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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Definition </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Definition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Definition subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types_of_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Types of states </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_and_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_and_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 State and government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_and_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-States_and_nation-states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#States_and_nation-states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 States and nation-states </div> </a> <ul id="toc-States_and_nation-states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_and_civil_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_and_civil_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 State and civil society </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_and_civil_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 State symbols </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistoric_stateless_societies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistoric_stateless_societies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Prehistoric stateless societies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistoric_stateless_societies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neolithic_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neolithic_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Neolithic period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neolithic_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Eurasia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Eurasia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Ancient Eurasia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Eurasia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Classical antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feudal_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feudal_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Feudal state </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feudal_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Modern state </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theories_for_the_emergence_of_the_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theories_for_the_emergence_of_the_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Theories for the emergence of the state </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theories_for_the_emergence_of_the_state-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Theories for the emergence of the state subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Theories_for_the_emergence_of_the_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Earliest_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earliest_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Earliest states </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earliest_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_state_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_state_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Modern state </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_state_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theories_of_state_function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theories_of_state_function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Theories of state function </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theories_of_state_function-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Theories of state function subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Theories_of_state_function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anarchist_perspective" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anarchist_perspective"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Anarchist perspective </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anarchist_perspective-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anarcho-capitalist_perspective" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anarcho-capitalist_perspective"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Anarcho-capitalist perspective </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anarcho-capitalist_perspective-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marxist_perspective" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marxist_perspective"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Marxist perspective </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marxist_perspective-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pluralism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pluralism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Pluralism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pluralism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_critical_perspectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_critical_perspectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Contemporary critical perspectives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_critical_perspectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structural_universe_of_the_state_or_structural_reality_of_the_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structural_universe_of_the_state_or_structural_reality_of_the_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Structural universe of the state or structural reality of the state </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structural_universe_of_the_state_or_structural_reality_of_the_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_autonomy_within_institutionalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_autonomy_within_institutionalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 State autonomy within institutionalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_autonomy_within_institutionalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theories_of_state_legitimacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theories_of_state_legitimacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Theories of state legitimacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theories_of_state_legitimacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Theories of state legitimacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Theories_of_state_legitimacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_contract_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_contract_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Social contract theory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_contract_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divine_right_of_kings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divine_right_of_kings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Divine right of kings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divine_right_of_kings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rational-legal_authority" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rational-legal_authority"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Rational-legal authority </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rational-legal_authority-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_failure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_failure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 State failure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-State_failure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle State failure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-State_failure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_problem_with_state_failure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_problem_with_state_failure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 The problem with state failure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_problem_with_state_failure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_state_formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_state_formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Early state formation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_state_formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_state_formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_state_formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Late state formation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_state_formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">State (polity)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 181 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-181" aria-hidden="true" > 181 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Къэрал – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Къэрал" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staat" title="Staat – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Staat" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staat" title="Staat – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Staat" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8C%88%E1%88%AD_%E1%8C%8D%E1%8B%9B%E1%89%B5" title="አገር ግዛት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አገር ግዛት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staat%C3%A2" title="Staatâ – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Staatâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9" title="دولة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دولة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estau" title="Estau – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Estau" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%AC%DC%AA%DC%90" title="ܐܬܪܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܬܪܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statu" title="Statu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Statu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A1u" title="Estáu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estáu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet%C3%A3" title="Tetã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tetã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%8A" title="Пачалихъ – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Пачалихъ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6vl%C9%99t" title="Dövlət – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dövlət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A4%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA" title="دؤولت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دؤولت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="রাষ্ট্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাষ্ট্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagara" title="Nagara – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Nagara" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pang-kok" title="Pang-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pang-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara" title="Negara – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Negara" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82" title="Дәүләт – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Дәүләт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Дзяржава – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дзяржава" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Дзяржава – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дзяржава" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Държава – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Държава" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoot" title="Stoot – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Stoot" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C5%BEava" title="Država – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Država" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stad" title="Stad – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Stad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Улас – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Улас" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estat_(pol%C3%ADtica)" title="Estat (política) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estat (política)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Патшалăх – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Патшалăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado" title="Estado – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Estado" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A1t" title="Stát – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stát" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statu" title="Statu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Statu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwladwriaeth" title="Gwladwriaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwladwriaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat" title="Stat – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stat" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9" title="دولة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="دولة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staat" title="Staat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Staat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat" title="Stat – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Stat" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riik" title="Riik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Riik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Κράτος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κράτος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Кирдимастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Кирдимастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado" title="Estado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Ctato" title="Ŝtato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝtato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estau" title="Estau – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Estau" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatu" title="Estatu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Estatu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA" title="دولت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دولت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/State" title="State – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="State" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tat" title="État – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="État" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steat" title="Steat – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Steat" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leydi" title="Leydi – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Leydi" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A2t" title="Stât – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Stât" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A1t_(polait%C3%AD)" title="Stát (polaití) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Stát (polaití)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado" title="Estado – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estado" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B5" title="Паччахьалкхе – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Паччахьалкхе" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EA%B0%80" title="국가 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaha" title="Jaha – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Jaha" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moku%CA%BB%C4%81ina" title="Mokuʻāina – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Mokuʻāina" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Պետություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պետություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="राज्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="राज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat" title="Stat – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Stat" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C5%BEava" title="Država – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Država" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato" title="Stato – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Stato" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado" title="Estado – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Estado" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_(pemerintahan)" title="Negara (pemerintahan) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Negara (pemerintahan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato" title="Stato – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Stato" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Паддзахад – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Паддзахад" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADki" title="Ríki – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ríki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato" title="Stato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94" title="מדינה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדינה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagara" title="Nagara – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Nagara" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kewiya%C9%A3_%C9%9Bja%C9%96%C9%9B" title="Kewiyaɣ ɛjaɖɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kewiyaɣ ɛjaɖɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Кърал – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Кърал" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D" title="სახელმწიფო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სახელმწიფო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%90%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8E%D8%AA%DA%BE" title="رِیاسَتھ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="رِیاسَتھ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%84stw%C3%B2" title="Państwò – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Państwò" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Мемлекет – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мемлекет" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat" title="Stat – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Stat" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dola" title="Dola – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Dola" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Канму – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Канму" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eta" title="Eta – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Eta" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9ta" title="Léta – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Léta" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewlet" title="Dewlet – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dewlet" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Мамлекет – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мамлекет" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat" title="Stat – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Stat" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94" title="ລັດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລັດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civitas" title="Civitas – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Civitas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valsts" title="Valsts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Valsts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staat" title="Staat – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Staat" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valstyb%C4%97" title="Valstybė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Valstybė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato" title="Stato – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Stato" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staot" title="Staot – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Staot" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%C3%A1" title="Letá – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Letá" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat" title="Stat – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Stat" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81llam" title="Állam – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Állam" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Држава – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Држава" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanjakana" title="Fanjakana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fanjakana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="രാഷ്ട്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രാഷ്ട്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="राज्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="राज्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AC%E1%83%B7%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D" title="სახენწჷფო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სახენწჷფო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%87" title="دوله – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دوله" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_(politik)" title="Negara (politik) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Negara (politik)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stado" title="Stado – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Stado" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Кирдемасторсь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Кирдемасторсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Улс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staat_(politiek)" title="Staat (politiek) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Staat (politiek)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staot" title="Staot – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Staot" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="राज्य – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="国家 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国家" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato" title="Stato – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Stato" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%85" title="Пачхьалкх – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Пачхьалкх" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoot" title="Stoot – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Stoot" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat" title="Stat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat" title="Stat – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Stat" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tat" title="État – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="État" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estat" title="Estat – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Estat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Кугыжаныш – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Кугыжаныш" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davlat" title="Davlat – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Davlat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C_(%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A7)" title="ਰਾਜ (ਰਾਜ ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਾਜ (ਰਾਜ ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staat" title="Staat – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Staat" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="ریاست – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ریاست" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_(politica)" title="Estado (politica) – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Estado (politica)" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA" title="دولت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="دولت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Канму – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Канму" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8B" title="រដ្ឋ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រដ្ឋ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat" title="Stat – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Stat" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantri" title="Kantri – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Kantri" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staat" title="Staat – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Staat" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%84stwo" title="Państwo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Państwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Κράτος – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Κράτος" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado" title="Estado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1mleket" title="Mámleket – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Mámleket" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat" title="Stat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato" title="Stato – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Stato" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadi" title="Stadi – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Stadi" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama_llaqta" title="Mama llaqta – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mama llaqta" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Штат – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Штат" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Государство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Государство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB" title="Ил – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ил" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istadu" title="Istadu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Istadu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shteti" title="Shteti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shteti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statu" title="Statu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Statu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BA_(%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA)" title="රාජ්‍යය (ආණ්ඩුක්‍රමය) – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රාජ්‍යය (ආණ්ඩුක්‍රමය)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/State" title="State – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="State" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="رياست – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="رياست" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0t%C3%A1t" title="Štát – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Štát" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C5%BEava" title="Država – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Država" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%84stwo" title="Państwo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Państwo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowlad" title="Dowlad – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dowlad" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%88%DA%B5%DB%95%D8%AA" title="دەوڵەت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەوڵەت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Држава – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Држава" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C5%BEava" title="Država – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Država" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagara" title="Nagara – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Nagara" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valtio" title="Valtio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valtio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat" title="Stat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado" title="Estado – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Estado" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="அரசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awanak" title="Awanak – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Awanak" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82" title="Дәүләт – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Дәүләт" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90" title="รัฐ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Давлат – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Давлат" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%9A%E1%8E%A9" title="ᏍᎦᏚᎩ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏍᎦᏚᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devlet" title="Devlet – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Devlet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D1%80%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Күрүне – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Күрүне" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Кун – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Кун" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Держава – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Держава" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="ریاست – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ریاست" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato" title="Stato – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Stato" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdkund" title="Valdkund – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Valdkund" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc" title="Nhà nước – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhà nước" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riik" title="Riik – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Riik" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B" title="國 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="國" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado" title="Estado – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Estado" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9ew" title="Réew – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Réew" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%EF%BC%88%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%EF%BC%89" title="国（政治） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="国（政治）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Leviathan_frontispiece_cropped_British_Library.jpg/220px-Leviathan_frontispiece_cropped_British_Library.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Leviathan_frontispiece_cropped_British_Library.jpg/330px-Leviathan_frontispiece_cropped_British_Library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Leviathan_frontispiece_cropped_British_Library.jpg/440px-Leviathan_frontispiece_cropped_British_Library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1930" data-file-height="3078" /></a><figcaption>The frontispiece of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a>' <a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of political organization</div> <style 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">Politics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Primary topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline of political science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index of politics articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics by country">Politics by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_country_subdivisions" title="Politics of country subdivisions">Politics by subdivision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">Political history of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">Political systems</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Confessional system">Confessional system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federacy" title="Federacy">Federacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">Hybrid regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-parliamentary_system" title="Semi-parliamentary system">Semi-parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">Semi-presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Academic disciplines</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_political_scientists" title="List of political scientists">political scientists</a>)</div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International relations</a> (<a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">theory</a>)</div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">Comparative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_science" title="Election science">Election science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psephology" title="Psephology">Political analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_studies" title="Policy studies">Policy studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_psychology" title="Political psychology">Political psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">Political sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public administration</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Street-level_bureaucracy" title="Street-level bureaucracy">street-level</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhocracy" title="Adhocracy">Adhocracy</a></li> <li>Service <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">Public</a> / <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">Civil</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">Policy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Public_policy_doctrine" title="Public policy doctrine">doctrine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy" title="Domestic policy">Domestic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest" title="Public interest">Public interest</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Government branches</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_commission" title="Election commission">Election commission</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">Polity</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">State</a> / <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_political_behavior" title="Theories of political behavior">Theories of political behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_political_orientation" title="Biology and political orientation">Biology and political orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_organisation" title="Political organisation">Political organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Subseries</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">voting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of 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a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_sidebar" title="Template:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> A state is a <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">political</a> entity that regulates <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">population</a> within a <a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">territory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a> is considered to form the fundamental apparatus of contemporary states.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">country</a> often has a single state, with various <a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">administrative divisions</a>. A state may be a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a> or some type of <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federal union</a>; in the latter type, the term "state" is sometimes used to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">federated polities</a> that make up the <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federation</a>, and they may have some of the attributes of a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a>, except being under their federation and without the same capacity to act internationally. (Other terms that are used in such federal systems may include "<a href="/wiki/Province" title="Province">province</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Region#Administrative_regions" title="Region">region</a>" or other terms.) For most of <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistory</a> people lived in <a href="/wiki/Stateless_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Stateless societies">stateless societies</a>. The earliest forms of states arose about 5,500 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Over time societies became more <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">stratified</a> and developed <a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">institutions</a> leading to <a href="/wiki/Centralisation" title="Centralisation">centralised</a> governments. These gained <a href="/wiki/State_capacity" title="State capacity">state capacity</a> in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Urbanization#History" title="Urbanization">growth of cities</a>, which was often dependent on climate, and <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_world" title="Economic history of the world">economic development</a>, with centralisation often spurred on by insecurity and territorial competition. Over time, a variety of forms of states developed, which used many different justifications for their existence (such as <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">divine right</a>, the theory of the <a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">social contract</a>, etc.). Today, the modern <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a> is the predominant form of state to which people are subject.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a> have <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a>; any <a href="/wiki/In-group_and_out-group" title="In-group and out-group">ingroup</a>'s claim to have a state faces some practical limits via <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">the degree to which</a> other states <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">recognize</a> them as such. <a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">Satellite states</a> are states that have <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> sovereignty but are often indirectly controlled by another state. Definitions of a state are disputed.<a href="#cite_note-Cudworth-2007-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barrow-1993-7">[7]</a> According to sociologist <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a>: a "state" is a <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polity</a> that maintains a <a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">monopoly on the legitimate use of violence</a>, although other definitions are common.<a href="#cite_note-cudworth-2007-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-salmon-2008-9">[9]</a> Absence of a state does not preclude the existence of a <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a>, such as stateless societies like the <a href="/wiki/Haudenosaunee" class="mw-redirect" title="Haudenosaunee">Haudenosaunee Confederacy</a> that "do not have either purely or even primarily political institutions or roles".<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The degree and extent of governance of a state is used to determine whether it has <a href="/wiki/Failed_state" title="Failed state">failed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-stewart-11">[11]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_(polity)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The word state and its cognates in some other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">European languages</a> (stato in Italian, estado in Spanish and Portuguese, état in French, Staat in German and Dutch) ultimately derive from the Latin word status, meaning "condition, circumstances". Latin status derives from stare, "to stand", or remain or be permanent, thus providing the sacred or magical connotation of the political entity. The English noun state in the generic sense "condition, circumstances" predates the political sense. It was introduced to <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1200 both from <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> and directly from Latin. With the revival of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a> in 14th-century Europe, the term came to refer to the legal standing of persons (such as the various "<a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">estates of the realm</a>" – noble, common, and clerical), and in particular the special status of the king. The highest estates, generally those with the most wealth and social rank, were those that held power. The word also had associations with Roman ideas (dating back to <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>) about the "status <a href="/wiki/Res_publica" title="Res publica">rei publicae</a>", the "condition of public matters". In time, the word lost its reference to particular social groups and became associated with the legal order of the entire society and the apparatus of its enforcement.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The early 16th-century works of <a href="/wiki/Machiavelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a>) played a central role in popularizing the use of the word "state" in something similar to its modern sense.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The contrasting of <a href="/wiki/Church_and_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Church and state">church and state</a> still dates to the 16th century. The <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">North American colonies</a> were called "states" as early as the 1630s.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The expression "L'État, c'est moi" ("<a href="/wiki/I_am_the_State" class="mw-redirect" title="I am the State">I am the State</a>") attributed to <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>, although probably apocryphal, is recorded in the late 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_(polity)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definition">edit</a>]</div> There is no <a href="/wiki/Academic_consensus" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic consensus">academic consensus</a> on the definition of the state.<a href="#cite_note-Cudworth-2007-6">[6]</a> The term "state" refers to a set of different, but interrelated and often overlapping, theories about a certain range of political <a href="/wiki/Phenomena" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenomena">phenomena</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Barrow-1993-7">[7]</a> According to Walter Scheidel, mainstream definitions of the state have the following in common: "centralized institutions that impose rules, and back them up by force, over a territorially circumscribed population; a distinction between the rulers and the ruled; and an element of autonomy, stability, and differentiation. These distinguish the state from less stable forms of organization, such as the exercise of chiefly power."<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The most commonly used definition is by <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-IPE-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> who describes the state as a compulsory political organization with a <a href="/wiki/Centralized" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralized">centralized</a> government that maintains a <a href="/wiki/Monopoly_of_the_legitimate_use_of_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Monopoly of the legitimate use of force">monopoly of the legitimate use of force</a> within a certain territory.<a href="#cite_note-cudworth-2007-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-salmon-2008-9">[9]</a> Weber writes that the state "is a human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory."<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> While defining a state, it is important not to confuse it with a nation; an error that occurs frequently in common discussion. A state refers to a political unit with sovereignty over a given territory.<a href="#cite_note-Samuels2013-22">[22]</a> While a state is more of a "political-legal abstraction," the definition of a nation is more concerned with political identity and cultural or historical factors.<a href="#cite_note-Samuels2013-22">[22]</a> Importantly, nations do not possess the organizational characteristics like geographic boundaries or authority figures and officials that states do.<a href="#cite_note-Samuels2013-22">[22]</a> Additionally, a nation does not have a claim to a monopoly on the legitimate use of force over their populace,<a href="#cite_note-Samuels2013-22">[22]</a> while a state does, as Weber indicated. An example of the instability that arises when a state does not have a monopoly on the use of force can be seen in African states which remain weak due to the lack of war which European states relied on.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> A state should not be confused with a government; a government is an organization that has been granted the authority to act on the behalf of a state.<a href="#cite_note-Samuels2013-22">[22]</a> Nor should a state be confused with a society; a society refers to all organized groups, movements, and individuals who are independent of the state and seek to remain out of its influence.<a href="#cite_note-Samuels2013-22">[22]</a> Neuberger offers a slightly different definition of the state with respect to the nation: the state is "a primordial, essential, and permanent expression of the genius of a specific [nation]."<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The definition of a state is also dependent on how and why they form. The contractarian view of the state suggests that states form because people can all benefit from cooperation with others<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> and that without a state there would be chaos.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The contractarian view focuses more on the alignment and conflict of interests between individuals in a state. On the other hand, the predatory view of the state focuses on the potential mismatch between the interests of the people and interests of the state. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Tilly" title="Charles Tilly">Charles Tilly</a> goes so far to say that states "resemble a form of organized crime and should be viewed as extortion rackets."<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> He argued that the state sells protection from itself and raises the question about why people should trust a state when they cannot trust one another.<a href="#cite_note-Samuels2013-22">[22]</a> Tilly defines states as "coercion-wielding organisations that are distinct from households and kinship groups and exercise clear priority in some respects over all other organizations within substantial territories."<a href="#cite_note-Tilly-1992-28">[28]</a> Tilly includes city-states, theocracies and empires in his definition along with nation-states, but excludes tribes, lineages, firms and churches.<a href="#cite_note-Tilly-1992a-29">[29]</a> According to Tilly, states can be seen in the archaeological record as of 6000 BC; in Europe they appeared around 990, but became particularly prominent after 1490.<a href="#cite_note-Tilly-1992a-29">[29]</a> Tilly defines a state's "essential minimal activities" as: <ol><li>War making – "eliminating or neutralizing their outside rivals"</li> <li>State making – "eliminating or neutralizing their rivals inside their own territory"</li> <li>Protection – "eliminating or neutralizing the enemies of their clients"</li> <li>Extraction – "acquiring the means of carrying out the first three activities"</li> <li>Adjudication – "authoritative settlement of disputes among members of the population"</li> <li>Distribution – "intervention in the allocation of goods among the members of the population"</li> <li>Production – "control of the creation and transformation of goods and services produced by the population"<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tilly-1985-31">[31]</a></li></ol> Importantly, Tilly makes the case that war is an essential part of state-making; that wars create states and vice versa.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Modern academic definitions of the state frequently include the criterion that a state has to be recognized as such by the international community.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Liberal thought provides another possible teleology of the state. According to John Locke, the goal of the state or commonwealth is "the preservation of property" (Second Treatise on Government), with 'property' in Locke's work referring not only to personal possessions but also to one's life and liberty. On this account, the state provides the basis for social cohesion and productivity, creating incentives for wealth-creation by providing guarantees of protection for one's life, liberty and personal property. Provision of <a href="/wiki/Public_good_(economics)" title="Public good (economics)">public goods</a> is considered by some such as <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> as a central function of the state, since these goods would otherwise be underprovided. Tilly has challenged narratives of the state as being the result of a societal contract or provision of services in a free market – he characterizes the state more akin as a protection racket in the vein of organized crime.<a href="#cite_note-Tilly-1985-31">[31]</a> While economic and political philosophers have contested the monopolistic tendency of states,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Robert Nozick</a> argues that the use of force naturally tends towards monopoly.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Another commonly accepted definition of the state is the one given at the <a href="/wiki/Montevideo_Convention" title="Montevideo Convention">Montevideo Convention</a> on Rights and Duties of States in 1933. It provides that "[t]he state as a person of international law should possess the following qualifications: (a) a permanent population; (b) a defined territory; (c) government; and (d) capacity to enter into relations with the other states."<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> And that "[t]he federal state shall constitute a sole person in the eyes of international law."<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Confounding the definition problem is that "state" and "government" are often used as synonyms in common conversation and even some academic discourse. According to this definition schema, the states are nonphysical persons of <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>, governments are organizations of people.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The relationship between a government and its state is one of representation and authorized agency.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_states">Types of states</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_(polity)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types of states">edit</a>]</div> Charles Tilly distinguished between empires, theocracies, city-states and nation-states.<a href="#cite_note-Tilly-1992a-29">[29]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Michael_Mann_(sociologist)" title="Michael Mann (sociologist)">Michael Mann</a>, the four persistent types of state activities are: <ol><li>Maintenance of internal order</li> <li>Military defence and aggression</li> <li>Maintenance of communications infrastructure</li> <li>Economic redistribution<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></li></ol> <a href="/wiki/Josep_Colomer" title="Josep Colomer">Josep Colomer</a> distinguished between empires and states in the following way: <ol><li>Empires were vastly larger than states</li> <li>Empires lacked fixed or permanent boundaries whereas a state had fixed boundaries</li> <li>Empires had a "compound of diverse groups and territorial units with asymmetric links with the center" whereas a state had "supreme authority over a territory and population"</li> <li>Empires had multi-level, overlapping jurisdictions whereas a state sought monopoly and homogenization<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></li></ol> According to <a href="/wiki/Michael_Hechter" title="Michael Hechter">Michael Hechter</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_I._Brustein" title="William I. Brustein">William Brustein</a>, the modern state was differentiated from "leagues of independent cities, empires, federations held together by loose central control, and theocratic federations" by four characteristics: <ol><li>The modern state sought and achieved territorial expansion and consolidation</li> <li>The modern state achieved unprecedented control over social, economic, and cultural activities within its boundaries</li> <li>The modern state established ruling institutions that were separate from other institutions</li> <li>The ruler of the modern state was far better at monopolizing the means of violence<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></li></ol> States may be classified by <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophers</a> as <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign</a> if they are not dependent on, or subject to any other power or state. Other states are subject to external <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a> where ultimate sovereignty lies in another state.<a href="#cite_note-Marek-44">[44]</a> Many states are <a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">federated states</a> which participate in a <a href="/wiki/Federal_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal union">federal union</a>. A federated state is a territorial and <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitutional</a> community forming part of a <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AUTOREF4-45">[45]</a> (Compare <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederacies</a> or confederations such as Switzerland.) Such states differ from <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign states</a> in that they have transferred a portion of their sovereign powers to a <a href="/wiki/Federal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal government">federal government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-oxford-state-46">[46]</a> One can commonly and sometimes readily (but not necessarily usefully) classify states according to their apparent make-up or focus. The concept of the nation-state, theoretically or ideally co-terminous with a "nation", became very popular by the 20th century in Europe, but occurred rarely elsewhere or at other times. In contrast, some states have sought to make a virtue of their multi-ethnic or <a href="/wiki/Multinational_state" title="Multinational state">multinational</a> character (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_and_religious_composition_of_Austria-Hungary" title="Ethnic and religious composition of Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, for example, or the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>), and have emphasised unifying characteristics such as <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">monarchical legitimacy</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a>. Other states, often <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a> ones, promoted state-sanctioned notions of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">racial superiority</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Other states may bring ideas of commonality and inclusiveness to the fore: note the <a href="/wiki/Res_publica" title="Res publica">res publica</a> of ancient Rome and the <a href="/wiki/Rzeczpospolita" title="Rzeczpospolita">Rzeczpospolita</a> of <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland-Lithuania</a> which finds echoes in the modern-day <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>. The concept of temple states centred on religious shrines occurs in some discussions of the ancient world.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Relatively small <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-states</a>, once a relatively common and often successful form of polity,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> have become rarer and comparatively less prominent in modern times. Modern-day independent city-states include <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>. Other city-states survive as federated states, like the present day <a href="/wiki/City-state#Stadtstaaten_of_Germany" title="City-state">German city-states</a>, or as otherwise autonomous entities with limited sovereignty, like <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>. To some extent, <a href="/wiki/Urban_secession" title="Urban secession">urban secession</a>, the creation of a new city-state (sovereign or federated), continues to be discussed in the early 21st century in cities such as <a href="/wiki/London_independence" title="London independence">London</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_and_government">State and government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_(polity)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: State and government">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></div> A state can be distinguished from a <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a>. The state is the organization while the government is the particular group of people, the administrative <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a> that controls the state apparatus at a given time.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-flint-taylor-137-52">[52]</a> That is, governments are the means through which state power is employed. States are served by a continuous succession of different governments.<a href="#cite_note-flint-taylor-137-52">[52]</a> States are immaterial and nonphysical social objects, whereas governments are groups of people with certain coercive powers.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Each successive government is composed of a specialized and privileged body of individuals, who monopolize political decision-making, and are separated by status and organization from the population as a whole. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="States_and_nation-states">States and nation-states</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_(polity)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: States and nation-states">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">Nation state</a></div> States can also be distinguished from the concept of a "<a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a>", where "nation" refers to a cultural-political community of people. A <a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">nation-state</a> refers to a situation where a single ethnicity is associated with a specific state. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_and_civil_society">State and civil society</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_(polity)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: State and civil society">edit</a>]</div> In the classical thought, the state was identified with both political society and <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civil society</a> as a form of political community, while the modern thought distinguished the <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a> as a political society from civil society as a form of economic society.<a href="#cite_note-zaleski-54">[54]</a> Thus in the modern thought the state is contrasted with civil society.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a> believed that civil society is the primary locus of political activity because it is where all forms of "identity formation, ideological struggle, the activities of intellectuals, and the construction of <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a> take place." and that civil society was the nexus connecting the economic and political sphere. Arising out of the collective actions of civil society is what Gramsci calls "political society", which Gramsci differentiates from the notion of the state as a polity. He stated that politics was not a "one-way process of political management" but, rather, that the activities of civil organizations conditioned the activities of political parties and state institutions, and were conditioned by them in turn.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Louis Althusser</a> argued that civil organizations such as <a href="/wiki/Christian_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian church">church</a>, <a href="/wiki/School" title="School">schools</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">family</a> are part of an "ideological state apparatus" which complements the "repressive state apparatus" (such as police and military) in reproducing social relations.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a> spoke of a <a href="/wiki/Public_sphere" title="Public sphere">public sphere</a> that was distinct from both the economic and political sphere.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Given the role that many social groups have in the development of public policy and the extensive connections between state bureaucracies and other institutions, it has become increasingly difficult to identify the boundaries of the state. <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a>, and the creation of new <a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">regulatory</a> bodies also change the boundaries of the state in relation to society. Often the nature of quasi-autonomous organizations is unclear, generating debate among political scientists on whether they are part of the state or civil society. Some political scientists thus prefer to speak of policy networks and decentralized governance in modern societies rather than of state bureaucracies and direct state control over policy.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_symbols">State symbols</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_(polity)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: State symbols">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/National_symbol" title="National symbol">National symbol</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_flag" title="National flag">flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_of_country_coats_of_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallery of country coats of arms">coat of arms</a> or <a href="/wiki/National_emblem" title="National emblem">national emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">seal or stamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_motto" class="mw-redirect" title="National motto">national motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="National colors">national colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">national anthem</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_(polity)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The earliest forms of the state emerged whenever it became possible to centralize power in a durable way. Agriculture and a settled population have been attributed as necessary conditions to form states.<a href="#cite_note-Scott-2017-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Certain types of agriculture are more conducive to state formation, such as grain (wheat, barley, millet), because they are suited to concentrated production, taxation, and storage.<a href="#cite_note-Scott-2017-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">writing</a> are almost everywhere associated with this process: agriculture because it allowed for the emergence of a <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social class</a> of people who did not have to spend most of their time providing for their own subsistence, and writing (or an equivalent of writing, like <a href="/wiki/Inca" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca">Inca</a> <a href="/wiki/Quipu" title="Quipu">quipus</a>) because it made possible the centralization of vital information.<a href="#cite_note-Giddens-72">[72]</a> Bureaucratization made expansion over large territories possible.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The first known states were created in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Ancient_China" title="History of China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Andean_civilizations" title="Andean civilizations">Andes</a>. It is only in relatively <a href="/wiki/Modern_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Era">modern times</a> that states have almost completely displaced alternative "<a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">stateless</a>" forms of political organization of societies all over the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">planet</a>. Roving bands of <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a> and even fairly sizable and complex <a href="/wiki/Tribal_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal society">tribal societies</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Herding" title="Herding">herding</a> or <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> have existed without any full-time specialized state organization, and these "stateless" forms of political organization have in fact prevailed for all of the <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistory</a> and much of <a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">human history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilization</a>. The primary competing organizational forms to the state were religious organizations (such as the Church), and <a href="/wiki/City-republic" class="mw-redirect" title="City-republic">city republics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Since the late 19th century, virtually the entirety of the world's inhabitable land has been parcelled up into areas with more or less definite borders claimed by various states. Earlier, quite large land areas had been either unclaimed or uninhabited, or inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> peoples who were <a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">not organised as states</a>. However, even within present-day states there are vast areas of wilderness, like the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon rainforest</a>, which are uninhabited or inhabited solely or mostly by <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people">indigenous people</a> (and some of them remain <a href="/wiki/Uncontacted_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncontacted people">uncontacted</a>). Also, there are so-called "<a href="/wiki/Failed_state" title="Failed state">failed states</a>" which do not hold de facto control over all of their claimed territory or where this control is challenged. Currently the international community comprises around 200 <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign states">sovereign states</a>, the vast majority of which are represented in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistoric_stateless_societies">Prehistoric stateless societies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_(polity)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Prehistoric stateless societies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stateless_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Stateless societies">Stateless societies</a></div> For most of human history, people have lived in <a href="/wiki/Stateless_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Stateless societies">stateless societies</a>, characterized by a lack of concentrated authority, and the absence of large <a href="/wiki/Social_inequality" title="Social inequality">inequalities</a> in economic and <a href="/wiki/Political_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Political power">political power</a>. The anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Tim_Ingold" title="Tim Ingold">Tim Ingold</a> writes: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">It is not enough to observe, in a now rather dated anthropological idiom, that <a href="/wiki/Hunter_gatherers" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunter gatherers">hunter gatherers</a> live in 'stateless societies', as though their social lives were somehow lacking or unfinished, waiting to be completed by the evolutionary development of a state apparatus. Rather, the principal of their socialty, as <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Clastres" title="Pierre Clastres">Pierre Clastres</a> has put it, is fundamentally against the state.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neolithic_period">Neolithic period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_(polity)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Neolithic period">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copper_Age_state_societies" title="Copper Age state societies">Copper Age state societies</a></div> During the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period, human societies underwent major cultural and economic changes, including the development of <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, the formation of sedentary societies and fixed settlements, increasing population densities, and the use of pottery and more complex tools.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Sedentary agriculture led to the development of <a href="/wiki/Property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Property rights">property rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domestication</a> of plants and animals, and larger family sizes. It also provided the basis for an external centralized state.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> By producing a large surplus of food, more <a href="/wiki/Division_of_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Division of labor">division of labor</a> was realized, which enabled people to specialize in tasks other than food production.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Early states were characterized by highly <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">stratified</a> societies, with a privileged and wealthy ruling class that was subordinate to a <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">monarch</a>. The ruling classes began to differentiate themselves through forms of architecture and other cultural practices that were different from those of the subordinate laboring classes.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> In the past, it was suggested that the centralized state was developed to administer large public works systems (such as irrigation systems) and to regulate complex economies.<a href="#cite_note-Fukuyama-2012a-81">[81]</a> However, modern archaeological and anthropological evidence does not support this thesis, pointing to the existence of several non-stratified and politically decentralized complex societies.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Eurasia">Ancient Eurasia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_(polity)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ancient Eurasia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River_civilization" title="Yellow River civilization">Yellow River civilization</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> is generally considered to be the location of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilization</a> or <a href="/wiki/Complex_society" title="Complex society">complex society</a>, meaning that it contained <a href="/wiki/Cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities">cities</a>, full-time <a href="/wiki/Division_of_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Division of labor">division of labor</a>, social concentration of wealth into <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Income_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Income inequality">unequal distribution of wealth</a>, ruling classes, community ties based on residency rather than <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">kinship</a>, long distance <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monument" title="Monument">monumental</a> <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>, standardized forms of <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a> and culture, writing, and <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wang-2021-84">[84]</a> It was the world's first <a href="/wiki/Literate" class="mw-redirect" title="Literate">literate</a> civilization, and formed the first sets of written <a href="/wiki/Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws">laws</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Bronze metallurgy spread within Afro-Eurasia from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3000 BC, leading to a <a href="/wiki/Military_Revolution" title="Military Revolution">military revolution</a> in the use of bronze weaponry, which facilitated the rise of states.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_antiquity">Classical antiquity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_(polity)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Classical antiquity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian democracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_Theodor_von_Piloty_Murder_of_Caesar_1865.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Karl_Theodor_von_Piloty_Murder_of_Caesar_1865.jpg/220px-Karl_Theodor_von_Piloty_Murder_of_Caesar_1865.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Karl_Theodor_von_Piloty_Murder_of_Caesar_1865.jpg/330px-Karl_Theodor_von_Piloty_Murder_of_Caesar_1865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Karl_Theodor_von_Piloty_Murder_of_Caesar_1865.jpg/440px-Karl_Theodor_von_Piloty_Murder_of_Caesar_1865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1848" data-file-height="1156" /></a><figcaption>Painting of Roman Senators encircling <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a></figcaption></figure> Although state-forms existed before the rise of the Ancient Greek empire, the Greeks were the first people known to have explicitly formulated a political philosophy of the state, and to have rationally analyzed political institutions. Prior to this, states were described and justified in terms of religious myths.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Several important political innovations of <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a> came from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek city-states</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman Republic</a>. The Greek city-states before the 4th century granted <a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy#Citizenship_in_Athens" title="Athenian democracy">citizenship</a> rights to their free population, and in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> these rights <a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">were combined</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">directly democratic</a> form of government that was to have a long afterlife in political thought and history. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feudal_state">Feudal state</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_(polity)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Feudal state">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></div> During Medieval times in Europe, the state was organized on the principle of <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a>, and the relationship between <a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">lord</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassal</a> became central to social organization. Feudalism led to the development of greater social hierarchies.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The formalization of the struggles over taxation between the monarch and other elements of society (especially the nobility and the cities) gave rise to what is now called the <a href="/wiki/Corporate_statism" title="Corporate statism">Standestaat</a>, or the state of Estates, characterized by parliaments in which key social groups negotiated with the king about legal and economic matters. These <a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">estates of the realm</a> sometimes evolved in the direction of fully-fledged parliaments, but sometimes lost out in their struggles with the monarch, leading to greater centralization of lawmaking and military power in his hands. Beginning in the 15th century, this centralizing process gives rise to the <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolutist</a> state.<a href="#cite_note-Poggi-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_state">Modern state</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_(polity)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Modern state">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">Constitution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a></div> Cultural and national homogenization figured prominently in the rise of the modern state system. Since the absolutist period, states have largely been organized on a <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">national</a> basis. The concept of a national state, however, is not synonymous with <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a>. Even in the most <a href="/wiki/Ethnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic">ethnically</a> homogeneous societies there is not always a complete correspondence between state and <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a>, hence the active role often taken by the state to promote <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> through emphasis on shared symbols and national identity.<a href="#cite_note-Breuilly-91">[91]</a> Charles Tilly argues that the number of total states in Western Europe declined rapidly from the Late Middle Ages to Early Modern Era during a process of <a href="/wiki/State_formation" title="State formation">state formation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Other research has disputed whether such a decline took place.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> For <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a> (Dublin 1729 - Beaconsfield 1797), "a state without the means of some change is without the means of its conservation" (Reflections on the Revolution in France).<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Spruyt" title="Hendrik Spruyt">Hendrik Spruyt</a>, the modern state is different from its predecessor polities in two main aspects: (1) Modern states have greater capacity to intervene in their societies, and (2) Modern states are buttressed by the principle of international legal sovereignty and the juridicial equivalence of states.<a href="#cite_note-Spruyt-2002-95">[95]</a> The two features began to emerge in the Late Middle Ages but the modern state form took centuries to come firmly into fruition.<a href="#cite_note-Spruyt-2002-95">[95]</a> Other aspects of modern states is that they tend to be organized as unified national polities, and that they have <a href="/wiki/Rational-legal_authority" title="Rational-legal authority">rational-legal bureaucracies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Sovereign equality did not become fully global until after World War II amid decolonization.<a href="#cite_note-Spruyt-2002-95">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Adom_Getachew" title="Adom Getachew">Adom Getachew</a> writes that it was not until the 1960 <a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Granting_of_Independence_to_Colonial_Countries_and_Peoples" title="Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples">Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples</a> that the international legal context for popular sovereignty was instituted.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Historians <a href="/wiki/Jane_Burbank" title="Jane Burbank">Jane Burbank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cooper_(historian)" title="Frederick Cooper (historian)">Frederick Cooper</a> argue that "<a href="/wiki/Westphalian_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian sovereignty">Westphalian sovereignty</a>" – the notion that bounded, unitary states interact with equivalent states – "has more to do with 1948 than 1648."<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theories_for_the_emergence_of_the_state">Theories for the emergence of the state</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_(polity)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Theories for the emergence of the state">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earliest_states">Earliest states</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_(polity)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Earliest states">edit</a>]</div> Theories for the emergence of the earliest states emphasize <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">grain agriculture</a> and settled populations as necessary conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Wang-2021-84">[84]</a> Some argue that climate change led to a greater concentration of human populations around dwindling waterways.<a href="#cite_note-Wang-2021-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_state_2">Modern state</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_(polity)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Modern state">edit</a>]</div> Hendrik Spruyt distinguishes between three prominent categories of explanations for the emergence of the modern state as a dominant polity: (1) Security-based explanations that emphasize the role of warfare, (2) Economy-based explanations that emphasize trade, property rights and capitalism as drivers behind state formation, and (3) Institutionalist theories that sees the state as an organizational form that is better able to resolve conflict and cooperation problems than competing political organizations.<a href="#cite_note-Spruyt-2002-95">[95]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Philip_S._Gorski" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip S. Gorski">Philip Gorski</a> and Vivek Swaroop Sharma, the "neo-Darwinian" framework for the emergence of sovereign states is the dominant explanation in the scholarship.<a href="#cite_note-Gorski-2017-99">[99]</a> The neo-Darwininian framework emphasizes how the modern state emerged as the dominant organizational form through natural selection and competition.<a href="#cite_note-Gorski-2017-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theories_of_state_function">Theories of state function</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_(polity)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Theories of state function">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></div> Most political theories of the state can roughly be classified into two categories: <ol><li>"liberal" or "conservative" theories treat <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> as a given, and then concentrate on the function of states in capitalist society. These theories tend to see the state as a neutral entity, separated from society and the economy.</li> <li>Marxist and anarchist theories, on the other hand, see politics as intimately tied in with economic relations, and emphasize the relation between economic power and <a href="/wiki/Political_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Political power">political power</a>. They see the state as a partisan instrument that primarily serves the interests of the upper class.<a href="#cite_note-flint-taylor-137-52">[52]</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anarchist_perspective">Anarchist perspective</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_(polity)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Anarchist perspective">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti-capitalism_color%E2%80%94_Restored.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Anti-capitalism_color%E2%80%94_Restored.png/220px-Anti-capitalism_color%E2%80%94_Restored.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Anti-capitalism_color%E2%80%94_Restored.png/330px-Anti-capitalism_color%E2%80%94_Restored.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Anti-capitalism_color%E2%80%94_Restored.png/440px-Anti-capitalism_color%E2%80%94_Restored.png 2x" data-file-width="2382" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">IWW</a> poster "<a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Capitalist_System" title="Pyramid of Capitalist System">Pyramid of Capitalist System</a>" (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1911), depicting an <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">anti-capitalist</a> perspective on statist/capitalist social structures</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a> regards the state and hierarchies as unnecessary and harmful, and instead promotes a <a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">stateless society</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">anarchy</a>, a self-managed, self-governed society based on voluntary, cooperative institutions. Anarchists believe that the state is inherently an instrument of domination and repression, no matter who is in control of it. Anarchists note that the state possesses the <a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">monopoly on the legal use of violence</a>. Unlike Marxists, anarchists believe that revolutionary seizure of state power should not be a political goal. They believe instead that the state apparatus should be completely dismantled, and an alternative set of social relations created, which are not based on state power at all.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Various <a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchists" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian anarchists">Christian anarchists</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Jacques Ellul</a>, have identified the state and <a href="/wiki/Political_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Political power">political power</a> as the <a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">Beast</a> in the Book of Revelation.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anarcho-capitalist_perspective">Anarcho-capitalist perspective</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_(polity)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Anarcho-capitalist perspective">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho-capitalism</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho-capitalists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a> come to some of the same conclusions about the state apparatus as anarchists, but for different reasons.<a href="#cite_note-Rothbard-1970-104">[104]</a> The two principles that anarcho-capitalists rely on most are consent and non-initiation.<a href="#cite_note-Long-2013-105">[105]</a> Consent in anarcho-capitalist theory requires that individuals explicitly assent to the jurisdiction of the State excluding <a href="/wiki/Social_contract#Tacit_consent" title="Social contract">Lockean tacit consent</a>. Consent may also create a right of <a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">secession</a> which destroys any concept of government monopoly on force.<a href="#cite_note-Rothbard-1970-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Coercive monopolies are excluded by the non-initiation of force principle because they must use force in order to prevent others from offering the same service that they do. Anarcho-capitalists start from the belief that replacing monopolistic states with competitive providers is necessary from a normative, justice-based scenario.<a href="#cite_note-Long-2013-105">[105]</a> Anarcho-capitalists believe that the market values of <a href="/wiki/Competition_(economics)" title="Competition (economics)">competition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a> can better provide the services provided by the state. Murray Rothbard argues in <a href="/wiki/Power_and_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Power and Market">Power and Market</a> that any and all government functions could better be fulfilled by private actors including: defense, infrastructure, and legal adjudication.<a href="#cite_note-Rothbard-1970-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marxist_perspective">Marxist perspective</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_(polity)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Marxist perspective">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_the_state" title="Marx's theory of the state">Marx's theory of the state</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Engels" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Engels">Engels</a> were clear in that the goal of communism was a <a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">classless society</a> in which the state would have <a href="/wiki/Withering_away_of_the_state" title="Withering away of the state"> "withered away"</a>, replaced only by "administration of things".<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Their views are found throughout their <a href="/wiki/Marx/Engels_Collected_Works" title="Marx/Engels Collected Works">Collected Works</a>, and address past or then-extant state forms from an analytical and tactical viewpoint, but not future social forms, speculation <a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">about which</a> is generally antithetical[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] to groups considering themselves Marxist but who – not having conquered the existing state power(s) – are not in the situation of supplying the institutional form of an actual society. To the <a href="/wiki/Marxism#Dispute_that_the_Soviet_Union_was_Marxist" title="Marxism">extent that it makes sense</a>, there is no single "Marxist theory of state", but rather several different purportedly "Marxist" theories have been developed by adherents of Marxism.<a href="#cite_note-flint-taylor-139-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Marx's early writings portrayed the bourgeois state as parasitic, <a href="/wiki/Base_and_superstructure" title="Base and superstructure">built upon the superstructure</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economy</a>, and working against the public interest. He also wrote that the state mirrors <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">class</a> relations in society in general, acting as a regulator and repressor of class struggle, and as a tool of political power and domination for the ruling class.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Communist_Manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Manifesto">Communist Manifesto</a> claims the state to be nothing more than "a committee for managing the common affairs of the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a>."<a href="#cite_note-flint-taylor-139-108">[108]</a> For Marxist theorists, the role of the modern bourgeois state is determined by its function in the global capitalist order. <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Miliband" title="Ralph Miliband">Ralph Miliband</a> argued that the ruling class uses the state as its instrument to dominate society by virtue of the interpersonal ties between state officials and economic elites. For Miliband, the state is dominated by an elite that comes from the same background as the capitalist class. State officials therefore share the same interests as owners of capital and are <a href="/wiki/Interlocking_directorate" title="Interlocking directorate">linked to them</a> through a wide array of social, economic, and political ties.<a href="#cite_note-AUTOREF8-112">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gramsci,_Antonio" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramsci, Antonio">Gramsci's</a> theories of state emphasized that the state is only one of the institutions in society that helps maintain the <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a> of the ruling class, and that state power is bolstered by the <a href="/wiki/False_consciousness" title="False consciousness">ideological domination</a> of the institutions of civil society, such as churches, schools, and mass media.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pluralism">Pluralism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_(polity)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Pluralism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Polyarchy" title="Polyarchy">Polyarchy</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_theory)" title="Pluralism (political theory)">Pluralists</a> view society as a collection of individuals and groups, who are competing for political power. They then view the state as a neutral body that simply enacts the will of whichever groups dominate the electoral process.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Within the pluralist tradition, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dahl" title="Robert Dahl">Robert Dahl</a> developed the theory of the state as a neutral arena for contending interests or its agencies as simply another set of <a href="/wiki/Interest_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Interest group">interest groups</a>. With power competitively arranged in society, state policy is a product of recurrent bargaining. Although pluralism recognizes the existence of inequality, it asserts that all groups have an opportunity to pressure the state. The pluralist approach suggests that the modern democratic state's actions are the result of pressures applied by a variety of organized interests. Dahl called this kind of state a <a href="/wiki/Polyarchy" title="Polyarchy">polyarchy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Pluralism has been challenged on the ground that it is not supported by empirical evidence. Citing surveys showing that the large majority of people in high leadership positions are members of the wealthy upper class, critics of pluralism claim that the state serves the interests of the upper class rather than equitably serving the interests of all social groups.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_critical_perspectives">Contemporary critical perspectives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_(polity)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Contemporary critical perspectives">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a> believed that the base-superstructure framework, used by many Marxist theorists to describe the relation between the state and the economy, was overly simplistic. He felt that the modern state plays a large role in structuring the economy, by regulating economic activity and being a large-scale economic consumer/producer, and through its redistributive <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> activities. Because of the way these activities structure the economic framework, Habermas felt that the state cannot be looked at as passively responding to economic class interests.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a> believed that modern political theory was too state-centric, saying "Maybe, after all, the state is no more than a composite reality and a mythologized abstraction, whose importance is a lot more limited than many of us think." He thought that political theory was focusing too much on abstract institutions, and not enough on the actual practices of government. In Foucault's opinion, the state had no essence. He believed that instead of trying to understand the activities of governments by analyzing the properties of the state (a reified abstraction), political theorists should be examining changes in the practice of government to understand changes in the nature of the state.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Foucault developed the concept of <a href="/wiki/Governmentality" title="Governmentality">governmentality</a> while considering the <a href="/wiki/Genealogy_(philosophy)" title="Genealogy (philosophy)">genealogy</a> of state, and considers the way in which an individual's understanding of governance can influence the function of the state.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Foucault argues that it is technology that has created and made the state so elusive and successful, and that instead of looking at the state as something to be toppled we should look at the state as technological manifestation or system with many heads; Foucault argues instead of something to be overthrown as in the sense of the <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchist</a> understanding of the state. Every single scientific technological advance has come to the service of the state Foucault argues and it is with the emergence of the Mathematical sciences and essentially the formation of <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_statistics" title="Mathematical statistics">mathematical statistics</a> that one gets an understanding of the complex technology of producing how the modern state was so successfully created. Foucault insists that the <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a> was not a historical accident but a deliberate production in which the modern state had to now manage coincidentally with the emerging practice of the <a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">police</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cameralism" title="Cameralism">cameral science</a>) 'allowing' the population to now 'come in' into <a href="/wiki/Jus_gentium" title="Jus gentium">jus gentium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civitas" title="Civitas">civitas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civil society</a>) after deliberately being excluded for several millennia.<a href="#cite_note-Michel-2007-125">[125]</a> <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a> wasn't (the newly formed voting franchise) as is always painted by both political revolutionaries and political philosophers as a cry for political freedom or wanting to be accepted by the 'ruling elite', Foucault insists, but was a part of a skilled endeavour of switching over new technology such as; <a href="/wiki/Translatio_imperii" title="Translatio imperii">translatio imperii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plenitudo_potestatis" title="Plenitudo potestatis">plenitudo potestatis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extra_Ecclesiam_nulla_salus" title="Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus">extra Ecclesiam nulla salus</a> readily available from the past medieval period, into mass persuasion for the future industrial 'political' population (deception over the population) in which the political population was now asked to insist upon itself "the president must be elected". Where these political symbol agents, represented by the pope and the president are now democratised. Foucault calls these new forms of technology <a href="/wiki/Biopower" title="Biopower">biopower</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-Michel-2007-125">[125]</a> and form part of our political inheritance which he calls <a href="/wiki/Biopolitics" title="Biopolitics">biopolitics</a>. Heavily influenced by Gramsci, <a href="/wiki/Nicos_Poulantzas" title="Nicos Poulantzas">Nicos Poulantzas</a>, a Greek <a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxism" title="Neo-Marxism">neo-Marxist</a> theorist argued that capitalist states do not always act on behalf of the ruling class, and when they do, it is not necessarily the case because state officials consciously strive to do so, but because the '<a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">structural</a>' position of the state is configured in such a way to ensure that the long-term interests of capital are always dominant. Poulantzas' main contribution to the Marxist literature on the state was the concept of 'relative autonomy' of the state. While Poulantzas' work on 'state autonomy' has served to sharpen and specify a great deal of Marxist literature on the state, his own framework came under criticism for its '<a href="/wiki/Structural_functionalism" title="Structural functionalism">structural functionalism</a>'.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structural_universe_of_the_state_or_structural_reality_of_the_state">Structural universe of the state or structural reality of the state</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_(polity)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Structural universe of the state or structural reality of the state">edit</a>]</div> It can be considered as a single structural universe: the historical reality that takes shape in societies characterized by a codified or crystallized right, with a power organized hierarchically and justified by the law that gives it authority, with a well-defined social and economic stratification, with an economic and social organization that gives the society precise organic characteristics, with one (or multiple) religious organizations, in justification of the power expressed by such a society and in support of the religious beliefs of individuals and accepted by society as a whole. Such a structural universe, evolves in a cyclical manner, presenting two different historical phases (a mercantile phase, or "open society", and a feudal phase or "closed society"), with characteristics so divergent that it can qualify as two different levels of civilization which, however, are never definitive, but that alternate cyclically, being able, each of the two different levels, to be considered progressive (in a partisan way, totally independent of the real value of well-being, degrees of freedom granted, equality realized and a concrete possibility to achieve further progress of the level of civilization), even by the most cultured fractions, educated and intellectually more equipped than the various societies, of both historical phases.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_autonomy_within_institutionalism">State autonomy within institutionalism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_(polity)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: State autonomy within institutionalism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_institutionalism" title="New institutionalism">New institutionalism</a></div> State autonomy theorists believe that the state is an entity that is impervious to external social and economic influence, and that it has interests of its own.<a href="#cite_note-sklair-2004-139-140-129">[129]</a> "New institutionalist" writings on the state, such as the works of <a href="/wiki/Theda_Skocpol" title="Theda Skocpol">Theda Skocpol</a>, suggest that state actors are to an important degree autonomous. In other words, state personnel have interests of their own, which they can and do pursue independently of (and at times in conflict with) actors in society. Since the state controls the means of coercion, and given the dependence of many groups in civil society on the state for achieving any goals they may espouse, state personnel can to some extent impose their own preferences on civil society.<a href="#cite_note-AUTOREF10-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theories_of_state_legitimacy">Theories of state legitimacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_(polity)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Theories of state legitimacy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy (political)</a></div>States generally rely on a claim to some form of <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">political legitimacy</a> in order to maintain domination over their subjects.<a href="#cite_note-vincent-1992-43-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_contract_theory">Social contract theory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_(polity)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Social contract theory">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></div> Various social contract theories have been proffered to establish state legitimacy and to explain state formation. Common elements in these theories are a <a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">state of nature</a> that incentivizes people to seek out the establishment of a state. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a> described the state of nature as "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short" (<a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a>, Chapters XIII–XIV).<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Locke takes a more benign view of the state of nature and is unwilling to take as hard a stance on the degeneracy of the state of nature. He does agree that it is equally incapable of providing a high quality of life. Locke argues for inalienable human rights. One of the most significant rights for Locke was the right to property. He viewed it as a keystone right that was inadequately protected in the state of nature.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Social contract theorists frequently argue for some level of <a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">natural rights</a>. In order to protect their ability to exercise these rights, they are willing to give up some other rights to the state to allow it to establish governance.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Social contract theory then bases government legitimacy on the consent of the governed, but such legitimacy only extends as far as the governed have consented. This line of reasoning figures prominently in <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">The United States Declaration of Independence</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divine_right_of_kings">Divine right of kings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_(polity)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Divine right of kings">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></div> The rise of the modern day state system was closely related to changes in political thought, especially concerning the changing understanding of legitimate state power and control. Early modern defenders of absolutism (<a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a>), such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Jean Bodin</a> undermined the doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">divine right of kings</a> by arguing that the power of kings should be justified by reference to the people. Hobbes in particular went further to argue that political power should be justified with reference to the individual (Hobbes wrote in the time of the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>), not just to the people understood collectively. Both Hobbes and Bodin thought they were defending the power of kings, not advocating for democracy, but their arguments about the nature of sovereignty were fiercely resisted by more traditional defenders of the power of kings, such as <a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Filmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Robert Filmer">Sir Robert Filmer</a> in England, who thought that such defenses ultimately opened the way to more democratic claims.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rational-legal_authority">Rational-legal authority</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_(polity)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Rational-legal authority">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rational-legal_authority" title="Rational-legal authority">Rational-legal authority</a></div> Max Weber identified three main sources of political legitimacy in his works. The first, legitimacy based on traditional grounds is derived from a belief that things should be as they have been in the past, and that those who defend these traditions have a legitimate claim to power. The second, legitimacy based on charismatic leadership, is devotion to a leader or group that is viewed as exceptionally heroic or virtuous. Max Weber's concept of charisma is also explored by Fukuyama, who uses it to explain why individuals relinquish their personal freedoms and more egalitarian smaller communities in favor of larger, more authoritarian states. The Scholars goes further by saying that Charismatic leaders can leverage this mass mobilization as a military force, achieving victories and securing peace, which in turn further legitimizes their authority. Fukuyama cites the example of Muhammad, whose influence facilitated the rise of a powerful state in North Africa and the Middle East, despite limited economic foundations.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> The third is <a href="/wiki/Rational-legal_authority" title="Rational-legal authority">rational-legal authority</a>, whereby legitimacy is derived from the belief that a certain group has been placed in power in a legal manner, and that their actions are justifiable according to a specific code of written laws. Weber believed that the modern state is characterized primarily by appeals to rational-legal authority.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State_failure">State failure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_(polity)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: State failure">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Failed_state" title="Failed state">Failed state</a></div> Some states are often labeled as "weak" or "failed". In <a href="/wiki/David_Samuels_(political_scientist)" title="David Samuels (political scientist)">David Samuels</a>'s words "...a failed state occurs when sovereignty over claimed territory has collapsed or was never effectively at all".<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Authors like <a href="/wiki/David_Samuels_(political_scientist)" title="David Samuels (political scientist)">Samuels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joel_S._Migdal" title="Joel S. Migdal">Joel S. Migdal</a> have explored the emergence of weak states, how they are different from Western "strong" states and its consequences to the economic development of developing countries. Samuels introduces the idea of state capacity, which he uses to refer to the ability of the state to fulfill its basic functions, such as providing security, maintaining law and order, and delivering public services. When a state does not accomplish this, state failure happens (Samuels, 2012). Other authors like Jeffrey Herbst add to this idea by arguing that state failure is the result of weak or non-existent institutions, which means that there is no state legitimacy because states are not able to provide goods or services, or maintain order and safety (Herbst, 1990). However, there are also ideas that challenge this notion of state failure. Stephen D. Krasner argues that state failure is not just the result of weak institutions, but rather a very complex phenomenon that varies according to context-specific circumstances, and should therefore not be analyzed through a simplistic understanding like the one normally presented (Krasner, 2004). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_problem_with_state_failure">The problem with state failure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_(polity)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: The problem with state failure">edit</a>]</div> In "The Problem of Failed States", Susan Rice argues that state failure is an important threat to global stability and security, since failed states are vulnerable to terrorism and conflict (Rice, 1994).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] Additionally, it is believed that state failure hinders democratic values, since these states often experience political violence, authoritarian rules, and a number of human rights abuses (Rotberg, 2004).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] While there is great discussion regarding the direct effects of state failure, its indirect effects should also be highlighted: state failure could lead to refugee flows and cross-border conflicts, while also becoming safe havens for criminal or extremist groups (Corbridge, 2005).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] In order to solve and prevent these issues in the future, it is necessary to focus on building strong institutions, promoting economic diversification and development, and addressing the causes of violence in each state (Mkandawire, 2001).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_state_formation">Early state formation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_(polity)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Early state formation">edit</a>]</div> To understand the formation of weak states, <a href="/wiki/David_Samuels_(political_scientist)" title="David Samuels (political scientist)">Samuels</a> compares the formation of European states in the 1600s with the conditions under which more recent states were formed in the twentieth century. In this line of argument, the state allows a population to resolve a collective action problem, in which citizens recognize the authority of the state and this exercise the power of coercion over them. This kind of social organization required a decline in legitimacy of traditional forms of ruling (like religious authorities) and replaced them with an increase in the legitimacy of depersonalized rule; an increase in the central government's sovereignty; and an increase in the organizational complexity of the central government (<a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a>). The transition to this modern state was possible in Europe around 1600 thanks to the confluence of factors like the technological developments in warfare, which generated strong incentives to tax and consolidate central structures of governance to respond to external threats. This was complemented by the increase of the production of food (as a result of productivity improvements), which allowed to sustain a larger population and so increased the complexity and centralization of states. Finally, cultural changes challenged the authority of monarchies and paved the way to the emergence of modern states.<a href="#cite_note-Samuels-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_state_formation">Late state formation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_(polity)&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Late state formation">edit</a>]</div> The conditions that enabled the emergence of modern states in Europe were different for other <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">countries</a> that started this process later. As a result, many of these states lack effective capabilities to tax and extract revenue from their citizens, which derives in problems like corruption, tax evasion and low economic growth. Unlike the European case, late state formation occurred in a context of limited international conflict that diminished the incentives to tax and increase military spending. Also, many of these states emerged from colonization in a state of poverty and with institutions designed to extract natural resources, which have made more difficult to form states. European colonization also defined many arbitrary borders that mixed different cultural groups under the same national identities, which has made difficult to build states with legitimacy among all the population, since some states have to compete for it with other forms of political identity.<a href="#cite_note-Samuels-142">[142]</a> As a complement of this argument, <a href="/wiki/Joel_S._Migdal" title="Joel S. Migdal">Migdal</a> gives a historical account on how sudden social changes in the Third World during the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> contributed to the formation of weak states. The expansion of international trade that started around 1850, brought profound changes in Africa, Asia and Latin America that were introduced with the objective of assure the availability of raw materials for the European market. These changes consisted in: i) reforms to landownership laws with the objective of integrate more lands to the international economy, ii) increase in the taxation of peasants and little landowners, as well as collecting of these taxes in cash instead of in kind as was usual up to that moment and iii) the introduction of new and less costly modes of transportation, mainly railroads. As a result, the traditional forms of social control became obsolete, deteriorating the existing institutions and opening the way to the creation of new ones, that not necessarily lead these countries to build strong states.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> This fragmentation of the social order induced a political logic in which these states were captured to some extent by "strongmen", who were capable to take advantage of the above-mentioned changes and that challenge the sovereignty of the state. As a result, these decentralization of social control impedes to consolidate strong states.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_(polity)&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_control_of_the_military" title="Civil control of the military">Civil control of the military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilization_state" title="Civilization state">Civilization state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">List of sovereign states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">Puppet state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranational union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warlord" title="Warlord">Warlordism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_(polity)&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_(polity)&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Definition 7 (noun): "a politically unified people occupying a definite territory; nation."; Definition 10 (noun): "the <a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">body politic</a> as organized for <a href="/wiki/Civil_authority" title="Civil authority">civil rule and government</a> (distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">church</a>)."; Definition 16 (noun): "of or pertaining to the central civil government or authority.". -Webster's New Universal Unabridged Dictionary, Random House/Barnes and Noble, ISBN 9780760702888, pp. 1860-1861. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Black's Law Dictionary, 4th ed. (1968). West Publishing Co. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Uricich v. Kolesar, 54 Ohio App. 309, 7 N.E. 2d 413. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSandeford2018" class="citation journal cs1">Sandeford, David S. (May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5990841">"Organizational complexity and demographic scale in primary states"</a>. Royal Society Open Science. 5 (5): 171137. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018RSOS....571137S">2018RSOS....571137S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsos.171137">10.1098/rsos.171137</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5990841">5990841</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29892345">29892345</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Royal+Society+Open+Science&rft.atitle=Organizational+complexity+and+demographic+scale+in+primary+states&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=171137&rft.date=2018-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5990841%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29892345&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsos.171137&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018RSOS....571137S&rft.aulast=Sandeford&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5990841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWimmerFeinstein2010" class="citation journal cs1">Wimmer, Andreas; Feinstein, Yuval (October 2010). "The Rise of the Nation-State across the World, 1816 to 2001". American Sociological Review. 75 (5): 764–790. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0003122410382639">10.1177/0003122410382639</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10075481">10075481</a>. <q>This global outcome—the almost universal adoption of the nation-state form</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Sociological+Review&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+the+Nation-State+across+the+World%2C+1816+to+2001&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=764-790&rft.date=2010-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0003122410382639&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10075481%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wimmer&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft.au=Feinstein%2C+Yuval&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cudworth-2007-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cudworth-2007_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cudworth-2007_6-1">b</a> Cudworth et al., 2007: p. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-Barrow-1993-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barrow-1993_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrow-1993_7-1">b</a> Barrow, 1993: pp. 9–10 </li> <li id="cite_note-cudworth-2007-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cudworth-2007_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cudworth-2007_8-1">b</a> Cudworth et al., 2007: p. 95 </li> <li id="cite_note-salmon-2008-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-salmon-2008_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-salmon-2008_9-1">b</a> Salmon, 2008: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ayz0kWKhKacC&pg=PA54">p. 54</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160515192733/https://books.google.com/books?id=ayz0kWKhKacC&pg=PA54">Archived</a> 15 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/sociology-and-social-reform/sociology-general-terms-and-concepts/stateless">"Stateless Society | Encyclopedia.com"</a>. www.encyclopedia.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Stateless+Society+%26%23124%3B+Encyclopedia.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fsocial-sciences-and-law%2Fsociology-and-social-reform%2Fsociology-general-terms-and-concepts%2Fstateless&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-stewart-11"><a href="#cite_ref-stewart_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick2007" class="citation journal cs1">Patrick, Stewart (10 December 2007). "'Failed' States and Global Security: Empirical Questions and Policy Dilemmas". International Studies Review. 9 (4): 644–662. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2486.2007.00728.x">10.1111/j.1468-2486.2007.00728.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=%27Failed%27+States+and+Global+Security%3A+Empirical+Questions+and+Policy+Dilemmas&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=644-662&rft.date=2007-12-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-2486.2007.00728.x&rft.aulast=Patrick&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Skinner, 1989: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1QrSKH_Q5M8C&pg=PA134">p.134</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Bobbio, 1989: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/democracydictato00bobb/page/57">pp.57–58</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160430221141/https://books.google.com/books?id=4AE8ur83g8AC&pg=PA57">Archived</a> 30 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> C. D. Erhard, Betrachtungen über Leopolds des Weisen Gesetzgebung in Toscana, Richter, 1791, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q5hDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA30">p. 30</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180119120324/https://books.google.ch/books?id=q5hDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA30">Archived</a> 19 January 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Recognized as apocryphal in the early 19th century. Jean Etienne François Marignié, The king can do no wrong: Le roi ne peut jamais avoit tort, le roi ne peut mal faire, Le Normant, 1818 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P6gnAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA12">p. 12</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180119120711/https://books.google.ch/books?id=P6gnAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA12">Archived</a> 19 January 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheidel2013" class="citation book cs1">Scheidel, Walter (2013). "Studying the State". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195188318.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780195188318-e-2">The Oxford Handbook of the State in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 5–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195188318.013.0002">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195188318.013.0002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195188318" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195188318"><bdi>978-0195188318</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Studying+the+State&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+State+in+the+Ancient+Near+East+and+Mediterranean&rft.pages=5-58&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195188318.013.0002&rft.isbn=978-0195188318&rft.aulast=Scheidel&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxfordhandbooks.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195188318.001.0001%2Foxfordhb-9780195188318-e-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubreuil,_Benoít2010" class="citation book cs1">Dubreuil, Benoít (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qBXvK0EkTcwC&pg=PA189">Human Evolution and the Origins of Hierarchies: The State of Nature</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76948-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76948-8"><bdi>978-0-521-76948-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160504025631/https://books.google.com/books?id=qBXvK0EkTcwC&pg=PA189">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Evolution+and+the+Origins+of+Hierarchies%3A+The+State+of+Nature&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-76948-8&rft.au=Dubreuil%2C+Beno%C3%ADt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqBXvK0EkTcwC%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon,_Scott2002" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Scott (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5OTyH71czwsC&pg=PA4">Controlling the State: Constitutionalism from Ancient Athens to Today</a>. Harvard University Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00977-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00977-6"><bdi>978-0-674-00977-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160503110808/https://books.google.com/books?id=5OTyH71czwsC&pg=PA4">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Controlling+the+State%3A+Constitutionalism+from+Ancient+Athens+to+Today&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00977-6&rft.au=Gordon%2C+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5OTyH71czwsC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IPE-18"><a href="#cite_ref-IPE_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHay2001" class="citation book cs1">Hay, Colin (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lSmU3aXWIAYC&pg=PA1469">Routledge Encyclopedia of International Political Economy</a>. New York: Routledge. pp. 1469–1474. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-14532-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-14532-5"><bdi>0-415-14532-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160503043603/https://books.google.com/books?id=lSmU3aXWIAYC&pg=PA1469">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+International+Political+Economy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1469-1474&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-415-14532-5&rft.aulast=Hay&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlSmU3aXWIAYC%26pg%3DPA1469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonovan,_John_C.1993" class="citation book cs1">Donovan, John C. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6YxnWSrZJWsC&pg=PA20">People, power, and politics: an introduction to political science</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8226-3025-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8226-3025-8"><bdi>978-0-8226-3025-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160508231143/https://books.google.com/books?id=6YxnWSrZJWsC&pg=PA20">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People%2C+power%2C+and+politics%3A+an+introduction+to+political+science&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8226-3025-8&rft.au=Donovan%2C+John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6YxnWSrZJWsC%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw,_Martin2003" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Martin (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nwcSTPnTbOYC&pg=PA59">War and genocide: organized killing in modern society</a>. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-1907-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-1907-1"><bdi>978-0-7456-1907-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603203544/https://books.google.com/books?id=nwcSTPnTbOYC&pg=PA59">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+genocide%3A+organized+killing+in+modern+society&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-1907-1&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnwcSTPnTbOYC%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber1991" class="citation book cs1">Weber, Max (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y_pqZS5q72UC&dq=%22is+a+human+community+that+%28successfully%29+claims+the+monopoly+of+the+legitimate+use+of+physical+force+within+a+given+territory.%22&pg=PA78">From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology</a>. Psychology Press. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-06056-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-06056-1"><bdi>978-0-415-06056-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Max+Weber%3A+Essays+in+Sociology&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-415-06056-1&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY_pqZS5q72UC%26dq%3D%2522is%2Ba%2Bhuman%2Bcommunity%2Bthat%2B%2528successfully%2529%2Bclaims%2Bthe%2Bmonopoly%2Bof%2Bthe%2Blegitimate%2Buse%2Bof%2Bphysical%2Bforce%2Bwithin%2Ba%2Bgiven%2Bterritory.%2522%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Samuels2013-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Samuels2013_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samuels2013_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samuels2013_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samuels2013_22-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samuels2013_22-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samuels2013_22-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samuels2013_22-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuels2013" class="citation book cs1">Samuels, David (2013). Comparative Politics. Pearson Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-44974-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-44974-0"><bdi>978-0-321-44974-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/800588734">800588734</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Politics&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F800588734&rft.isbn=978-0-321-44974-0&rft.aulast=Samuels&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbst1990" class="citation journal cs1">Herbst, Jeffrey (1990). "War and the State in Africa". International Security. 14 (4): 117–139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2538753">10.2307/2538753</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2538753">2538753</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153804691">153804691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Security&rft.atitle=War+and+the+State+in+Africa&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=117-139&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153804691%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2538753%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2538753&rft.aulast=Herbst&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeuberger1977" class="citation journal cs1">Neuberger, Benyamin (1977). "State and Nation in African Thought". Journal of African Studies. 4 (2): 199–205. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/772703025">772703025</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/1303256827">1303256827</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+African+Studies&rft.atitle=State+and+Nation+in+African+Thought&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=199-205&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F772703025&rft.aulast=Neuberger&rft.aufirst=Benyamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/arguments-for-liberty.pdf">Arguments for Liberty</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/3207/3207-h/3207-h.htm">"The Project Gutenberg eBook of Leviathan, by Thomas Hobbes"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Project+Gutenberg+eBook+of+Leviathan%2C+by+Thomas+Hobbes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F3207%2F3207-h%2F3207-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkGolderGolder2018" class="citation book cs1">Clark, William Roberts; Golder, Matt; Golder, Sona Nadenichek (2018). Foundations of Comparative Politics. CQ Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5063-6074-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5063-6074-4"><bdi>978-1-5063-6074-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+Comparative+Politics&rft.pub=CQ+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-5063-6074-4&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=William+Roberts&rft.au=Golder%2C+Matt&rft.au=Golder%2C+Sona+Nadenichek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Tilly-1992-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Tilly-1992_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTilly1992" class="citation book cs1">Tilly, Charles (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/coercioncapitale0000till">Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990-1992</a>. Blackwell. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55786-067-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55786-067-5"><bdi>978-1-55786-067-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1148616089">1148616089</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coercion%2C+Capital%2C+and+European+States%2C+AD+990-1992&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1148616089&rft.isbn=978-1-55786-067-5&rft.aulast=Tilly&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcoercioncapitale0000till&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tilly-1992a-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tilly-1992a_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tilly-1992a_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tilly-1992a_29-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTilly1992" class="citation book cs1">Tilly, Charles (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/coercioncapitale0000till">Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990-1992</a>. Blackwell. pp. 2, 4, 45–46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55786-067-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55786-067-5"><bdi>978-1-55786-067-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1148616089">1148616089</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coercion%2C+Capital%2C+and+European+States%2C+AD+990-1992&rft.pages=2%2C+4%2C+45-46&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1148616089&rft.isbn=978-1-55786-067-5&rft.aulast=Tilly&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcoercioncapitale0000till&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTilly1992" class="citation book cs1">Tilly, Charles (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/coercioncapitale0000till">Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990-1992</a>. Blackwell. pp. 96–97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55786-067-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55786-067-5"><bdi>978-1-55786-067-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1148616089">1148616089</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coercion%2C+Capital%2C+and+European+States%2C+AD+990-1992&rft.pages=96-97&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1148616089&rft.isbn=978-1-55786-067-5&rft.aulast=Tilly&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcoercioncapitale0000till&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tilly-1985-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tilly-1985_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tilly-1985_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTilly1985" class="citation book cs1">Tilly, Charles (1985). "War Making and State Making as Organized Crime". Bringing the State Back in. pp. 169–191. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9780511628283.008">10.1017/cbo9780511628283.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F51028">2027.42/51028</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30786-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30786-4"><bdi>978-0-521-30786-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153680512">153680512</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=War+Making+and+State+Making+as+Organized+Crime&rft.btitle=Bringing+the+State+Back+in&rft.pages=169-191&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027.42%2F51028&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153680512%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9780511628283.008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-30786-4&rft.aulast=Tilly&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTilly1992" class="citation book cs1">Tilly, Charles (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/coercioncapitale0000till">Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990-1992</a>. Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55786-067-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55786-067-5"><bdi>978-1-55786-067-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1148616089">1148616089</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coercion%2C+Capital%2C+and+European+States%2C+AD+990-1992&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1148616089&rft.isbn=978-1-55786-067-5&rft.aulast=Tilly&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcoercioncapitale0000till&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrang1991" class="citation journal cs1">Strang, David (1991). "Anomaly and commonplace in European political expansion: realist and institutional accounts". International Organization. 45 (2): 143–162. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002081830003304X">10.1017/S002081830003304X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154734299">154734299</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Organization&rft.atitle=Anomaly+and+commonplace+in+European+political+expansion%3A+realist+and+institutional+accounts&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=143-162&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS002081830003304X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154734299%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Strang&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1776" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Adam (1776). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Inquiry+into+the+Nature+and+Causes+of+the+Wealth+of+Nations&rft.date=1776&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolcombe2004" class="citation journal cs1">Holcombe, Randall G. (2004). "Government: Unnecessary but Inevitable". The Independent Review. 8 (3): 325–342. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24562462">24562462</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Gale_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gale (identifier)">Gale</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA112449190">A112449190</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent+Review&rft.atitle=Government%3A+Unnecessary+but+Inevitable&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=325-342&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24562462%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Holcombe&rft.aufirst=Randall+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNozick1974" class="citation book cs1">Nozick, Robert (1974). Anarchy, State, and Utopia. Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/063119780X" title="Special:BookSources/063119780X"><bdi>063119780X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anarchy%2C+State%2C+and+Utopia&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=063119780X&rft.aulast=Nozick&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Article 1 of the <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Montevideo_Convention" class="extiw" title="s:Montevideo Convention">Montevideo Convention</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Article 2 of the <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Montevideo_Convention" class="extiw" title="s:Montevideo Convention">Montevideo Convention</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2013" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson, Edward Heath (August 2013). 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Geography Compass. 7 (8): 556–566. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fgec3.12065">10.1111/gec3.12065</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geography+Compass&rft.atitle=The+Distinction+Between+State+and+Government%3A+The+Distinction+Between+State+and+Government&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=556-566&rft.date=2013-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fgec3.12065&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Edward+Heath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2007" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, James (2007). The Creation of States in International Law (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199228423" title="Special:BookSources/9780199228423"><bdi>9780199228423</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Creation+of+States+in+International+Law&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780199228423&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann1992" class="citation book cs1">Mann, Michael (1992) [1988]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gkd5QgAACAAJ&q=States,+War,+and+Capitalism:+Studies+in+Political+Sociology">States, War and Capitalism: Studies in Political Sociology</a>. Blackwell. pp. 14–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-18509-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-18509-3"><bdi>978-0-631-18509-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=States%2C+War+and+Capitalism%3A+Studies+in+Political+Sociology&rft.pages=14-15&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-631-18509-3&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgkd5QgAACAAJ%26q%3DStates%2C%2BWar%2C%2Band%2BCapitalism%3A%2BStudies%2Bin%2BPolitical%2BSociology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColomer2017" class="citation web cs1">Colomer, Josep M. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-608">"Empires Versus States"</a>. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190228637.013.608">10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.608</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-022863-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-022863-7"><bdi>978-0-19-022863-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Politics&rft.atitle=Empires+Versus+States&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190228637.013.608&rft.isbn=978-0-19-022863-7&rft.aulast=Colomer&rft.aufirst=Josep+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Fpolitics%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190228637.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780190228637-e-608&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHechterBrustein1980" class="citation journal cs1">Hechter, Michael; Brustein, William (1980). "Regional Modes of Production and Patterns of State Formation in Western Europe". American Journal of Sociology. 85 (5): 1061–1094. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F227125">10.1086/227125</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2778891">2778891</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143853058">143853058</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Regional+Modes+of+Production+and+Patterns+of+State+Formation+in+Western+Europe&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1061-1094&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143853058%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2778891%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F227125&rft.aulast=Hechter&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Brustein%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marek-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Marek_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarek1954" class="citation book cs1">Marek, Krystyna (1954). Identity and Continuity of States in Public International Law. Library Droz. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-600-04044-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-600-04044-0"><bdi>978-2-600-04044-0</bdi></a>. <q>It has been thought necessary to quote the Lytton Report at such length since it is probably the fullest and most exhaustive description of an allegedly independent, by 'actually' dependent, i.e. Puppet State</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Identity+and+Continuity+of+States+in+Public+International+Law&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Library+Droz&rft.date=1954&rft.isbn=978-2-600-04044-0&rft.aulast=Marek&rft.aufirst=Krystyna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AUTOREF4-45"><a href="#cite_ref-AUTOREF4_45-0">^</a> The Australian National Dictionary: Fourth Edition, p. 1395. (2004) Canberra. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-551771-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-551771-7">0-19-551771-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-oxford-state-46"><a href="#cite_ref-oxford-state_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1995" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, Della, ed. (1995). "state". Concise Oxford English Dictionary (9th ed.). Oxford University Press. <q>3 (also State) a an organized political community under one government; a commonwealth; a nation. b such a community forming part of a federal republic, esp the United States of America</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Concise+Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=state&rft.date=1995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongerich2010" class="citation book cs1">Longerich, Peter (2010). Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280436-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280436-5"><bdi>978-0-19-280436-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holocaust%3A+The+Nazi+Persecution+and+Murder+of+the+Jews&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280436-5&rft.aulast=Longerich&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> For example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPastor1997" class="citation book cs1">Pastor, Jack (1997). "3: The Early Hellenistic Period". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AGeHDna_9dwC">Land and Economy in Ancient Palestine</a>. London: Routledge (published 2013). p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-72264-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-72264-8"><bdi>978-1-134-72264-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161219161745/https://books.google.com/books?id=AGeHDna_9dwC">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2016. Retrieved 14 February 2017. <q>The idea of Jerusalem as a temple state is an analogy to the temple states of Asia Minor and the Seleucid Empire, but it is an inappropriate analogy. [...] Rostovtzeff referred to Judea as a sort of temple state, notwithstanding his own definition that stipulates ownership of territory and state organization. [...] Hengel also claims that Judea was a temple state, ignoring his own evidence that the Ptolemies hardly would have tolerated such a situation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3%3A+The+Early+Hellenistic+Period&rft.btitle=Land+and+Economy+in+Ancient+Palestine&rft.place=London&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-134-72264-8&rft.aulast=Pastor&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAGeHDna_9dwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Athens_(city-state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Athens (city-state)">Athens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pskov_Republic" title="Pskov Republic">Pskov</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hamburg" title="History of Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Frankfurt" title="Free City of Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Free City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Danzig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Fiume" title="Free State of Fiume">Fiume</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Dubrovnik</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBealey1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Bealey" title="Frank Bealey">Bealey, Frank</a>, ed. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6EuKLlzYoTMC&pg=PA147">"government"</a>. The Blackwell dictionary of political science: a user's guide to its terms. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20695-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20695-8"><bdi>978-0-631-20695-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160516012636/https://books.google.com/books?id=6EuKLlzYoTMC&pg=PA147">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=government&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+dictionary+of+political+science%3A+a+user%27s+guide+to+its+terms&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-631-20695-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6EuKLlzYoTMC%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Sartwell, 2008: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bk-aaMVGKO0C&pg=PA25">p. 25</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160623220736/https://books.google.com/books?id=bk-aaMVGKO0C&pg=PA25">Archived</a> 23 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-flint-taylor-137-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-flint-taylor-137_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-flint-taylor-137_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-flint-taylor-137_52-2">c</a> Flint & Taylor, 2007: p. 137 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Robinson, E.H. 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edwardheath.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/State_and_Government.pdf">The Distinction Between State and Government.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131102130436/http://www.edwardheath.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/State_and_Government.pdf">Archived</a> 2 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Geography Compass 7(8): pp. 556–566. </li> <li id="cite_note-zaleski-54"><a href="#cite_ref-zaleski_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaleski2008" class="citation journal cs1">Zaleski, Pawel (2008). "Tocqueville on Civilian Society: A Romantic Vision of the Dichotomic Structure of Social Reality". Archiv für Begriffsgeschichte. 50: 260–266. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.28937%2F9783787336746_12">10.28937/9783787336746_12</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24360940">24360940</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:261197955">261197955</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archiv+f%C3%BCr+Begriffsgeschichte&rft.atitle=Tocqueville+on+Civilian+Society%3A+A+Romantic+Vision+of+the+Dichotomic+Structure+of+Social+Reality&rft.volume=50&rft.pages=260-266&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A261197955%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24360940%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.28937%2F9783787336746_12&rft.aulast=Zaleski&rft.aufirst=Pawel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrenberg,_John1999" class="citation book cs1">Ehrenberg, John (1999). "Civil Society and the State". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/civilsocietycrit0000ehre">Civil society: the critical history of an idea</a>. NYU Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/civilsocietycrit0000ehre/page/109">109</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-2207-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-2207-7"><bdi>978-0-8147-2207-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Civil+Society+and+the+State&rft.btitle=Civil+society%3A+the+critical+history+of+an+idea&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-2207-7&rft.au=Ehrenberg%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcivilsocietycrit0000ehre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaviraj,_Sudipta2001" class="citation book cs1">Kaviraj, Sudipta (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AOnRSNob2O8C&pg=PA291">"In search of civil society"</a>. In Kaviraj, Sudipta; Khilnani, Sunil (eds.). Civil society: history and possibilities. Cambridge University Press. pp. 291–293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00290-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00290-5"><bdi>978-0-521-00290-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160501185609/https://books.google.com/books?id=AOnRSNob2O8C&pg=PA291">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=In+search+of+civil+society&rft.btitle=Civil+society%3A+history+and+possibilities&rft.pages=291-293&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00290-5&rft.au=Kaviraj%2C+Sudipta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAOnRSNob2O8C%26pg%3DPA291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReeve,_Andrew2001" class="citation book cs1">Reeve, Andrew (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a29qBofx8Y8C&pg=PA158">"Civil society"</a>. In Jones, R.J. Barry (ed.). Routledge Encyclopedia of International Political Economy: Entries P–Z. Taylor & Francis. pp. 158–160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24352-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24352-0"><bdi>978-0-415-24352-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160623201355/https://books.google.com/books?id=a29qBofx8Y8C&pg=PA158">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Civil+society&rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+International+Political+Economy%3A+Entries+P%E2%80%93Z&rft.pages=158-160&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-24352-0&rft.au=Reeve%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da29qBofx8Y8C%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSassoon,_Anne_Showstack2000" class="citation book cs1">Sassoon, Anne Showstack (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gZQJgfmplQoC&pg=PA70">Gramsci and contemporary politics: beyond pessimism of the intellect</a>. Psychology Press. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16214-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16214-2"><bdi>978-0-415-16214-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160503105634/https://books.google.com/books?id=gZQJgfmplQoC&pg=PA70">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gramsci+and+contemporary+politics%3A+beyond+pessimism+of+the+intellect&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-16214-2&rft.au=Sassoon%2C+Anne+Showstack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgZQJgfmplQoC%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugelli,_EnricoMurphy,_Craig_N.1993" class="citation book cs1">Augelli, Enrico & Murphy, Craig N. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Opkof1vyDAgC&pg=PA129">"Gramsci and international relations: a general perspective with examples from recent US policy towards the Third World"</a>. In Gill, Stephen (ed.). Gramsci, historical materialism and international relations. Cambridge University Press. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43523-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43523-9"><bdi>978-0-521-43523-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160502034756/https://books.google.com/books?id=Opkof1vyDAgC&pg=PA129">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gramsci+and+international+relations%3A+a+general+perspective+with+examples+from+recent+US+policy+towards+the+Third+World&rft.btitle=Gramsci%2C+historical+materialism+and+international+relations&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43523-9&rft.au=Augelli%2C+Enrico&rft.au=Murphy%2C+Craig+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOpkof1vyDAgC%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerretter,_Luke2006" class="citation book cs1">Ferretter, Luke (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fn0ZLu27jVoC&pg=PA85">Louis Althusser</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32731-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32731-2"><bdi>978-0-415-32731-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+Althusser&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32731-2&rft.au=Ferretter%2C+Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfn0ZLu27jVoC%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlecha,_Ramon2009" class="citation book cs1">Flecha, Ramon (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hD3qp2tvrLcC&pg=PA330">"The Educative City and Critical Education"</a>. In Apple, Michael W.; et al. (eds.). The Routledge international handbook of critical education. Taylor & Francis. p. 330. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-95861-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-95861-5"><bdi>978-0-415-95861-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Educative+City+and+Critical+Education&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+international+handbook+of+critical+education&rft.pages=330&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-415-95861-5&rft.au=Flecha%2C+Ramon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhD3qp2tvrLcC%26pg%3DPA330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Malešević, 2002: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lc_nMFoGcYkC&pg=PA16">p. 16</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160723035005/https://books.google.com/books?id=Lc_nMFoGcYkC&pg=PA16">Archived</a> 23 July 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrow,_Raymond_AllenTorres,_Carlos_Alberto2002" class="citation book cs1">Morrow, Raymond Allen & Torres, Carlos Alberto (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/readingfreirehab0000morr">Reading Freire and Habermas: critical pedagogy and transformative social change</a>. Teacher's College Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/readingfreirehab0000morr/page/77">77</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8077-4202-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8077-4202-0"><bdi>978-0-8077-4202-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+Freire+and+Habermas%3A+critical+pedagogy+and+transformative+social+change&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Teacher%27s+College+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8077-4202-0&rft.au=Morrow%2C+Raymond+Allen&rft.au=Torres%2C+Carlos+Alberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freadingfreirehab0000morr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKjaer,_Anne_Mette2004" class="citation book cs1">Kjaer, Anne Mette (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AY5SIsf1nI4C">Governance</a>. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-2979-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-2979-7"><bdi>978-0-7456-2979-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160611003517/https://books.google.com/books?id=AY5SIsf1nI4C">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Governance&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-2979-7&rft.au=Kjaer%2C+Anne+Mette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAY5SIsf1nI4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> -- [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott-2017-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scott-2017_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott-2017_65-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2017" class="citation book cs1">Scott, James C. (2017). Against the Grain: A Deep History of the Earliest States. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv1bvnfk9">10.2307/j.ctv1bvnfk9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-18291-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-18291-0"><bdi>978-0-300-18291-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1bvnfk9">j.ctv1bvnfk9</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158193062">158193062</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+the+Grain%3A+A+Deep+History+of+the+Earliest+States&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv1bvnfk9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158193062%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv1bvnfk9%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-300-18291-0&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarneiro1970" class="citation journal cs1">Carneiro, Robert L. (1970). "A Theory of the Origin of the State". Science. 169 (3947): 733–738. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970Sci...169..733C">1970Sci...169..733C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.169.3947.733">10.1126/science.169.3947.733</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1729765">1729765</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17820299">17820299</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11536431">11536431</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=A+Theory+of+the+Origin+of+the+State&rft.volume=169&rft.issue=3947&rft.pages=733-738&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11536431%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1970Sci...169..733C&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17820299&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.169.3947.733&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1729765%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Carneiro&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1997" class="citation journal cs1">Allen, Robert C (April 1997). 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Explorations in Economic History. 34 (2): 135–154. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fexeh.1997.0673">10.1006/exeh.1997.0673</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Explorations+in+Economic+History&rft.atitle=Agriculture+and+the+Origins+of+the+State+in+Ancient+Egypt&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=135-154&rft.date=1997-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fexeh.1997.0673&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Robert+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorcanOlssonPutterman2021" class="citation journal cs1">Borcan, Oana; Olsson, Ola; Putterman, Louis (October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/80065/1/Accepted_Manuscript.pdf">"Transition to agriculture and first state presence: A global analysis"</a> (PDF). Explorations in Economic History. 82: 101404. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.eeh.2021.101404">10.1016/j.eeh.2021.101404</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2077%2F57593">2077/57593</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Explorations+in+Economic+History&rft.atitle=Transition+to+agriculture+and+first+state+presence%3A+A+global+analysis&rft.volume=82&rft.pages=101404&rft.date=2021-10&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2077%2F57593&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.eeh.2021.101404&rft.aulast=Borcan&rft.aufirst=Oana&rft.au=Olsson%2C+Ola&rft.au=Putterman%2C+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fueaeprints.uea.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F80065%2F1%2FAccepted_Manuscript.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmedStasavage2020" class="citation journal cs1">Ahmed, Ali T.; Stasavage, David (May 2020). "Origins of Early Democracy". American Political Science Review. 114 (2): 502–518. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003055419000741">10.1017/S0003055419000741</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29671869">29671869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Origins+of+Early+Democracy&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=502-518&rft.date=2020-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003055419000741&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29671869%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Ali+T.&rft.au=Stasavage%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaysharMoavNeeman2017" class="citation journal cs1">Mayshar, Joram; Moav, Omer; Neeman, Zvika (August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/269317/files/twerp_1129_moav.pdf">"Geography, Transparency, and Institutions"</a> (PDF). American Political Science Review. 111 (3): 622–636. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003055417000132">10.1017/S0003055417000132</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:134526725">134526725</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Geography%2C+Transparency%2C+and+Institutions&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=622-636&rft.date=2017-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003055417000132&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A134526725%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mayshar&rft.aufirst=Joram&rft.au=Moav%2C+Omer&rft.au=Neeman%2C+Zvika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fageconsearch.umn.edu%2Frecord%2F269317%2Ffiles%2Ftwerp_1129_moav.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoix2015" class="citation book cs1">Boix, Carles (2015). Political Order and Inequality. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-08943-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-08943-3"><bdi>978-1-107-08943-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Order+and+Inequality&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-107-08943-3&rft.aulast=Boix&rft.aufirst=Carles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Giddens-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Giddens_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiddens1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Giddens, Anthony (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wJu1Z4cTdsIC&q=Giddens%20Contemporary%20Critique%20of%20Historical%20Materialism%20the%20Nation%20State%20and%20Violence&pg=PA35">"The Traditional State: Domination and Military Power"</a>. Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism. Vol. II: The Nation-State and Violence. Cambridge: Polity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-06039-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-06039-3"><bdi>0-520-06039-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Traditional+State%3A+Domination+and+Military+Power&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Critique+of+Historical+Materialism&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-520-06039-3&rft.aulast=Giddens&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwJu1Z4cTdsIC%26q%3DGiddens%2520Contemporary%2520Critique%2520of%2520Historical%2520Materialism%2520the%2520Nation%2520State%2520and%2520Violence%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer2010" class="citation journal cs1">Spencer, Charles S. 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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (16): 7119–7126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1002470107">10.1073/pnas.1002470107</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2867764">2867764</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20385804">20385804</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Territorial+expansion+and+primary+state+formation&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=7119-7126&rft.date=2010-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2867764%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20385804&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1002470107&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=Charles+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2867764&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBagge2019" class="citation book cs1">Bagge, Sverre (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NqqbDwAAQBAJ">State Formation in Europe, 843–1789: A Divided World</a>. Routledge. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-58953-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-58953-9"><bdi>978-0-429-58953-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Formation+in+Europe%2C+843%E2%80%931789%3A+A+Divided+World&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-429-58953-9&rft.aulast=Bagge&rft.aufirst=Sverre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNqqbDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngold,_Tim1999" class="citation book cs1">Ingold, Tim (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5eEASHGLg3MC&pg=PA408">"On the social relations of the hunter-gatherer band"</a>. In Lee, Richard B.; Daly, Richard Heywood (eds.). The Cambridge encyclopedia of hunters and gatherers. Cambridge University Press. p. 408. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57109-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57109-8"><bdi>978-0-521-57109-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160517144312/https://books.google.com/books?id=5eEASHGLg3MC&pg=PA408">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+social+relations+of+the+hunter-gatherer+band&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+encyclopedia+of+hunters+and+gatherers&rft.pages=408&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-57109-8&rft.au=Ingold%2C+Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5eEASHGLg3MC%26pg%3DPA408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw,_IanJameson,_Robert2002" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Ian & Jameson, Robert (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zmvNogJO2ZgC&pg=PA423">"Neolithic"</a>. 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Wiley-Blackwell. p. 423. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-23583-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-23583-5"><bdi>978-0-631-23583-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160424124249/https://books.google.com/books?id=zmvNogJO2ZgC&pg=PA423">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Neolithic&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+of+archaeology&rft.pages=423&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-631-23583-5&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Ian&rft.au=Jameson%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzmvNogJO2ZgC%26pg%3DPA423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassan,_F.A.2007" class="citation book cs1">Hassan, F.A. 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MIT Press. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-03366-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-03366-4"><bdi>978-0-262-03366-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160502003901/https://books.google.com/books?id=8tMxW_7geWUC&pg=PA186">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Lie+of+History%3A+Nation-States+and+the+Contradictions+of+Complex+Societies&rft.btitle=Sustainability+or+collapse%3F%3A+an+integrated+history+and+future+of+people+on+earth&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-262-03366-4&rft.au=Hassan%2C+F.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8tMxW_7geWUC%26pg%3DPA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Scott, 2009: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oiLYu2-uc8IC&pg=PT29">p. 29</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505021415/https://books.google.com/books?id=oiLYu2-uc8IC&pg=PT29">Archived</a> 5 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanger,_Erick_D.Stearns,_Peter_N.1994" class="citation book cs1">Langer, Erick D. & Stearns, Peter N. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kkIeyCEedrsC&pg=PA28">"Agricultural systems"</a>. In Stearns, Peter N. (ed.). Encyclopedia of social history. Taylor & Francis. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-0342-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-0342-8"><bdi>978-0-8153-0342-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604000323/https://books.google.com/books?id=kkIeyCEedrsC&pg=PA28">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Agricultural+systems&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+social+history&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-0342-8&rft.au=Langer%2C+Erick+D.&rft.au=Stearns%2C+Peter+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkkIeyCEedrsC%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen,_Ronald1978" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Ronald (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sMoLhNQ9KRoC&pg=PA36">"State Origins: A Reappraisal"</a>. 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Walter de Gruyter. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-279-7904-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-279-7904-9"><bdi>978-90-279-7904-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160430061210/https://books.google.com/books?id=sMoLhNQ9KRoC&pg=PA36">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=State+Origins%3A+A+Reappraisal&rft.btitle=The+Early+State&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-90-279-7904-9&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsMoLhNQ9KRoC%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fukuyama-2012a-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Fukuyama-2012a_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFukuyama2012" class="citation book cs1">Fukuyama, Francis (27 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i9xRAQAAMAAJ&q=origins+of+political+order+amazon">The Origins of Political Order: From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution</a>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-53322-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-53322-9"><bdi>978-0-374-53322-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Political+Order%3A+From+Prehuman+Times+to+the+French+Revolution&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2012-03-27&rft.isbn=978-0-374-53322-9&rft.aulast=Fukuyama&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di9xRAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dorigins%2Bof%2Bpolitical%2Border%2Bamazon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt,_Anna_C.1999" class="citation book cs1">Roosevelt, Anna C. 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Cambridge University Press. pp. 266–267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63075-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63075-7"><bdi>978-0-521-63075-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624045250/https://books.google.com/books?id=hxqgDcCrzjkC&pg=PA266">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Maritime%2C+Highland%2C+Forest+Dynamic+and+the+Origins+of+Complex+Culture&rft.btitle=Cambridge+history+of+the+Native+peoples+of+the+Americas%3A+South+America%2C+Volume+3&rft.pages=266-267&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63075-7&rft.au=Roosevelt%2C+Anna+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhxqgDcCrzjkC%26pg%3DPA266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann,_Michael1986" class="citation book cs1">Mann, Michael (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eA23bY_bIsoC&pg=PA73">"The emergence of stratification, states, and multi-power-actor civilization in Mesopotamia"</a>. The sources of social power: A history of power from the beginning to A. D. 1760, Volume 1. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31349-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31349-0"><bdi>978-0-521-31349-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160425020841/https://books.google.com/books?id=eA23bY_bIsoC&pg=PA73">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+emergence+of+stratification%2C+states%2C+and+multi-power-actor+civilization+in+Mesopotamia&rft.btitle=The+sources+of+social+power%3A+A+history+of+power+from+the+beginning+to+A.+D.+1760%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-521-31349-0&rft.au=Mann%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeA23bY_bIsoC%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wang-2021-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wang-2021_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wang-2021_84-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wang-2021_84-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2021" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Yuhua (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/cuny/cp/pre-prints/content-jcpo_54108;jsessionid=635ms3i1ubui8.x-ic-live-01">"State-in-Society 2.0: Toward Fourth-Generation Theories of the State"</a>. Comparative Politics. 54: 175–198. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5129%2F001041521x16184035797221">10.5129/001041521x16184035797221</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235847848">235847848</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Politics&rft.atitle=State-in-Society+2.0%3A+Toward+Fourth-Generation+Theories+of+the+State&rft.volume=54&rft.pages=175-198&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5129%2F001041521x16184035797221&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235847848%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Yuhua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fcuny%2Fcp%2Fpre-prints%2Fcontent-jcpo_54108%3Bjsessionid%3D635ms3i1ubui8.x-ic-live-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoffee,_Norman1988" class="citation book cs1">Yoffee, Norman (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mgDBG5zu1xYC&pg=PA95">"Context and Authority in Early Mesopotamian Law"</a>. In Cohen, Ronald; Toland, Judith D. (eds.). State formation and political legitimacy. Transaction Publishers. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88738-161-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88738-161-4"><bdi>978-0-88738-161-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160501185152/https://books.google.com/books?id=mgDBG5zu1xYC&pg=PA95">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Context+and+Authority+in+Early+Mesopotamian+Law&rft.btitle=State+formation+and+political+legitimacy&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-88738-161-4&rft.au=Yoffee%2C+Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmgDBG5zu1xYC%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoffee,_Norman2005" class="citation book cs1">Yoffee, Norman (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=azE1vmdmZSIC&pg=PA102">Myths of the archaic state: evolution of the earliest cities, states and civilizations</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81837-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81837-7"><bdi>978-0-521-81837-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511124320/http://books.google.com/books?id=azE1vmdmZSIC&pg=PA102">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myths+of+the+archaic+state%3A+evolution+of+the+earliest+cities%2C+states+and+civilizations&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81837-7&rft.au=Yoffee%2C+Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DazE1vmdmZSIC%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurchinWhitehouseGavriletsHoyer2022" class="citation journal cs1">Turchin, Peter; Whitehouse, Harvey; Gavrilets, Sergey; Hoyer, Daniel; François, Pieter; Bennett, James S.; Feeney, Kevin C.; Peregrine, Peter; Feinman, Gary; Korotayev, Andrey; Kradin, Nikolay (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9232109">"Disentangling the evolutionary drivers of social complexity: A comprehensive test of hypotheses"</a>. Science Advances. 8 (25): eabn3517. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022SciA....8N3517T">2022SciA....8N3517T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.abn3517">10.1126/sciadv.abn3517</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9232109">9232109</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35749491">35749491</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250022526">250022526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=Disentangling+the+evolutionary+drivers+of+social+complexity%3A+A+comprehensive+test+of+hypotheses&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=eabn3517&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9232109%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A250022526%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022SciA....8N3517T&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35749491&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.abn3517&rft.aulast=Turchin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Whitehouse%2C+Harvey&rft.au=Gavrilets%2C+Sergey&rft.au=Hoyer%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Fran%C3%A7ois%2C+Pieter&rft.au=Bennett%2C+James+S.&rft.au=Feeney%2C+Kevin+C.&rft.au=Peregrine%2C+Peter&rft.au=Feinman%2C+Gary&rft.au=Korotayev%2C+Andrey&rft.au=Kradin%2C+Nikolay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9232109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Nelson, 2006: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cvtYZmiOjT8C&pg=PA17">p. 17</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160516091613/https://books.google.com/books?id=cvtYZmiOjT8C&pg=PA17">Archived</a> 16 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones,_Rhys2007" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Rhys (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7OgODkcZgIIC&pg=PA52">People/states/territories: the political geographies of British state transformation</a>. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 52–53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-4033-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-4033-1"><bdi>978-1-4051-4033-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160502081027/https://books.google.com/books?id=7OgODkcZgIIC&pg=PA52">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People%2Fstates%2Fterritories%3A+the+political+geographies+of+British+state+transformation&rft.pages=52-53&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-4033-1&rft.au=Jones%2C+Rhys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7OgODkcZgIIC%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> ... see also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7OgODkcZgIIC&pg=PA54">pp. 54-</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160516192300/https://books.google.com/books?id=7OgODkcZgIIC&pg=PA54">Archived</a> 16 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> where Jones discusses problems with common conceptions of feudalism. </li> <li id="cite_note-Poggi-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Poggi_90-0">^</a> Poggi, G. 1978. The Development of the Modern State: A Sociological Introduction. Stanford: Stanford University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-Breuilly-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Breuilly_91-0">^</a> Breuilly, John. 1993. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6sEVmFtkpngC&dq=Breuilly+Nationalism+and+the+State&pg=PP1">Nationalism and the State</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160501130243/https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0719038006&id=6sEVmFtkpngC&pg=PP1&lpg=PP1&ots=jaRrjiINsh&dq=Breuilly+Nationalism+and+the+State&sig=xdUZ4zKU-os0Mx75Wk9gO3LuYhU">Archived</a> 1 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. New York: St. Martin's Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-3800-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-3800-6">0-7190-3800-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTilly1992" class="citation book cs1">Tilly, Charles (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/coercioncapitale0000till">Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990-1992</a>. Blackwell. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55786-067-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55786-067-5"><bdi>978-1-55786-067-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1148616089">1148616089</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coercion%2C+Capital%2C+and+European+States%2C+AD+990-1992&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1148616089&rft.isbn=978-1-55786-067-5&rft.aulast=Tilly&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcoercioncapitale0000till&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbramson2017" class="citation journal cs1">Abramson, Scott F (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020818316000308">"The Economic Origins of the Territorial State"</a>. International Organization. 71 (1): 97–130. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020818316000308">10.1017/S0020818316000308</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22432480">22432480</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Organization&rft.atitle=The+Economic+Origins+of+the+Territorial+State&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=97-130&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020818316000308&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22432480%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Abramson&rft.aufirst=Scott+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0020818316000308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarousse" class="citation web cs1">Larousse, Éditions. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.larousse.fr/dictionnaires/francais/%C3%89tat/31318">"Définitions : État - Dictionnaire de français Larousse"</a>. www.larousse.fr. Retrieved 17 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.larousse.fr&rft.atitle=D%C3%A9finitions+%3A+%C3%89tat+-+Dictionnaire+de+fran%C3%A7ais+Larousse&rft.aulast=Larousse&rft.aufirst=%C3%89ditions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.larousse.fr%2Fdictionnaires%2Ffrancais%2F%25C3%2589tat%2F31318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spruyt-2002-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spruyt-2002_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spruyt-2002_95-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spruyt-2002_95-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spruyt-2002_95-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpruyt2002" class="citation journal cs1">Spruyt, Hendrik (June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.polisci.5.101501.145837">"The Origins, Development, and Possible Decline of the Modern State"</a>. Annual Review of Political Science. 5 (1): 127–149. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.polisci.5.101501.145837">10.1146/annurev.polisci.5.101501.145837</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145637947">145637947</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=The+Origins%2C+Development%2C+and+Possible+Decline+of+the+Modern+State&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=127-149&rft.date=2002-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.polisci.5.101501.145837&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145637947%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Spruyt&rft.aufirst=Hendrik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev.polisci.5.101501.145837&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasMeyer1984" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, George M.; Meyer, John W. (August 1984). "The Expansion of the State". Annual Review of Sociology. 10 (1): 461–482. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.so.10.080184.002333">10.1146/annurev.so.10.080184.002333</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=The+Expansion+of+the+State&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=461-482&rft.date=1984-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.so.10.080184.002333&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=George+M.&rft.au=Meyer%2C+John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGetachew2019" class="citation book cs1">Getachew, Adom (2019). Worldmaking after Empire: The Rise and Fall of Self-Determination. Princeton University Press. pp. 73–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv3znwvg">10.2307/j.ctv3znwvg</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17915-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17915-5"><bdi>978-0-691-17915-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv3znwvg">j.ctv3znwvg</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worldmaking+after+Empire%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Self-Determination&rft.pages=73-74&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv3znwvg%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv3znwvg&rft.isbn=978-0-691-17915-5&rft.aulast=Getachew&rft.aufirst=Adom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurbankCooper2010" class="citation book cs1">Burbank, Jane; Cooper, Frederick (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y7B9euuLEkUC">Empires in World History: Power and the Politics of Difference</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12708-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12708-8"><bdi>978-0-691-12708-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+in+World+History%3A+Power+and+the+Politics+of+Difference&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12708-8&rft.aulast=Burbank&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft.au=Cooper%2C+Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy7B9euuLEkUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gorski-2017-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gorski-2017_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gorski-2017_99-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorskiSharma2017" class="citation book cs1">Gorski, Philip; Sharma, Vivek Swaroop (2017). "Beyond the Tilly Thesis". Does War Make States?. pp. 98–124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781316493694.005">10.1017/9781316493694.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781316493694" title="Special:BookSources/9781316493694"><bdi>9781316493694</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Beyond+the+Tilly+Thesis&rft.btitle=Does+War+Make+States%3F&rft.pages=98-124&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781316493694.005&rft.isbn=9781316493694&rft.aulast=Gorski&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Sharma%2C+Vivek+Swaroop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman,_Saul2010" class="citation book cs1">Newman, Saul (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SiqBiViUsOkC&pg=PA109">The Politics of Postanarchism</a>. Edinburgh University Press. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-3495-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-3495-8"><bdi>978-0-7486-3495-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160729012355/https://books.google.com/books?id=SiqBiViUsOkC&pg=PA109">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Postanarchism&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-3495-8&rft.au=Newman%2C+Saul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSiqBiViUsOkC%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoussopoulos,_Dimitrios_I.1973" class="citation book cs1">Roussopoulos, Dimitrios I. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jzX7mCJLl9AC&pg=PA8">The political economy of the state: Québec, Canada, U.S.A.</a> Black Rose Books. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-919618-01-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-919618-01-5"><bdi>978-0-919618-01-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160513043033/https://books.google.com/books?id=jzX7mCJLl9AC&pg=PA8">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+political+economy+of+the+state%3A+Qu%C3%A9bec%2C+Canada%2C+U.S.A.&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Black+Rose+Books&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-919618-01-5&rft.au=Roussopoulos%2C+Dimitrios+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjzX7mCJLl9AC%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristoyannopoulos2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Christoyannopoulos" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandre Christoyannopoulos">Christoyannopoulos, Alexandre</a> (2010). Christian Anarchism: A Political Commentary on the Gospel. Exeter: Imprint Academic. pp. 123–126. <q>Revelation</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Anarchism%3A+A+Political+Commentary+on+the+Gospel&rft.place=Exeter&rft.pages=123-126&rft.pub=Imprint+Academic&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Christoyannopoulos&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllul1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Ellul, Jacques</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=55_Oa12YTt0C&pg=PA72">Anarchy and Christianity</a>. Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans. pp. 71–74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802804952" title="Special:BookSources/9780802804952"><bdi>9780802804952</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151102122037/https://books.google.com/books?id=55_Oa12YTt0C&pg=PA72&dq=">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2015. <q>The first beast comes up from the sea...It is given 'all authority and power over every tribe, every people, every tongue, and every nation' (13:7). All who dwell on earth worship it. Political power could hardly, I think, be more expressly described, for it is this power which has authority, which controls military force, and which compels adoration (i.e., absolute obedience).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anarchy+and+Christianity&rft.place=Michigan&rft.pages=71-74&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780802804952&rft.aulast=Ellul&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D55_Oa12YTt0C%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rothbard-1970-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rothbard-1970_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rothbard-1970_104-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rothbard-1970_104-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothbard1970" class="citation book cs1">Rothbard, Murray (1970). Power and Market. Institute for Humane Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-933550-05-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-933550-05-8"><bdi>1-933550-05-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+and+Market&rft.pub=Institute+for+Humane+Studies&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=1-933550-05-8&rft.aulast=Rothbard&rft.aufirst=Murray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Long-2013-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Long-2013_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Long-2013_105-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong2013" class="citation journal cs1">Long, Roderick T. (1 December 2013). "Reply to Stephen Cox". The Journal of Ayn Rand Studies. 13 (2): 210–223. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5325%2Fjaynrandstud.13.2.0210">10.5325/jaynrandstud.13.2.0210</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Ayn+Rand+Studies&rft.atitle=Reply+to+Stephen+Cox&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=210-223&rft.date=2013-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5325%2Fjaynrandstud.13.2.0210&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Roderick+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlock2005" class="citation journal cs1">Block, Walter (2005). "Ayn Rand and Austrian Economics: Two Peas in a Pod". The Journal of Ayn Rand Studies. 6 (2): 259–269. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41560283">41560283</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Ayn+Rand+Studies&rft.atitle=Ayn+Rand+and+Austrian+Economics%3A+Two+Peas+in+a+Pod&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=259-269&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41560283%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Block&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1880/soc-utop/index.htm">Frederick Engels – Socialism: Utopian and Scientific. 1880</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070206061617/http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1880/soc-utop/index.htm">Archived</a> 6 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Full Text. From <a href="/wiki/Historical_Materialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical Materialism">Historical Materialism</a>: "State interference in social relations becomes, in one domain after another, superfluous, and then dies out of itself; the government of persons is replaced by the administration of things, and by the conduct of processes of production. The State is not "abolished". It dies out...Socialized production upon a predetermined plan becomes henceforth possible. The development of production makes the existence of different classes of society thenceforth an anachronism. In proportion as anarchy in social production vanishes, the political authority of the State dies out. Man, at last the master of his own form of social organization, becomes at the same time the lord over Nature, his own master – free." </li> <li id="cite_note-flint-taylor-139-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-flint-taylor-139_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-flint-taylor-139_108-1">b</a> Flint & Taylor, 2007: p. 139 </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Joseph, 2004: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ic5UOphbKHsC&pg=PA15">p. 15</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506134017/https://books.google.com/books?id=ic5UOphbKHsC&pg=PA15">Archived</a> 6 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Barrow, 1993: p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_Mark_J.2000" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Mark J. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hFCpqJwuv1QC&pg=PA176">Rethinking state theory</a>. Psychology Press. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-20892-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-20892-5"><bdi>978-0-415-20892-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160503213154/https://books.google.com/books?id=hFCpqJwuv1QC&pg=PA176">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+state+theory&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-20892-5&rft.au=Smith%2C+Mark+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhFCpqJwuv1QC%26pg%3DPA176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AUTOREF8-112"><a href="#cite_ref-AUTOREF8_112-0">^</a> Miliband, Ralph. 1983. Class power and state power. London: Verso. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Joseph, 2004: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ic5UOphbKHsC&pg=PA44:">p. 44</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160729054430/https://books.google.com/books?id=ic5UOphbKHsC&pg=PA44:">Archived</a> 29 July 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Vincent, 1992: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_MdR_fvPxZoC&pg=PA47">pp. 47–48</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160430132703/https://books.google.com/books?id=_MdR_fvPxZoC&pg=PA47">Archived</a> 30 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahl,_Robert1973" class="citation book cs1">Dahl, Robert (1973). Modern Political Analysis. Prentice Hall. p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-596981-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-596981-6"><bdi>0-13-596981-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Political+Analysis&rft.pages=Category%3AWikipedia+articles+needing+page+number+citations+from+January+2011%3Csup+class%3D%22noprint+Inline-Template+%22+style%3D%22white-space%3Anowrap%3B%22%3E%26%2391%3B%3Ci%3EWikipedia%3ACiting+sources%7C%3Cspan+title%3D%22This+citation+requires+a+reference+to+the+specific+page+or+range+of+pages+in+which+the+material+appears.%26%2332%3B%28January+2011%29%22%3Epage-needed%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fi%3E%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-13-596981-6&rft.au=Dahl%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham,_Frank2002" class="citation book cs1">Cunningham, Frank (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cOBubkTG9JMC&pg=PA86">Theories of democracy: a critical introduction</a>. Psychology Press. pp. 86–87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-22879-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-22879-4"><bdi>978-0-415-22879-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160512120545/https://books.google.com/books?id=cOBubkTG9JMC&pg=PA86">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theories+of+democracy%3A+a+critical+introduction&rft.pages=86-87&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-22879-4&rft.au=Cunningham%2C+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcOBubkTG9JMC%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZweigenhaft,_Richard_L.Domhoff,_G._William2006" class="citation book cs1">Zweigenhaft, Richard L. & Domhoff, G. William (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0V0gO8tArK8C&pg=PA4">Diversity in the power elite: how it happened, why it matters</a> (2nd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-3699-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-3699-9"><bdi>978-0-7425-3699-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160430085807/https://books.google.com/books?id=0V0gO8tArK8C&pg=PA4">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diversity+in+the+power+elite%3A+how+it+happened%2C+why+it+matters&rft.pages=4&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-3699-9&rft.au=Zweigenhaft%2C+Richard+L.&rft.au=Domhoff%2C+G.+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0V0gO8tArK8C%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncan,_Graeme_Campbell1989" class="citation book cs1">Duncan, Graeme Campbell (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tMk8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA137">Democracy and the capitalist state</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28062-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28062-4"><bdi>978-0-521-28062-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160425091052/https://books.google.com/books?id=tMk8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA137">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+and+the+capitalist+state&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-521-28062-4&rft.au=Duncan%2C+Graeme+Campbell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtMk8AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdgar,_Andrew2005" class="citation book cs1">Edgar, Andrew (2005). 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Psychology Press. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-33479-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-33479-2"><bdi>978-0-415-33479-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160425040547/https://books.google.com/books?id=lmK-RGZi5McC&pg=PA20">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adorno%2C+Habermas%2C+and+the+search+for+a+rational+society&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-33479-2&rft.au=Cook%2C+Deborah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlmK-RGZi5McC%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelossi,_Dario2006" class="citation book cs1">Melossi, Dario (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nE_UBAh_cyEC&pg=PA6">"Michel Foucault and the Obsolescent State"</a>. In Beaulieu, Alain; Gabbard, David (eds.). Michel Foucault and power today: international multidisciplinary studies in the history of the present. Lexington Books. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1324-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1324-0"><bdi>978-0-7391-1324-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160516144400/https://books.google.com/books?id=nE_UBAh_cyEC&pg=PA6">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Michel+Foucault+and+the+Obsolescent+State&rft.btitle=Michel+Foucault+and+power+today%3A+international+multidisciplinary+studies+in+the+history+of+the+present&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-1324-0&rft.au=Melossi%2C+Dario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnE_UBAh_cyEC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon,_Colin1991" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Colin (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TzSt_zYZfUsC&pg=PA4">"Government rationality: an introduction"</a>. 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University of Chicago Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-08045-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-08045-1"><bdi>978-0-226-08045-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160503035737/https://books.googlecom/books?id=TzSt_zYZfUsC&pg=PA4">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Government+rationality%3A+an+introduction&rft.btitle=The+Foucault+effect%3A+studies+in+governmentality&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-226-08045-1&rft.au=Gordon%2C+Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTzSt_zYZfUsC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell,_Timothy2006" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Timothy (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ImnEMK_hKCgC&pg=PA179">"Society, Economy, and the State Effect"</a>. In Sharma, Aradhana; Gupta, Akhil (eds.). The anthropology of the state: a reader. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1467-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1467-7"><bdi>978-1-4051-1467-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160518173206/https://books.google.com/books?id=ImnEMK_hKCgC&pg=PA179">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Society%2C+Economy%2C+and+the+State+Effect&rft.btitle=The+anthropology+of+the+state%3A+a+reader&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-1467-7&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DImnEMK_hKCgC%26pg%3DPA179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemke2011" class="citation book cs1">Lemke, Thomas (2011). Foucault, Governmentality, and Critique. Paradigm Publishers. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59451-637-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59451-637-5"><bdi>978-1-59451-637-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/653123044">653123044</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foucault%2C+Governmentality%2C+and+Critique&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Paradigm+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F653123044&rft.isbn=978-1-59451-637-5&rft.aulast=Lemke&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michel-2007-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Michel-2007_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michel-2007_125-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichel2007" class="citation book cs1">Michel, Foucault (2007). 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In Sinclair, Timothy (ed.). Global governance: critical concepts in political science. Taylor & Francis. pp. 139–140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-27665-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-27665-8"><bdi>978-0-415-27665-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160519041724/https://books.google.com/books?id=1xs_MGAo3zgC&pg=PA139">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Globalizing+class+theory&rft.btitle=Global+governance%3A+critical+concepts+in+political+science&rft.pages=139-140&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-27665-8&rft.au=Sklair%2C+Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1xs_MGAo3zgC%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AUTOREF10-130"><a href="#cite_ref-AUTOREF10_130-0">^</a> Rueschemeyer, Skocpol, and Evans, 1985: [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-vincent-1992-43-131"><a href="#cite_ref-vincent-1992-43_131-0">^</a> Vincent, 1992: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_MdR_fvPxZoC&pg=PA43">p. 43</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624102338/https://books.google.com/books?id=_MdR_fvPxZoC&pg=PA43">Archived</a> 24 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Malešević, 2002: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lc_nMFoGcYkC&pg=PA85">p. 85</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160520023400/https://books.google.com/books?id=Lc_nMFoGcYkC&pg=PA85">Archived</a> 20 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Dogan, 1992: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_MdR_fvPxZoC&pg=PA119">pp. 119–120</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160617061135/https://books.google.com/books?id=_MdR_fvPxZoC&pg=PA119">Archived</a> 17 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/3207/3207-h/3207-h.htm">"Leviathan, by Thomas Hobbes"</a>. www.gutenberg.org. Retrieved 19 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gutenberg.org&rft.atitle=Leviathan%2C+by+Thomas+Hobbes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F3207%2F3207-h%2F3207-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLocke1690" class="citation book cs1">Locke, John (1690). Second Treatise of Government.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Second+Treatise+of+Government&rft.date=1690&rft.aulast=Locke&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Cox2013" class="citation journal cs1">Stephen Cox (2013). "Rand, Paterson, and the Problem of Anarchism". The Journal of Ayn Rand Studies. 13 (1): 3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5325%2Fjaynrandstud.13.1.0003">10.5325/jaynrandstud.13.1.0003</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:169439235">169439235</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Ayn+Rand+Studies&rft.atitle=Rand%2C+Paterson%2C+and+the+Problem+of+Anarchism&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5325%2Fjaynrandstud.13.1.0003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A169439235%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Stephen+Cox&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFukuyama2012" class="citation book cs1">Fukuyama, Francis (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i9xRAQAAMAAJ&q=origins+of+political+order+amazon">The Origins of Political Order: From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution</a>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-53322-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-53322-9"><bdi>978-0-374-53322-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Political+Order%3A+From+Prehuman+Times+to+the+French+Revolution.&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-374-53322-9&rft.aulast=Fukuyama&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di9xRAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dorigins%2Bof%2Bpolitical%2Border%2Bamazon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallerstein,_Immanuel1999" class="citation book cs1">Wallerstein, Immanuel (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PEmVAQ_HMc8C&pg=PA228">The end of the world as we know it: social science for the twenty-first century</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>. p. 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-3398-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-3398-2"><bdi>978-0-8166-3398-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160528230745/https://books.google.com/books?id=PEmVAQ_HMc8C&pg=PA228">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+end+of+the+world+as+we+know+it%3A+social+science+for+the+twenty-first+century&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-3398-2&rft.au=Wallerstein%2C+Immanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPEmVAQ_HMc8C%26pg%3DPA228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins,_Randall1986" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Randall (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v39x_fKR-ykC&pg=PA158">Weberian Sociological Theory</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31426-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31426-8"><bdi>978-0-521-31426-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603181228/https://books.google.com/books?id=v39x_fKR-ykC&pg=PA158">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weberian+Sociological+Theory&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-521-31426-8&rft.au=Collins%2C+Randall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv39x_fKR-ykC%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwedberg,_RichardAgevall,_Ola2005" class="citation book cs1">Swedberg, Richard & Agevall, Ola (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_c3Mcnh8hCgC&pg=PA148">The Max Weber dictionary: key words and central concepts</a>. Stanford University Press. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5095-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5095-0"><bdi>978-0-8047-5095-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160428101520/https://books.google.com/books?id=_c3Mcnh8hCgC&pg=PA148">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Max+Weber+dictionary%3A+key+words+and+central+concepts&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-5095-0&rft.au=Swedberg%2C+Richard&rft.au=Agevall%2C+Ola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_c3Mcnh8hCgC%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuels2012" class="citation book cs1">Samuels, David (2012). Comparative Politics. Pearson Higher Education. p. 29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Politics&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Pearson+Higher+Education&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Samuels&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Samuels-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Samuels_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samuels_142-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuels" class="citation book cs1">Samuels, David. Comparative Politics. Pearson Higher Education.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Politics&rft.pub=Pearson+Higher+Education&rft.aulast=Samuels&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMigdal1988" class="citation book cs1">Migdal, Joel (1988). Strong societies and weak states: state-society relations and state capabilities in the Third World. pp. Chapter 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strong+societies+and+weak+states%3A+state-society+relations+and+state+capabilities+in+the+Third+World&rft.pages=Chapter+2&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Migdal&rft.aufirst=Joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMigdal1988" class="citation book cs1">Migdal, Joel (1988). Strong societies and weak states: state-society relations and state capabilities in the Third World. Princeton University Press. pp. Chapter 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strong+societies+and+weak+states%3A+state-society+relations+and+state+capabilities+in+the+Third+World&rft.pages=Chapter+8&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Migdal&rft.aufirst=Joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_(polity)&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrow,_Clyde_W.1993" class="citation book cs1">Barrow, Clyde W. 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Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-07224-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-07224-3"><bdi>978-0-415-07224-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conceptions+of+Legitimacy&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+government+and+politics&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-415-07224-3&rft.au=Dogan%2C+Mattei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_MdR_fvPxZoC%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlint,_ColinTaylor,_Peter2007" class="citation book cs1">Flint, Colin & Taylor, Peter (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GXz9xHdHeZcC">Political Geography: World Economy, Nation-State, and Locality</a> (5th ed.). Pearson/Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-196012-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-196012-1"><bdi>978-0-13-196012-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Geography%3A+World+Economy%2C+Nation-State%2C+and+Locality&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Pearson%2FPrentice+Hall&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-13-196012-1&rft.au=Flint%2C+Colin&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGXz9xHdHeZcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrard,_Graeme2022" class="citation book cs1">Garrard, Graeme (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yalebooks.co.uk/page/detail/the-return-of-the-state/?k=9780300256758">The Return of the State: And Why It Is Essential For Our Health, Wealth and Happiness</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300256758" title="Special:BookSources/9780300256758"><bdi>9780300256758</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Return+of+the+State%3A+And+Why+It+Is+Essential+For+Our+Health%2C+Wealth+and+Happiness&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9780300256758&rft.au=Garrard%2C+Graeme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyalebooks.co.uk%2Fpage%2Fdetail%2Fthe-return-of-the-state%2F%3Fk%3D9780300256758&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHay,_Colin2001" class="citation book cs1">Hay, Colin (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lSmU3aXWIAYC&pg=PA1469">"State theory"</a>. In Jones, R.J. Barry (ed.). Routledge Encyclopedia of International Political Economy: Entries P-Z. Taylor & Francis. pp. 1469–1475. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24352-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24352-0"><bdi>978-0-415-24352-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=State+theory&rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+International+Political+Economy%3A+Entries+P-Z&rft.pages=1469-1475&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-24352-0&rft.au=Hay%2C+Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlSmU3aXWIAYC%26pg%3DPA1469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph,_Jonathan2004" class="citation book cs1">Joseph, Jonathan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ic5UOphbKHsC">Social theory: an introduction</a>. NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-4277-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-4277-8"><bdi>978-0-8147-4277-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+theory%3A+an+introduction&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-4277-8&rft.au=Joseph%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dic5UOphbKHsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalešević,_Siniša2002" class="citation book cs1">Malešević, Siniša (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lc_nMFoGcYkC">Ideology, legitimacy and the new state: Yugoslavia, Serbia and Croatia</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5215-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5215-3"><bdi>978-0-7146-5215-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ideology%2C+legitimacy+and+the+new+state%3A+Yugoslavia%2C+Serbia+and+Croatia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5215-3&rft.au=Male%C5%A1evi%C4%87%2C+Sini%C5%A1a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLc_nMFoGcYkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson,_Brian_T.2006" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Brian T. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cvtYZmiOjT8C">The making of the modern state: a theoretical evolution</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-7189-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-7189-0"><bdi>978-1-4039-7189-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+making+of+the+modern+state%3A+a+theoretical+evolution&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-7189-0&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Brian+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcvtYZmiOjT8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRueschemeyer,_DietrichSkocpol,_ThedaEvans,_Peter_B.1985" class="citation book cs1">Rueschemeyer, Dietrich; Skocpol, Theda; Evans, Peter B. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sYgTwHQbNAAC">Bringing the State Back In</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-31313-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-31313-9"><bdi>0-521-31313-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bringing+the+State+Back+In&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-521-31313-9&rft.au=Rueschemeyer%2C+Dietrich&rft.au=Skocpol%2C+Theda&rft.au=Evans%2C+Peter+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsYgTwHQbNAAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalmon,_Trevor_C.2008" class="citation book cs1">Salmon, Trevor C. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ayz0kWKhKacC">Issues in international relations</a>. Taylor & Francis US. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-43126-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-43126-2"><bdi>978-0-415-43126-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Issues+in+international+relations&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis+US&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-43126-2&rft.au=Salmon%2C+Trevor+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dayz0kWKhKacC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSartwell,_Crispin2008" class="citation book cs1">Sartwell, Crispin (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bk-aaMVGKO0C">Against the state: an introduction to anarchist political theory</a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7447-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7447-1"><bdi>978-0-7914-7447-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+the+state%3A+an+introduction+to+anarchist+political+theory&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-7447-1&rft.au=Sartwell%2C+Crispin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbk-aaMVGKO0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott,_James_C.2009" class="citation book cs1">Scott, James C. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artofnotbeinggov0000scot">The art of not being governed: an anarchist history of upland Southeast Asia</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15228-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15228-9"><bdi>978-0-300-15228-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+art+of+not+being+governed%3A+an+anarchist+history+of+upland+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-300-15228-9&rft.au=Scott%2C+James+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartofnotbeinggov0000scot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkinner,_Quentin1989" class="citation book cs1">Skinner, Quentin (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1QrSKH_Q5M8C&pg=PA90">"The state"</a>. In Ball, T; Farr, J.; Hanson, R.L. (eds.). Political Innovation and Conceptual Change. Cambridge University Press. pp. 90–131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-35978-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-35978-3"><bdi>0-521-35978-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+state&rft.btitle=Political+Innovation+and+Conceptual+Change&rft.pages=90-131&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-521-35978-3&rft.au=Skinner%2C+Quentin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1QrSKH_Q5M8C%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVincent,_Andrew1992" class="citation book cs1">Vincent, Andrew (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_MdR_fvPxZoC&pg=PA48">"Conceptions of the State"</a>. In Paynter, John; et al. (eds.). Encyclopedia of government and politics. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-07224-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-07224-3"><bdi>978-0-415-07224-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conceptions+of+the+State&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+government+and+politics&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-415-07224-3&rft.au=Vincent%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_MdR_fvPxZoC%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_(polity)&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrow,_Clyde_W.2002" class="citation book cs1">Barrow, Clyde W. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=occGXv3T0ycC&pg=PA3">"The Miliband-Poulantzas Debate: An Intellectual History"</a>. In Aronowitz, Stanley; Bratsis, Peter (eds.). Paradigm lost: state theory reconsidered. University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-3293-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-3293-0"><bdi>978-0-8166-3293-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Miliband-Poulantzas+Debate%3A+An+Intellectual+History&rft.btitle=Paradigm+lost%3A+state+theory+reconsidered&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-3293-0&rft.au=Barrow%2C+Clyde+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoccGXv3T0ycC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBottomore,_T.B.1991" class="citation book cs1">Bottomore, T.B., ed. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q4QwNP_K1pYC&pg=PA520">"The State"</a>. A Dictionary of Marxist thought (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-18082-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-18082-1"><bdi>978-0-631-18082-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+State&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Marxist+thought&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-631-18082-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq4QwNP_K1pYC%26pg%3DPA520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBratsis,_Peter2006" class="citation book cs1">Bratsis, Peter (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mh_zAAAAMAAJ">Everyday Life and the State</a>. Paradigm. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59451-219-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59451-219-3"><bdi>978-1-59451-219-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everyday+Life+and+the+State&rft.pub=Paradigm&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59451-219-3&rft.au=Bratsis%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmh_zAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaulks,_Keith2000" class="citation book cs1">Faulks, Keith (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_fjCczhvWj0C&pg=PA32">"Classical Theories of the State and Civil Society"</a>. Political sociology: a critical introduction. NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-2709-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-2709-6"><bdi>978-0-8147-2709-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Classical+Theories+of+the+State+and+Civil+Society&rft.btitle=Political+sociology%3A+a+critical+introduction&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-2709-6&rft.au=Faulks%2C+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_fjCczhvWj0C%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldbrugge,_Ferdinand_J.M.2003" class="citation book cs1">Feldbrugge, Ferdinand J.M., ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DG_HMgPYMlMC">The law's beginning</a>. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13705-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13705-9"><bdi>978-90-04-13705-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+law%27s+beginning&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-90-04-13705-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDG_HMgPYMlMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisk,_Milton1989" class="citation book cs1">Fisk, Milton (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UVv1oS3afmIC">The state and justice: an essay in political theory</a>. 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Sage. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statepo_xxx_2009_00_4224/page/116">116</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-4805-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-4805-0"><bdi>978-1-4129-4805-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Violence+and+the+State&rft.btitle=State%2C+Power%2C+Crime&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-4805-0&rft.au=Green%2C+Penny&rft.au=Ward%2C+Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstatepo_xxx_2009_00_4224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall,_John_A.1994" class="citation book cs1">Hall, John A., ed. 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Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2798-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2798-1"><bdi>978-0-8223-2798-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=States+of+imagination%3A+ethnographic+explorations+of+the+postcolonial+state&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-2798-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpk9W2W6LCpIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman,_John1995" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, John (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TG6OQgAACAAJ">Beyond the state: an introductory critique</a>. Polity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-1181-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-1181-5"><bdi>978-0-7456-1181-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+state%3A+an+introductory+critique&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-1181-5&rft.au=Hoffman%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTG6OQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman,_John2004" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, John (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nHu8uwrBO6gC">Citizenship beyond the state</a>. Sage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-4942-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-4942-8"><bdi>978-0-7619-4942-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizenship+beyond+the+state&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-4942-8&rft.au=Hoffman%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnHu8uwrBO6gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJessop,_Bob1990" class="citation book cs1">Jessop, Bob (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HcxBBhXjAUcC">State theory: putting the Capitalist state in its place</a>. Penn State Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-00735-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-00735-9"><bdi>978-0-271-00735-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+theory%3A+putting+the+Capitalist+state+in+its+place&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-271-00735-9&rft.au=Jessop%2C+Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHcxBBhXjAUcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJessop,_Bob2009" class="citation book cs1">Jessop, Bob (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U5_HatyUydwC&pg=PA41">"Redesigning the State, Reorienting State Power, and Rethinking the State"</a>. 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Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-68929-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-68929-6"><bdi>978-0-387-68929-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Redesigning+the+State%2C+Reorienting+State+Power%2C+and+Rethinking+the+State&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Politics%3A+State+and+Society+in+Global+Perspective&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-387-68929-6&rft.au=Jessop%2C+Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU5_HatyUydwC%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLefebvre,_Henri2009" class="citation book cs1">Lefebvre, Henri (2009). 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University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-5317-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-5317-1"><bdi>978-0-8166-5317-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State%2C+space%2C+world%3A+selected+essays&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-5317-1&rft.au=Lefebvre%2C+Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5cYnB3KsqdkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong,_Roderick_T.Machan,_Tibor_R.2008" class="citation book cs1">Long, Roderick T. & Machan, Tibor R. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27014-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27014-4"><bdi>978-0-521-27014-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Community%2C+anarchy%2C+and+liberty&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-521-27014-4&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeI9xYg7CwiwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZippelius,_Reinhold2010" class="citation book cs1">Zippelius, Reinhold (2010). Allgemeine Staatslehre, Politikwissenschaft (16th ed.). C.H. Beck, Munich. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3406603426" title="Special:BookSources/978-3406603426"><bdi>978-3406603426</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Allgemeine+Staatslehre%2C+Politikwissenschaft&rft.edition=16th&rft.pub=C.H.+Beck%2C+Munich&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3406603426&rft.au=Zippelius%2C+Reinhold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUzgalis,_William2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Uzgalis, William (5 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/locke/index.html">"John Locke"</a>. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John+Locke&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2007-05-05&rft.au=Uzgalis%2C+William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Flocke%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_(polity)&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/state" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:state">state</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/estate" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:estate">estate</a>, or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/status" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:status">status</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/State" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:State">State</a> at Wikiquote <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarclay1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Barclay, Thomas (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/State">"State" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). pp. 799–801.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=State&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=799-801&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Barclay&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+%28polity%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_state" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_state" title="Template:Types of state"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Types_of_state" title="Template talk:Types of state"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Types_of_state" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Types of state"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_state" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">state</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_state" title="Administrative state">Administrative state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_state" title="Capitalist state">Capitalist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiefdom" title="Chiefdom">Chiefdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilization_state" title="Civilization state">Civilization state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">Client state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate" title="Khanate">Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realm" title="Realm">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">Nation state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-state" title="Quasi-state">Quasi-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pariah_state" title="Pariah state">Pariah state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_state" title="Parallel state">Parallel state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politeia" title="Politeia">Politeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rump_state" title="Rump state">Rump state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_state" title="Territorial state">Territorial state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warlord" title="Warlord">Warlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_philosophy" title="Template talk:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a> (c. 375 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a> (c. 350 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a> (51 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a> (c. 1274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a> (1313)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a> (1532)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a> (1651)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a> (1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a> (1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a> (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a> (1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a> (1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a> (1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(politics)" title="Machiavellianism (politics)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_social_and_political_philosophy_articles" title="Index of social and political philosophy articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_philosophy" title="Category:Political philosophy">Category:Political philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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