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Wikiquote</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Liberty_close.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Statue_of_Liberty_close.JPG/220px-Statue_of_Liberty_close.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Statue_of_Liberty_close.JPG/330px-Statue_of_Liberty_close.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Statue_of_Liberty_close.JPG/440px-Statue_of_Liberty_close.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Vulgar libertarian apologists for <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> use the term "<a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a>" in an equivocal sense: they seem to have trouble remembering, from one moment to the next, whether they’re defending actually existing capitalism or free market principles. ... When prodded, they’ll grudgingly admit that the present system is not a free market, and that it includes a lot of state intervention on behalf of the rich. But as soon as they think they can get away with it, they go right back to defending the wealth of existing corporations. ~ <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Carson" title="Kevin Carson">Kevin Carson</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Southern_chain_gang_c1903-restore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/A_Southern_chain_gang_c1903-restore.jpg/220px-A_Southern_chain_gang_c1903-restore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/A_Southern_chain_gang_c1903-restore.jpg/330px-A_Southern_chain_gang_c1903-restore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/A_Southern_chain_gang_c1903-restore.jpg/440px-A_Southern_chain_gang_c1903-restore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7402" data-file-height="9252" /></a><figcaption>Victims of the most serious injustice ... are owed compensation by those who benefited from the injustices. ... One cannot use the analysis and theory presented here to condemn any particular scheme of <a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_income_and_wealth" title="Redistribution of income and wealth">transfer payments</a>, unless it is clear that no considerations of rectification of injustice could apply to justify it. ~ <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Robert Nozick</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genius_of_Liberty_Dumont_July_Column.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Genius_of_Liberty_Dumont_July_Column.jpg/220px-Genius_of_Liberty_Dumont_July_Column.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Genius_of_Liberty_Dumont_July_Column.jpg/330px-Genius_of_Liberty_Dumont_July_Column.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Genius_of_Liberty_Dumont_July_Column.jpg/440px-Genius_of_Liberty_Dumont_July_Column.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="2075" /></a><figcaption>Libertarian thought emphasizes the <a href="/wiki/Dignity" title="Dignity">dignity</a> of each <a href="/wiki/Individual" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual">individual</a>, which entails both <a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Responsibility" title="Responsibility">responsibility</a>. ~ <a href="/wiki/David_D._Boaz" class="mw-redirect" title="David D. Boaz">David D. Boaz</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Southern_chain_gang_c1903-restore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/A_Southern_chain_gang_c1903-restore.jpg/220px-A_Southern_chain_gang_c1903-restore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/A_Southern_chain_gang_c1903-restore.jpg/330px-A_Southern_chain_gang_c1903-restore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/A_Southern_chain_gang_c1903-restore.jpg/440px-A_Southern_chain_gang_c1903-restore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7402" data-file-height="9252" /></a><figcaption>A 'popular libertarian' might ... feel all that needs to be done to bring the world to justice is to institute the minimal state now, starting as it were from present holdings. On this view, then, libertarianism starts tomorrow, and we take the present possession of property for granted. There is, of course, something very problematic about this attitude. Part of the libertarian position involves treating property rights as natural rights, as so as being as important as anything can be. On the libertarian view, the fact that an injustice is old, and, perhaps, difficult to prove, does not make it any less of an injustice. ... We should try to work out what would have happened had the injustice not taken place. If the present state of affairs does not correspond to this hypothetical description, then it should be made to correspond. ~ <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Wolff" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Wolff">Jonathan Wolff</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capitol_Building_Full_View.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Capitol_Building_Full_View.jpg/220px-Capitol_Building_Full_View.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Capitol_Building_Full_View.jpg/330px-Capitol_Building_Full_View.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Capitol_Building_Full_View.jpg/440px-Capitol_Building_Full_View.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7168" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Given the extensive involvement of state violence in the process by which the corporate elite not only achieved its wealth in the past but continues to maintain and augment it in the present, it is clear that the massive inequalities of wealth that characterise present-day “capitalist” society are radically inconsistent with any approach to justice in holdings that is even remotely <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozickian</a>. ~ <a href="/wiki/Roderick_Long" title="Roderick Long">Roderick Long</a></figcaption></figure> <p><small><i>This article is about the political philosophy and movement that uphold liberty as a core principle. For the type of libertarianism stressing both individual freedom and social equality, see <a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a>.</i></small> </p><p><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianism" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/libertas" class="extiw" title="wikt:libertas">libertas</a>, meaning "freedom") is a <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_movement" class="extiw" title="w:Political movement">movement</a> that upholds <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">liberty</a> as a core principle. Libertarians seek to maximize <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/political_freedom" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:political freedom">political freedom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a>, emphasizing <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_choice" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of choice">freedom of choice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">voluntary association</a>. Libertarians share a skepticism of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_authority" class="extiw" title="w:Political authority">authority</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_(polity)" class="extiw" title="w:State (polity)">state</a> power, but they diverge on the scope of their opposition to existing <a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">economic</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/political_system" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:political system">political systems</a>. </p> <div role="navigation" style="margin-left: 2em;"> <p>Arranged alphabetically by author or source:<br /><a href="#A">A</a> · <a href="#B">B</a> · <a href="#C">C</a> · <a href="#D">D</a> · <a href="#E">E</a> · <a href="#F">F</a> · <a href="#G">G</a> · <a href="#H">H</a> · <a href="#I">I</a> · <a href="#J">J</a> · <a href="#K">K</a> · <a href="#L">L</a> · <a href="#M">M</a> · <a href="#N">N</a> · <a href="#O">O</a> · <a href="#P">P</a> · <a href="#Q">Q</a> · <a href="#R">R</a> · <a href="#S">S</a> · <a href="#T">T</a> · <a href="#U">U</a> · <a href="#V">V</a> · <a href="#W">W</a> · <a href="#X">X</a> · <a href="#Y">Y</a> · <a href="#Z">Z</a> · <a href="#See_also">See also</a> · <a href="#External_links">External links</a> </p> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancap-goldblack_flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Ancap-goldblack_flag.jpg/220px-Ancap-goldblack_flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Ancap-goldblack_flag.jpg/330px-Ancap-goldblack_flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Ancap-goldblack_flag.jpg/440px-Ancap-goldblack_flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="471" /></a><figcaption>A libertarian will always come out on the side of any issue which maximizes personal liberty and responsibility — and which reduces government control over the individual. ~ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bergland" class="extiw" title="w:David Bergland">David Bergland</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_La_libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_La_libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg/220px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_La_libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_La_libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg/330px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_La_libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_La_libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg/440px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_La_libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3133" data-file-height="2480" /></a><figcaption>The people most victimized by the state display the least interest in libertarianism. Those on the receiving end of coercion don’t quibble over their coercers’ credentials. ~ <a href="/wiki/Bob_Black" title="Bob Black">Bob Black</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_-_Statue_Liberte_(3).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Paris_-_Statue_Liberte_%283%29.JPG/220px-Paris_-_Statue_Liberte_%283%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Paris_-_Statue_Liberte_%283%29.JPG/330px-Paris_-_Statue_Liberte_%283%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Paris_-_Statue_Liberte_%283%29.JPG/440px-Paris_-_Statue_Liberte_%283%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>One difference between libertarianism and socialism is that a socialist society can't tolerate groups of people practicing freedom, but a libertarian society can comfortably allow people to choose voluntary socialism. ~ <a href="/wiki/David_D._Boaz" class="mw-redirect" title="David D. Boaz">David D. Boaz</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_Of_Liberty_-a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Statue_Of_Liberty_-a.jpg/220px-Statue_Of_Liberty_-a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Statue_Of_Liberty_-a.jpg/330px-Statue_Of_Liberty_-a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Statue_Of_Liberty_-a.jpg/440px-Statue_Of_Liberty_-a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>For libertarians, freedom entails the right of people to live their lives any way they choose, so long as their conduct is peaceful. ~ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_G._Hornberger" class="extiw" title="w:Jacob G. Hornberger">Jacob G. Hornberger</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_de_la_Libert%C3%A9_%C3%A0_Paris_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Statue_de_la_Libert%C3%A9_%C3%A0_Paris_11.jpg/220px-Statue_de_la_Libert%C3%A9_%C3%A0_Paris_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Statue_de_la_Libert%C3%A9_%C3%A0_Paris_11.jpg/330px-Statue_de_la_Libert%C3%A9_%C3%A0_Paris_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Statue_de_la_Libert%C3%A9_%C3%A0_Paris_11.jpg/440px-Statue_de_la_Libert%C3%A9_%C3%A0_Paris_11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>The real division is not between conservatives and revolutionaries but between authoritarians and libertarians. ~ <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anarchocapitalismflag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Anarchocapitalismflag.svg/220px-Anarchocapitalismflag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Anarchocapitalismflag.svg/330px-Anarchocapitalismflag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Anarchocapitalismflag.svg/440px-Anarchocapitalismflag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>That's libertarians for you — anarchists who want police protection from their slaves. No! If you want to make the minimum-state case, you have to argue it from the ground up. ~ <a href="/wiki/Kim_Stanley_Robinson" title="Kim Stanley Robinson">Kim Stanley Robinson</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CNT_FAI_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/CNT_FAI_flag.svg/220px-CNT_FAI_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/CNT_FAI_flag.svg/330px-CNT_FAI_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/CNT_FAI_flag.svg/440px-CNT_FAI_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>What the Russian autocrats and their supporters fear most is that the success of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_Socialism" class="extiw" title="w:Libertarian Socialism">libertarian Socialism</a> in Spain might prove to their blind followers that the much vaunted "necessity of dictatorship" is nothing but one vast fraud which in Russia has led to the despotism of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a>… ~ <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rudolf Rocker</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Liberty_in_front_of_setting_sun,_22_December_2002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Statue_of_Liberty_in_front_of_setting_sun%2C_22_December_2002.jpg/220px-Statue_of_Liberty_in_front_of_setting_sun%2C_22_December_2002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Statue_of_Liberty_in_front_of_setting_sun%2C_22_December_2002.jpg/330px-Statue_of_Liberty_in_front_of_setting_sun%2C_22_December_2002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Statue_of_Liberty_in_front_of_setting_sun%2C_22_December_2002.jpg/440px-Statue_of_Liberty_in_front_of_setting_sun%2C_22_December_2002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A libertarian is the opposite of an authoritarian. Strictly speaking, a libertarian is one who rejects the idea of using violence or the threat of violence — legal or illegal — to impose his will or viewpoint upon any peaceful person. ~ Dean Russell</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anarcho-Gadsden_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Anarcho-Gadsden_flag.svg/220px-Anarcho-Gadsden_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Anarcho-Gadsden_flag.svg/330px-Anarcho-Gadsden_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Anarcho-Gadsden_flag.svg/440px-Anarcho-Gadsden_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>As owners of their own lives, individuals are completely free to do absolutely anything they wish with them — provided, of course, that it doesn't violate the identical right of others — whether the people around them approve of what they do or not. ~ <a href="/wiki/L._Neil_Smith" title="L. Neil Smith">L. Neil Smith</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1672_G%C3%A9rard_de_Lairesse_-_Allegory_of_the_Freedom_of_Trade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/1672_G%C3%A9rard_de_Lairesse_-_Allegory_of_the_Freedom_of_Trade.jpg/220px-1672_G%C3%A9rard_de_Lairesse_-_Allegory_of_the_Freedom_of_Trade.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/1672_G%C3%A9rard_de_Lairesse_-_Allegory_of_the_Freedom_of_Trade.jpg/330px-1672_G%C3%A9rard_de_Lairesse_-_Allegory_of_the_Freedom_of_Trade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/1672_G%C3%A9rard_de_Lairesse_-_Allegory_of_the_Freedom_of_Trade.jpg/440px-1672_G%C3%A9rard_de_Lairesse_-_Allegory_of_the_Freedom_of_Trade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="907" /></a><figcaption>A libertarian is a person who believes that no one has the right, under any circumstances, to initiate force against another human being, or to advocate or delegate its initiation. Those who act consistently with this principle are libertarians, whether they realize it or not. Those who fail to act consistently with it are not libertarians, regardless of what they may claim. ~ <a href="/wiki/L._Neil_Smith" title="L. Neil Smith">L. Neil Smith</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Park_Service_9-11_Statue_of_Liberty_and_WTC_fire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/National_Park_Service_9-11_Statue_of_Liberty_and_WTC_fire.jpg/220px-National_Park_Service_9-11_Statue_of_Liberty_and_WTC_fire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/National_Park_Service_9-11_Statue_of_Liberty_and_WTC_fire.jpg/330px-National_Park_Service_9-11_Statue_of_Liberty_and_WTC_fire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/National_Park_Service_9-11_Statue_of_Liberty_and_WTC_fire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption>I'm a libertarian because I don't trust the people as much as anarchists do. I want to see government limited as much as possible; I would like to see it reduced back to where it was in Jefferson's time, or even smaller. But I would not like to see it abolished... ~ <a href="/wiki/Robert_Anton_Wilson" title="Robert Anton Wilson">Robert Anton Wilson</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ward_Churchill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Ward_Churchill.jpg/220px-Ward_Churchill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Ward_Churchill.jpg/330px-Ward_Churchill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Ward_Churchill.jpg/440px-Ward_Churchill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="711" /></a><figcaption>I hear Republicans and Libertarians and so forth talking about property rights, but they stop talking about property rights as soon as the subject of American Indians comes up, because they know fully well, perhaps not in a fully articulated, conscious form, but they know fully well that the basis for the very system of endeavor and enterprise and profitability to which they are committed and devoted accrues on the basis of theft of the resources of someone else. They are in possession of stolen property. They know it. They all know it. It's a dishonest endeavor from day one. ~ <a href="/wiki/Ward_Churchill" title="Ward Churchill">Ward Churchill</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="A">A</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: A"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>In <a href="/wiki/Market" title="Market">markets</a> where freedom of choice is hampered by inadequate information, or where rational choice requires extraordinary expertise, there is no acceptable alternative to <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a> <a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">regulation</a>. Contrary to libertarian preachments, it would be imprudent to expect an air traveler to do research required to avoid unsafe airlines, or for the <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobile</a> buyer to find out which cars are affected with rear-wheel lockup, or for the <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnant</a> <a href="/wiki/Women" title="Women">woman</a> to conduct chemical tests to avoid <a href="/wiki/Drugs" title="Drugs">drugs</a> which may kill or deform her unborn child.</b> Here social regulation is imperative, either by providing indispensable information to consumers or by prohibiting hazardous products outright. Here the privilege of free choice in a free market is the freedom to play Russian roulette with <a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">health</a> and <a href="/wiki/Safety" title="Safety">safety</a>, and to impose the cost of death or injury on families or society. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Adams_(economist)" class="extiw" title="w:Walter Adams (economist)">Walter Adams</a> and James Brock, in <i>The Bigness Complex</i> (1986), p. 235</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Libertarians are self-governors in both personal and economic matters. They believe government's only purpose is to protect people from coercion and <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violence</a>. They value individual <a href="/wiki/Responsibility" title="Responsibility">responsibility</a>, and tolerate economic and social <a href="/wiki/Diversity" title="Diversity">diversity</a>.</b> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advocates_for_Self_Government" class="extiw" title="w:Advocates for Self Government">Advocates for Self Government</a> (1995)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>He always pictured himself a libertarian, which to my way of thinking means "I want the <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">liberty</a> to grow rich and you can have the liberty to starve".</b> It's easy to believe that no one should depend on society for help when you yourself happen not to need such help. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a>, in <i>I. Asimov : A Memoir</i> (1994), p. 308</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="B">B</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: B"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Libertarians … advocate a high degree of <i>both</i> economic and personal liberty.</b> Libertarians believe that people have the right to freely engage in both commercial and private activities. Libertarians consistently uphold the right of individuals to control their own lives in <i>all</i> respects. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bergland" class="extiw" title="w:David Bergland">David Bergland</a>, 1984 Libertarian Party presidential candidate, in <i>Libertarianism In One Lesson</i> (Ninth Edition, 2005)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>In the libertarian view, all human relationships should be voluntary; the only actions that should be forbidden by law are those that involve the initiation of force against those who have not themselves used force—actions like <a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">murder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robbery" class="mw-redirect" title="Robbery">robbery</a>, kidnapping, and <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">fraud</a>. Libertarians believe this code should be applied to actions by governments as well as by individuals. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Boaz" class="mw-redirect" title="David D. Boaz">David D. Boaz</a>, <i>Libertarianism: A Primer</i>, Free Press, (1998) p. 2</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Because libertarians do have a basic set of principles, you know that a libertarian will always come out on the side of any issue which maximizes personal liberty and responsibility — and which reduces government control over the individual. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bergland" class="extiw" title="w:David Bergland">David Bergland</a>, in <i>Libertarianism In One Lesson</i> (Ninth Edition, 2005)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>I am hard put to find something to say to people who still think libertarianism has something to do with liberty. A libertarian is just a <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> who takes drugs. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Black" title="Bob Black">Bob Black</a>, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inspiracy.com/black/abolition/libertarian.html">"The Libertarian as Conservative" (1984)</a>, published in <i>The Abolition of Work and Other Essays</i> (1986)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>There are libertarians who try to retrieve libertarianism from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" class="extiw" title="w:Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a> just as there are Christians who try to reclaim <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> from <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a> and communists (I’ve tried to myself) who try to save <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> from the Communist parties and states. They (and I) meant well but we lost. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Black" title="Bob Black">Bob Black</a>, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inspiracy.com/black/abolition/libertarian.html">"The Libertarian as Conservative" (1984)</a>, published in <i>The Abolition of Work and Other Essays</i> (1986)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>You might object that what I’ve said may apply to the minarchist majority of libertarians, but not to the self-styled anarchists among them. Not so. <b>To my mind a <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing</a> <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchist</a> is just a minarchist who’d abolish the state to his own satisfaction by calling it something else.</b> But this incestuous family squabble is no affair of mine. Both camps call for partial or complete <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a> of state functions but neither questions the functions themselves. <b>They don’t denounce what the state does, they just object to who’s doing it.</b> This is why the people most victimized by the state display the least interest in libertarianism. <b>Those on the receiving end of coercion don’t quibble over their coercers’ credentials. If you can’t pay or don’t want to, you don’t much care if your deprivation is called larceny or taxation or restitution or rent. If you like to control your own time, you distinguish employment from enslavement only in degree and duration.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Black" title="Bob Black">Bob Black</a>, in "The Libertarian as Conservative" (1984), published in <i>The Abolition of Work and Other Essays</i> (1986)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The libertarian phobia as to the state reflects and reproduces a profound misunderstanding of the operative forces which make for social control in the modern world. If — and this is a big “if,” especially where bourgeois libertarians are concerned — what you want is to maximize individual autonomy, then it is quite clear that the state is the least of the phenomena which stand in your way. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Black" title="Bob Black">Bob Black</a>, in "The Libertarian as Conservative" (1984), published in <i>The Abolition of Work and Other Essays</i> (1986)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Unlike side issues like <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trade_unions" title="Trade unions">unions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Minimum-wage" class="mw-redirect" title="Minimum-wage">minimum-wage</a> laws, the subject of work itself is almost entirely absent from libertarian literature. Most of what little there is consists of Randite rantings against parasites, barely distinguishable from the invective inflicted on dissidents by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> press, and Sunday-school platitudinizing that there is no free lunch — this from fat cats who have usually ingested a lot of them. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Black" title="Bob Black">Bob Black</a>, in "The Libertarian as Conservative" (1984), published in <i>The Abolition of Work and Other Essays</i> (1986)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Libertarians complain that the state is parasitic, an excrescence on society. They think it’s like a tumor you could cut out, leaving the patient just as he was, only healthier. They’ve been mystified by their own metaphors. Like the <a href="/wiki/Market" title="Market">market</a>, the state is an activity, not an entity. The only way to abolish the state is to change the way of life it forms a part of. That way of life, if you call that living, revolves around work and takes in <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">moralism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">schooling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">money</a>, and more. Libertarians are conservatives because they avowedly want to maintain most of this mess and so unwittingly perpetuate the rest of the racket. But they’re bad conservatives because they’ve forgotten the reality of institutional and <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideological</a> interconnection which was the original insight of the historical conservatives. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Black" title="Bob Black">Bob Black</a>, in "The Libertarian as Conservative" (1984), published in <i>The Abolition of Work and Other Essays</i> (1986)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The issue should not be government. It should not be unlimited and unalloyed idolatry of <a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">personal property</a>, which is the path that the libertarian movement has gone down. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Brin" title="David Brin">David Brin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scoop.it/t/libertarianism-finding-a-new-path">Libertarianism: Finding a New Path</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>One difference between libertarianism and socialism is that a socialist society can't tolerate groups of people practicing freedom, but a libertarian society can comfortably allow people to choose voluntary <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>.</b> If a group of people — even a very large group — wanted to purchase land and own it in common, they would be free to do so. The libertarian legal order would require only that no one be coerced into joining or giving up his property. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Boaz" class="mw-redirect" title="David D. Boaz">David D. Boaz</a>, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cato.org/pubs/policy_report/cpr-19n1-1.html">"The Coming Libertarian Age" in <i>Cato Policy Report</i> (January/February 1997)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Libertarians see the individual as the basic unit of social analysis. Only individuals make choices and are responsible for their actions.</b> Libertarian thought emphasizes the dignity of each individual, which entails both rights and responsibility. The progressive extension of dignity to more people — to women, to people of different religions and different races — is one of the great libertarian triumphs of the Western world. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Boaz" class="mw-redirect" title="David D. Boaz">David D. Boaz</a>, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=5758">"Key Concepts of Libertarianism" (1 January 1999)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Libertarianism is not libertinism or hedonism. It is not a claim that "people can do anything they want to, and nobody else can say anything." Rather, libertarianism proposes a society of liberty under law, in which individuals are free to pursue their own lives so long as they respect the equal rights of others.</b> The <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a> means that individuals are governed by generally applicable and spontaneously developed legal rules, not by arbitrary commands; and that those rules should protect the freedom of individuals to pursue happiness in their own ways, not aim at any particular result or outcome. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Boaz" class="mw-redirect" title="David D. Boaz">David D. Boaz</a>, in "Key Concepts of Libertarianism" (1 January 1999)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Libertarians have always battled the age-old scourge of war. They understood that war brought <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a> and <a href="/wiki/Destruction" title="Destruction">destruction</a> on a grand scale, disrupted family and economic life, and put more power in the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">ruling class</a> — which might explain why the rulers did not always share the popular sentiment for peace. <b>Free men and women, of course, have often had to defend their own societies against foreign threats; but throughout history, war has usually been the common enemy of peaceful, productive people on all sides of the conflict.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Boaz" class="mw-redirect" title="David D. Boaz">David D. Boaz</a>, in "Key Concepts of Libertarianism" (1 January 1999)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>We should never define Libertarian positions in terms coined by liberals or conservatives — nor as some variant of their positions.</b> We are not fiscally conservative and socially liberal. We are Libertarians, who believe in individual liberty and personal responsibility on all issues at all times. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Browne" title="Harry Browne">Harry Browne</a>, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harrybrowne.org/articles/Abortion.htm">The Libertarian stand on abortion" (21 December 1998)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="C">C</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: C"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>One of the more pretentious political self-descriptions is "Libertarian." People think it puts them above the fray. It sounds fashionable and, to the uninitiated, faintly dangerous. Actually, it's just one more bullshit political philosophy. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Carlin" title="George Carlin">George Carlin</a>, in <i>Napalm and Silly Putty</i> (2002), p. 261</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The difference is libertarians strive for government to have a smaller economic footprint so that individuals can have a larger one. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Caldara" class="extiw" title="w:Jon Caldara">Jon Caldara</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pagetwo.completecolorado.com/2019/05/29/caldara-dont-believe-the-media-hype-jared-polis-is-no-libertarian/">“Caldara: Don’t believe the media hype, Jared Polis is no libertarian”</a> <i>The Complete Colorado</i> (May 29, 2019)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Vulgar libertarian apologists for <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> use the term "<a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a>" in an equivocal sense: they seem to have trouble remembering, from one moment to the next, whether they’re defending actually existing <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> or free market principles. ... When prodded, they’ll grudgingly admit that the present system is not a free market, and that it includes a lot of state intervention on behalf of the rich. But as soon as they think they can get away with it, they go right back to defending the wealth of existing corporations. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Carson" title="Kevin Carson">Kevin Carson</a>, <i>Studies in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" class="extiw" title="w:Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualist</a> Political Economy</i> (2007), Chapter 4</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Libertarian in the United States has a meaning which is almost the opposite of what it has in the rest of the world traditionally.</b> Here, libertarian means ultra right-wing capitalist. In the European tradition, libertarian meant socialist. So, <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a> was sometimes called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/libertarian_socialism" class="extiw" title="w:libertarian socialism">libertarian socialism</a>, a large wing of anarchism, so we have to be a little careful about terminology. I was drawn pretty early, maybe in the early teens, towards anarchist thinking and activities, and even spent a lot of time in anarchist bookstores and picking up pamphlets and talking to mostly Europeans who had fled or had been driven out of a pretty ugly continent in the 1930s. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chomsky.info/interviews/1999----.htm">"Reluctant Icon" (interview, <i>c</i>. 1990)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>There's a <i>long</i> tradition of Anarchism — <i>libertarian</i> thought outside the United States, which is <i>diametrically</i> opposed to the positions of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" class="extiw" title="w:Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a> — but it's unknown here. That's the <i>dominant</i> position of what's always been considered <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anarchism" class="extiw" title="w:Social anarchism">Socialist Anarchism</a>.</b> Now, the Libertarian Party, is a <i>capitalist</i> party. It's in favor of what <i>I</i> would regard a <i>particular form</i> of authoritarian control. Namely, the kind that comes through private ownership and control, which is an <i>extremely</i> rigid system of domination — people have to... people can survive, by renting themselves to it, and basically in no other way... <b>I do disagree with them <i>very</i> sharply, and I think that they are not … understanding the <i>fundamental</i> doctrine, that you should be free from <a href="/wiki/Domination" title="Domination">domination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Control" title="Control">control</a>, including the control of the <a href="/wiki/Manager" title="Manager">manager</a> and the owner.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, in an appearance on <i>Donahue/Pozner</i> (14 February 1992)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>There isn't much point arguing about the word "libertarian." It would make about as much sense to argue with an unreconstructed Stalinist about the word "democracy" </b>— recall that they called what they'd constructed "peoples' democracies." The weird offshoot of <a href="/wiki/Far-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right">ultra-right</a> individualist anarchism that is called "libertarian" here happens to amount to advocacy of perhaps the worst kind of imaginable tyranny, namely unaccountable private tyranny. If they want to call that "libertarian," fine; after all, Stalin called his system "democratic." But why bother arguing about it? <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zcommunications.org/there-isnt-much-point-arguing-about-the-word-libertarian-it-would-make-about-as-muchsense-to-argue-by-noam-chomsky?toggle_layout=yes">ZNet (24 September 2009)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>I hear Republicans and Libertarians and so forth talking about <a href="/wiki/Property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Property rights">property rights</a>, but they stop talking about property rights as soon as the subject of <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">American Indians</a> comes up, because they know fully well, perhaps not in a fully articulated, conscious form, but they know fully well that the basis for the very system of endeavor and enterprise and profitability to which they are committed and devoted accrues on the basis of theft of the resources of someone else. They are in possession of stolen property. They know it. They all know it. It's a dishonest endeavor from day one. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ward_Churchill" title="Ward Churchill">Ward Churchill</a>, in <i>Z Magazine</i>, vol. 8, p. 32</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="D">D</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: D"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>There is this very strong libertarian belief that <a href="/wiki/Inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Inequality">inequality</a> is not a proper area of study for <a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">economists</a>. Even if you were to worry about inequality, it would be best if you just kept quiet and lived with it. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_Deaton" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Angus Deaton">Angus Deaton</a>, quoted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/inequality/2023/oct/07/angus-deaton-interview-book-economics-in-america">Angus Deaton on inequality: 'The war on poverty has become a war on the poor'</a> for <i>The Guardian</i> (7 October 2023)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>This country is a one-party country. Half of it is called Republican and half is called <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a>. It doesn't make any difference. <b>All the really good ideas belong to the Libertarians.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Downs" title="Hugh Downs">Hugh Downs</a>, as a guest on <i>Politically Incorrect</i> (31 March 1997)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="F">F</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: F"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Both <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a>, overeager to seal the case for expelling the state from the economy that economic arguments alone apparently could not clinch, had to cast themselves as participants in a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Manichean" class="extiw" title="wikt:Manichean">Manichean</a> struggle against unscrupulous wrongdoers with impure motives. This already betokened a deep complacency about the validity of their own views, such that anyone who disagreed with them must be a deliberate enemy of truth; and it marked the beginning of the anti-intellectualism that continues to disfigure libertarian thought. The virtually unanimous opposition of scholars and intellectuals to a view as self-evidently true as libertarianism seems to be to Rand and Rothbard must, they thought, be a function of the intellectuals' perversity (rather than of weaknesses of libertarian argument and evidence). <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Friedman_(political_scientist)" title="Jeffrey Friedman (political scientist)">Jeffrey Friedman</a>, “What’s wrong with Libertarianism,” <i>Critical Review</i>, Vol. 11, No. 3 (1997), p. 452.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The attraction of free markets … is that they have self-correcting features that place far smaller demands on anyone’s knowledge than democracy does. Each person concerns herself with her own life and the system, supposedly, runs itself. Interpreted in this way, the literature on public ignorance could form the basis of the consequentialist argument the <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">postwar</a> free-market economists sought, but never found … against all government economic intervention: for even if it cannot be shown, on economic grounds, that every intervention hurts more than it helps, it might be shown, on political grounds, that by opening the door to helpful interventions, we begin sliding toward the unhelpful ones on a slope slippery with public ignorance. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Friedman_(political_scientist)" title="Jeffrey Friedman (political scientist)">Jeffrey Friedman</a>, “What’s wrong with Libertarianism,” <i>Critical Review</i>, Vol. 11, No. 3 (1997), p. 455.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="G">G</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: G"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Most <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing</a> ideologues are dangerous because they don't recognize that they have an <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a>. They simply think they're doing the obvious and right thing. Libertarians of the stripe I've been talking about have a different problem. They know they have an ideology. They know it and they love it. And they love it so much they are unwilling to loosen their clench on it when reality — and more importantly, morality — demand it. Just as they consider "state violence" to be always and everywhere <a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">evil</a>, they fetishize <a href="/wiki/Change" title="Change">change</a>, assuming it to be always and everywhere good. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" class="extiw" title="w:Jonah Goldberg">Jonah Goldberg</a>, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://article.nationalreview.com/267107/the-libertarian-lobe/jonah-goldberg">"The Libertarian Lobe" in <i>National Review Online</i> (22 June 2001)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Young Libertarians have so much more energy and verve than pretty much anybody else these days, young conservatives included.</b> Libertarianism is an ideology best suited for young folks. It compellingly tells kids everything they want to be told. Self-interest is not merely indulged; it is sanctified. Experience — represented either in the traditions accumulated over the centuries or simply in the lessons learned by one's elders — has no greater authority than the self-gratifying whims of a single person. In the world of these young libertarians, the utopian future is one where they get to share with the world the full benefit of their inexperience. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" class="extiw" title="w:Jonah Goldberg">Jonah Goldberg</a>, in "The Libertarian Lobe" in <i>National Review Online</i> (22 June 2001)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="H">H</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: H"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Libertarianism is, as the name implies, the belief in liberty. Libertarians believe that each person owns his own life and property, and has the right to make his own choices as to how he lives his life — as long as he simply respects the same right of others to do the same.</b> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Harris" class="extiw" title="w:Sharon Harris">Sharon Harris</a>, President, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advocates_for_Self_Government" class="extiw" title="w:Advocates for Self Government">Advocates for Self-Government</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libertarianism.com/what-it-is.htm">"What is Libertarianism?"</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>For libertarians, freedom entails the right of people to live their lives any way they choose, so long as their conduct is peaceful.</b> For conservatives, freedom entails the right of government to do just about anything it wants, even if its conduct is violent. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_G._Hornberger" class="extiw" title="w:Jacob G. Hornberger">Jacob G. Hornberger</a>, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fff.org/comment/ed1101q.asp">"The Meaning of Freedom" (2001)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Too many libertarians hate the left more than they love liberty... I confess to some schadenfreude myself as the left squirms in the aftermath of a defeat they didn’t see coming. But... Now, more than ever, libertarians need good-hearted, open-minded people on the left as allies in an attempt to preserve the things we agree on. We should never let our frustrations with the left become more important than preserving the liberal order... No libertarianism worth its name should ever accept those kinds of fundamental restrictions on the rights of humans, and their freedom to peacefully provide for themselves and their families, in exchange for the pot of gruel of the promise of some tax cuts and deregulation. Nor should any libertarianism worth its name think for a second that there is some sort of equal moral weighting between those promised economic policies and the return of state-sponsored torture... There’s no moral equivalence here. There are just a whole lot of Very Bad Things that are really happening right now. You can create all the balance sheets you want, but if you don’t understand that some things are far more important than others, you are not blind like the impartial scale of justice, but blind instead to the future of liberalism that hangs in that balance. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Horwitz" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Steve Horwitz">Steve Horwitz</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bleedingheartlibertarians.com/2017/01/liberalism-in-the-balance/">"Liberalism in the Balance"</a> (January 2017), <i>Bleeding Heart Libertarians</i></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="I">I</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>The basic premise of libertarianism is that each individual should be free to do as he or she pleases so long as he or she does not harm others.</b> In the libertarian view, societies and governments infringe on individual liberties whenever they <a href="/wiki/Taxation" title="Taxation">tax</a> <a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">wealth</a>, create penalties for victimless crimes, or otherwise attempt to control or regulate individual conduct which harms or benefits no one except the individual who engages in it. <ul><li>Definition written by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service, during the process of granting the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advocates_for_Self_Government" class="extiw" title="w:Advocates for Self Government">Advocates for Self Government</a> status as a non-profit educational organization, as quoted in <i>Healing Our World : The Other Piece of the Puzzle</i> (1992) by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_J._Ruwart" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Mary J. Ruwart">Mary J. Ruwart</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The Libertarians, of whom I'm rather fond, are running <a href="/wiki/Harry_Browne" title="Harry Browne">Harry Browne</a>. Libertarians are, just as they claim, principled and consistent — they believe in individual liberty. Commendable as they are, and despite their reliability as allies in civil liberties struggles, you may notice that Libertarians sometimes prove that a foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds, and that there is a difference between logic and wisdom. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molly_Ivins" title="Molly Ivins">Molly Ivins</a>, <i>Fort Worth Star-Telegram</i> (7 September 1996)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="J">J</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: J"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>What was the old saying? That if you weren't a Democrat in college, you didn't have a <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a>. And if you weren't a Republican in later life, you didn't have a <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>. Well, <b>I happen to think libertarian kind of encompasses hearts and brains both.</b> And that's what we all are about. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Gary Johnson</a>, in an interview with <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:CNBC">CNBC</a></i>´s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harwood_(journalist" class="extiw" title="w:John Harwood (journalist">John Harwood</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.cnbc.com/2016/08/22/libertarian-candidate-gary-johnson-says-most-of-gop-right-now-is-me.html">[1]</a> (August 22, 2016)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="K">K</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: K"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>The libertarians are rejected because they are metaphysically mad.</b> Lunacy repels, and political lunacy especially. I do not mean that they are dangerous: Nay, they are repellent merely. They do not endanger our country and our civilization, because they are few, and seem likely to become fewer. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Russell Kirk</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theimaginativeconservative.org/2015/02/a-dispassionate-assessment-of-libertarians.html">A Dispassionate Assessment of Libertarians</a>" (1988)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>In the sense used by <a href="/wiki/Marx" class="mw-redirect" title="Marx">Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Engels" class="mw-redirect" title="Engels">Engels</a>, the concept of ideology was intended to mean forms of social consciousness which prevent people from realising that their thinking about the world is determined by some conditions which do not depend on them and which are not themselves ingredients of consciousness. In ideological thinking, people imagine that the logic of thinking itself rules their consciousness and they are organically incapable of being aware of the social situations and of the interests which mould their mental work. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Kolakowski" class="mw-redirect" title="Leszek Kolakowski">Leszek Kolakowski</a>, “Althusser’s Marx”, <i>Socialist Register</i> 1971, pp. 111-127</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="L">L</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: L"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>We the members of the Libertarian Party challenge the cult of the omnipotent state and defend the rights of the individual.'</i> We hold that all individuals have the right to exercise sole dominion over their own lives, and have the right to live in whatever manner they choose, so long as they do not forcibly interfere with the equal right of others to live in whatever manner they choose. <ul><li>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" class="extiw" title="w:Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a> Statement of Principles (1972); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lp.org/platform">(May 2008 edition)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Libertarians believe the answer to America's political problems is the same commitment to freedom that earned America its greatness: a free-market economy and the abundance and prosperity it brings; a dedication to civil liberties and personal freedom that marks this country above all others; and a foreign policy of non-intervention, peace, and free trade as prescribed by America's founders. <ul><li><i>The Libertarian Party: A Short History</i> (2000) by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" class="extiw" title="w:Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a> is surely right in thinking that what we now call free-market libertarianism was originally a left-wing position. The great <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">liberal economist</a> <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Frédéric Bastiat</a> sat on the left side of the <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> national assembly, with the <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-socialist">anarcho-socialist</a> <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a>. Many of the causes we now think of as paradigmatically left-wing—<a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">antiracism</a>, antimilitarism, the defense of <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">laborers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Consumers" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumers">consumers</a> against big business—were traditionally embraced and promoted specifically by free-market radicals. ... I like calling the free market a left-wing idea—in fact, I like calling libertarianism the <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">proletarian revolution</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roderick_T._Long" class="mw-redirect" title="Roderick T. Long">Roderick T. Long</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bastiat.mises.org/library/rothbards-left-and-right-forty-years-later">"Rothbard's 'Left and Right': Forty Years Later,"</a> Rothbard Memorial Lecture, Austrian Scholars Conference (2006).</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Carson" title="Kevin Carson">Kevin Carson</a> has coined the terms “vulgar libertarianism” and “vulgar liberalism” for the tendencies, respectively, to treat the benefits of the free market as though they legitimated various dubious features of actually existing “capitalist” society (vulgar libertarianism), and to treat the drawbacks of actually existing “capitalist” society as though they constituted an objection to the free market (vulgar liberalism). <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roderick_T._Long" class="mw-redirect" title="Roderick T. Long">Roderick T. Long</a>, "Left-libertarianism, market anarchism, class conflict and historical theories of distributive justice," <i>Griffith Law Review</i>, Vol. 21 Issue 2 (2012), p. 416</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Given the extensive involvement of state violence in the process by which the corporate elite not only achieved its wealth in the past but continues to maintain and augment it in the present, it is clear that the massive <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">inequalities of wealth</a> that characterise present-day “capitalist” society are radically inconsistent with any approach to <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a> in holdings that is even remotely <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozickian</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roderick_T._Long" class="mw-redirect" title="Roderick T. Long">Roderick T. Long</a>, "Left-libertarianism, market anarchism, class conflict and historical theories of distributive justice," <i>Griffith Law Review</i>, Vol. 21 Issue 2 (2012), p. 425</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="M">M</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: M"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>I think that in some ways the libertarian movement—possibly due to the combined influence of <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a> and many economists—has gotten to a kind of ideological dead end that I don’t think does justice to business or capitalism or <a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">human nature</a>. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mackey_(businessman)" class="extiw" title="w:John Mackey (businessman)">John Mackey</a>, as quoted by Tom G. Palmer “Interview with an Entrepreneur: Featuring John Mackey”, in <i>The Morality of Capitalism: What Your Professors Won’t Tell You</i> (2011), Ed. Tom G. Palmer, Jameson Books, p. 16.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Many years ago, on a television network far, far away, I expressed support for libertarianism because back then it meant that I didn’t want Big Government in my bedroom or my medicine chest, and especially not in the second drawer of the night-stand on the left side of my bed. And I still believe that. But somewhere along the way libertarianism morphed into this creepy obsession with Free Market capitalism based on an Ayn Rand novel called ‘‘<a href="/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged" title="Atlas Shrugged">Atlas Shrugged</a>’’, a book that’s never been read all the way through by anyone with a girlfriend. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Maher" title="Bill Maher">Bill Maher</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=55zDEBNqfk4">‘Bill Maher Trashes Libertarians’</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>For the libertarian, it is always illegitimate to initiate force against nonaggressors.</b> Libertarianism is the political philosophy based on the concept of self-ownership; that is, every human being, simply by being a human being, has moral justification over his or her own body. This jurisdiction, which is called individual rights, cannot properly be violated, for this would be tantamount to claiming that human beings are not self-owners. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_McElroy" class="extiw" title="w:Wendy McElroy">Wendy McElroy</a>, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wendymcelroy.com/e107_plugins/content/content.php?content.95">"Demystifying the State" (21 May 2008)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Libertarianism is a direct attack upon the mystique of the state. It recognizes that the state is only an abstraction and reduces it to the actions of individuals. It applies the same standard of morality to the state as it would to a next-door neighbor. If it is not proper for a neighbor to tax or pass laws regulating your private life, then it cannot be proper for the state to do so. Only by elevating itself above the standards of personal morality can the state make these claims on your life. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_McElroy" class="extiw" title="w:Wendy McElroy">Wendy McElroy</a>, in "Demystifying the State" (21 May 2008)</li></ul></li> <li>Now what is it that we mean when we talk about libertarianism? And let me quote the words of the greatest authority on freedom in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, Professor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Benegas_Lynch_Jr" class="extiw" title="w:Alberto Benegas Lynch Jr">Alberto Benegas Lynch Jr</a>, who says that libertarianism is the unrestricted respect for the life project of others based on the principle of non-aggression, in defence of the right to <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">liberty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a>. Its fundamental institutions are <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a>, markets free from state intervention, free competition, and the division of labour and social cooperation, in which success is achieved only by serving others with goods of better quality or at a better price. In other words, capitalist successful business people are social benefactors who, far from appropriating the wealth of others, contribute to the general well-being. Ultimately, a successful entrepreneur is a hero. And this is the model that we are advocating for the Argentina of the future. A model based on the fundamental principle of libertarianism. The defence of life, of freedom and of property. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Javier_Milei" title="Javier Milei">Javier Milei</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2024/01/special-address-by-javier-milei-president-of-argentina/">Special Address to the World Economic Forum</a>, 18 January 2024</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="N">N</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: N"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First and foremost, libertarians believe in the principle of self-ownership. You own your own body and mind; no external power has the right to force you into the service of "society" or "mankind" or any other individual or group for any purpose, however noble. Slavery is wrong, period. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Nolan_(libertarian)" class="extiw" title="w:David Nolan (libertarian)">David F. Nolan</a>, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20030814014219/www.theadvocates.org/library/essence-of-liberty.html">"The Essence of Liberty"</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>A government which cannot conscript, confiscate, or counterfeit, and which imposes no criminal penalties for the mere possession and peaceful use of anything, is one that almost all libertarians would be comfortable with. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Nolan_(libertarian)" class="extiw" title="w:David Nolan (libertarian)">David F. Nolan</a>, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20030814014219/www.theadvocates.org/library/essence-of-liberty.html">"The Essence of Liberty"</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Lacking much historical information and assuming (1) that victims of injustice generally do worse than they otherwise would and (2) that those from the least well-off group in the society have the highest probabilities of being the (descendants of) victims of the most serious injustice who are owed compensation by those who benefited from the injustices, ... then a rough rule of thumb for rectifying injustices might seem to be the following: organize society so as to maximize the position of whatever group ends up least well-off in the society. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Robert Nozick</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchy,_State,_and_Utopia" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Anarchy, State, and Utopia">Anarchy, State, and Utopia</a></i> (1974) pp. 231-232</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>These issues are very complex and are best left to a full treatment of the principle of rectification. In the absence of such a treatment applied to a particular society, one cannot use the analysis and theory presented here to condemn any particular scheme of transfer payments, unless it is clear that no considerations of rectification of injustice could apply to justify it. Although to introduce socialism as the punishment for our sins would be to go too far, past injustices might seem to be so great as to make necessary in the short run a more extensive state in order to rectify them. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Robert Nozick</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchy,_State,_and_Utopia" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Anarchy, State, and Utopia">Anarchy, State, and Utopia</a></i> (1974) p. 232</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Whoever makes something having bought or contracted for all other held resources used in the process (transferring some of his holdings for these cooperating factors), is entitled to it. The situation is not one of something’s getting made, and there being an open question of who is to get it. Things come into the world already attached to people having entitlements over them. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Robert Nozick</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchy,_State_and_Utopia" class="extiw" title="w:Anarchy, State and Utopia">Anarchy, State and Utopia</a></i> (1974), p. 160.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="O">O</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: O"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick’s</a> Theory, in spite of its apparent dedication to self-ownership, cannot escape the conclusion that women’s entitlement rights to those they produce must take priority of persons’ rights to themselves at birth. ... There is nothing about a woman’s production of an infant that does not easily fulfill the conditions of the principle of acquisition as Nozick specifies them. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Moller_Okin" class="extiw" title="w:Susan Moller Okin">Susan Moller Okin</a>, <i>Justice, Gender, and the Family</i>, (1989), pp. 82-83.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>The real division is not between conservatives and revolutionaries but between authoritarians and libertarians.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>, in a letter to Malcolm Muggeridge (4 December 1948), published in <i>Malcolm Muggeridge : A Life</i> (1980) by Ian Hunter</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="R">R</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: R"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The trouble with the world today is philosophical: only the right <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> can save us. But this party plagiarizes some of my ideas, mixes them with the exact opposite—with religionists, anarchists and every intellectual misfit and scum they can find—and call themselves libertarians and run for office. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a> as quoted in (2005). Mayhew, Robert, ed. Ayn Rand Answers, the Best of Her Q&A. New York: New American Library. p. 73. (1976)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Once an individual who would advance liberty has settled on self-perfection as correct method, the first fact to bear in mind is that ours is not a numbers problem. Were it necessary to bring a majority into a comprehension of the libertarian philosophy, the cause of liberty would be utterly hopeless. Every significant movement in history has been led by one or just a few individuals with a small minority of energetic supporters. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Read" class="extiw" title="w:Leonard Read">Leonard E. Read</a>, as quoted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strike-the-root.com/71/wingate/wingate1.html">"Toward an American Shibboleth!" by Tim Wingate, at <i>Strike The Root</i> (26 January 2007)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Government doesn’t "intrude" on the "free market." It creates the market. ... Those who argue for "less government" are really arguing for a different government—often one that favors them or their patrons. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Reich" title="Robert Reich">Robert Reich</a>, <i>Saving Capitalism: For the Many, Not the Few</i> (2015)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Even if you want no state, or a minimal state, then you have to argue point by point.</b> Especially since the minimalists want to keep the economic and police system that keeps them privileged. <b>That's libertarians for you — anarchists who want police protection from their slaves. No! If you want to make the minimum-state case, you have to argue it from the ground up.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Stanley_Robinson" title="Kim Stanley Robinson">Kim Stanley Robinson</a>, in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_trilogy" class="extiw" title="w:Mars trilogy">Green Mars</a></i> (1993), p. 371</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>What the Russian autocrats and their supporters fear most is that the success of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_Socialism" class="extiw" title="w:Libertarian Socialism">libertarian Socialism</a> in Spain might prove to their blind followers that the much vaunted "necessity of dictatorship" is nothing but one vast fraud which in Russia has led to the despotism of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a> and is to serve today in Spain to help the counter-revolution to a victory over the revolution of the workers and the peasants.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rudolf Rocker</a>, in <i>The Tragedy of Spain</i> (1937)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>All libertarians, of whatever faction or persuasion, lay great stress on education, on convincing an ever-larger number of people to become libertarians, and hopefully, highly dedicated ones.</b> The problem, however, is that the great bulk of libertarians hold a very simplistic view of the role and scope of such education. They do not, in short, even attempt to answer the question: After education, what? What then? What happens after X number of people are convinced? And how many need to be convinced to press on to the next stage? Everyone? A majority? Many people? … Beyond the problem of education lies the problem of power. After a substantial number of people have been converted, there will be the additional task of finding ways and means to remove State power from our society. Since the state will not gracefully convert itself out of power, other means than education, means of pressure, will have to be used. What particular means or what combination of means — whether by voting, alternative institutions untouched by the State or massive failure to cooperate with the State — depends on the conditions of the time and what will be found to work or not to work. In contrast to matters of theory and principle, the particular tactics to be used — so long as they are consistent with the principles and ultimate goal of a purely free society — are a matter of pragmatism, judgment, and the inexact "art" of the tactician. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a>, in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_a_New_Liberty" class="extiw" title="w:For a New Liberty">For a New Liberty</a><i> (1973), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mises.org/rothbard/newlibertywhole.asp">Ch. 15 : A Strategy for Liberty</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="S">S</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: S"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Libertarian logic for non-interference, when consistently explored, can have extraordinarily stern implications in invalidating the right to assistance from the society when one is hit by self-harming behaviour. If that annulment is not accepted, then the case for libertarian “immunity” from interference is also correspondingly undermined.<br />We should not readily agree to be held captive in a half-way house erected by an inadequate assessment of the demands of liberty. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a>, "Unrestrained smoking is a libertarian half-way house", <i>Financial Times</i> (February 11, 2007)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Most libertarians agree that all rights are, in effect, property rights, beginning with this fundamental right to self-ownership and control of one's own life. As owners of their own lives, individuals are completely free to do absolutely anything they wish with them — provided, of course, that it doesn't violate the identical right of others — whether the people around them approve of what they do or not. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L._Neil_Smith" title="L. Neil Smith">L. Neil Smith</a>, and Rylla Cathryn Smith in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncc-1776.org/tle2009/tle500-20090104-02.html"><i>What Libertarians Believe</i>, Introduction: The Zero Aggression Principle</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>A libertarian is a person who believes that no one has the right, under any circumstances, to initiate force against another human being, or to advocate or delegate its initiation.</b> <br /> Those who act consistently with this principle are libertarians, whether they realize it or not. Those who fail to act consistently with it are not libertarians, regardless of what they may claim. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L._Neil_Smith" title="L. Neil Smith">L. Neil Smith</a>, and Rylla Cathryn Smith, the "Zero Aggression Principle" in <i>What Libertarians Believe</i>, Introduction: The Zero Aggression Principle</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Violence, fraud, the prerogative of force, the claims of superior cunning—those are the sources to which titles may be traced. The original deeds were written with the sword, rather than with the pen; not lawyers, but soldiers, were the conveyancers; blows were the current coin given in payment; and for seals, blood was used in preference to wax. Could valid claims be thus constituted? Hardly. And if not, what becomes of the pretensions of all subsequent holders of estates so obtained? Does sale or bequest generate a right where it did not previously exist? <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a>, <i>Social Statics</i>, First Edition (1851), Chapter 9</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="T">T</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: T"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Libertarianism is basically Aristotelian (reason, objectivity, individual self-sufficiency) while conservatism is just fundamentally Platonic (privileged elitism, mysticism, collective order). <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Tuccille" class="extiw" title="w:Jerome Tuccille">Jerome Tuccille</a>, <i>Radical Libertarianism: A New Political Alternative</i>, Perennial Library/Harper & Row (1971) p. 6.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="W">W</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: W"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>As <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a> acknowledges, a modern state should not feel morally constrained by <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a> holdings which might have had a <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Lockean</a> pedigree but in fact do not. In this regard it is interesting that one of the main uses of Lockean theory these days is in defending the property rights of indigenous people—where a literal claim is being made about who had first possession of a set of resources and about the need to rectify the injustices that accompanied their subsequent expropriation. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Waldron" title="Jeremy Waldron">Jeremy Waldron</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/property/">"Property and Ownership"</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" class="extiw" title="w:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Libertarianism offers an alternative to coercive government that should appeal to peaceful, productive people everywhere.</b> <br /> No, a libertarian world isn't a perfect one. There will still be inequality, poverty, crime, corruption, man's inhumanity to man. But, unlike the theocratic visionaries, the pie-in-the-sky socialist utopians, or the starry-eyed Mr. Fixits of the New Deal and Great Society, libertarians don't promise you a rose garden. <a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a> once said that attempts to create heaven on earth invariably produce hell. Libertarianism holds out, not the goal of a perfect society, but of a better and freer one. It promises a world in which more of the decisions will be made in the right way by the right person: you. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Weld" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Bill Weld">Bill Weld</a>, <i>Libertarianism: A Primer</i> (1997) Ch. 1 : The Coming Libertarian Age"; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libertarianism.org/ex-3.html">A Note on Labels: Why "Libertarian"?</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>I'm not an <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchist</a> any longer, because I've concluded that anarchism is an impractical ideal. Nowadays, I regard myself as a libertarian. I suppose an anarchist would say, paraphrasing what <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a> said about agnostics being "frightened atheists," that libertarians are simply frightened anarchists. Having just stated the case for the opposition, I will go along and agree with them: yes, I am frightened. <b>I'm a libertarian because I don't trust the people as much as anarchists do. I want to see government limited as much as possible; I would like to see it reduced back to where it was in <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a>'s time, or even smaller. But I would not like to see it abolished.</b> I think the average American, if left totally free, would act exactly like <a href="/wiki/Idi_Amin" title="Idi Amin">Idi Amin</a>. I don't trust the people any more than I trust the government. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Anton_Wilson" title="Robert Anton Wilson">Robert Anton Wilson</a>, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rawilsonfans.com/articles/Starship.htm">"Robert Anton Wilson: Searching For Cosmic Intelligence" - interview with Jeffrey Elliot (1980)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>A 'popular libertarian' might ... feel all that needs to be done to bring the world to justice is to institute the minimal state now, starting as it were from present holdings. On this view, then, libertarianism starts tomorrow, and we take the present possession of property for granted.</li></ul> <dl><dd>There is, of course, something very problematic about this attitude. Part of the libertarian position involves treating property rights as natural rights, as so as being as important as anything can be. On the libertarian view, the fact that an injustice is old, and, perhaps, difficult to prove, does not make it any less of an injustice. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a>, to his credit, appreciates this, and implies that in all cases we should try to work out what would have happened had the injustice not taken place. If the present state of affairs does not correspond to this hypothetical description, then it should be made to correspond. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Wolff" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Wolff">Jonathan Wolff</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Robert Nozick</a>: Property, Justice and the Minimal State</i> (1991), p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=A8D3CQAAQBAJ&pg=PT106">106</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3507533">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output table.multicol>tr>td,.mw-parser-output table.multicol>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important;padding:0!important}}.mw-parser-output table.multicol{border:0;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;padding:0}.mw-parser-output table.multicol>tr>td,.mw-parser-output table.multicol>tbody>tr>td{vertical-align:top}</style> <table class="multicol" style="width: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <td width="50%" align="left" valign="top"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_market_anarchism" title="Left-wing market anarchism">Left-wing market anarchism</a></li></ul> </td> <td width="50%" align="left" valign="top"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market" title="Market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State" title="State">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">Trade</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:#E4F2E4" align="center" colspan="3"><b>Social and political philosophy</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E4F2E4">Ideologies</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a> ⦿ <i><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocratic Radicalism</a></i><small> (<a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a> • <a href="/wiki/Georg_Brandes" title="Georg Brandes">Brandes</a>...)</small> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Autarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a> ⦿ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27athism" class="extiw" title="w:Ba'athism">Ba'athism</a> <small>(• <a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Aflaq</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">al-Assad</a> • <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Hussein</a>)</small> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a> ⦿ (Neo-)<a href="/wiki/Confucianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Constitutions" title="Constitutions">Constitutionalism</a> ⦿ <i><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark Enlightenment">Dark Enlightenment</a></i> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> <small>(• <i><a href="/wiki/Islamofascism" title="Islamofascism">Islamo-</a></i> • <a href="/wiki/Pentti_Linkola" title="Pentti Linkola">Eco-</a> • <a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a>...)</small> <b>vs.</b> <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a> <small>(• <a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Anarcha-</a> • <a href="/wiki/Radical_feminism" title="Radical feminism">Radical</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gender-critical_feminism" title="Gender-critical feminism">Gender-critical</a> • <a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second-wave</a>...)</small> ⦿ <i><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Yarvin" title="Curtis Yarvin">Formalism</a></i><b>/</b><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Yarvin" title="Curtis Yarvin">(Neo-)</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cameralism" class="extiw" title="w:cameralism">cameralism</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Freudo-Marxism</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Gaddafism</a><b>/</b><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_International_Theory" class="extiw" title="w:Third International Theory">Third International Theory</a></i> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Legalism</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Leninism" class="mw-redirect" title="Leninism">Leninism</a><b>/</b><i><a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanguardism">Vanguardism</a></i> ⦿ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juche" class="extiw" title="w:Juche">Juche</a> <small>(• <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il-sung" title="Kim Il-sung">Kim Il-sung</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il">Kim Jong Il</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-un" title="Kim Jong-un">Kim Jong Un</a>...)</small> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a> ⦿ <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Libertarianism</a><b>/</b><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a> <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Maoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoism">Maoism</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mohism</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Straussianism</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Syndicalism</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping thought</a> ⦿ <i><a href="/wiki/New_Monasticism" title="New Monasticism">New Monasticism</a></i> <small>(• <a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rod_Dreher" title="Rod Dreher">Dreher</a>...)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E4F2E4">Modalities</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Absolutism" title="Absolutism">Absolutism</a> <b>vs.</b> <a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a><b>/</b><a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Autarky" title="Autarky">Autarky</a><b>/</b><a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">Autonomy</a> <b>vs.</b> <a href="/wiki/Heteronomy" title="Heteronomy">Heteronomy</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a><b>/</b><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a> <b>vs.</b> <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a> <b>vs.</b> <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <b>vs.</b> <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a><b>/</b><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Majoritarianism</a><b>/</b><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a> <b>vs.</b> <a href="/wiki/Collectivism" title="Collectivism">Collectivism</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> <b>vs.</b> <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Particularism" class="mw-redirect" title="Particularism">Particularism</a> <b>vs.</b> <a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a><b>/</b><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a> <b>vs.</b> <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Reactionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactionism">Reactionism</a><b>/</b><a href="/wiki/Traditionalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalism">Traditionalism</a> <b>vs.</b> <a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a><b>/</b><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E4F2E4">Concepts</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alienation" title="Alienation">Alienation</a> ⦿ <i><a href="/wiki/Samuel_T._Francis" title="Samuel T. Francis">Anarcho-tyranny</a></i> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Anomie</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a> ⦿ <i><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest's Laws of Politics</a></i> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Equality" title="Equality">Equality</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a> ⦿ <i><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Iron law of oligarchy</a></i> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a> ⦿ <i><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Norms" class="mw-redirect" title="Norms">Norms</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Obedience" title="Obedience">Obedience</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Pluralism" title="Pluralism">Pluralism</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Dahl" title="Robert A. Dahl"><i>Polyarchy</i></a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Power" title="Power">Power</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Revolt" title="Revolt">Revolt</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">Rebellion</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Social_inequality" title="Social inequality">Social inequality</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/State" title="State">State</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Tocqueville_effect" title="Tocqueville effect">Tocqueville effect</a> ⦿ <i><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Talmon" title="Jacob Talmon">Totalitarian democracy</a></i> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E4F2E4">Government</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Ochlocracy" title="Ochlocracy">Ochlocracy</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Tyranny" title="Tyranny">Tyranny</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint" style="clear: right; 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