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As to whether these were composed by the same person, or set of people, is unclear, but the works are variously attributed to: *'''Publius Annius Florus''', described as a [[Roman Empire|Roman]] [[poet]] and [[rhetoric]]ian. *'''Julius Florus''', described as an ancient Roman poet, orator, and author who was born around 74 AD and died around 130 AD<ref name="harvard.edu">{{cite web|url=http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674992542|title=Epitome of Roman History}}</ref> Florus was born in Africa,<ref name="harvard.edu"/> but raised in Rome. *'''Lucius Annaeus Florus''' (''circa'' 74 – 130 AD<ref>''Saecula Latina'' (1962), p. 215</ref>), a Roman [[historian]], who lived in the time of [[Trajan]] and [[Hadrian]] and was also born in Africa. ==''Virgilius orator an poeta''== [[Image:Bust Hadrian Musei Capitolini MC817.jpg|thumb|right|210px|Hadrian]] The introduction to a dialogue called ''Virgilius orator an poeta'' is extant, in which the author (whose name is given as Publius Annius Florus) states that he was born in [[Africa]], and at an early age took part in the literary contests on the [[Capitoline Hill|Capitol]] instituted by [[Domitian]]. Having been refused a prize owing to the prejudice against North African provincials, he left Rome in disgust, and after travelling for some time, set up at [[Tarragona|Tarraco]] as a teacher of rhetoric. Here he was persuaded by an acquaintance to return to Rome, for it is generally agreed that he is the Florus who wrote the well-known lines quoted together with [[Hadrian]]'s answer by [[Aelius Spartianus]] (''Hadrian'' I 6). Twenty-six trochaic tetrameters, ''De qualitate vitae'', and five graceful hexameters, ''De rosis'', are also attributed to him.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911a}} ==Poems== Florus was also an established poet.<ref name="uchicago.edu"/> He was once thought to have been "the first in order of a number of second-century North African writers who exercised a considerable influence on [[Latin]] literature, and also the first of the ''[[Neoteric|poetae neoterici]]'' or ''novelli'' (new-fashioned poets) of Hadrian's reign, whose special characteristic was the use of lighter and graceful meters (anapaestic and iambic dimeters), which had hitherto found little favour."{{sfn|Chisholm|1911a}} Since Cameron's article on the topic, however, the existence of such a school has been widely called into question, in part because the remnants of all poets supposedly involved are too scantily attested for any definitive judgment.<ref>"Cameron, A. "Poetae Novelli" in ''Harvard Studies in Classical Philology'' 84 (1980), pp. 127-175.</ref> The little poems will be found in [[E. Bahrens]], ''Poëtae Latini minores'' (1879–1883). There is one 4-line poem in iambic dimeter catalectic; 8 short poems (26 lines in all) in [[trochaic septenarius]]; and 5 poems about roses in [[dactylic hexameter]]s (36 lines in all). For an unlikely identification of Florus with the author of the ''[[Pervigilium Veneris]]'' see [[E. H. O. Müller]], ''De P. Anino Floro poéta et de Pervigilio Veneris'' (1855), and, for the poet's relations with Hadrian, [[Franz Eyssenhardt]], ''Hadrian und Florus'' (1882); see also [[Friedrich Marx]] in Pauly-Wissowa's ''Realencyclopädie'', i. pt. 2 (1894).{{sfn|Chisholm|1911a}} Some his poems include "Quality of Life", "Roses in Springtime", "Roses", "The Rose", "Venus’ Rose-Garden", and "The Nine Muses". Florus’ better-known poetry is also associated with his smaller poems that he would write to Hadrian out of admiration for the emperor.<ref name="poet">{{cite web|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Florus/poems/Introduction*.html |title= Florus: Introduction |website=Lacus Curtius |access-date=2015-12-09 |date=2014 }}</ref> ==''Epitome of Roman History''== The two books of the ''Epitome of Roman History'' were written in admiration of the Roman people.<ref name="harvard.edu"/> The books illuminate many historical events in a favorable tone for the Roman citizens.<ref name="auto">{{cite book|last1=Lucius Annaeus|first1=Florus|title=Epitome of Roman History|date=1929|publisher=London: Heinemann}}</ref> The book is mainly based on [[Livy]]'s enormous ''[[Ab Urbe Condita Libri (Livy)|Ab Urbe Condita Libri]]''. It consists of a brief sketch of the history of Rome from the foundation of the city to the closing of the [[Gates of Janus]] by [[Augustus]] in 25 BC. The work, which is called ''Epitome de T. Livio Bellorum omnium annorum DCC Libri duo'', is written in a bombastic and rhetorical style – a panegyric of the greatness of Rome, the life of which is divided into the periods of infancy, youth and manhood. According to Edward Forster, Florus' history is largely politically unbiased, except when discussing the civil wars where he favours Caesar over Pompey.<ref>{{cite web|title=Introduction to Florus' Epitome|website=LacusCurtius|author=Edward S. Forster|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Florus/Epitome/Introduction*.html|access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref> The first book of the ''Epitome of Roman History'' is mainly about the establishment and growth of Rome.<ref name="auto"/> The second is mainly about the decline of Rome and its changing morals.<ref name="auto"/> Florus has taken some criticism on his writing due to inaccuracies found chronologically and geographically in his stories,<ref name="uchicago.edu"/> but even so, the ''Epitome of Roman History'' was vastly popular during the late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, as well as being used as a school book until the 19th century.<ref name="livius.org"/> In the manuscripts, the writer is variously named as ''Julius Florus'', ''Lucius Anneus Florus'', or simply ''Annaeus Florus''. From certain similarities of style, he has been identified as ''Publius Annius Florus'', poet, rhetorician and friend of Hadrian, author of a dialogue on the question of whether [[Virgil]] was an orator or poet, of which the introduction has been preserved. The most accessible modern text and translation are in the [[Loeb Classical Library]] (no. 231, published 1984, {{ISBN|0-674-99254-7}}). [[Christopher Plantin]], Antwerp, in 1567, published two Lucius Florus texts (two title pages) in one volume. The titles were roughly as follows: 1) ''L.IVLII Flori de Gestis Romanorum, Historiarum''; 2) ''Commentarius I STADII L.IVLII Flori de Gestis Romanorum, Historiarum.'' The first title has 149 pages; the second has 222 pages plus an index in a 12mo-size book. ==Attribution of the works== :{|class="wikitable" |- ! Tentative attribution !! Description !! Works !! Dates !! Other bio !! Identified with |- | '''Florus''' | "a Roman historian" | Epitome of Roman History | ''circa'' 74-130 | born in Africa; lived in the time of Trajan and Hadrian | "In the manuscripts, the writer is variously named as Julius Florus, Lucius Anneus Florus, or simply Annaeus Florus"; "he has been identified as Publius Annius Florus" |- | '''Julius Florus''' | "an ancient Roman poet, orator, and author" | Epitome of Roman History ; poems including "Quality of Life", "Roses in Springtime", "Roses", "The Rose", "Venus’ Rose-Garden", and "The Nine Muses" | ''circa'' 74-130 | born in Africa; accompanied Tiberius to Armenia; lost Domitian's Capital Competition due to prejudice; travelled in the Greek Empire; founded a school in Tarraco, Spain; returned to Rome; a friend of Hadrian | "variously identified with Julius Florus, a distinguished orator and uncle of [[Julius Secundus]], an intimate friend of [[Quintilian]] (Instit. x. 3, 13); with the leader of an insurrection of the [[Treviri]] (Tacitus, Ann. iii. 40); with the Postumus of Horace ([[Odes (Horace)|Odes]], ii. 14) and even with the historian Florus."{{sfn|Chisholm|1911b}} |- | '''Publius Annius Florus''' | "Roman poet and rhetorician" | ''Virgilius orator an poeta''; 26 trochaic tetrameters,'' De qualitate vitae'', and five graceful hexameters, ''De rosis '' | | born in Africa; accompanied Tiberius to Armenia; lost Domitian's Capital Competition due to prejudice; travelled; founded a school in Tarraco; returned to Rome; knew Hadrian | "identified by some authorities with the historian Florus." "generally agreed that he is the Florus who wrote the well-known lines quoted together with Hadrian's answer by Aelius Spartianus" "for an unlikely identification of Florus with the author of the [[Pervigilium Veneris]] see E. H. O. Müller"{{sfn|Chisholm|1911a}} |- |} ==Tentative biography== The Florus identified as Julius Florus was one of the young men who accompanied [[Tiberius]] on his mission to settle the affairs of [[Armenia]]. He has been variously identified with Julius Florus, a distinguished orator and uncle of Julius Secundus, an intimate friend of [[Quintilian]] (''Instit.'' x. 3, 13); with the leader of an insurrection of the [[Treviri]] ([[Tacitus]], ''[[Annals (Tacitus)|Ann.]]'' iii. 40); with the ''Postumus'' of Horace (''Odes'', ii. 14) and even with the historian [[Florus]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911b}} Under Domitian's rule, he competed in the Capital Competition,<ref name="uchicago.edu"/> which was an event in which poets received rewards and recognition from the emperor himself.<ref name="uchicago.edu">{{cite web|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Florus/Epitome/home.html|title=LacusCurtius • Florus — Epitome}}</ref> Although he acquired great applause from the crowds, he was not victorious in the event. Florus himself blamed his loss on favoritism on behalf of the emperor.<ref name="livius.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.livius.org/articles/person/annius-florus/|title=P. Annius Florus}}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Shortly after his defeat, Florus departed from Rome to travel abroad.<ref name="livius.org"/> His travels are said to have taken him through the Greek-speaking sections of the Roman Empire, taking in Sicily, Crete, the Cyclades, Rhodes, and Egypt.<ref name="livius.org"/> At the conclusion of his travels, he resided in Tarraco, Spain.<ref name="uchicago.edu"/> In Tarraco, Florus founded a school and taught literature.<ref name="livius.org"/> During this time, he also began to write the ''Epitome of Roman History''.<ref name="uchicago.edu"/> After many years in Spain, he eventually migrated back to Rome during the rule of [[Hadrian]] (117-138 AD).<ref name="uchicago.edu"/> Hadrian and Florus became very close friends, and Florus was rumored to be involved in government affairs during the second half of Hadrian's rule.<ref name="uchicago.edu"/> {{wikisource|Author:Florus|Florus}} ==See also== * [[Annia gens]] ==References== {{reflist|25em}} *{{EB1911|wstitle=Florus, Publius Annius|volume=10|page=547|date=1911a}} *{{EB1911|wstitle=Florus, Julius|volume=10|page=547|date=1911b}} ==Bibliography== *{{cite web |url=https://www.livius.org/am-ao/annius/florus.html |website=Livius.org |title=Publius Annius Florus |author=Jona Lendering |author-link=Jona Lendering }}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *{{cite journal|author=José Miguel Alonso-Nuñez |title=Floro y los historiadores contemporáneos |journal=Acta Classica Universitatis Scientiarum Debreceniensis |volume=42 |date=2006 |pages=117–126}} *{{cite book|author=W. den Boer |title=Some Minor Roman Historians |url=https://archive.org/details/someminorromanhi0000boer |url-access=registration |date=1972 |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill}} *{{cite book|title=Römische Geschichte : lateinisch und deutsch |author=Florus |others=Eingel., übers. und kommentiert von Günter Laser |location= Darmstadt |publisher= Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft |date=2005 |orig-year=c. 120}} ==External links== *[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Florus/Epitome/home.html Latin and English texts of Florus, ''Epitome of Roman History''], the 1929 Loeb Classical Library translation by E.S. Forster, Bill Thayer's edition. ''Lacus Curtius'' website *[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Florus/poems/home.html Latin and English texts of Florus's poems]. 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