Florus) states that he was born in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, and at an early age took part in the literary contests on the <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Hill" title="Capitoline Hill">Capitol</a> instituted by <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a>. Having been refused a prize owing to the prejudice against North African provincials, he left Rome in disgust, and after travelling for some time, set up at <a href="/wiki/Tarragona" title="Tarragona">Tarraco</a> as a teacher of rhetoric. Here he was persuaded by an acquaintance to return to Rome, for it is generally agreed that he is the Florus who wrote the well-known lines quoted together with <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>'s answer by <a href="/wiki/Aelius_Spartianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Aelius Spartianus">Aelius Spartianus</a> (<i>Hadrian</i> I 6). Twenty-six trochaic tetrameters, <i>De qualitate vitae</i>, and five graceful hexameters, <i>De rosis</i>, are also attributed to him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911a_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911a-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poems">Poems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Florus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Poems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Florus was also an established poet.<sup id="cite_ref-uchicago.edu_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uchicago.edu-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was once thought to have been "the first in order of a number of second-century North African writers who exercised a considerable influence on <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> literature, and also the first of the <i><a href="/wiki/Neoteric" title="Neoteric">poetae neoterici</a></i> or <i>novelli</i> (new-fashioned poets) of Hadrian's reign, whose special characteristic was the use of lighter and graceful meters (anapaestic and iambic dimeters), which had hitherto found little favour."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911a_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911a-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since Cameron's article on the topic, however, the existence of such a school has been widely called into question, in part because the remnants of all poets supposedly involved are too scantily attested for any definitive judgment.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The little poems will be found in <a href="/wiki/E._Bahrens" class="mw-redirect" title="E. Bahrens">E. Bahrens</a>, <i>Poëtae Latini minores</i> (1879–1883). There is one 4-line poem in iambic dimeter catalectic; 8 short poems (26 lines in all) in <a href="/wiki/Trochaic_septenarius" title="Trochaic septenarius">trochaic septenarius</a>; and 5 poems about roses in <a href="/wiki/Dactylic_hexameter" title="Dactylic hexameter">dactylic hexameters</a> (36 lines in all). For an unlikely identification of Florus with the author of the <i><a href="/wiki/Pervigilium_Veneris" title="Pervigilium Veneris">Pervigilium Veneris</a></i> see <a href="/w/index.php?title=E._H._O._M%C3%BCller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E. H. O. Müller (page does not exist)">E. H. O. Müller</a>, <i>De P. Anino Floro poéta et de Pervigilio Veneris</i> (1855), and, for the poet's relations with Hadrian, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Eyssenhardt" title="Franz Eyssenhardt">Franz Eyssenhardt</a>, <i>Hadrian und Florus</i> (1882); see also <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Marx" title="Friedrich Marx">Friedrich Marx</a> in Pauly-Wissowa's <i>Realencyclopädie</i>, i. pt. 2 (1894).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911a_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911a-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some his poems include "Quality of Life", "Roses in Springtime", "Roses", "The Rose", "Venus’ Rose-Garden", and "The Nine Muses". Florus’ better-known poetry is also associated with his smaller poems that he would write to Hadrian out of admiration for the emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-poet_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poet-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epitome_of_Roman_History"><i>Epitome of Roman History</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Florus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Epitome of Roman History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two books of the <i>Epitome of Roman History</i> were written in admiration of the Roman people.<sup id="cite_ref-harvard.edu_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvard.edu-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The books illuminate many historical events in a favorable tone for the Roman citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book is mainly based on <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>'s enormous <i><a href="/wiki/Ab_Urbe_Condita_Libri_(Livy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab Urbe Condita Libri (Livy)">Ab Urbe Condita Libri</a></i>. It consists of a brief sketch of the history of Rome from the foundation of the city to the closing of the <a href="/wiki/Gates_of_Janus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gates of Janus">Gates of Janus</a> by <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> in 25 BC. The work, which is called <i>Epitome de T. Livio Bellorum omnium annorum DCC Libri duo</i>, is written in a bombastic and rhetorical style – a panegyric of the greatness of Rome, the life of which is divided into the periods of infancy, youth and manhood. </p><p>According to Edward Forster, Florus' history is largely politically unbiased, except when discussing the civil wars where he favours Caesar over Pompey.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first book of the <i>Epitome of Roman History</i> is mainly about the establishment and growth of Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second is mainly about the decline of Rome and its changing morals.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Florus has taken some criticism on his writing due to inaccuracies found chronologically and geographically in his stories,<sup id="cite_ref-uchicago.edu_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uchicago.edu-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but even so, the <i>Epitome of Roman History</i> was vastly popular during the late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, as well as being used as a school book until the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-livius.org_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-livius.org-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the manuscripts, the writer is variously named as <i>Julius Florus</i>, <i>Lucius Anneus Florus</i>, or simply <i>Annaeus Florus</i>. From certain similarities of style, he has been identified as <i>Publius Annius Florus</i>, poet, rhetorician and friend of Hadrian, author of a dialogue on the question of whether <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> was an orator or poet, of which the introduction has been preserved. </p><p>The most accessible modern text and translation are in the <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> (no. 231, published 1984, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-99254-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-99254-7">0-674-99254-7</a>). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Plantin" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Plantin">Christopher Plantin</a>, Antwerp, in 1567, published two Lucius Florus texts (two title pages) in one volume. The titles were roughly as follows: 1) <i>L.IVLII Flori de Gestis Romanorum, Historiarum</i>; 2) <i>Commentarius I STADII L.IVLII Flori de Gestis Romanorum, Historiarum.</i> The first title has 149 pages; the second has 222 pages plus an index in a 12mo-size book. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attribution_of_the_works">Attribution of the works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Florus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Attribution of the works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Tentative attribution</th> <th>Description</th> <th>Works</th> <th>Dates</th> <th>Other bio</th> <th>Identified with </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Florus</b> </td> <td>"a Roman historian" </td> <td>Epitome of Roman History </td> <td><i>circa</i> 74-130 </td> <td>born in Africa; lived in the time of Trajan and Hadrian </td> <td>"In the manuscripts, the writer is variously named as Julius Florus, Lucius Anneus Florus, or simply Annaeus Florus"; "he has been identified as Publius Annius Florus" </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Julius Florus</b> </td> <td>"an ancient Roman poet, orator, and author" </td> <td>Epitome of Roman History ; poems including "Quality of Life", "Roses in Springtime", "Roses", "The Rose", "Venus’ Rose-Garden", and "The Nine Muses" </td> <td><i>circa</i> 74-130 </td> <td>born in Africa; accompanied Tiberius to Armenia; lost Domitian's Capital Competition due to prejudice; travelled in the Greek Empire; founded a school in Tarraco, Spain; returned to Rome; a friend of Hadrian </td> <td>"variously identified with Julius Florus, a distinguished orator and uncle of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Secundus" title="Julius Secundus">Julius Secundus</a>, an intimate friend of <a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a> (Instit. x. 3, 13); with the leader of an insurrection of the <a href="/wiki/Treviri" class="mw-redirect" title="Treviri">Treviri</a> (Tacitus, Ann. iii. 40); with the Postumus of Horace (<a href="/wiki/Odes_(Horace)" title="Odes (Horace)">Odes</a>, ii. 14) and even with the historian Florus."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911b_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911b-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Publius Annius Florus</b> </td> <td>"Roman poet and rhetorician" </td> <td><i>Virgilius orator an poeta</i>; 26 trochaic tetrameters,<i> De qualitate vitae</i>, and five graceful hexameters, <i>De rosis </i> </td> <td> </td> <td>born in Africa; accompanied Tiberius to Armenia; lost Domitian's Capital Competition due to prejudice; travelled; founded a school in Tarraco; returned to Rome; knew Hadrian </td> <td>"identified by some authorities with the historian Florus." "generally agreed that he is the Florus who wrote the well-known lines quoted together with Hadrian's answer by Aelius Spartianus" "for an unlikely identification of Florus with the author of the <a href="/wiki/Pervigilium_Veneris" title="Pervigilium Veneris">Pervigilium Veneris</a> see E. H. O. Müller"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911a_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911a-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tentative_biography">Tentative biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Florus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tentative biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Florus identified as Julius Florus was one of the young men who accompanied <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> on his mission to settle the affairs of <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>. He has been variously identified with Julius Florus, a distinguished orator and uncle of Julius Secundus, an intimate friend of <a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a> (<i>Instit.</i> x. 3, 13); with the leader of an insurrection of the <a href="/wiki/Treviri" class="mw-redirect" title="Treviri">Treviri</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_(Tacitus)" title="Annals (Tacitus)">Ann.</a></i> iii. 40); with the <i>Postumus</i> of Horace (<i>Odes</i>, ii. 14) and even with the historian <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Florus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911b_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911b-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Domitian's rule, he competed in the Capital Competition,<sup id="cite_ref-uchicago.edu_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uchicago.edu-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was an event in which poets received rewards and recognition from the emperor himself.<sup id="cite_ref-uchicago.edu_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uchicago.edu-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he acquired great applause from the crowds, he was not victorious in the event. Florus himself blamed his loss on favoritism on behalf of the emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-livius.org_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-livius.org-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after his defeat, Florus departed from Rome to travel abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-livius.org_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-livius.org-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His travels are said to have taken him through the Greek-speaking sections of the Roman Empire, taking in Sicily, Crete, the Cyclades, Rhodes, and Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-livius.org_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-livius.org-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the conclusion of his travels, he resided in Tarraco, Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-uchicago.edu_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uchicago.edu-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Tarraco, Florus founded a school and taught literature.<sup id="cite_ref-livius.org_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-livius.org-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, he also began to write the <i>Epitome of Roman History</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-uchicago.edu_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uchicago.edu-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After many years in Spain, he eventually migrated back to Rome during the rule of <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> (117-138 AD).<sup id="cite_ref-uchicago.edu_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uchicago.edu-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hadrian and Florus became very close friends, and Florus was rumored to be involved in government affairs during the second half of Hadrian's rule.<sup id="cite_ref-uchicago.edu_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uchicago.edu-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Florus" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Florus">Florus</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Florus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annia_gens" title="Annia gens">Annia gens</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Florus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-harvard.edu-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harvard.edu_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harvard.edu_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harvard.edu_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674992542">"Epitome of Roman History"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Epitome+of+Roman+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hup.harvard.edu%2Fcatalog.php%3Fisbn%3D9780674992542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Saecula Latina</i> (1962), p. 215</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911a-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911a_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911a_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911a_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911a_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911a">Chisholm 1911a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uchicago.edu-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-uchicago.edu_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uchicago.edu_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uchicago.edu_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uchicago.edu_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uchicago.edu_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uchicago.edu_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uchicago.edu_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uchicago.edu_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Florus/Epitome/home.html">"LacusCurtius • Florus — Epitome"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LacusCurtius+%E2%80%A2+Florus+%E2%80%94+Epitome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FFlorus%2FEpitome%2Fhome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Cameron, A. "Poetae Novelli" in <i>Harvard Studies in Classical Philology</i> 84 (1980), pp. 127-175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-poet-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-poet_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Florus/poems/Introduction*.html">"Florus: Introduction"</a>. <i>Lacus Curtius</i>. 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lacus+Curtius&rft.atitle=Florus%3A+Introduction&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FFlorus%2Fpoems%2FIntroduction%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucius_Annaeus1929" class="citation book cs1">Lucius Annaeus, Florus (1929). <i>Epitome of Roman History</i>. London: Heinemann.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epitome+of+Roman+History&rft.pub=London%3A+Heinemann&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Lucius+Annaeus&rft.aufirst=Florus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_S._Forster" class="citation web cs1">Edward S. Forster. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Florus/Epitome/Introduction*.html">"Introduction to Florus' Epitome"</a>. <i>LacusCurtius</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LacusCurtius&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Florus%27+Epitome&rft.au=Edward+S.+Forster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FFlorus%2FEpitome%2FIntroduction%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-livius.org-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-livius.org_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-livius.org_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-livius.org_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-livius.org_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-livius.org_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/articles/person/annius-florus/">"P. Annius Florus"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=P.+Annius+Florus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Farticles%2Fperson%2Fannius-florus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorus" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911b-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911b_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911b_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911b">Chisholm 1911b</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911a" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911a). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Florus,_Publius_Annius" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Florus, Publius Annius">Florus, Publius Annius</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 547.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Florus%2C+Publius+Annius&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=547&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911b" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911b). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Florus,_Julius" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Florus, Julius">Florus, Julius</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 547.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Florus%2C+Julius&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=547&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Florus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJona_Lendering" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jona_Lendering" title="Jona Lendering">Jona Lendering</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/am-ao/annius/florus.html">"Publius Annius Florus"</a>. <i>Livius.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Livius.org&rft.atitle=Publius+Annius+Florus&rft.au=Jona+Lendering&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Fam-ao%2Fannius%2Fflorus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorus" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosé_Miguel_Alonso-Nuñez2006" class="citation journal cs1">José Miguel Alonso-Nuñez (2006). "Floro y los historiadores contemporáneos". <i>Acta Classica Universitatis Scientiarum Debreceniensis</i>. <b>42</b>: 117–126.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Classica+Universitatis+Scientiarum+Debreceniensis&rft.atitle=Floro+y+los+historiadores+contempor%C3%A1neos&rft.volume=42&rft.pages=117-126&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Jos%C3%A9+Miguel+Alonso-Nu%C3%B1ez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._den_Boer1972" class="citation book cs1">W. den Boer (1972). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/someminorromanhi0000boer"><i>Some Minor Roman Historians</i></a></span>. Leiden: Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Some+Minor+Roman+Historians&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1972&rft.au=W.+den+Boer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsomeminorromanhi0000boer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlorus2005" class="citation book cs1">Florus (2005) [c. 120]. <i>Römische Geschichte : lateinisch und deutsch</i>. Eingel., übers. und kommentiert von Günter Laser. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=R%C3%B6mische+Geschichte+%3A+lateinisch+und+deutsch&rft.place=Darmstadt&rft.pub=Wissenschaftliche+Buchgesellschaft&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Florus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Florus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Florus/Epitome/home.html">Latin and English texts of Florus, <i>Epitome of Roman History</i></a>, the 1929 Loeb Classical Library translation by E.S. Forster, Bill Thayer's edition. <i>Lacus Curtius</i> website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Florus/poems/home.html">Latin and English texts of Florus's poems</a>. <i>Lacus Curtius</i> website.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q316483#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000089722253">ISNI</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121228184">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/89604346">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/18636145">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1175154380956930290993">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/108160307477057742169">4</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/737158790737538852252">5</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/144707/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkXpYvJcBYr7Ctqtmh8md">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Florus, Lucius Annaeus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118691910">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84212566">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11886317b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11886317b">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Florus, Lucius Annaeus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV079964">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35944530">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990002328&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX835019">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/44415">Portugal</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/93750">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068190662">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90589731">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000279979&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000084415&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=217048">Greece</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=86600">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=218246">3</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/42gjjkhn3t3tz6h">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810635939205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/5059">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007261133505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000099441">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058509781506706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14684892">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03049174?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1157373">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118691910.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118691910">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026656159">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div 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