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class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Safle"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Prif ddewislen" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prif ddewislen" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Prif ddewislen </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu 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title="Ymweld â'r Hafan [z]" accesskey="z">Hafan</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Porth_y_Gymuned" title="Pethau i'w gwneud, adnoddau a thudalennau'r gymuned">Porth y Gymuned</a></li><li id="n-cafe" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Y_Caffi">Y Caffi</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Categori:Materion_cyfoes" title="Gwybodaeth yn gysylltiedig â materion cyfoes">Materion cyfoes</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:RecentChanges" title="Rhestr y newidiadau diweddar ar y wici. [r]" accesskey="r">Newidiadau diweddar</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:Random" title="Llwytho tudalen ar hap [x]" accesskey="x">Erthygl ar hap</a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Cymorth" title="Tudalennau cymorth">Cymorth</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:SpecialPages">Tudalennau arbennig</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Hafan" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wicipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-cy.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-cy.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Chwilio Wicipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Chwilio </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Chwilio Wicipedia" aria-label="Chwilio Wicipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Chwilio Wicipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Arbennig:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Chwilio</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Offer personol"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Gwedd"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Newidiwch ymddangosiad maint ffont, lled a lliw y dudalen" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gwedd" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Gwedd </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=cy.wikipedia.org&uselang=cy" class="">Rhoi</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:CreateAccount&returnto=Islam" title="Rydym yn argymell eich bod yn creu cyfri ac yn menwgofnodi. Fodd bynnag, dydy hyn ddim yn orfodol" class="">Creu cyfrif</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:UserLogin&returnto=Islam" title="Fe'ch anogir i fewngofnodi, er nad oes rhaid gwneud. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Mewngofnodi</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Rhagor o opsiynau" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Offer personol" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Offer personol </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal" title="Dewislen defnyddiwr" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=cy.wikipedia.org&uselang=cy">Rhoi</a></li><li id="pt-contribute" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:Contribute"> Cyfrannu</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:CreateAccount&returnto=Islam" title="Rydym yn argymell eich bod yn creu cyfri ac yn menwgofnodi. Fodd bynnag, dydy hyn ddim yn orfodol"> Creu cyfrif</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:UserLogin&returnto=Islam" title="Fe'ch anogir i fewngofnodi, er nad oes rhaid gwneud. [o]" accesskey="o"> Mewngofnodi</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tudalennau ar gyfer golygyddion allgofnodedig <a href="/wiki/Cymorth:Cyflwyniad" aria-label="Dysgu mwy am olygu">dysgu mwy</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:MyTalk" title="Sgwrs ynglŷn â golygiadau o'r cyfeiriad IP hwn [n]" accesskey="n">Sgwrs</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Safle"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Cynnwys" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Cynnwys</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Y dechrau</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Arkân_al-Dîn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arkân_al-Dîn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Arkân al-Dîn </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arkân_al-Dîn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hanes_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hanes_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Hanes Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hanes_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam_yng_Nghymru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam_yng_Nghymru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Islam yng Nghymru </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam_yng_Nghymru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erthyglau_ffydd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erthyglau_ffydd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Erthyglau ffydd </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Erthyglau_ffydd-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toglo is-adran Erthyglau ffydd </button> <ul id="toc-Erthyglau_ffydd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cysyniad_o_Dduw" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cysyniad_o_Dduw"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Cysyniad o Dduw </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cysyniad_o_Dduw-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Angylion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Angylion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Angylion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Angylion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Llyfrau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Llyfrau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Llyfrau </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Llyfrau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proffwydi_a_sunnah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proffwydi_a_sunnah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Proffwydi a sunnah </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proffwydi_a_sunnah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adgyfodiad_a_barn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adgyfodiad_a_barn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Adgyfodiad a barn </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adgyfodiad_a_barn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tynged_dwyfol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tynged_dwyfol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Tynged dwyfol </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tynged_dwyfol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gweithredoedd_o_addoliad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gweithredoedd_o_addoliad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Gweithredoedd o addoliad </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gweithredoedd_o_addoliad-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toglo is-adran Gweithredoedd o addoliad </button> <ul id="toc-Gweithredoedd_o_addoliad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ibadi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ibadi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Ibadi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ibadi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mwslemiaid_anenwadol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mwslemiaid_anenwadol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Mwslemiaid anenwadol </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mwslemiaid_anenwadol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sufisiaeth_(cyfriniaeth_asgetig)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sufisiaeth_(cyfriniaeth_asgetig)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Sufisiaeth (cyfriniaeth asgetig) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sufisiaeth_(cyfriniaeth_asgetig)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyfraith_grefyddol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyfraith_grefyddol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Cyfraith grefyddol </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cyfraith_grefyddol-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toglo is-adran Cyfraith grefyddol </button> <ul id="toc-Cyfraith_grefyddol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gwleidyddiaeth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gwleidyddiaeth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Gwleidyddiaeth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gwleidyddiaeth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cymdeithas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cymdeithas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Cymdeithas </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cymdeithas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toglo is-adran Cymdeithas </button> <ul id="toc-Cymdeithas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bywyd_teulu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bywyd_teulu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Bywyd teulu </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bywyd_teulu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Llyfryddiaeth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Llyfryddiaeth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Llyfryddiaeth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Llyfryddiaeth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gwyddoniaduron_a_geiriaduron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gwyddoniaduron_a_geiriaduron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Gwyddoniaduron a geiriaduron </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gwyddoniaduron_a_geiriaduron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Darllen_pellach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Darllen_pellach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Darllen pellach </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Darllen_pellach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyfeiriadau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyfeiriadau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Cyfeiriadau </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyfeiriadau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cynnwys" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Tabl Cynnwys" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toglo'r tabl cynnwys" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toglo'r tabl cynnwys </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Islam</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ewch i erthygl mewn iaith arall. Ar gael mewn 267 iaith" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-267" aria-hidden="true" > 267 iaith </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89seulam" title="Éseulam - Acehneg" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Éseulam" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ислъам - Circaseg Gorllewinol" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Ислъам" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Circaseg Gorllewinol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Affricaneg" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Affricaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Almaeneg y Swistir" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg y Swistir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A5%E1%88%B5%E1%88%8D%E1%88%9D%E1%8A%93" title="እስልምና - Amhareg" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="እስልምና" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amhareg" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Aragoneg" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragoneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allad%C5%8Dm" title="Alladōm - Hen Saesneg" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Alladōm" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Hen Saesneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isilam" title="Isilam - Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Isilam" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="इस्लाम - Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="इस्लाम" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="الإسلام - Arabeg" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإسلام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%A3%DC%A0%DC%90%DC%A1" title="ܐܣܠܐܡ - Aramaeg" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܣܠܐܡ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="إسلام - Arabeg Moroco" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="إسلام" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arabeg Moroco" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="الاسلام - Arabeg yr Aifft" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الاسلام" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arabeg yr Aifft" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="ইছলাম - Asameg" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ইছলাম" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Asameg" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Astwrianeg" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Astwrianeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ислам - Afareg" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Ислам" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Afareg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="इस्लाम - Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="इस्लाम" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0slam" title="İslam - Aserbaijaneg" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İslam" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Aserbaijaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ایسلام - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایسلام" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ислам - Bashcorteg" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ислам" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashcorteg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_Islam" title="Agama Islam - Balïeg" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Agama Islam" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balïeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islams" title="Islams - Samogiteg" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Islams" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogiteg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - West Coast Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="West Coast Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bajau Sama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Іслам - Belarwseg" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Іслам" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarwseg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Іслам - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Іслам" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selam" title="Selam - Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Selam" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC" title="Ислям - Bwlgareg" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ислям" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bwlgareg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="इस्लाम - Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इस्लाम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9C%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F" title="အိစ်သာလမ်ဘာႏသာႏ - Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အိစ်သာလမ်ဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silameya" title="Silameya - Bambareg" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Silameya" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambareg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="ইসলাম - Bengaleg" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইসলাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="དབྱི་སི་ལམ་ཆོས་ལུགས། - Tibeteg" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="དབྱི་སི་ལམ་ཆོས་ལུགས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibeteg" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Llydaweg" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Llydaweg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Bosnieg" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnieg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%94%E1%A8%9B%E1%A8%92%E1%A8%9B" title="ᨕᨔᨛᨒᨛ - Bwginaeg" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨕᨔᨛᨒᨛ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Bwginaeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Лалын шажан - Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Лалын шажан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Catalaneg" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AC-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%86-l%C3%A0ng-g%C3%A1u" title="Ĭ-sṳ̆-làng-gáu - Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ĭ-sṳ̆-làng-gáu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ислам - Tsietsieneg" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ислам" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Tsietsieneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ئیسلام - Cwrdeg Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیسلام" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Cwrdeg Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamu" title="Islamu - Corseg" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Islamu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corseg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sl%C3%A2m" title="İslâm - Tyrceg y Crimea" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="İslâm" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Tyrceg y Crimea" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isl%C3%A1m" title="Islám - Tsieceg" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Islám" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsieceg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ислам - Tshwfasheg" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ислам" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tshwfasheg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Daneg" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Daneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musulunsi" title="Musulunsi - Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Musulunsi" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Almaeneg" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0slam" title="İslam - Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İslam" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Sorbeg Isaf" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Sorbeg Isaf" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="इस्लाम - Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="इस्लाम" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%8D%DE%A7%DE%89%DE%B0" title="އިސްލާމް - Difehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އިސްލާމް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Difehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BC" title="Ισλάμ - Groeg" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ισλάμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Groeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8C%C5%9Blam" title="Ìślam - Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Ìślam" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dda"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Saesneg" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Saesneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamo" title="Islamo - Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Islamo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dda"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Sbaeneg" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sbaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Estoneg" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estoneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Basgeg" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Extremadureg" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremadureg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="اسلام - Perseg" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسلام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perseg" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lislaamu" title="Lislaamu - Ffwla" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Lislaamu" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Ffwla" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Ffinneg" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Ffinneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhamediusk" title="Muhamediusk - Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Muhamediusk" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Ffaröeg" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Ffaröeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Ffrangeg" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Ffrangeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islame" title="Islame - Arpitaneg" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Islame" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islaam" title="Islaam - Ffriseg Gogleddol" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Islaam" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Ffriseg Gogleddol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Ffriwleg" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Ffriwleg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Ffriseg y Gorllewin" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Ffriseg y Gorllewin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioslam" title="Ioslam - Gwyddeleg" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ioslam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Gwyddeleg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0slam" title="İslam - Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="İslam" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99" title="伊斯蘭教 - Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="伊斯蘭教" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioslam" title="Ioslam - Gaeleg yr Alban" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ioslam" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Gaeleg yr Alban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Galisieg" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisieg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ايسلام - Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="ايسلام" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isl%C3%A3" title="Islã - Guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Islã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BC" title="𐌹𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌼 - Gotheg" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌹𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌼" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gotheg" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ghanaian Pidgin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE" title="ઇસ્લામ - Gwjarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઇસ્લામ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gwjarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Islam" title="Yn Islam - Manaweg" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Islam" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manaweg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musulunci" title="Musulunci - Hawsa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Musulunci" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hawsa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%AE-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%82-l%C3%A0n-kau" title="Yî-sṳ̂-làn-kau - Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yî-sṳ̂-làn-kau" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%CA%BBomana_Mohameka" title="Hoʻomana Mohameka - Hawäieg" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Hoʻomana Mohameka" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawäieg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9D" title="אסלאם - Hebraeg" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אסלאם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebraeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="इस्लाम - Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इस्लाम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Croateg" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croateg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Sorbeg Uchaf" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Sorbeg Uchaf" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamis" title="Islamis - Creol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Islamis" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Creol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iszl%C3%A1m" title="Iszlám - Hwngareg" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Iszlám" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hwngareg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BD%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B4" title="Իսլամ - Armeneg" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իսլամ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BD%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Իսլամութիւն - Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Իսլամութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Ibaneg" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Ibaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Indoneseg" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indoneseg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80lak%E1%BB%A5%CC%80ba" title="Àlakụ̀ba - Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Àlakụ̀ba" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Ilocaneg" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Ilocaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ислам - Ingwsieg" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Ислам" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingwsieg" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamo" title="Islamo - Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Islamo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dslam" title="Íslam - Islandeg" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Íslam" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Eidaleg" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Eidaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0%E6%95%99" title="イスラム教 - Japaneeg" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イスラム教" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japaneeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izlam" title="Izlam - Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Izlam" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/musyjda" title="musyjda - Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="musyjda" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Jafanaeg" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jafanaeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ისლამი - Georgeg" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ისლამი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Cara-Calpaceg" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Cara-Calpaceg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tineslemt" title="Tineslemt - Cabileg" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tineslemt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Cabileg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ислъам - Cabardieg" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Ислъам" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Cabardieg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iizilaam" title="Iizilaam - Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Iizilaam" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwikpaa%CC%B1pyia%CC%B1" title="Khwikpaa̱pyia̱ - Tyapeg" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Khwikpaa̱pyia̱" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyapeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisilamu" title="Kisilamu - Congo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kisilamu" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Congo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ислам - Casacheg" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ислам" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Casacheg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kalaallisut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A5%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6" title="ឥស្លាមសាសនា - Chmereg" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ឥស្លាមសាសនា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Chmereg" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82_%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE" title="ಇಸ್ಲಾಂ ಧರ್ಮ - Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇಸ್ಲಾಂ ಧರ್ಮ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yerwa Kanuri</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%AC%EB%9E%8C%EA%B5%90" title="이슬람교 - Coreeg" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이슬람교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Coreeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ислам - Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Ислам" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%90%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="اِسلام - Cashmireg" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="اِسلام" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Cashmireg" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Eslam" title="Îslam - Cwrdeg" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Îslam" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Cwrdeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ислам - Comi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Ислам" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Comi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Cernyweg" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cernyweg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religio_Islamica" title="Religio Islamica - Lladin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Religio Islamica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Lladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Iddew-Sbaeneg" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Iddew-Sbaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Lwcsembwrgeg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Lwcsembwrgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ислам - Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Ислам" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ислам - Lezgheg" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Ислам" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezgheg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Limbwrgeg" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limbwrgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamiximo" title="Islamiximo - Ligwreg" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Islamiximo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligwreg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Lombardeg" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombardeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamu" title="Islamu - Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Islamu" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%9C%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A1" title="ສາສະໜາອິສະລາມ - Laoeg" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສາສະໜາອິສະລາມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Laoeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamas" title="Islamas - Lithwaneg" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Islamas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithwaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isl%C4%81ms" title="Islāms - Latfieg" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Islāms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latfieg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Madwreg" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madwreg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="इस्लाम - Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="इस्लाम" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ислам - Mocsia" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Ислам" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Mocsia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silamo" title="Silamo - Malagaseg" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Silamo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagaseg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihirama" title="Ihirama - Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Ihirama" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ислам - Macedoneg" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ислам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedoneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82" title="ഇസ്‌ലാം - Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇസ്‌ലാം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ислам - Mongoleg" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ислам" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongoleg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9D_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A1" title="ꯏꯁ꯭ꯂꯥꯝ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡ - Manipwri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯏꯁ꯭ꯂꯥꯝ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipwri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%BF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="အေဿလာမ် - Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="အေဿလာမ်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="इस्लाम - Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इस्लाम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Maleieg" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleieg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%BClam" title="Iżlam - Malteg" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Iżlam" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Malteg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eislan" title="Eislan - Mirandeg" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Eislan" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%85%E1%80%B9%E1%80%85%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC" title="အစ္စလာမ်ဘာသာ - Byrmaneg" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အစ္စလာမ်ဘာသာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Byrmaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ایسلام - Masanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ایسلام" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Masanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Naplieg" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Naplieg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Almaeneg Isel" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg Isel" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Sacsoneg Isel" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Sacsoneg Isel" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="इस्लाम धर्म - Nepaleg" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इस्लाम धर्म" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="इस्लाम - Newaeg" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="इस्लाम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newaeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Iseldireg" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Iseldireg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Norwyeg Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwyeg Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Norwyeg Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwyeg Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islame" title="Islame - Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Islame" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%96%DF%98%DF%8D%DF%AC%DF%9E%DF%9F%DF%8F%DF%AC%DF%A6%DF%8A" title="ߖߘߍ߬ߞߟߏ߬ߦߊ - N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߖߘߍ߬ߞߟߏ߬ߦߊ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Nianja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nianja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Ocsitaneg" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ocsitaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islaamaa" title="Islaamaa - Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Islaamaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE_%E0%AC%A7%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AE" title="ଇସଲାମ ଧର୍ମ - Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଇସଲାମ ଧର୍ମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пысылмон дин - Oseteg" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Пысылмон дин" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Oseteg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE" title="ਇਸਲਾਮ - Pwnjabeg" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਸਲਾਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pwnjabeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Picardeg" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picardeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Pidgin Nigeria" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Pidgin Nigeria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Naijá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islaam" title="Islaam - Almaeneg Pensylfania" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Islaam" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg Pensylfania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="इस्लाम धम्म - Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="इस्लाम धम्म" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Pwyleg" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pwyleg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Piedmonteg" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmonteg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="اسلام - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اسلام" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="اسلام - Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اسلام" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamismo" title="Islamismo - Portiwgaleg" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Islamismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portiwgaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Románsh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Románsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Rwmaneg" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rwmaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ислам - Rwseg" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ислам" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rwseg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Іслам - Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Іслам" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamu" title="Islamu - Ciniarŵandeg" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Islamu" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Ciniarŵandeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="इस्लाम्-मतम् - Sansgrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="इस्लाम्-मतम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sansgrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ислаам - Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ислаам" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2" title="ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ - Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Sardeg" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Sisileg" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisileg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Sgoteg" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Sgoteg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="اسلام - Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اسلام" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isl%C3%A1ma" title="Isláma - Sami Gogleddol" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Isláma" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Sami Gogleddol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Serbo-Croateg" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croateg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lislam" title="Lislam - Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Lislam" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A" title="ඉස්ලාම් - Sinhaleg" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉස්ලාම්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Slofaceg" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slofaceg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="اسلام - Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="اسلام" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Slofeneg" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slofeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyisalama" title="Uyisalama - Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Uyisalama" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islaam" title="Islaam - Somaleg" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Islaam" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islami" title="Islami - Albaneg" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Islami" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ислам - Serbeg" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ислам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Swndaneg" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Swndaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Swedeg" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uislamu" title="Uislamu - Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uislamu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-syl mw-list-item"><a href="https://syl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%A0%81%EA%A0%8D%EA%A0%9F%EA%A0%A3%EA%A0%9D_%EA%A0%97%EA%A0%9E%EA%A0%9D" title="ꠁꠍꠟꠣꠝ ꠗꠞꠝ - Sylheti" lang="syl" hreflang="syl" data-title="ꠁꠍꠟꠣꠝ ꠗꠞꠝ" data-language-autonym="ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ" data-language-local-name="Sylheti" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Silesieg" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesieg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இசுலாம் - Tamileg" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இசுலாம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamileg" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE" title="ಇಸ್ಲಾಮ್ ಧರ್ಮ - Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಇಸ್ಲಾಮ್ ಧರ್ಮ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82" title="ఇస్లాం మతం - Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇస్లాం మతం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Ислом - Tajiceg" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ислом" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajiceg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1" title="ศาสนาอิสลาม - Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศาสนาอิสลาม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9D%E1%88%B5%E1%88%8D%E1%88%9D%E1%8A%93" title="ምስልምና - Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ምስልምና" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isl%C3%A4m" title="Isläm - Tyrcmeneg" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Isläm" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Tyrcmeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Talysheg" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysheg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0slam" title="İslam - Tyrceg" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İslam" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Tyrceg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vusurumani" title="Vusurumani - Tsongaeg" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Vusurumani" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsongaeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ислам - Tatareg" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ислам" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatareg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkramosom" title="Nkramosom - Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Nkramosom" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%86%D9%89" title="ئىسلام دىنى - Uighur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىسلام دىنى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uighur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Іслам - Wcreineg" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іслам" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Wcreineg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="اسلام - Wrdw" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اسلام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Wrdw" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islom" title="Islom - Wsbeceg" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Islom" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Wsbeceg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Feniseg" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Feniseg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Feps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Feps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%93i_gi%C3%A1o" title="Hồi giáo - Fietnameg" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hồi giáo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Fietnameg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Fflemeg Gorllewinol" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="Fflemeg Gorllewinol" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slam" title="Slam - Folapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Slam" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Folapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Walwneg" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walwneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Winarayeg" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Winarayeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lislaam" title="Lislaam - Woloff" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Lislaam" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Woloff" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%95%99" title="回教 - Wu Tsieineaidd" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="回教" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tsieineaidd" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%88%D0%B0%D2%97%D0%BD" title="Лал шаҗн - Calmyceg" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Лал шаҗн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Calmyceg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ისლამი - Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ისლამი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9D" title="איסלאם - Iddew-Almaeneg" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="איסלאם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Iddew-Almaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dda"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%B8%CC%80s%C3%ACn_Islam" title="Ẹ̀sìn Islam - Iorwba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ẹ̀sìn Islam" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Iorwba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yihswhlanzgyau" title="Yihswhlanzgyau - Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Yihswhlanzgyau" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Zêlandeg" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zêlandeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E" title="ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ - Tamaseit Moroco Safonol" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Tamaseit Moroco Safonol" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dda"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99" title="伊斯兰教 - Tsieinëeg" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊斯兰教" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tsieinëeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%95%99" title="回教 - Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="回教" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99" title="伊斯蘭教 - Cantoneeg" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="伊斯蘭教" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantoneeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam - Swlw" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Islam" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Swlw" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q432#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Golygu dolenni rhyngwici" class="wbc-editpage">Golygu dolenni</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Parthau"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Gweld y dudalen bwnc [c]" accesskey="c">Erthygl</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sgwrs:Islam" rel="discussion" title="Sgwrsio am y dudalen [t]" accesskey="t">Sgwrs</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Newid amrywiad iaith" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Cymraeg </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Golygon"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Islam">Darllen</a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam&veaction=edit" title="Golygu'r dudalen hon [v]" accesskey="v">Golygu</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam&action=edit" title="Golygu cod ffynhonnell y dudalen hon [e]" accesskey="e">Golygu cod</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam&action=history" title="Fersiynau cynt o'r dudalen hon. [h]" accesskey="h">Gweld hanes</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Offer tudalen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Blwch offer" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Blwch offer </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Blwch offer</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Rhagor o opsiynau" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Gweithredoedd </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Islam">Darllen</a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam&veaction=edit" title="Golygu'r dudalen hon [v]" accesskey="v">Golygu</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam&action=edit" title="Golygu cod ffynhonnell y dudalen hon [e]" accesskey="e">Golygu cod</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam&action=history">Gweld hanes</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cyffredinol </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:WhatLinksHere/Islam" title="Rhestr o bob tudalen sy'n cysylltu â hon [j]" accesskey="j">Beth sy'n cysylltu yma</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:RecentChangesLinked/Islam" rel="nofollow" title="Newidiadau diweddar i dudalennau sydd yn cysylltu â hon [k]" accesskey="k">Newidiadau perthnasol</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam&oldid=13043988" title="Dolen barhaol i'r fersiwn hwn y dudalen hon">Dolen barhaol</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam&action=info" title="Mwy o wybodaeth am y dudalen hon">Gwybodaeth am y dudalen</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:CiteThisPage&page=Islam&id=13043988&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Gwybodaeth ar sut i gyfeirio at y dudalen hon">Cyfeirio at y dudalen hon</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIslam">Cael URL byr</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIslam">Lawrlwytho cod QR</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Argraffu / allforio </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Islam">Llunio llyfr</a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:DownloadAsPdf&page=Islam&action=show-download-screen">Lawrlwytho fel PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam&printable=yes" title="Cynhyrchwch fersiwn o'r dudalen yn barod at ei hargraffu [p]" accesskey="p">Fersiwn argraffu</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Mewn prosiectau eraill </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Islam" hreflang="en">Comin Wikimedia</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q432" title="Cysylltu i eitem ystorfa gysylltiedig [g]" accesskey="g">Eitem Wicidata</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Offer tudalen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Gwedd"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Gwedd</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Oddi ar Wicipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="cy" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="width:22em"><caption>Islam</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mosque.jpg/250px-Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mosque.jpg/330px-Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mosque.jpg/500px-Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Enghraifft o:</th><td>grwp crefyddol mawr <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432?uselang=cy#P31" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Math</th><td><a href="/wiki/Crefyddau_Abrahamig" title="Crefyddau Abrahamig">crefyddau Abrahamig</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432?uselang=cy#P279" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Crëwr</th><td>God in Islam <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432?uselang=cy#P170" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Iaith</th><td><a href="/wiki/Arabeg" title="Arabeg">Arabeg</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432?uselang=cy#P407" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Cysylltir gyda</th><td>dhikr, Dua, good works in Islam <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432?uselang=cy#P2789" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Dechrau/Sefydlu</th><td>631 <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432?uselang=cy#P571" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Genre</th><td><a href="/wiki/Ymarfer_ysbrydol" title="Ymarfer ysbrydol">Ymarfer ysbrydol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cwlt_(addoliad)" title="Cwlt (addoliad)">Cwlt</a>, devotion <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432?uselang=cy#P136" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Cyfres</th><td><a href="/wiki/Crefyddau_Abrahamig" title="Crefyddau Abrahamig">crefyddau Abrahamig</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432?uselang=cy#P179" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Rhagflaenwyd gan</th><td><a href="/wiki/Siah%C3%A2da" title="Siahâda">Siahâda</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432?uselang=cy#P155" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Olynwyd gan</th><td><a href="/wiki/Pum_Colofn_Islam" title="Pum Colofn Islam">Pum Colofn Islam</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432?uselang=cy#P156" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Lleoliad</th><td><a href="/wiki/Y_Byd_Mwslemaidd" title="Y Byd Mwslemaidd">Y Byd Mwslemaidd</a>, ledled y byd <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432?uselang=cy#P276" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Prif bwnc</th><td>obedience, allegiance, obedience in Islam, worship in Islam, Sabil Allah, al-Sirat al-Mustaqim <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432?uselang=cy#P921" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Yn cynnwys</th><td><a href="/wiki/Pum_Colofn_Islam" title="Pum Colofn Islam">Pum Colofn Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siah%C3%A2da" title="Siahâda">Siahâda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a>, fasting during Ramadan, <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432?uselang=cy#P527" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Sylfaenydd</th><td><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432?uselang=cy#P112" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Rhagflaenydd</th><td>Mytholeg Arabaidd, crefydd hynafol Semitig <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432?uselang=cy#P1365" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Pencadlys</th><td><a href="/wiki/Mosg_Al-Haram" title="Mosg Al-Haram">Mosg Al-Haram</a>, Kaaba, Qibla <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432?uselang=cy#P159" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Enw brodorol</th><td>الإسلام <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432?uselang=cy#P1705" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Cyfarwyddwr</th><td>Jibril <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432?uselang=cy#P57" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><img alt="Tudalen Comin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Islam" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Islam">Ffeiliau perthnasol ar Gomin Wicimedia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox" style="float: right; text-align: center; font-size: 84%; clear:right; background: solid #31644d; border: 2px solid #215E21;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr><th style="background:#31644d; colspan="> Rhan o gyfres ar <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Islam</a> <a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Allah1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Allah1.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="195" data-file-height="195" /></a> </th></tr><tr><td style="border-top:1px solid #215E21; border-right:2px solid white; border-left:2px solid white;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aqidah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aqidah (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Athrawiaeth</a> </td></tr><tr><td style="border-right:2px solid white; border-left:2px solid white;"> <a href="/wiki/Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Allah">Allah</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Undod</a> <a href="/wiki/Duw" title="Duw">Duw</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proffwydi_Islam" title="Proffwydi Islam">Proffwydi Islam</a> </td></tr><tr><td style="border-top:1px solid #215E21; border-right:2px solid white; border-left:2px solid white;"><a href="/wiki/Pum_Colofn_Islam" title="Pum Colofn Islam">Arferion</a> </td></tr><tr><td style="border-right:2px solid white; border-left:2px solid white;"> <a href="/wiki/Shahadah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahadah">Cyffes Ffydd</a> · <a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Gweddïo</a> <a href="/wiki/Sawm" title="Sawm">Ymprydio</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Elusen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Pererindod</a> </td></tr><tr><td style="border-top:1px solid #215E21; border-right:2px solid white; border-left:2px solid white;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanes_Islam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanes Islam (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Hanes</a> ac <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arweinwyr_crefyddol_Islamig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arweinwyr crefyddol Islamig (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Arweinwyr</a> </td></tr><tr><td style="border-right:2px solid white; border-left:2px solid white;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahl_al-Bayt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahl al-Bayt (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Ahl al-Bayt</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sahaba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sahaba (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Sahaba</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rashidun (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Califfiaid Rashidun</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Imamah_(dysgeidiaeth_Shia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imamah (dysgeidiaeth Shia) (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Imamau Shi'a</a> </td></tr><tr><td style="border-top:1px solid #215E21; border-right:2px solid white; border-left:2px solid white;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhestr_testunau_Islamig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhestr testunau Islamig (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Testunau</a> a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sharia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sharia (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Deddfau</a> </td></tr><tr><td style="border-right:2px solid white; border-left:2px solid white;"> <a href="/wiki/Coran" class="mw-redirect" title="Coran">Coran</a> · <a href="/wiki/S%C5%B5ra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sŵra">Sŵra</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunnah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sunnah (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Sunnah</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiqh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fiqh (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Fiqh</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sharia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sharia (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Sharia</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalam (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Kalam</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Tasawwuf (Swffiaeth)</a> </td></tr><tr><td style="border-top:1px solid #215E21; border-right:2px solid white; border-left:2px solid white;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Enwadau</a> </td></tr><tr><td style="border-right:2px solid white; border-left:2px solid white;"><a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> · <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shi'a</a> </td></tr><tr><td style="border-top:1px solid #215E21; border-right:2px solid white; border-left:2px solid white;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diwylliant_Mwslim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diwylliant Mwslim (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Diwylliant</a> a <a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Chymdeithas</a> </td></tr><tr><td style="border-right:2px solid white; border-left:2px solid white;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Astudiaethau_Islamig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astudiaethau Islamig (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Astudiaethau Islamig</a> · <a href="/wiki/Celf_Islamig" class="mw-redirect" title="Celf Islamig">Celf</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Calendr_Islamig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calendr Islamig (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Calendr</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islam_yn_%C3%B4l_gwlad" title="Islam yn ôl gwlad">Demograffeg</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwyliau_Mwslimaidd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gwyliau Mwslimaidd (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Gwyliau</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mosg" title="Mosg">Mosgiau</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Athroniaeth_Islamig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Athroniaeth Islamig (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Athroniaeth</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_a_gwleidyddiaeth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islam a gwleidyddiaeth (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Gwleidyddiaeth</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwyddoniaeth_Islamig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gwyddoniaeth Islamig (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Gwyddoniaeth</a> · <a href="/wiki/Merched_ac_Islam" title="Merched ac Islam">Merched</a> </td></tr><tr><td style="border-top:1px solid #215E21; border-right:2px solid white; border-left:2px solid white;"> Islam a chrefyddau eraill </td></tr><tr><td style="border-right:2px solid white; border-left:2px solid white;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_a_Christnogaeth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islam a Christnogaeth (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Cristnogaeth</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_ac_Iddewiaeth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islam ac Iddewiaeth (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Iddewiaeth</a> </td></tr><tr><td style="border-top:1px solid #215E21; border-right:2px solid white; border-left:2px solid white;"> <a href="/wiki/Categori:Islam" title="Categori:Islam">Gweler hefyd</a> </td></tr><tr><td style="border-right:2px solid white; border-left:2px solid white;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamoffobia" title="Islamoffobia">Islamoffobia</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Termau_Islamig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Termau Islamig (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Termau Islamig</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam_yng_Nghymru" title="Islam yng Nghymru">Islam yng Nghymru</a> </td></tr><tr><td style="border-right:2px solid white; border-left:2px solid white; font-size:12px;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Un o <a href="/wiki/Crefydd" title="Crefydd">grefyddau</a> mwyaf poblogaidd a gwasgaredig y byd yw Islam (Arabeg: اَلْإِسْلَامُ); Lladineiddiad: al-’Islām). Ystyr y gair yw ymostyngiad i ewyllys <a href="/wiki/Duw" title="Duw">Duw</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-l%C3%A2h" title="Al-lâh">Al-lâh</a>) a'r cyflwr tangnefeddus o fod yn un â Duw a phopeth a grëwyd ganddo. Mae'r gair yn perthyn i'r gair salām sy'n golygu "tangnefedd" a ddaw o'r <a href="/wiki/Gwreiddyn_Semitaidd" title="Gwreiddyn Semitaidd">gwreiddyn</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=S-L-M&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-L-M (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">s-l-m</a>. Mae dilynwr Islam yn <a href="/wiki/Mwslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mwslim">Fwslim</a>, sef "un sy'n ymostwng i ewyllys Duw." Ceir dau brif enwad, sef y <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> a'r <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a>. Fel <a href="/wiki/Cristnogaeth" title="Cristnogaeth">Cristnogaeth</a> ac <a href="/wiki/Iddewiaeth" title="Iddewiaeth">Iddewiaeth</a>, mae'n un o'r <a href="/wiki/Crefyddau_Abrahamig" title="Crefyddau Abrahamig">crefyddau Abrahamig</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BC3-1">[1]</a> Sefydlwyd y grefydd ym <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> gan y Proffwyd <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Mohamed</a> (c.<a href="/wiki/570" title="570">570</a>-<a href="/wiki/8_Mehefin" title="8 Mehefin">8 Mehefin</a>, <a href="/wiki/632" title="632">632</a>). Ymledodd y ffydd yn gyflym yn y <a href="/wiki/Dwyrain_Canol" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwyrain Canol">Dwyrain Canol</a> a <a href="/wiki/Gogledd_Affrica" title="Gogledd Affrica">Gogledd Affrica</a> ac mewn llai na chanrif ar ôl marwolaeth Mohamed roedd awdurdod y <a href="/wiki/Califf" title="Califf">califfiaid</a> a reolai ymerodraeth yr <a href="/w/index.php?title=Umayyad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umayyad (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Umayyad</a> yn ymestyn o <a href="/wiki/Sbaen" title="Sbaen">Sbaen</a> i Afon <a href="/wiki/Indus" class="mw-disambig" title="Indus">Indus</a> yng ngogledd-orllewin <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. Erbyn heddiw mae tua 20% o boblogaeth y byd yn byw mewn gwledydd <a href="/wiki/Mwslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mwslim">Mwslim</a>, o <a href="/wiki/Moroco" title="Moroco">Foroco</a> yn y gorllewin i <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> yn y dwyrain ac o <a href="/wiki/Casachstan" title="Casachstan">Casachstan</a> yn y gogledd i <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Fali</a> a <a href="/wiki/Swdan" title="Swdan">Swdan</a> yn y de. Mae Mwslemiaid yn derbyn Ibrahim (<a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>), Musa (<a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>), Isa (<a href="/wiki/Crist" title="Crist">Iesu Grist</a>) ynghyd â ffigyrau eraill o'r traddodiad Iddewig-Gristnogol fel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proffwyd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proffwyd (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">proffwydi</a> Duw. Fodd bynnag, credant mai Mohamed yw'r proffwyd mwyaf; yr olaf yn y gadwyn o broffwydi sy'n cychwyn gydag <a href="/wiki/Adda" title="Adda">Adda</a>. Credant fod y <a href="/wiki/Coran" class="mw-redirect" title="Coran">Coran</a> (Qu'ran) yn air Duw, fel y datguddiwyd ef i Mohamed fesul pennod (<a href="/wiki/S%C5%B5ra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sŵra">sŵra</a>) yn y cyfnod rhwng c. <a href="/wiki/610" title="610">610</a> a <a href="/wiki/632" title="632">632</a>. Mae'n <a href="/wiki/Undduwiaeth" title="Undduwiaeth">grefydd undduwiol</a> <a href="/wiki/Crefyddau_Abrahamig" title="Crefyddau Abrahamig">Abrahamaidd</a> sy'n dysgu bod <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> yn negesydd <a href="/wiki/Duw" title="Duw">Duw</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Hi yw ail grefydd fwyaf y byd y tu ôl i <a href="/wiki/Cristnogaeth" title="Cristnogaeth">Gristnogaeth</a>, gyda 1.9 biliwn o ddilynwyr neu 24.9% o boblogaeth y byd,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pew2-4">[4]</a> a elwir yn Fwslimiaid.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Mwslimiaid yw mwyafrif y boblogaeth mewn <a href="/wiki/Islam_yn_%C3%B4l_gwlad" title="Islam yn ôl gwlad">49 o wledydd</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Mae Islam yn dysgu bod Duw yn drugarog, yn holl-bwerus, ac yn <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">unigryw</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampo2009-8">[8]</a> ac wedi arwain dynoliaeth trwy ei ddefnydd o'r <a href="/wiki/Proffwydi_Islam" title="Proffwydi Islam">proffwydi</a>, yr ysgrythurau datguddiedig, ac arwyddion naturiol.<a href="#cite_note-OEIW-allah2-9">[9]</a> Ysgrythurau sylfaenol Islam yw'r <a href="/wiki/Y_Cor%C3%A2n" title="Y Corân">Corân</a>, y credir ei fod yn air Duw, gair am air, yn ogystal â bod yn ddysgeidiaeth ac enghreifftiau normadol (a elwir yn sunnah, sy'n cynnwys adroddiadau o'r enw <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a>) o <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> ( tua 570 - 632 CE).<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> O safbwynt hanesyddol, tarddodd Islam yn gynnar yn y <a href="/wiki/7g" class="mw-redirect" title="7g">7g OC</a> ym Mhenrhyn Arabia, ym Mecca,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> ac erbyn yr <a href="/wiki/8g" class="mw-redirect" title="8g">8g</a>, ymestynnai'r Califfiaeth Umayyad <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">o Iberia</a> yn y gorllewin i <a href="/wiki/Afon_Indus" title="Afon Indus">Afon Indus</a> yn y dwyrain. Mae Oes Aur Islamaidd yn cyfeirio at y cyfnod a ddyddiwyd yn draddodiadol o'r <a href="/wiki/8g" class="mw-redirect" title="8g">8g</a> i'r <a href="/wiki/13g" class="mw-redirect" title="13g">13g</a>, yn ystod y <a href="/wiki/Abassiaid" title="Abassiaid">Califfiaeth Abbasid</a>, pan oedd llawer o'r <a href="/wiki/Y_Byd_Mwslemaidd" title="Y Byd Mwslemaidd">byd</a> hanesyddol Mwslimaidd llewyrchus yn enwedig mewn gwyddoniaeth, economeg a diwylliant.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Roedd ehangu'r byd Mwslemaidd yn cynnwys gwahanol taleithiau a chalifffiau megis yr <a href="/wiki/Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd" title="Yr Ymerodraeth Otomanaidd">Ymerodraeth Otomanaidd</a>, masnach, a throsi i Islam trwy weithgareddau cenhadol (dawah).<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Mae'r rhan fwyaf o Fwslimiaid yn perthyn i un o ddau enwad: <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> (85–90%)<a href="#cite_note-Denny-15">[15]</a> neu <a href="/wiki/Sh%C3%AFa" title="Shïa">Shia</a> (10–15%).<a href="#cite_note-CIA_Factbook-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-berkleycenter-sunni-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPew_Forum_for_Religion_&_Public_Life2009-18">[18]</a> Cododd y gwahaniaethau rhwng Sunni a Shia o anghytundeb ynghylch yr olyniaeth i Muhammad a chafodd arwyddocâd gwleidyddol ehangach, yn ogystal â dimensiynau diwinyddol a chyfreithiol. Mae tua 12% o Fwslimiaid yn byw yn Indonesia, y wlad â mwyafrif y Mwslemiaid mwyaf poblog;<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> 31% yn byw yn Ne Asia,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> y ganran fwyaf o Fwslimiaid yn y byd;<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> 20% yn y Dwyrain Canol–Gogledd Affrica, lle dyma'r grefydd yn dominyddu; a 15% yn Affrica Is-Sahara.<a href="#cite_note-:3-22">[22]</a> Gellir dod o hyd i gymunedau Mwslimaidd sylweddol hefyd yn America, Tsieina ac Ewrop.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Islam yw'r grefydd fawr sy'n tyfu gyflymaf yn y byd.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-USNewsLippman22-26">[26]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arkân_al-Dîn">Arkân al-Dîn</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Golygu'r adran: Arkân al-Dîn" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Arkân al-Dîn">golygu cod</a>]</div> <div style="margin-bottom:0.01em; padding: 0.01px; text-align: left; font-size: 100%;"> <dl><dd>Prif: <a href="/wiki/Pum_Colofn_Islam" title="Pum Colofn Islam">Pum Colofn Islam</a></dd></dl></div> Mae dilynwyr Islam i fod i ymarddel ac ymarfer Pum Colofn y <a href="/wiki/Ffydd" title="Ffydd">Ffydd</a> (arkân al-Dîn), a adwaenir hefyd fel y farâ'idh, y pum egwyddor sanctaidd. <ol><li>Y shahâda, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyffesiad_y_Ffydd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyffesiad y Ffydd (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Cyffesiad y Ffydd</a>, a ymgorfforir yn y datganiad lâ ilâha illâ'llâh wa Muhammad rasulu Allah ("Nid oes Duw ond Duw a Mohamed yw Negesydd Duw"). Mae rhywun o grefydd arall sy'n datgan hyn yn ddiffuant gerbron dau dyst Mwslim yn cael ei dderbyn fel Mwslim yntau.</li> <li>Y salat (ll. salawât), sef y pum <a href="/wiki/Gweddi" title="Gweddi">gweddi</a> ddefodol a adroddir bum gwaith y dydd: ar doriad y wawr (subh), ar ganol dydd (dhuhr), ar ganol y prynhawn (asr), ar fachlud yr haul (maghrib) a dechrau'r nos (ishâ). Dechreuir pob gweddi gyda'r <a href="/wiki/Al-F%C3%A2tiha" title="Al-Fâtiha">al-Fâtiha</a>, a geir ar ddechrau'r Coran.</li> <li>Y zakât, sef rhoi elusen yn ôl gallu'r rhoddwr. Tua 5% o incwm y credadun a argymhellir yn y Coran. Yn aml mae'r <a href="/wiki/Mosg" title="Mosg">mosg</a> lleol yn trefnu hyn ac mae'r arian yn mynd at helpu'r tlodion, pobl gydag anabledd, gweddwon a'r amddifad.</li> <li>Y siyâm, sef <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ympryd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ympryd (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">ymprydio</a> yn ystod <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a>, y mis sanctaidd. Yr adeg honno mae bwyta, yfed, smygu, gwisgo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peraroglau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peraroglau (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">peraroglau</a> a chael perthynas rywiol yn waharddedig o doriad y wawr hyd at fachlud yr haul. Nid oes disgwyl i blant ifanc, yr henoed neu rywun sy'n dioddef afiechyd meddyliol ddilyn y rheolau hyn yn gaeth. Mae gwragedd beichiog, mamau sy'n rhoi llefrith i'w babanod, rhywun sy'n dioddef afiechyd a theithwyr yn gallu gohirio'r siyâm a'i chyflawni yn ddiweddarach. Nid ystyrir bod cymryd ffisig yn torri'r ympryd.</li> <li>Mynd ar <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">hajj</a> neu <a href="/wiki/Pererindod" title="Pererindod">bererindod</a> i Fecca. Digwylir i Mwslim wneud hynny o leiaf unwaith yn ystod ei fywyd, os ydyw hynny yn ei allu heb achosi caledi i'w deulu.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hanes_Islam">Hanes Islam</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Golygu'r adran: Hanes Islam" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Hanes Islam">golygu cod</a>]</div> <div style="margin-bottom:0.01em; padding: 0.01px; text-align: left; font-size: 100%;"> <dl><dd>Prif: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanes_Islam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanes Islam (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Hanes Islam</a></dd></dl></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Supplicating_Pilgrim_at_Masjid_Al_Haram._Mecca,_Saudi_Arabia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Supplicating_Pilgrim_at_Masjid_Al_Haram._Mecca%2C_Saudi_Arabia.jpg/200px-Supplicating_Pilgrim_at_Masjid_Al_Haram._Mecca%2C_Saudi_Arabia.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Supplicating_Pilgrim_at_Masjid_Al_Haram._Mecca%2C_Saudi_Arabia.jpg/300px-Supplicating_Pilgrim_at_Masjid_Al_Haram._Mecca%2C_Saudi_Arabia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Supplicating_Pilgrim_at_Masjid_Al_Haram._Mecca%2C_Saudi_Arabia.jpg/400px-Supplicating_Pilgrim_at_Masjid_Al_Haram._Mecca%2C_Saudi_Arabia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Pererindod (Hajj) i Fecca</figcaption></figure> Sefydlwyd Islam ym <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> gan y Proffwyd <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Mohamed</a>. Ymledodd y ffydd yn gyflym yn y <a href="/wiki/Dwyrain_Canol" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwyrain Canol">Dwyrain Canol</a> a <a href="/wiki/Gogledd_Affrica" title="Gogledd Affrica">Gogledd Affrica</a> ac mewn llai na chanrif ar ôl marwolaeth Mohamed roedd awdurdod y <a href="/wiki/Califf" title="Califf">califfiaid</a> a reolai ymerodraeth yr <a href="/w/index.php?title=Umayyad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umayyad (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Umayyad</a> yn ymestyn o <a href="/wiki/Sbaen" title="Sbaen">Sbaen</a> i Afon <a href="/wiki/Indus" class="mw-disambig" title="Indus">Indus</a> yng ngogledd-orllewin <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islam_yng_Nghymru">Islam yng Nghymru</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Golygu'r adran: Islam yng Nghymru" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Islam yng Nghymru">golygu cod</a>]</div> <div style="margin-bottom:0.01em; padding: 0.01px; text-align: left; font-size: 100%;"> <dl><dd>Prif: <a href="/wiki/Islam_yng_Nghymru" title="Islam yng Nghymru">Islam yng Nghymru</a></dd></dl></div> Gellir olrhain hanes Islam yng Nghymru yn ôl i'r <a href="/wiki/Oesoedd_Canol" class="mw-redirect" title="Oesoedd Canol">Oesoedd Canol</a>. Erbyn heddiw credir fod tua 50,000 o Fwslemiaid yn byw yng Nghymru, gyda'r rhan fwyaf yn y de-ddwyrain. Er nad yw hynny'n nifer fawr allan o'r cyfanswm o tua 1.57 biliwn o Fwslemiaid yn y byd, mae'n ffigwr sy'n uwch nag aelodaeth sawl enwad <a href="/wiki/Cristnogaeth" title="Cristnogaeth">Cristnogol</a> yn y wlad heddiw. Mae hyn yn 23% o boblogaeth y ddaear,<a href="#cite_note-mgmpPRC-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA_Factbook-16">[16]</a> Islam ydy'r ail grwp mwyaf a chredir ei bod yn tyfu'n gynt ac yn gryfach nac unrhyw grefydd arall.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erthyglau_ffydd">Erthyglau ffydd</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Golygu'r adran: Erthyglau ffydd" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Erthyglau ffydd">golygu cod</a>]</div> Mae'r credo Islamaidd (yr aqidah) yn gofyn am gred mewn <a href="/wiki/Iman_(Islam)" title="Iman (Islam)">chwech erthygl</a>: Duw, angylion, llyfrau, proffwydi, Dydd yr Atgyfodiad a Rhagluniaeth. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cysyniad_o_Dduw">Cysyniad o Dduw</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Golygu'r adran: Cysyniad o Dduw" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Cysyniad o Dduw">golygu cod</a>]</div> Y cysyniad canolog o Islam yw <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">tawḥīd</a> (Arabeg: توحيد ), undod Duw. Caiff ei ystyried yn bennaf fel <a href="/wiki/Undduwiaeth" title="Undduwiaeth">undduwiaeth</a>, ond hefyd panentheistig mewn dysgeidiaeth gyfriniol Islamaidd.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Disgrifir Duw ym Mhennod 112 o'r Corân: “Mae'n Dduw - yn Un ac yn Anwahanadwy; Duw – y Cynhaliwr ˹sydd ei angen ar bawb˺. Ni chafodd epil erioed, ac ni chafodd Efe ei eni. Ac nid oes neb tebyg iddo Ef.” Ni all unrhyw lygaid dynol weld Duw hyd Ddydd y Farn.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Yn ôl Islam, mae Duw yn drosgynnol, felly nid yw Mwslemiaid yn priodoli ffurfiau dynol i Dduw. Disgrifir a chyfeirir at Dduw gan nifer o enwau neu briodoleddau, y mwyaf cyffredin yw Ar-Rahmān (الرحمان) sy'n golygu "Yr Holl Drugaredd," ac Ar-Rahīm (الرحيم) sy'n golygu "Trugaredd yn bennaf" a grybwyllir cyn adrodd pob pennod o'r Corân ac eithrio pennod naw.<a href="#cite_note-Ben2-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Mae Islam yn dysgu bod creu popeth yn y <a href="/wiki/Bydysawd_(seryddiaeth)" title="Bydysawd (seryddiaeth)">bydysawd</a> wedi'i ddwyn i fodolaeth trwy orchymyn Duw fel y'i mynegir gan y geiriad, "Bodolwch, ac y mae," ac mai pwrpas bodolaeth yw addoli Duw heb gysylltu partneriaid ag Ef.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Nid yw Duw yn rhan o'r <a href="/wiki/Y_Drindod" title="Y Drindod">Drindod Gristnogol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Mae'n cael ei ystyried yn dduw personol sy'n ymateb pryd bynnag y bydd person mewn angen neu drallod yn ei alw. <a href="#cite_note-:5-40">[40]</a> Nid oes unrhyw gyfryngwyr, fel clerigwyr, i gysylltu â Duw, sy'n datgan: "Mae eich Arglwydd wedi cyhoeddi, Galw arnaf, byddaf yn ymateb i chi." Cyfeirir at ymwybyddiaeth ac ymwybyddiaeth o Dduw fel Taqwa. <a href="/wiki/Al-l%C3%A2h" title="Al-lâh">Ystyrir Allāh</a> yn draddodiadol fel enw personol Duw, term heb unrhyw luosog na <a href="/wiki/Rhywedd" title="Rhywedd">rhyw</a> yn cael ei briodoli iddo. Fe'i defnyddir gan Fwslimiaid, Christnogion, ac Iddewon sy'n siarad Arabeg wrth gyfeirio at Dduw, tra bod <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CA%BEil%C4%81h&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ʾilāh (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">ʾilāh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabeg</a>: إله‎) yn derm a ddefnyddir am dduwdod neu dduw yn gyffredinol.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Angylion">Angylion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Golygu'r adran: Angylion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Angylion">golygu cod</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Rashid_al-Din_Tabib_-_Jami_al-Tawarikh,_f.45v_detail_-_c._1306-15.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Rashid_al-Din_Tabib_-_Jami_al-Tawarikh%2C_f.45v_detail_-_c._1306-15.png/220px-Rashid_al-Din_Tabib_-_Jami_al-Tawarikh%2C_f.45v_detail_-_c._1306-15.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Rashid_al-Din_Tabib_-_Jami_al-Tawarikh%2C_f.45v_detail_-_c._1306-15.png/330px-Rashid_al-Din_Tabib_-_Jami_al-Tawarikh%2C_f.45v_detail_-_c._1306-15.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Rashid_al-Din_Tabib_-_Jami_al-Tawarikh%2C_f.45v_detail_-_c._1306-15.png/440px-Rashid_al-Din_Tabib_-_Jami_al-Tawarikh%2C_f.45v_detail_-_c._1306-15.png 2x" data-file-width="5877" data-file-height="4374" /></a><figcaption> Muhammad yn derbyn ei ddatguddiad cyntaf gan yr angel <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a>. O'r llawysgrif Jami' al-Tawarikh gan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fazlullah,_Re%C5%9F%C3%AEdeddin,&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fazlullah, Reşîdeddin, (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Rashid-al-Din Hamadani</a>, 1307.</figcaption></figure> Mae cred mewn <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angylion</a> yn sylfaenol i Islam. Mae'r gair Coranaidd am angel (Arabeg : ملك malak) yn tarddu naill ai o Malaka, sy'n golygu "fe reolodd", oherwydd eu pŵer i lywodraethu gwahanol faterion a neilltuwyd iddynt,<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> neu o'r gwreiddyn trilythrennol ’-lk, l-’- k neu mlk ag ystyr eang "negesydd", yn union fel ei gymar yn <a href="/wiki/Hebraeg" title="Hebraeg">Hebraeg</a> (malʾákh). Yn wahanol i'r <a href="/wiki/Hebraeg" title="Hebraeg">gair Hebraeg</a>, fodd bynnag, defnyddir y term am ysbrydion nefol y byd dwyfol yn unig, yn hytrach na negeswyr dynol. Mae'r Corân yn cyfeirio at negeswyr angylaidd a dynol fel rasul.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Y Corân yw'r brif ffynhonnell ar gyfer y cysyniad Islamaidd o angylion. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurge2015-44">[44]</a> Crybwyllir rhai ohonynt, megis <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a> a <a href="/wiki/Mihangel" title="Mihangel">Michael</a>, wrth eu henwau yn y Qur'an; dim ond at eu swyddogaeth y cyfeirir at eraill. Mewn <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">llenyddiaeth hadith</a>, mae angylion yn aml yn cael eu neilltuo i un ffenomen benodol yn unig.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurge2015-44">[44]</a> Mae angylion yn chwarae rhan arwyddocaol yn y llenyddiaeth am y Mi'raj, lle mae Muhammad yn dod ar draws sawl angel yn ystod ei daith trwy'r nefoedd. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurge2015-44">[44]</a> Ymddangosodd angylion eraill yn aml mewn eschatoleg, diwinyddiaeth ac athroniaeth Islamaidd. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurge2015-44">[44]</a> Gall y dyletswyddau a roddir i angylion gynnwys, er enghraifft, cyfathrebu gyda Duw, gogoneddu Duw, cofnodi gweithredoedd pob person, a chymryd <a href="/wiki/Enaid" title="Enaid">enaid</a> person ar adeg marwolaeth. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Llyfrau">Llyfrau</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Golygu'r adran: Llyfrau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Llyfrau">golygu cod</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:FirstSurahKoran_(fragment).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/FirstSurahKoran_%28fragment%29.jpg/250px-FirstSurahKoran_%28fragment%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/FirstSurahKoran_%28fragment%29.jpg/330px-FirstSurahKoran_%28fragment%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/FirstSurahKoran_%28fragment%29.jpg/440px-FirstSurahKoran_%28fragment%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption> Mae <a href="/wiki/Swra" title="Swra">pennod</a> gyntaf y Coran, <a href="/wiki/Al-F%C3%A2tiha" title="Al-Fâtiha">Al-Fatiha</a> (Yr Agoriad), yn saith pennill</figcaption></figure> Y llyfrau sanctaidd Islamaidd yw'r cofnodion y mae'r rhan fwyaf o Fwslimiaid yn credu eu bod wedi'u pennu gan Dduw i wahanol broffwydi. Cred Mwslimiaid bod rhannau o'r ysgrythurau a ddatgelwyd yn flaenorol, y Tawrat (<a href="/wiki/Tora" title="Tora">Torah</a> ) a'r Injil (Efengyl), wedi eu hystumio - naill ai mewn dehongliadau gwallus, neu destun gwallus, neu'r ddau.<a href="#cite_note-Distorted-45">[45]</a> Ystyrir y Coran (llythrenol: "llefaru") gan Fwslemiaid fel gair terfynol a llythrennol Duw ac fe'i hystyrir yn helaeth fel y gwaith llenyddol gorau yn yr iaith Arabeg glasurol.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Er mai'r Corân yw gair olaf Duw i'r ddynolryw, nid yw cyfathrebu â Duw wedi dod i ben, ond yn broses barhaus.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Cred llawer o Fwslimiaid y gallai "ffrindiau Duw" (ʾawliyāʾ) gyfathrebu â Duw, er enghraifft, i ragfynegi digwyddiadau yn y dyfodol, gwybod ewyllys Duw a dehongli'r <a href="/wiki/Coran" class="mw-redirect" title="Coran">Coran</a>. <a href="#cite_note-Peacock-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proffwydi_a_sunnah">Proffwydi a sunnah</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Golygu'r adran: Proffwydi a sunnah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Proffwydi a sunnah">golygu cod</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Medieval_Persian_manuscript_Muhammad_leads_Abraham_Moses_Jesus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Medieval_Persian_manuscript_Muhammad_leads_Abraham_Moses_Jesus.jpg/250px-Medieval_Persian_manuscript_Muhammad_leads_Abraham_Moses_Jesus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Medieval_Persian_manuscript_Muhammad_leads_Abraham_Moses_Jesus.jpg/330px-Medieval_Persian_manuscript_Muhammad_leads_Abraham_Moses_Jesus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Medieval_Persian_manuscript_Muhammad_leads_Abraham_Moses_Jesus.jpg/500px-Medieval_Persian_manuscript_Muhammad_leads_Abraham_Moses_Jesus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1073" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption> Celf Persaidd yn darlunio Muhammad yn arwain Abraham, Moses, Iesu a phroffwydi eraill mewn gweddi</figcaption></figure> Gall y proffwydi (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabeg</a>: أنبياء‎; anbiyāʾ) gyfathrebu â Duw a derbyn neges ddwyfol. Gelwir proffwyd sy'n cyflwyno neges i genedl yn Rasul (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabeg</a>: رسول‎‎; rasūl).<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Mae Mwslemiaid yn credu bod proffwydi yn fodau dynol ac nid yn ddwyfol, er y gall rhai berfformio gwyrthiau. Yn ôl Islam, roedd holl negeswyr Duw yn pregethu neges Islam - ymostyngiad i ewyllys Duw. Mae'r Corân yn sôn am enwau nifer o ffigurau a ystyrir yn <a href="/wiki/Proffwydi_Islam" title="Proffwydi Islam">broffwydi yn Islam</a>, gan gynnwys Adda, Noa, Abraham, Moses, Iesu Grist ac eraill. Ar wahân i broffwydi, mae <a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">seintiau'n</a> meddu ar fendithion (Arabeg: بركة, "baraka") a gallant gyflawni gwyrthiau (Arabeg: امات, Karāmāt). Yn eu llygaid hwy, mae seintiau'n is na phroffwydi, ac nid ydynt yn eiriol dros bobl ar Ddydd y Farn. Fodd bynnag, ymwelir yn aml â beddrodau proffwydi a seintiau (Ziyarat). Yn wahanol i broffwydi, roedd merched fel Rabia o Basra yn cael eu derbyn yn saint.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adgyfodiad_a_barn">Adgyfodiad a barn</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Golygu'r adran: Adgyfodiad a barn" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Adgyfodiad a barn">golygu cod</a>]</div> Mae cred yn "Niwrnod yr Atgyfodiad" neu Yawm al-Qiyāmah (Arabeg : يوم القيامة), hefyd yn hollbwysig i Fwslimiaid. Credir bod amser Qiyāmah wedi'i ragordeinio gan Dduw ond yn anhysbys i ddyn. Mae'r <a href="/wiki/Coran" class="mw-redirect" title="Coran">Coran</a> a'r hadith yn disgrifio'r treialon a'r gorthrymderau cyn ac yn ystod y Qiyāmah. Pwysleisia'r atgyfodiad corfforol, toriad o ddealltwriaeth Arabaidd cyn-Islamaidd o farwolaeth.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tynged_dwyfol">Tynged dwyfol</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Golygu'r adran: Tynged dwyfol" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Tynged dwyfol">golygu cod</a>]</div> Mae'r cysyniad o archddyfarniad dwyfol <a href="/wiki/Tynged" title="Tynged">a thynged</a> yn Islam (Arabeg: القضاء والقدر, al-qadāʾ wa l-qadar) yn golygu y credir bod pob mater, da neu ddrwg, wedi'i ddyfarnu gan Dduw a'i fod yn unol â thynged. Mae al-qadar sy'n golygu "pŵer" yn deillio o wreiddyn sy'n golygu "mesur" neu "gyfrif".<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Pwysleisia nad oes dim yn digwydd y tu allan i'w archddyfarniad dwyfol: "Dywedwch, 'Ni fydd unrhyw beth byth yn digwydd i ni ac eithrio'r hyn y mae Duw wedi'i arfaethu i ni'."<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Yn aml, mae Mwslemiaid yn mynegi'r gred hon mewn tynged ddwyfol gyda'r ymadrodd <a href="/wiki/Inshallah" title="Inshallah">"Insha-Allah"</a> sy'n golygu "os yw Duw yn dymuno", wrth siarad am ddigwyddiadau yn y dyfodol, fel yr arferid dweud yng Nghymru "os mynn Duw".<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gweithredoedd_o_addoliad">Gweithredoedd o addoliad</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Golygu'r adran: Gweithredoedd o addoliad" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Gweithredoedd o addoliad">golygu cod</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ibadi">Ibadi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Golygu'r adran: Ibadi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Ibadi">golygu cod</a>]</div> Mae Islam Ibadi neu Ibadisiaeth yn cael ei ymarfer gan tua 1.45 miliwn o Fwslimiaid ledled y byd (~ 0.08% o'r holl Fwslimiaid), y rhan fwyaf ohonynt yn <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Cododd y mudiad i amlygrwydd yn rhanbarth <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> yn y <a href="/wiki/740au" title="740au">740au</a>, pan lansiodd yr Ibadis wrthryfel arfog yn erbyn Califfiaeth Umayyad. Mae Ibadimiaeth yn aml yn gysylltiedig â mudiad Khawarij ac yn ei weld fel amrywiad cymedrol, er bod Ibadis eu hunain yn gwrthwynebu'r dosbarthiad hwn. Yn wahanol i'r rhan fwyaf o grwpiau Kharijite, nid yw Ibadiaeth yn ystyried Mwslimiaid pechadurus fel anghredinwyr. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mwslemiaid_anenwadol">Mwslemiaid anenwadol</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Golygu'r adran: Mwslemiaid anenwadol" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Mwslemiaid anenwadol">golygu cod</a>]</div> Mae Mwslemiaid anenwadol yn derm ymbarél a ddefnyddir gan Fwslimiaid nad ydynt yn perthyn i enwad Islamaidd penodol neu nad ydynt yn hunan-adnabod i'r un enwad.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kirkham-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pollack-61">[61]</a> Ymhlith y ffigurau amlwg a wrthododd uniaethu ag enwad Islamaidd penodol mae <a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Afghani" title="Jamal al-Din al-Afghani">Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani</a>,<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Ali_Jinnah" title="Mohammed Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Mae arolygon diweddar yn adrodd bod cyfrannau mawr o Fwslimiaid mewn rhai rhannau o'r byd yn hunan-uniaethu fel "dim ond Mwslim", er mai ychydig o ddadansoddiadau cyhoeddedig sydd ar gael ynglŷn â'r cymhellion sy'n sail i'r ymateb hwn.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Mae Canolfan Ymchwil Pew yn adrodd bod ymatebwyr sy'n hunan-adnabod fel "dim ond Mwslim" yn ffurfio mwyafrif o Fwslimiaid mewn saith gwlad (a chryn nifer mewn tair gwlad arall), gyda'r gyfran uchaf yn <a href="/wiki/Casachstan" title="Casachstan">Kazakhstan</a> ar 74%. Mae o leiaf un o bob pump o Fwslimiaid mewn o leiaf 22 o wledydd yn hunan-adnabod fel hyn.<a href="#cite_note-Pew-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sufisiaeth_(cyfriniaeth_asgetig)">Sufisiaeth (cyfriniaeth asgetig)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Golygu'r adran: Sufisiaeth (cyfriniaeth asgetig)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Sufisiaeth (cyfriniaeth asgetig)">golygu cod</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Mevlana_Konya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Mevlana_Konya.jpg/250px-Mevlana_Konya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Mevlana_Konya.jpg/330px-Mevlana_Konya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Mevlana_Konya.jpg/500px-Mevlana_Konya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption> Yr Urdd Mevlevi wrth feddrod Sufi-gyfriniol <a href="/wiki/Jalal_al-Din_Muhammad_Rumi" title="Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi">Rumi</a></figcaption></figure> Mae Sufisiaeth ( Arabeg : <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabeg</a>: تصوف‎ ), yn ymagwedd <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyfriniaeth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyfriniaeth (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">gyfriniol</a>-<a href="/wiki/Asgetigiaeth" title="Asgetigiaeth">asgetig</a> at Islam, sy'n ceisio dod o hyd i brofiad personol uniongyrchol o Dduw. Diffiniodd ysgolheigion Sufi Clasurol Tasawwuf fel "gwyddor a'i hamcan yw gwneud iawn am y galon a'i throi i ffwrdd oddi wrth bopeth arall ond Duw", trwy "gyfadrannau sythweledol ac emosiynol" y mae'n rhaid hyfforddi rhywun i'w defnyddio.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ahmed_Zarruq_2008-69">[69]</a> Nid yw'n sect o Islam ac mae ei ymlynwyr yn perthyn i'r gwahanol enwadau Mwslimaidd. Mae'r Shias Ismaili wedi datblygu dehongliadau cyfriniol o Islam.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Mae Sufis yn gweld tasawwuf fel rhan anwahanadwy o Islam, yn union fel y sharia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChittick2008-71">[71]</a> Dadleuodd Sufis traddodiadol, megis Bayazid Bastami, Jalaluddin Rumi, Haji Bektash Veli, Junaid Baghdadi, ac Al-Ghazali, dros Sufisiaeth fel un a oedd yn seiliedig ar ddaliadau Islam a dysgeidiaeth y proffwyd.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChittick2008-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChittick2008-71">[71]</a> Dadleuodd yr hanesydd Nile Green fod Islam yn y cyfnod Canoloesol, fwy neu lai yn Sufisiaeth.<a href="#cite_note-Peacock-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cyfraith_grefyddol">Cyfraith grefyddol</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Golygu'r adran: Cyfraith grefyddol" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Cyfraith grefyddol">golygu cod</a>]</div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sharia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sharia (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Sharia</a> yw'r gyfraith grefyddol sy'n rhan o'r traddodiad Islamaidd. Mae'n deillio o orchmynion crefyddol Islam, yn enwedig y <a href="/wiki/Coran" class="mw-redirect" title="Coran">Coran</a> a'r Hadith. Mewn <a href="/wiki/Arabeg" title="Arabeg">Arabeg</a>, mae'r term sharīʿah yn cyfeirio at gyfraith ddwyfol Duw ac yn cael ei gyferbynnu â fiqh, sy'n cyfeirio at ei ddehongliadau ysgolheigaidd.<a href="#cite_note-ODI-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-vikor-74">[74]</a> Mae'r dull o'i gymhwyso yn y cyfnod modern wedi bod yn destun anghydfod rhwng traddodiadolwyr Mwslimaidd a diwygwyr.<a href="#cite_note-:15-75">[75]</a> Datblygodd gwahanol ysgolion cyfreithiol fethodolegau ar gyfer deillio dyfarniadau sharia o ffynonellau ysgrythurol gan ddefnyddio proses a elwir ijtihad.<a href="#cite_note-ODI-73">[73]</a> Mae cyfreitheg draddodiadol yn gwahaniaethu rhwng dwy brif gangen o'r gyfraith, ibādat (defodau) a muʿāmalāt (cysylltiadau cymdeithasol), sydd gyda'i gilydd yn cynnwys ystod eang o bynciau.<a href="#cite_note-ODI-73">[73]</a> Mae ei ddyfarniadau yn aseinio gweithredoedd i un o bum categori o'r enw ahkam: materion gorfodol (fard), materion a argymhellir (mustahabb), materion a ganiateir (mubah), materion ffiaidd (makruh), a materion wedi'u gwahardd (haram).<a href="#cite_note-ODI-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-vikor-74">[74]</a> Mae rhai meysydd o sharia yn gorgyffwrdd â'r syniad Gorllewinol o gyfraith tra bod eraill yn cyfateb yn ehangach i fyw bywyd yn unol ag ewyllys Duw.<a href="#cite_note-vikor-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gwleidyddiaeth">Gwleidyddiaeth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Golygu'r adran: Gwleidyddiaeth" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Gwleidyddiaeth">golygu cod</a>]</div> Nid yw cyfraith Islamaidd prif ffrwd yn gwahaniaethu rhwng "materion eglwysig" a "materion y wladwriaeth"; mae'r ysgolheigion yn gweithredu fel cyfreithwyr a diwinyddion. Ar hyn o bryd, nid oes unrhyw lywodraeth yn cydymffurfio â chyfreitheg economaidd Islamaidd, ond mae camau wedi'u cymryd i roi rhai o'i ddaliadau ar waith.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Mae'r termau a ddefnyddir i gyfeirio at arweinwyr traddodiadol Mwslimaidd yn cynnwys Califf a <a href="/wiki/Swltan" title="Swltan">Swltan</a> ac mae termau sy'n gysylltiedig â gwladwriaethau traddodiadol Fwslimaidd yn cynnwys <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caliphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caliphate (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Califfiaeth</a>, Emiradau, Imamate a Khanate. O fewn cyfreitheg Islamaidd, mae <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a> fel arfer yn cael ei gymryd i olygu ymdrech filwrol yn erbyn ymladdwyr nad ydynt yn Fwslimiaid. Jihad yw'r unig fath o ryfela a ganiateir yn ôl y gyfraith Islamaidd a gellir ei ddatgan yn erbyn gwaith anghyfreithlon, terfysgwyr, grwpiau troseddol, gwrthryfelwyr, ac arweinwyr neu wladwriaethau sy'n gormesu Moslemiaid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirestone1999-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-EI2-80">[80]</a> Mae'r rhan fwyaf o Fwslimiaid heddiw yn dehongli Jihad fel dim ond ffurf amddiffynnol ar ryfela, fel Cristnogion hwythau.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Dim ond ar gyfer y rhai sydd ag awdurdod y daw Jihad yn ddyletswydd unigol. I weddill y boblogaeth, dim ond yn achos <a href="/wiki/Byddino" title="Byddino">ymarfogi</a> mae hyn yn digwydd.<a href="#cite_note-EI2-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina1998-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasr2003-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cymdeithas">Cymdeithas</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Golygu'r adran: Cymdeithas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Cymdeithas">golygu cod</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bywyd_teulu">Bywyd teulu</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Golygu'r adran: Bywyd teulu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Bywyd teulu">golygu cod</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Minaret_roof_in_constanta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Minaret_roof_in_constanta.jpg/220px-Minaret_roof_in_constanta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Minaret_roof_in_constanta.jpg/330px-Minaret_roof_in_constanta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Minaret_roof_in_constanta.jpg/440px-Minaret_roof_in_constanta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption> Cromen y Mosg Mawr yn Constanța, <a href="/wiki/Rwmania" title="Rwmania">Rwmania</a>, gyda'r <a href="/wiki/Seren_a_chilgant" title="Seren a chilgant">cilgant Islamaidd yn ei choroni</a></figcaption></figure> Mewn teulu Mwslimaidd, yn union ar ôl yr enedigaeth, mae geiriau Adhan yn cael eu ynganu yng nghlust dde'r plentyn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampo2009-8">[8]</a> Ar y seithfed dydd, cynhelir y seremoni aqiqah, lle mae anifail yn cael ei aberthu a'i gig yn cael ei ddosbarthu ymhlith y tlawd.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENigosian2004-84">[84]</a> Mae pen y plentyn yn cael ei eillio, a swm o arian cyfartal â phwysau ei wallt yn cael ei roi i'r tlodion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENigosian2004-84">[84]</a> Ar wahân i ddiwallu anghenion sylfaenol bwyd, lloches, ac addysg, mae'r rhieni neu'r henoed yn ymgymryd â dysgu rhinweddau moesol, gwybodaeth grefyddol ac arferion crefyddol i'r plant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampo2009-8">[8]</a> Priodas yw un o brif sylfaeni'r teulu Mwslimaidd, yn gontract sifil sy'n cynnwys cynnig a derbyn rhwng dau barti cymwys ym mhresenoldeb dau dyst. Mae'n ofynnol i'r priodfab dalu anrheg priodas, gwaddol (mahr) i'r briodferch, fel y nodir yn y cytundeb.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Mae'r rhan fwyaf o deuluoedd yn y byd Islamaidd yn unweddog .<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Mae aml-wriaeth (polyandry), arferiad lle mae merch yn cymryd dau ŵr neu fwy, wedi'i wahardd yn Islam.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Fodd bynnag, caniateir i ddynion Mwslimaidd ymarfer <a href="/wiki/Amlwreiciaeth" title="Amlwreiciaeth">amlwreiciaeth</a> a gallant gael hyd at bedair gwraig ar yr un pryd, fel y dywedir yn <a href="/wiki/Swra" title="Swra">Surah</a> 4 Adnod 3. Nid oes angen cymeradwyaeth ei wraig gyntaf ar ddyn ar gyfer ail briodas gan nad oes tystiolaeth yn y <a href="/wiki/Coran" class="mw-redirect" title="Coran">Coran</a> na'r hadith i awgrymu hyn. Gyda Mwslimiaid yn dod o gefndiroedd amrywiol, gan gynnwys 49 o wledydd â mwyafrif Mwslimaidd, ynghyd â phresenoldeb cryf fel lleiafrifoedd mawr ledled y byd, mae llawer o amrywiadau ar gael. Yn gyffredinol, mewn teulu Mwslimaidd, edrych ar ol y cartref mae'r fenyw, gan amlaf, a sffêr cyfatebol dyn yw'r byd y tu allan: fel ag yr oedd yn y rhan fwyaf o gefn gwlad Cymru tan y <a href="/wiki/21g" class="mw-redirect" title="21g">21g</a>. Fodd bynnag, yn ymarferol, nid yw'r gwahaniad hwn mor anhyblyg ag y mae'n ymddangos.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> O ran etifeddiaeth, mae cyfran mab yn ddwbl cyfran merch. Y mae parchu ac ufuddhau i'w rhieni, a gofalu amdanynt yn enwedig yn eu henaint, yn gonglfaen i'r teulu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampo2009-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Mae'r Coran yn gwahardd triniaeth llym a gormesol o blant amddifad tra'n annog caredigrwydd a chyfiawnder tuag atynt, ac yn ceryddu'r rhai nad ydynt yn eu hanrhydeddu a'u bwydo. Perfformir rhai defodau crefyddol yn ystod ac ar ôl marwolaeth Mwslim. Mae'r rhai sy'n agos at ddyn sy'n marw yn ei annog i ynganu'r Shahada gan fod Mwslemiaid eisiau i'w gair olaf fod yn gyffes o ffydd. Ar ôl marwolaeth, yn ôl defodau claddu Islamaidd, mae aelodau o'r un rhyw yn paratoi'r corff yn briodol ac yn ei orchuddio â dilledyn gwyn triphlyg o'r enw kafan (math o amdo).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStefon2010-91">[91]</a> Dywedir y Salat al-Janazah ("gweddi angladdol") dros y corff gan ei osod ar <a href="/wiki/Elor" title="Elor">elor</a>, yna, eir â'r corff yn gyntaf i fosg lle mae'r weddi angladdol yn cael ei hoffrymu dros yr ymadawedig ac yna i'r fynwent i'w gladdu. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Llyfryddiaeth">Llyfryddiaeth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Golygu'r adran: Llyfryddiaeth" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Llyfryddiaeth">golygu cod</a>]</div> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:30em; -webkit-column-count:30em; column-count:30em;margin-left:1.5em;"> <ul><li>Accad, Martin (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_islam-christian-muslim-relations_2003-01_14_1/page/67">"The Gospels in the Muslim Discourse of the Ninth to the Fourteenth Centuries: An Exegetical Inventorial Table (Part I)"</a>. Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations 14 (1): 67–91. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F09596410305261">10.1080/09596410305261</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_islam-christian-muslim-relations_2003-01_14_1/page/67">https://archive.org/details/sim_islam-christian-muslim-relations_2003-01_14_1/page/67</a>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFAhmed1999" class="citation book">Ahmed, Akbar (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamtoday00akba_0">Islam Today: A Short Introduction to the Muslim World</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=I.B._Tauris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I.B. Tauris (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">I.B. Tauris</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-86064-257-9" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-86064-257-9"><bdi>978-1-86064-257-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+Today%3A+A+Short+Introduction+to+the+Muslim+World&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-257-9&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Akbar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamtoday00akba_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8312344">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2006" class="citation book">Ahmed, Imad-ad-Dean (2006). Signs in the heavens. 2. Amana Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/1-59008-040-8" title="Arbennig:BookSources/1-59008-040-8"><bdi>1-59008-040-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Signs+in+the+heavens&rft.pub=Amana+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-59008-040-8&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Imad-ad-Dean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBennett2010" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clinton_Bennett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clinton Bennett (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Bennett, Clinton</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/interpretingqura0000benn">Interpreting the Qur'an: a guide for the uninitiated</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Continuum_International_Publishing_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Continuum International Publishing Group (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Continuum International Publishing Group</a>. t. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/interpretingqura0000benn/page/101">101</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-8264-9944-8" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-8264-9944-8"><bdi>978-0-8264-9944-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interpreting+the+Qur%27an%3A+a+guide+for+the+uninitiated&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-9944-8&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Clinton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finterpretingqura0000benn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBlankinship2008" class="citation book">Blankinship, K. (2008). "The early creed". In T. Winter (gol.). The Cambridge Companion to Classical Islamic Theology. Cambridge Companions to Religion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. tt. 33–54. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCCOL9780521780582.003">10.1017/CCOL9780521780582.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/9780521780582" title="Arbennig:BookSources/9780521780582"><bdi>9780521780582</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+early+creed&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Classical+Islamic+Theology&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Cambridge+Companions+to+Religion&rft.pages=33-54&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCCOL9780521780582.003&rft.isbn=9780521780582&rft.aulast=Blankinship&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBrockopp2003" class="citation book">Brockopp, Jonathan E. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamicethicsofl0000unse">Islamic Ethics of Life: abortion, war and euthanasia</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_South_Carolina_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of South Carolina Press (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">University of South Carolina Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-57003-471-8" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-57003-471-8"><bdi>978-1-57003-471-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Ethics+of+Life%3A+abortion%2C+war+and+euthanasia&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57003-471-8&rft.aulast=Brockopp&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamicethicsofl0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBulliet2005" class="citation book">Bulliet, Richard (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earthitspeoplesg0000unse_q4r6">The Earth and Its Peoples</a>. 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Angels in Islam: Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti's al-Haba'ik fi akhbar al-mala'ik. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-136-50473-0" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-136-50473-0"><bdi>978-1-136-50473-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Angels+in+Islam%3A+Jalal+al-Din+al-Suyuti%27s+al-Haba%27ik+fi+akhbar+al-mala%27ik&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-136-50473-0&rft.aulast=Burge&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFÇakmak2017" class="citation book">Çakmak, Cenap (2017). Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia. 4 volumes. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ABC-CLIO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ABC-CLIO (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-61069-217-5" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-61069-217-5"><bdi>978-1-61069-217-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+A+Worldwide+Encyclopedia&rft.series=4+volumes&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-217-5&rft.aulast=%C3%87akmak&rft.aufirst=Cenap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCampo2009" class="citation book">Campo, Juan E. 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Cyrchwyd 17 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sufism%3A+A+Beginner%27s+Guide&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-78074-052-2&rft.aulast=Chittick&rft.aufirst=William+C&rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLI0kjBlXS5UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCohen-Mor2001" class="citation book">Cohen-Mor, Dalya (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/matteroffateconc0000cohe">A Matter of Fate: The Concept of Fate in the Arab World as Reflected in Modern Arabic Literature</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-513398-1" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-513398-1"><bdi>978-0-19-513398-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Matter+of+Fate%3A+The+Concept+of+Fate+in+the+Arab+World+as+Reflected+in+Modern+Arabic+Literature&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513398-1&rft.aulast=Cohen-Mor&rft.aufirst=Dalya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmatteroffateconc0000cohe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCurtis2005" class="citation book">Curtis, Patricia A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guidetofoodlawsr0000curt">A Guide to Food Laws and Regulations</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiley-Blackwell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wiley-Blackwell (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Blackwell Publishing Professional</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-8138-1946-4" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-8138-1946-4"><bdi>978-0-8138-1946-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+Food+Laws+and+Regulations&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing+Professional&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8138-1946-4&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Patricia+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fguidetofoodlawsr0000curt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEsposito1998" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Esposito&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Esposito (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Esposito, John</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamstraightpat0000espo">Islam: The Straight Path</a> (arg. 3rd). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-511234-4" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-511234-4"><bdi>978-0-19-511234-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+The+Straight+Path&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-511234-4&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamstraightpat0000espo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEsposito1999" class="citation book">—, gol. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00john">The Oxford History of Islam</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-510799-9" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-510799-9"><bdi>978-0-19-510799-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Islam&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510799-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordhistoryofi00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2000" class="citation book">—, gol. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00john">The Oxford History of Islam</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-510799-9" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-510799-9"><bdi>978-0-19-510799-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Islam&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510799-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordhistoryofi00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2002a" class="citation book">— (2002a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unholywarterrori0000espo">Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-516886-0" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-516886-0"><bdi>978-0-19-516886-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unholy+War%3A+Terror+in+the+Name+of+Islam&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-516886-0&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funholywarterrori0000espo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2002b" class="citation book">— (2002b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whateveryoneneed0000espo_n1c8">What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-515713-0" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-515713-0"><bdi>978-0-19-515713-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Everyone+Needs+to+Know+about+Islam&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515713-0&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhateveryoneneed0000espo_n1c8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2005" class="citation book">— (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamstraightpat0001espo">Islam: The Straight Path</a> (arg. Revised 3rd). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-518266-8" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-518266-8"><bdi>978-0-19-518266-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+The+Straight+Path&rft.edition=Revised+3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-518266-8&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamstraightpat0001espo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2010" class="citation book">— (2010). Islam: The Straight Path (arg. 4th). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-539600-3" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-539600-3"><bdi>978-0-19-539600-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+The+Straight+Path&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-539600-3&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2011" class="citation book">— (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whateveryoneneed0000espo_n1c8">What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam</a> (arg. 2nd). Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-979413-3" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-979413-3"><bdi>978-0-19-979413-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Everyone+Needs+to+Know+about+Islam&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-979413-3&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhateveryoneneed0000espo_n1c8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/Public/book_wenkai.html">Lay summary</a></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEspositoHaddad2000" class="citation book">Esposito, John; Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/muslimsonamerica00yvon">Muslims on the Americanization Path?</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-513526-8" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-513526-8"><bdi>978-0-19-513526-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims+on+the+Americanization+Path%3F&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513526-8&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Haddad%2C+Yvonne+Yazbeck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmuslimsonamerica00yvon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFarah1994" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caesar_E._Farah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caesar E. Farah (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Farah, Caesar</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islambeliefsobse0000fara">Islam: Beliefs and Observances</a> (arg. 5th). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barron%27s_Educational_Series&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barron's Educational Series (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Barron's Educational Series</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-8120-1853-0" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-8120-1853-0"><bdi>978-0-8120-1853-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+Beliefs+and+Observances&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Barron%27s+Educational+Series&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8120-1853-0&rft.aulast=Farah&rft.aufirst=Caesar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislambeliefsobse0000fara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFarah2003" class="citation book">— (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islambeliefsobse00fara_0">Islam: Beliefs and Observances</a> (arg. 7th). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barron%27s_Educational_Series&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barron's Educational Series (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Barron's Educational Series</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-7641-2226-2" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-7641-2226-2"><bdi>978-0-7641-2226-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+Beliefs+and+Observances&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Barron%27s+Educational+Series&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7641-2226-2&rft.aulast=Farah&rft.aufirst=Caesar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislambeliefsobse00fara_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFirestone1999" class="citation book">Firestone, Reuven (1999). Jihad: The Origin of Holy War in Islam. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-512580-1" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-512580-1"><bdi>978-0-19-512580-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jihad%3A+The+Origin+of+Holy+War+in+Islam&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-512580-1&rft.aulast=Firestone&rft.aufirst=Reuven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGhamidi2001" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javed_Ahmed_Ghamidi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Javed Ahmed Ghamidi (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Ghamidi, Javed</a> (2001). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mizan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mizan (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Mizan</a> (yn Urdu) (arg. 1st). Lahore: Daru’l-Ishraq. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/52901690">52901690</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mizan&rft.place=Lahore&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Daru%E2%80%99l-Ishraq&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52901690&rft.aulast=Ghamidi&rft.aufirst=Javed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988">CS1 maint: unrecognized language (<a href="/wiki/Categori:CS1_maint:_unrecognized_language" title="Categori:CS1 maint: unrecognized language">link</a>)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGoldschmidtDavidson2005" class="citation book">Goldschmidt, Jr., Arthur; Davidson, Lawrence (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof0008gold">A Concise History of the Middle East</a> (arg. 8th). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Westview_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Westview Press (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Westview Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-8133-4275-7" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-8133-4275-7"><bdi>978-0-8133-4275-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+the+Middle+East&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-4275-7&rft.aulast=Goldschmidt%2C+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft.au=Davidson%2C+Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconcisehistoryof0008gold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGriffithSavage2006" class="citation book">Griffith, Ruth Marie; Savage, Barbara Dianne (2006). Women and Religion in the African Diaspora: Knowledge, Power, and Performance. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johns_Hopkins_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johns Hopkins University Press (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-8018-8370-5" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-8018-8370-5"><bdi>978-0-8018-8370-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+Religion+in+the+African+Diaspora%3A+Knowledge%2C+Power%2C+and+Performance&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8370-5&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Ruth+Marie&rft.au=Savage%2C+Barbara+Dianne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHaddadSmith2002" class="citation book">Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck; Smith, Jane I. (2002). Muslims in the West: Visible and Invisible. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims+in+the+West%3A+Visible+and+Invisible&rft.place=Walnut+Creek%2C+CA&rft.pub=Altamira&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Haddad&rft.aufirst=Yvonne+Yazbeck&rft.au=Smith%2C+Jane+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHawting2000" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=G.R._Hawting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G.R. Hawting (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Hawting, G. R.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstdynastyofis0000hawt">The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Routledge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Routledge (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-415-24073-4" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-415-24073-4"><bdi>978-0-415-24073-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Dynasty+of+Islam%3A+The+Umayyad+Caliphate+AD+661%E2%80%93750&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-24073-4&rft.aulast=Hawting&rft.aufirst=G.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstdynastyofis0000hawt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHedayetullah2006" class="citation book">Hedayetullah, Muhammad (2006). Dynamics of Islam: An Exposition. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trafford_Publishing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trafford Publishing (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Trafford Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-55369-842-5" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-55369-842-5"><bdi>978-1-55369-842-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dynamics+of+Islam%3A+An+Exposition&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-55369-842-5&rft.aulast=Hedayetullah&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHofmann2007" class="citation book">Hofmann, Murad (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamquranintrod0000hofm">Islam and Qur'an</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-59008-047-4" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-59008-047-4"><bdi>978-1-59008-047-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+Qur%27an&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59008-047-4&rft.aulast=Hofmann&rft.aufirst=Murad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamquranintrod0000hofm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHoltLewis1977" class="citation book">Holt, P.M.; Lewis, Bernard, gol. (1977). The Cambridge History of Islam. 1. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cambridge University Press (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-521-29136-1" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-521-29136-1"><bdi>978-0-521-29136-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Islam&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29136-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHoltLambtonLewis1977" class="citation book">Holt, P.M.; Lambton, Ann K.S.; Lewis, Bernard, gol. (1977). The Cambridge History of Islam. 2. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-521-29137-8" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-521-29137-8"><bdi>978-0-521-29137-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Islam&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29137-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHoltLambtonLewis2000" class="citation book">Holt, P.M.; Lambton, Ann K.S.; Lewis, Bernard, gol. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory00holt_798">The Cambridge History of Islam</a>. 1A. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-521-21946-4" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-521-21946-4"><bdi>978-0-521-21946-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Islam&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-21946-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgehistory00holt_798&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHourani2002" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Hourani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Hourani (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Hourani, Albert</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofarabpeo0122hour_06BYS">A History of the Arab Peoples</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Belknap_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belknap Press (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Belknap Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-674-01017-8" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-674-01017-8"><bdi>978-0-674-01017-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Arab+Peoples&rft.pub=Belknap+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01017-8&rft.aulast=Hourani&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofarabpeo0122hour_06BYS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFIsmāʻīl_ibn_ʻUmar_Ibn_Kathīr2012" class="citation book">Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar Ibn Kathīr (2012). The Caliphate of Banu Umayyah the first Phase, Ibn Katheer, Taken from Al-Bidayah wan-Nihayah. Cyfieithwyd gan Yoosuf Al-Hajj Ahmad. Riyadh: Maktaba Dar-us-Salam. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-603-500-080-2" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-603-500-080-2"><bdi>978-603-500-080-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Caliphate+of+Banu+Umayyah+the+first+Phase%2C+Ibn+Katheer%2C+Taken+from+Al-Bidayah+wan-Nihayah&rft.place=Riyadh&rft.pub=Maktaba+Dar-us-Salam&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-603-500-080-2&rft.au=Ism%C4%81%CA%BB%C4%ABl+ibn+%CA%BBUmar+Ibn+Kath%C4%ABr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKobeisy2004" class="citation book">Kobeisy, Ahmed Nezar (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/counselingameric0000kobe">Counseling American Muslims: Understanding the Faith and Helping the People</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenwood_Publishing_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greenwood Publishing Group (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Praeger Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-313-32472-7" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-313-32472-7"><bdi>978-0-313-32472-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Counseling+American+Muslims%3A+Understanding+the+Faith+and+Helping+the+People&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32472-7&rft.aulast=Kobeisy&rft.aufirst=Ahmed+Nezar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcounselingameric0000kobe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKramer1987" class="citation book">Kramer, Martin (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shiismresistance0000unse">Shi'Ism, Resistance, and Revolution</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Westview_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Westview Press (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Westview Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-8133-0453-3" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-8133-0453-3"><bdi>978-0-8133-0453-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shi%27Ism%2C+Resistance%2C+and+Revolution&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-0453-3&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshiismresistance0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLapidus2002" class="citation book">Lapidus, Ira (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofislamic0000lapi_t2d2">A History of Islamic Societies</a> (arg. 2nd). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cambridge University Press (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-521-77933-3" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-521-77933-3"><bdi>978-0-521-77933-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Islamic+Societies&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77933-3&rft.aulast=Lapidus&rft.aufirst=Ira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofislamic0000lapi_t2d2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLewis1984" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Lewis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernard Lewis (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Lewis, Bernard</a> (1984). The Jews of Islam. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Routledge_%26_Kegan_Paul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Routledge & Kegan Paul (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Routledge & Kegan Paul</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-7102-0462-2" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-7102-0462-2"><bdi>978-0-7102-0462-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+Islam&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-7102-0462-2&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLewis1993" class="citation book">— (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arabsinhistory0000bern">The Arabs in History</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-285258-8" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-285258-8"><bdi>978-0-19-285258-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabs+in+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-19-285258-8&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farabsinhistory0000bern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLewis1997" class="citation book">— (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/middleeastbriefh0000lewi">The Middle East</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Scribner's Sons (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Scribner</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-684-83280-7" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-684-83280-7"><bdi>978-0-684-83280-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+East&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-684-83280-7&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmiddleeastbriefh0000lewi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLewis2001" class="citation book">— (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islaminhistory00bern">Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East</a> (arg. 2nd). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_Court_Publishing_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Open Court Publishing Company (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Open Court Publishing Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-8126-9518-2" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-8126-9518-2"><bdi>978-0-8126-9518-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+History%3A+Ideas%2C+People%2C+and+Events+in+the+Middle+East&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Open+Court+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8126-9518-2&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislaminhistory00bern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLewis2003" class="citation book">— (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whatwentwrongcl00lewi">What Went Wrong?: The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East</a> (arg. reprint). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harper_Perennial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harper Perennial (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Harper Perennial</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-06-051605-5" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-06-051605-5"><bdi>978-0-06-051605-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Went+Wrong%3F%3A+The+Clash+Between+Islam+and+Modernity+in+the+Middle+East&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-06-051605-5&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhatwentwrongcl00lewi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLewis2004" class="citation book">— (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crisisofislam00bern">The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Random_House,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Random House, Inc. (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Random House, Inc.</a>, New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-8129-6785-2" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-8129-6785-2"><bdi>978-0-8129-6785-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crisis+of+Islam%3A+Holy+War+and+Unholy+Terror&rft.pub=Random+House%2C+Inc.%2C+New+York&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-6785-2&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrisisofislam00bern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMadelung1996" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilferd_Madelung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilferd Madelung (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Madelung, Wilferd</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/successiontomuam0000made">The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cambridge University Press (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-521-64696-3" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-521-64696-3"><bdi>978-0-521-64696-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Succession+to+Muhammad%3A+A+Study+of+the+Early+Caliphate&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-64696-3&rft.aulast=Madelung&rft.aufirst=Wilferd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsuccessiontomuam0000made&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMalikHinnells2006" class="citation book">Malik, Jamal; Hinnells, John R. 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Sufism in the West. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Routledge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Routledge (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-415-27408-1" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-415-27408-1"><bdi>978-0-415-27408-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sufism+in+the+West&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-27408-1&rft.aulast=Malik&rft.aufirst=Jamal&rft.au=Hinnells%2C+John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nodyn:Cite_thesis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nodyn:Cite thesis (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Nodyn:Cite thesis</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nodyn:Fcn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nodyn:Fcn (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Nodyn:Fcn</a></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMenski2006" class="citation book">Menski, Werner F. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nlsiu.340.2men.21172">Comparative Law in a Global Context: The Legal Systems of Asia and Africa</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cambridge University Press (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-521-85859-5" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-521-85859-5"><bdi>978-0-521-85859-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Law+in+a+Global+Context%3A+The+Legal+Systems+of+Asia+and+Africa&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85859-5&rft.aulast=Menski&rft.aufirst=Werner+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnlsiu.340.2men.21172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMomen1987" class="citation book">Momen, Moojan (1987). An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-300-03531-5" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-300-03531-5"><bdi>978-0-300-03531-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Shi%27i+Islam%3A+The+History+and+Doctrines+of+Twelver+Shi%27ism&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-300-03531-5&rft.aulast=Momen&rft.aufirst=Moojan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFNasr2003" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Nasr, Seyed Hossein</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heartofislamendu0000nasr">The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heart+of+Islam%3A+Enduring+Values+for+Humanity&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Nasr&rft.aufirst=Seyed+Hossein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fheartofislamendu0000nasr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFNasr1994" class="citation book">Nasr, Seyed Muhammad (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ourreligions00shar">Our Religions: The Seven World Religions Introduced by Preeminent Scholars from Each Tradition (Chapter 7)</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=HarperCollins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HarperCollins (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-06-067700-8" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-06-067700-8"><bdi>978-0-06-067700-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Religions%3A+The+Seven+World+Religions+Introduced+by+Preeminent+Scholars+from+Each+Tradition+%28Chapter+7%29&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-06-067700-8&rft.aulast=Nasr&rft.aufirst=Seyed+Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fourreligions00shar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFNigosian2004" class="citation book">Nigosian, Solomon Alexander (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo">Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indiana_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indiana University Press (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Indiana University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-253-21627-4" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-253-21627-4"><bdi>978-0-253-21627-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+Its+History%2C+Teaching%2C+and+Practices&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-253-21627-4&rft.aulast=Nigosian&rft.aufirst=Solomon+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamitshistoryt0000nigo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPatton1900" class="citation book">Patton, Walter M. (1900). The Doctrine of Freedom in the Korân. <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_American_Journal_of_Semitic_Languages_and_Literatures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures</a>. 16. t. 129. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F369367">10.1086/369367</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-90-04-10314-6" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-90-04-10314-6"><bdi>978-90-04-10314-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=S2CID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S2CID (identifier) (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144087031">144087031</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Doctrine+of+Freedom+in+the+Kor%C3%A2n&rft.pages=129&rft.date=1900&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144087031&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F369367&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10314-6&rft.aulast=Patton&rft.aufirst=Walter+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPeters2003" class="citation book">Peters, F. E. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamguideforjew00fepe">Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Princeton University Press (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-691-11553-5" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-691-11553-5"><bdi>978-0-691-11553-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+A+Guide+for+Jews+and+Christians&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-691-11553-5&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=F.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamguideforjew00fepe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2009/10/Muslimpopulation.pdf">"Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pew_Research_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pew Research Center (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Pew Research Center</a>. October 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2009/10/Muslimpopulation.pdf">https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2009/10/Muslimpopulation.pdf</a>. Adalwyd 25 May 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/">Overview</a>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRahman1999" class="citation book">Rahman, H. U. (1999). Chronology of Islamic History, 570–1000 CE (arg. 3rd). Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronology+of+Islamic+History%2C+570%E2%80%931000+CE&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Ta-Ha+Publishers+Ltd&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=H.+U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRippin2001" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Rippin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew Rippin (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Rippin, Andrew</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/muslimstheirreli0000ripp">Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices</a> (arg. 2nd). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Routledge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Routledge (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-415-21781-1" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-415-21781-1"><bdi>978-0-415-21781-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims%3A+Their+Religious+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-21781-1&rft.aulast=Rippin&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmuslimstheirreli0000ripp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li>Serjeant, R.B. (1978). "Sunnah Jami'ah, pacts with the Yathrib Jews, and the Tahrim of Yathrib". <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulletin_of_the_School_of_Oriental_and_African_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cambridge University Press (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Cambridge University Press</a>) 41: 1–42. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00057761">10.1017/S0041977X00057761</a>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSachedina1998" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdulaziz_Sachedina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdulaziz Sachedina (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Sachedina, Abdulaziz</a> (1998). The Just Ruler in Shi'ite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> US. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-511915-2" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-511915-2"><bdi>978-0-19-511915-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Just+Ruler+in+Shi%27ite+Islam%3A+The+Comprehensive+Authority+of+the+Jurist+in+Imamite+Jurisprudence&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-511915-2&rft.aulast=Sachedina&rft.aufirst=Abdulaziz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li>Siljander, Mark D., and John David Mann (2008). A Deadly Misunderstanding: a Congressman's Quest to Bridge the Muslim-Christian Divide (1st ed.). New York: <a href="/w/index.php?title=HarperOne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HarperOne (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">HarperOne</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-06-143828-8" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-06-143828-8">978-0-06-143828-8</a></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSmith2006" class="citation book">Smith, Jane I. (2006). The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-515649-2" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-515649-2"><bdi>978-0-19-515649-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Islamic+Understanding+of+Death+and+Resurrection&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515649-2&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Jane+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFStefon2010" class="citation book">Stefon, Matt, gol. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef">Islamic Beliefs and Practices</a>. New York: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Britannica_Educational_Publishing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Britannica Educational Publishing (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Britannica Educational Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-61530-060-0" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-61530-060-0"><bdi>978-1-61530-060-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Britannica+Educational+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-61530-060-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamicbeliefspr0000stef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFṬabāṭabāʼī1979" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allameh_Tabatabaei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allameh Tabatabaei (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Ṭabāṭabāʼī, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn</a> (1979). Shi'ite Islam. Cyfieithwyd gan Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. <a href="/w/index.php?title=SUNY_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SUNY Press (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">SUNY Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-87395-272-9" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-87395-272-9"><bdi>978-0-87395-272-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shi%27ite+Islam&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-87395-272-9&rft.aulast=%E1%B9%ACab%C4%81%E1%B9%ADab%C4%81%CA%BC%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=Sayyid+Mohammad+Hosayn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTeece2003" class="citation book">Teece, Geoff (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islam0000teec_a5d6">Religion in Focus: Islam</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grolier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grolier (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Franklin Watts Ltd</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-7496-4796-4" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-7496-4796-4"><bdi>978-0-7496-4796-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+in+Focus%3A+Islam&rft.pub=Franklin+Watts+Ltd&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7496-4796-4&rft.aulast=Teece&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislam0000teec_a5d6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTrimingham1998" class="citation book">Trimingham, John Spencer (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sufiordersinisla0000trim_x5k7">The Sufi Orders in Islam</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-512058-5" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-512058-5"><bdi>978-0-19-512058-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sufi+Orders+in+Islam&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-512058-5&rft.aulast=Trimingham&rft.aufirst=John+Spencer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsufiordersinisla0000trim_x5k7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTurner2006" class="citation book">Turner, Colin (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islambasics0000turn">Islam: the Basics</a>. London: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Routledge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Routledge (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-415-34106-6" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-415-34106-6"><bdi>978-0-415-34106-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+the+Basics&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-34106-6&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislambasics0000turn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTurner1998" class="citation book">Turner, Bryan S. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/weberislam0001turn">Weber and Islam</a>. London: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Routledge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Routledge (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-415-17458-9" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-415-17458-9"><bdi>978-0-415-17458-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weber+and+Islam&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-415-17458-9&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Bryan+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fweberislam0001turn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWaines2003" class="citation book">Waines, David (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontois0000wain_y8x7">An Introduction to Islam</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cambridge University Press (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-521-53906-7" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-521-53906-7"><bdi>978-0-521-53906-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Islam&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-53906-7&rft.aulast=Waines&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontois0000wain_y8x7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWatt1973" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Montgomery_Watt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Montgomery Watt (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Watt, W. Montgomery</a> (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/formativeperiodo0000watt">The Formative Period of Islamic Thought</a>. University Press Edinburgh. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-85224-245-2" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-85224-245-2"><bdi>978-0-85224-245-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Formative+Period+of+Islamic+Thought&rft.pub=University+Press+Edinburgh&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-85224-245-2&rft.aulast=Watt&rft.aufirst=W.+Montgomery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fformativeperiodo0000watt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWatt1974" class="citation book">— (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/muhammadprophets00watt">Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman</a> (arg. New). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-881078-0" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-881078-0"><bdi>978-0-19-881078-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muhammad%3A+Prophet+and+Statesman&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-19-881078-0&rft.aulast=Watt&rft.aufirst=W.+Montgomery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmuhammadprophets00watt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWeiss2002" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_G._Weiss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernard G. Weiss (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Weiss, Bernard G.</a> (2002). Studies in Islamic Legal Theory. Boston: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brill_Publishers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brill Publishers (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Brill Academic publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-90-04-12066-2" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-90-04-12066-2"><bdi>978-90-04-12066-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Islamic+Legal+Theory&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12066-2&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Bernard+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gwyddoniaduron_a_geiriaduron">Gwyddoniaduron a geiriaduron</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Golygu'r adran: Gwyddoniaduron a geiriaduron" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Gwyddoniaduron a geiriaduron">golygu cod</a>]</div> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:30em; -webkit-column-count:30em; column-count:30em;margin-left:1.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nodyn:Harvc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nodyn:Harvc (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Nodyn:Harvc</a> <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0387">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0387</a></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_H._McNeillJerry_H._BentleyDavid_Christian2005" class="citation encyclopaedia">William H. McNeill; Jerry H. Bentley; David Christian, gol. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/berkshireencyclo0004unse_k2y1">Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkshire_Publishing_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berkshire Publishing Group (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Berkshire Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-9743091-0-1" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-9743091-0-1"><bdi>978-0-9743091-0-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Berkshire+Encyclopedia+of+World+History&rft.pub=Berkshire+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-9743091-0-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fberkshireencyclo0004unse_k2y1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFOussani1911" class="citation encyclopaedia">Oussani, Gabriel, gol. (1911). <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Catholic_Encyclopedia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Catholic Encyclopedia (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">The Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. 10. New York: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Appleton_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Appleton Company (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Robert Appleton Company</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLagasseGoldmanHobsonNorton2000" class="citation encyclopaedia">Lagasse, Paul; Goldman, Lora; Hobson, Archie; Norton, Susan R., gol. (2000). The Columbia Encyclopedia (arg. 6th). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gale_(publisher)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gale (publisher) (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Gale Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-59339-236-9" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-59339-236-9"><bdi>978-1-59339-236-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Encyclopedia&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Gale+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-59339-236-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Encyclopædia Britannica. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFahlbusch_et_al1999" class="citation encyclopaedia">Fahlbusch, Erwin; et al., gol. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch0001unse_t6f2">The Encyclopedia of Christianity</a>. 1 (arg. 1st). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eerdmans_Publishing_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eerdmans Publishing Company (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Eerdmans Publishing Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-8028-2414-1" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-8028-2414-1"><bdi>978-0-8028-2414-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Christianity&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2414-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofch0001unse_t6f2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFahlbusch_et_al2001" class="citation encyclopaedia">Fahlbusch, Erwin; et al., gol. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=yaecVMhMWaEC">The Encyclopedia of Christianity</a>. 2. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brill_Publishers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brill Publishers (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-90-04-11695-5" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-90-04-11695-5"><bdi>978-90-04-11695-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Christianity&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11695-5&rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyaecVMhMWaEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Bowden2005" class="citation encyclopaedia">John Bowden, gol. (2005). Encyclopedia of Christianity (arg. 1st). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-522393-4" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-522393-4"><bdi>978-0-19-522393-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Christianity&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-522393-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopaedia_of_Islam_(1st_ed.)1913–1936" class="citation encyclopaedia"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martijn_Theodoor_Houtsma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martijn Theodoor Houtsma (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Houtsma, M.T.</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Walker_Arnold&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Walker Arnold (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Arnold, T.W.</a>; Basset, R.; Hartmann, R., gol. (1913–1936). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopaedia_of_Islam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a> (arg. 1st). Leiden: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brill_Publishers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brill Publishers (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Brill</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-90-04-08265-6" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-90-04-08265-6"><bdi>978-90-04-08265-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.place=Leiden&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1913%2F1936&rft.isbn=978-90-04-08265-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopaedia_of_Islam_(2nd_ed.)2012" class="citation encyclopaedia"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peri_Bearman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peri Bearman (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Bearman, P.J.</a>; Bianquis, Th.; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Bosworth, C.E.</a>; van Donzel, E.; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfhart_Heinrichs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfhart Heinrichs (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Heinrichs, W.P.</a>, gol. (2012). "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopaedia_of_Islam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a>". Encyclopaedia of Islam Online (arg. 2nd). Leiden: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brill_Publishers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brill Publishers (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Brill</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-90-04-16121-4" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-90-04-16121-4"><bdi>978-90-04-16121-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1573-3912">1573-3912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam+Online&rft.place=Leiden&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=1573-3912&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16121-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopaedia_of_Islam_Onlinen.d." class="citation encyclopaedia"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peri_Bearman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peri Bearman (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Bearman, P.J.</a>; Bianquis, Th.; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Bosworth, C.E.</a>; van Donzel, E.; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfhart_Heinrichs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfhart Heinrichs (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Heinrichs, W.P.</a>, gol. (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/package/eio?language=en">Encyclopaedia of Islam Online</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brill_Academic_Publishers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brill Academic Publishers (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Brill Academic Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1573-3912">1573-3912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam+Online&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.issn=1573-3912&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fpackage%2Feio%3Flanguage%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMartin2004" class="citation encyclopaedia">Martin, Richard C., gol. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofis0001unse">Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Macmillan_Reference_Books&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macmillan Reference Books (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Macmillan Reference Books</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomson-Gale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomson-Gale (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Thomson-Gale</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-02-865603-8" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-02-865603-8"><bdi>978-0-02-865603-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam+and+the+Muslim+World&rft.series=Macmillan+Reference+Books&rft.pub=Thomson-Gale&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865603-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofis0001unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMcAuliffen.d." class="citation encyclopaedia"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_Dammen_McAuliffe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jane Dammen McAuliffe (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">McAuliffe, Jane Dammen</a>, gol. (n.d.). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopaedia_of_the_Qur%27an&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brill_Academic_Publishers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brill Academic Publishers (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Brill Academic Publishers</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Qur%27an+Online&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMcAuliffe2002" class="citation encyclopaedia">McAuliffe, Jane Dammen, gol. (2002). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopaedia_of_the_Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān</a>. 2. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brill_Academic_Publishers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brill Academic Publishers (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Brill Academic Publishers</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMcAuliffe2003" class="citation encyclopaedia">McAuliffe, Jane Dammen, gol. (2003). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopaedia_of_the_Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān</a>. 3. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brill_Academic_Publishers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brill Academic Publishers (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Brill Academic Publishers</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSalamone2004" class="citation encyclopaedia">Salamone, Frank, gol. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre00sala">Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals</a>. Routledge Encyclopedias of Religion and Society. 6 (arg. 1st). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Routledge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Routledge (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-415-94180-8" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-415-94180-8"><bdi>978-0-415-94180-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=JSTOR_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JSTOR (identifier) (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1jd94wq">j.ctt1jd94wq</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religious+Rites%2C+Rituals%2C+and+Festivals&rft.series=Routledge+Encyclopedias+of+Religion+and+Society&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1jd94wq&rft.isbn=978-0-415-94180-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofre00sala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGlassé2003" class="citation encyclopaedia">Glassé, Cyril, gol. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas">The New Encyclopedia of Islam</a>. Revised Edition of the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam. <a href="/w/index.php?title=AltaMira_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AltaMira Press (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">AltaMira Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-7591-0190-6" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-7591-0190-6"><bdi>978-0-7591-0190-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.series=Revised+Edition+of+the+Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pub=AltaMira+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7591-0190-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewencyclopediao0000glas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2003" class="citation encyclopaedia">Esposito, John, gol. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00bada">The Oxford Dictionary of Islam</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-512558-0" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-512558-0"><bdi>978-0-19-512558-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Islam&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-512558-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxforddictionary00bada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195125580.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001</a> – via Oxford Reference.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2004" class="citation encyclopaedia">Esposito, John, gol. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC">The Oxford Dictionary of Islam</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-975726-8" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-975726-8"><bdi>978-0-19-975726-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Islam&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-975726-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE324pQEEQQcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLeaman2006" class="citation encyclopaedia">Leaman, Oliver, gol. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=isDgI0-0Ip4C">The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Routledge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Routledge (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-415-32639-1" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-415-32639-1"><bdi>978-0-415-32639-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Qur%27an%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32639-1&rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DisDgI0-0Ip4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Darllen_pellach">Darllen pellach</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Golygu'r adran: Darllen pellach" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Darllen pellach">golygu cod</a>]</div> <div class="references-small" style="margin-left:1.5em;"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/encyclopedia-of-sahih-al-bukhari-arabic-virtual-translation-center/1134457685?ean=2940160787701">Encyclopedia of Sahih Al-Bukhari</a> by Arabic Virtual Translation Center (New York 2019, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barnes_%26_Noble&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barnes & Noble (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Barnes & Noble</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-359-67265-3" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-359-67265-3">978-0-359-67265-3</a>). The foundation of Islam: from revelation to tawhid.</li> <li>Abdul-Haqq, Abdiyah Akbar (1980). Sharing Your Faith with a Muslim. Minneapolis: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethany_House_Publishers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bethany House Publishers (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Bethany House Publishers</a>. N.B. Presents the genuine doctrines and concepts of Islam and of the Holy Qur'an, and this religion's affinities with Christianity and its Sacred Scriptures, in order to "dialogue" on the basis of what both faiths really teach. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/0-87123-553-6" title="Arbennig:BookSources/0-87123-553-6">0-87123-553-6</a></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFAhmad2008" class="citation encyclopaedia"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imad-ad-Dean_Ahmad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imad-ad-Dean Ahmad (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Ahmad, Imad-ad-Dean</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">"Islam"</a>. In <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Hamowy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ronald Hamowy (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (gol.). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: <a href="/w/index.php?title=SAGE_Publications&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SAGE Publications (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">SAGE</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. tt. 256–258. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n155">10.4135/9781412965811.n155</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-4129-6580-4" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-4129-6580-4"><bdi>978-1-4129-6580-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=LCCN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LCCN (identifier) (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//lccn.loc.gov/2008009151">2008009151</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">750831024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Islam&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.pages=256-258&rft.pub=SAGE%3B+Cato+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750831024&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008009151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412965811.n155&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Imad-ad-Dean&rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyxNgXs3TkJYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFAkyol2011" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Akyol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mustafa Akyol (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Akyol, Mustafa</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamwithoutextr0000akyo">Islam Without Extremes</a> (arg. 1st). <a href="/w/index.php?title=W.W._Norton_%26_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W.W. Norton & Company (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">W.W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-393-07086-6" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-393-07086-6"><bdi>978-0-393-07086-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+Without+Extremes&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-393-07086-6&rft.aulast=Akyol&rft.aufirst=Mustafa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamwithoutextr0000akyo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFArberry1996" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._J._Arberry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. J. Arberry (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Arberry, A.J.</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koraninterpreted00ajar">The Koran Interpreted: A Translation</a> (arg. 1st). Touchstone. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-684-82507-6" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-684-82507-6"><bdi>978-0-684-82507-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Koran+Interpreted%3A+A+Translation&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Touchstone&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-684-82507-6&rft.aulast=Arberry&rft.aufirst=A.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkoraninterpreted00ajar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li>Cragg, Kenneth (1975). The House of Islam, in The Religious Life of Man Series. Second ed. Belmont, CA: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wadsworth_Publishing_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wadsworth Publishing Company (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Wadsworth Publishing Company</a> 1975. xiii, 145 p. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/0-8221-0139-4" title="Arbennig:BookSources/0-8221-0139-4">0-8221-0139-4</a>.</li> <li>Hourani, Albert (1991). Islam in European Thought. First pbk. ed. Cambridge, Eng.: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cambridge University Press (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Cambridge University Press</a>, 1992, cop. 1991. xi, 199 p. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/0-521-42120-9" title="Arbennig:BookSources/0-521-42120-9">0-521-42120-9</a>; alternative ISBN on back cover, 0-521-42120-0.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKhanAl-Hilali_KhanMuhammad_Taqi-ud-Din1999" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Muhsin_Khan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad Muhsin Khan (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Khan, Muhammad Muhsin</a>; Al-Hilali Khan; Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din (1999). Noble Quran (arg. 1st). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dar-us-Salam_Publications&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dar-us-Salam Publications (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Dar-us-Salam Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-9960-740-79-9" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-9960-740-79-9"><bdi>978-9960-740-79-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Noble+Quran&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Dar-us-Salam+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-9960-740-79-9&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Muhsin&rft.au=Al-Hilali+Khan&rft.au=Muhammad+Taqi-ud-Din&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li>Khanbaghi, A, (2006). The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran. <a href="/w/index.php?title=I._B._Tauris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I. B. Tauris (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">I. B. Tauris</a>.</li> <li>Khavari, Farid A. (1990). Oil and Islam: the Ticking Bomb. First ed. Malibu, Calif.: Roundtable Publications. viii, 277 p., ill. with maps and charts. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/0-915677-55-5" title="Arbennig:BookSources/0-915677-55-5">0-915677-55-5</a>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKramer1999" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Kramer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Kramer (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Kramer, Martin</a>, gol. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewishdiscoveryo0000unse">The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Syracuse_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syracuse University Press (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Syracuse University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-965-224-040-8" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-965-224-040-8"><bdi>978-965-224-040-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Discovery+of+Islam%3A+Studies+in+Honor+of+Bernard+Lewis&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-965-224-040-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjewishdiscoveryo0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKuban1974" class="citation book">Kuban, Dogan (1974). Muslim Religious Architecture. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brill_Academic_Publishers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brill Academic Publishers (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Brill Academic Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-90-04-03813-4" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-90-04-03813-4"><bdi>978-90-04-03813-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Religious+Architecture&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-90-04-03813-4&rft.aulast=Kuban&rft.aufirst=Dogan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLewis1994" class="citation book">Lewis, Bernard (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamwest00lewi_0">Islam and the West</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-509061-1" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-509061-1"><bdi>978-0-19-509061-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+the+West&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-19-509061-1&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamwest00lewi_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLewis1996" class="citation book">Lewis, Bernard (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/culturesinconfli0000lewi">Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-510283-3" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-510283-3"><bdi>978-0-19-510283-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultures+in+Conflict%3A+Christians%2C+Muslims%2C+and+Jews+in+the+Age+of+Discovery&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510283-3&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fculturesinconfli0000lewi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMubarkpuri2002" class="citation book">Mubarkpuri, Saifur-Rahman (2002). The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Prophet. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dar-us-Salam_Publications&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dar-us-Salam Publications (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Dar-us-Salam Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-59144-071-0" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-59144-071-0"><bdi>978-1-59144-071-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sealed+Nectar%3A+Biography+of+the+Prophet&rft.pub=Dar-us-Salam+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-59144-071-0&rft.aulast=Mubarkpuri&rft.aufirst=Saifur-Rahman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFNajeebabadi2001" class="citation book">Najeebabadi, Akbar Shah (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofislamvo0000naje">History of Islam</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dar-us-Salam_Publications&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dar-us-Salam Publications (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Dar-us-Salam Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-59144-034-5" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-59144-034-5"><bdi>978-1-59144-034-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Islam&rft.pub=Dar-us-Salam+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-59144-034-5&rft.aulast=Najeebabadi&rft.aufirst=Akbar+Shah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofislamvo0000naje&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRahman1979" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fazlur_Rahman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fazlur Rahman (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Rahman, Fazlur</a> (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780226702810">Islam</a> (arg. 2nd). <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Chicago_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Chicago Press (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-226-70281-0" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-226-70281-0"><bdi>978-0-226-70281-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-226-70281-0&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Fazlur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780226702810&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSchimmel1994" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Annemarie_Schimmel" title="Annemarie Schimmel">Schimmel, Annemarie</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190422154518/https://www.giffordlectures.org/books/deciphering-signs-god-phenomenological-approach-islam">Deciphering the Signs of God: A Phenomenological Approach to Islam</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=State_University_of_New_York_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State University of New York Press (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">State University of New York Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-7914-1982-3" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-7914-1982-3"><bdi>978-0-7914-1982-3</bdi></a>. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.giffordlectures.org/books/deciphering-signs-god-phenomenological-approach-islam">gwreiddiol</a> ar 2019-04-22. Cyrchwyd 2022-01-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deciphering+the+Signs+of+God%3A+A+Phenomenological+Approach+to+Islam&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-1982-3&rft.aulast=Schimmel&rft.aufirst=Annemarie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.giffordlectures.org%2Fbooks%2Fdeciphering-signs-god-phenomenological-approach-islam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTausch2009" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arno_Tausch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arno Tausch (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Tausch, Arno</a> (2009). What 1.3 Billion Muslims Really Think: An Answer to a Recent Gallup Study, Based on the "World Values Survey". Foreword Mansoor Moaddel, Eastern Michigan University (arg. 1st). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nova_Science_Publishers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nova Science Publishers (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Nova Science Publishers</a>, New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-60692-731-1" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-60692-731-1"><bdi>978-1-60692-731-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+1.3+Billion+Muslims+Really+Think%3A+An+Answer+to+a+Recent+Gallup+Study%2C+Based+on+the+%22World+Values+Survey%22.+Foreword+Mansoor+Moaddel%2C+Eastern+Michigan+University&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Nova+Science+Publishers%2C+New+York&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60692-731-1&rft.aulast=Tausch&rft.aufirst=Arno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTauschHeshmatiKaroui2015" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arno_Tausch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arno Tausch (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Tausch, Arno</a>; Heshmati, Almas; Karoui, Hichem (2015). The political algebra of global value change. General models and implications for the Muslim world (arg. 1st). New York: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nova_Science_Publishers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nova Science Publishers (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Nova Science Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-62948-899-8" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-62948-899-8"><bdi>978-1-62948-899-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+political+algebra+of+global+value+change.+General+models+and+implications+for+the+Muslim+world&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Nova+Science+Publishers&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-62948-899-8&rft.aulast=Tausch&rft.aufirst=Arno&rft.au=Heshmati%2C+Almas&rft.au=Karoui%2C+Hichem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> Prepublication text available at: <cite id="CITEREFTauschHeshmatiKaroui2014" class="citation web">Tausch, Arno; Heshmati, Almas; Karoui, Hichem (January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290349218">"The political algebra of global value change. General models and implications for the Muslim world"</a>. ResearchGate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ResearchGate&rft.atitle=The+political+algebra+of+global+value+change.+General+models+and+implications+for+the+Muslim+world&rft.date=2014-01&rft.aulast=Tausch&rft.aufirst=Arno&rft.au=Heshmati%2C+Almas&rft.au=Karoui%2C+Hichem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F290349218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWalker1998" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Walker_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benjamin Walker (author) (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Walker, Benjamin</a> (1998). Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Owen_Publishers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Owen Publishers (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Peter Owen Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-7206-1038-3" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-7206-1038-3"><bdi>978-0-7206-1038-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+Islam%3A+The+Making+of+a+World+Faith&rft.pub=Peter+Owen+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7206-1038-3&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cyfeiriadau">Cyfeiriadau</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Golygu'r adran: Cyfeiriadau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Cyfeiriadau">golygu cod</a>]</div> <ul><li>Gabriel Mandel Khân, Mahomet le Prophète (Paris, 2002). <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/2744156868" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 2-7441-5686-8</a></li></ul> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-BC3-1"><a href="#cite_ref-BC3_1-0">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFLewisChurchill2009" class="citation book">Lewis, Barnard; Churchill, Buntzie Ellis (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamreligionpeo00lewi">Islam: The Religion and The People</a>. Wharton School Publishing. t. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamreligionpeo00lewi/page/8">8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-13-223085-8" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-13-223085-8"><bdi>978-0-13-223085-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+The+Religion+and+The+People&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Wharton+School+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-13-223085-8&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Barnard&rft.au=Churchill%2C+Buntzie+Ellis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamreligionpeo00lewi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> Esposito, John L. 2009. "Islam." In <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nodyn:Doi-inline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nodyn:Doi-inline (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Nodyn:Doi-inline</a>, edited by J. L. Esposito. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Gwasg_Prifysgol_Rhydychen" title="Gwasg Prifysgol Rhydychen">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-530513-5" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-530513-5">978-0-19-530513-5</a>. (See also: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012298">quick reference</a>.) "Profession of Faith...affirms Islam's absolute monotheism and acceptance of Muḥammad as the messenger of Allah, the last and final prophet." </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/muslim-population-by-country">"Muslim Population By Country 2021"</a>. World Population Review. Cyrchwyd 22 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Population+Review&rft.atitle=Muslim+Population+By+Country+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldpopulationreview.com%2Fcountry-rankings%2Fmuslim-population-by-country&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pew2-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Pew2_4-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200615053333/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2010/number/all/">"Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pew_Research_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pew Research Center (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Pew Research Center</a>. 2 April 2015. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2010/number/all/">gwreiddiol</a> ar 15 June 2020. Cyrchwyd 5 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religious+Composition+by+Country%2C+2010-2050&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2015-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2015%2F04%2F02%2Freligious-projection-table%2F2010%2Fnumber%2Fall%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/muslim">Muslim</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160729005309/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/muslim">Archifwyd</a> 2016-07-29 yn y <a href="/wiki/Peiriant_Wayback" title="Peiriant Wayback">Peiriant Wayback</a>." <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford_Dictionaries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxford Dictionaries (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Lexico</a>. UK: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/muslim-majority-countries">"Muslim Majority Countries 2021"</a>. worldpopulationreview.com. Cyrchwyd 25 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=worldpopulationreview.com&rft.atitle=Muslim+Majority+Countries+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldpopulationreview.com%2Fcountry-rankings%2Fmuslim-majority-countries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pew_Forum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pew Forum (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life</a>. December 2012. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf">The Global Religious Landscape: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Major Religious Groups as of 2010</a>." DC: Pew Research Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-exec/">Article</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampo2009-8">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampo2009_8-0">8.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampo2009_8-1">8.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampo2009_8-2">8.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampo2009_8-3">8.3</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampo2009">Campo (2009)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-OEIW-allah2-9"><a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-allah2_9-0">↑</a> Gwall cyfeirio: Tag <code><ref></code> annilys; ni roddwyd testun ar gyfer 'ref' o'r enw <code>OEIW-allah2</code> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> Goldman, Elizabeth. 1995. Believers: Spiritual Leaders of the World. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Gwasg_Prifysgol_Rhydychen" title="Gwasg Prifysgol Rhydychen">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-508240-1" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-508240-1">978-0-19-508240-1</a>. p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFWatt2003" class="citation book">Watt, William Montgomery (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC&pg=PA5">Islam and the Integration of Society</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychology_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Psychology Press (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Psychology Press</a>. t. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-415-17587-6" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-415-17587-6"><bdi>978-0-415-17587-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+the+Integration+of+Society&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-17587-6&rft.aulast=Watt&rft.aufirst=William+Montgomery&rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAQUZ6BGyohQC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> King, David A. (1983). "The Astronomy of the Mamluks". <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isis_(journal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isis (journal) (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Isis</a> 74 (4): 531–55. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F353360">10.1086/353360</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-1753">0021-1753</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> Hassan, Ahmad Y. 1996. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402150434/http://www.history-science-technology.com/articles/articles%208.html">Factors Behind the Decline of Islamic Science After the Sixteenth Century</a>." Pp. 351–99 in Islam and the Challenge of Modernity, edited by S. S. Al-Attas. Kuala Lumpur: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Khaldun_International_Institute_of_Advanced_Research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn Khaldun International Institute of Advanced Research (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization</a>. Archived from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history-science-technology.com/articles/articles%208.html">original</a> on 2 April 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Walker_Arnold&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Walker Arnold (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Arnold, Thomas Walker</a>. The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith. pp. 125–258. </li> <li id="cite_note-Denny-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Denny_15-0">↑</a> Denny, Frederick. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D5_N97bAiJ0C&pg=PA3">Sunni Islam: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 3. "Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community, and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority (85 to 90 percent) of that community." </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA_Factbook-16">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_Factbook_16-0">16.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_Factbook_16-1">16.1</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100706231326/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html">"Field Listing :: Religions"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_World_Factbook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The World Factbook (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html">gwreiddiol</a> ar 2010-07-06. Cyrchwyd 25 October 2010. <q>Sunni Islam accounts for over 75% of the world's Muslim population." ... "Shia Islam represents 10–15% of Muslims worldwide.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Field+Listing+%3A%3A+Religions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2F2122.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-berkleycenter-sunni-17"><a href="#cite_ref-berkleycenter-sunni_17-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614103622/https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/sunni">"Sunni"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkley_Center_for_Religion,_Peace,_and_World_Affairs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs</a>. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/sunni">gwreiddiol</a> ar 2020-06-14. Cyrchwyd 24 May 2020. <q>Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam, comprising about 85% of the world's over 1.5 billion Muslims.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sunni&rft.pub=Berkley+Center+for+Religion%2C+Peace%2C+and+World+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fberkleycenter.georgetown.edu%2Fessays%2Fsunni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPew_Forum_for_Religion_&_Public_Life2009-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPew_Forum_for_Religion_&_Public_Life2009_18-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFPew_Forum_for_Religion_&_Public_Life2009">Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life (2009)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> Pew Forum for Religion and Public Life. April 2015. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/">10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations, 2010 and 2050</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170207115222/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/">Archifwyd</a> 2017-02-07 yn y <a href="/wiki/Peiriant_Wayback" title="Peiriant Wayback">Peiriant Wayback</a>" (projections table). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pew_Research_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pew Research Center (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Pew Research Center</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFPechilisRaj2013" class="citation book">Pechilis, Karen; Raj, Selva J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C">South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Routledge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Routledge (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Routledge</a>. t. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C&pg=PA193">193</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-415-44851-2" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-415-44851-2"><bdi>978-0-415-44851-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asian+Religions%3A+Tradition+and+Today&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-44851-2&rft.aulast=Pechilis&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft.au=Raj%2C+Selva+J.&rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkaubzRxh-U0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFPillalamarri,_Akhilesh2016" class="citation news">Pillalamarri, Akhilesh (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/how-south-asia-will-save-global-islam/">"How South Asia Will Save Global Islam"</a>. The Diplomat. Cyrchwyd 7 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=How+South+Asia+Will+Save+Global+Islam&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Pillalamarri%2C+Akhilesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2016%2F01%2Fhow-south-asia-will-save-global-islam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-22"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_22-0">↑</a> Gwall cyfeirio: Tag <code><ref></code> annilys; ni roddwyd testun ar gyfer 'ref' o'r enw <code>:3</code> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/features/2018/03/07/islam-in-russia/">"Islam in Russia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera" title="Al Jazeera">Al Jazeera</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anadolu_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anadolu Agency (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Anadolu News Agency</a>. 7 March 2018. Cyrchwyd 15 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Islam+in+Russia&rft.date=2018-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Famp%2Ffeatures%2F2018%2F03%2F07%2Fislam-in-russia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/book-review-russia-s-muslim-heartlands-reveals-diverse-population-1.723230">"Book review: Russia's Muslim Heartlands reveals diverse population"</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_National_(Abu_Dhabi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The National (Abu Dhabi) (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">The National</a>, 21 April 2018, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/book-review-russia-s-muslim-heartlands-reveals-diverse-population-1.723230">https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/book-review-russia-s-muslim-heartlands-reveals-diverse-population-1.723230</a>, adalwyd 13 January 2019 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFBurke2015" class="citation news">Burke, Daniel (2 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/02/living/pew-study-religion/">"The world's fastest-growing religion is..."</a> <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. Cyrchwyd 18 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=The+world%27s+fastest-growing+religion+is...&rft.date=2015-04-02&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2015%2F04%2F02%2Fliving%2Fpew-study-religion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-USNewsLippman22-26"><a href="#cite_ref-USNewsLippman22_26-0">↑</a> Lippman, Thomas W. 7 April 2008. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/religion/articles/2008/04/07/no-god-but-god">No God But God</a>." <a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._News_%26_World_Report&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U.S. News & World Report (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">U.S. News & World Report</a>. Retrieved 24 May 2020. "Islam is the youngest, the fastest growing, and in many ways the least complicated of the world's great monotheistic faiths. It is based on its own holy book, but it is also a direct descendant of Judaism and Christianity, incorporating some of the teachings of those religions—modifying some and rejecting others." </li> <li id="cite_note-mgmpPRC-27"><a href="#cite_ref-mgmpPRC_27-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller2009">Miller (2009)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_28-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/295507/Islam">"Islām"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> Online. Cyrchwyd 2010-08-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Isl%C4%81m&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F295507%2FIslam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115155718/http://articles.cnn.com/2009-10-07/world/muslim.world.population_1_god-but-god-middle-east-distant?_s=PM:WORLD">"Nearly 1 in 4 people worldwide is Muslim, report says - CNN"</a>. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.cnn.com/2009-10-07/world/muslim.world.population_1_god-but-god-middle-east-distant?_s=PM:WORLD">gwreiddiol</a> ar 2013-01-15. Cyrchwyd 2013-05-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nearly+1+in+4+people+worldwide+is+Muslim%2C+report+says+-+CNN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.cnn.com%2F2009-10-07%2Fworld%2Fmuslim.world.population_1_god-but-god-middle-east-distant%3F_s%3DPM%3AWORLD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070609092458/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5ht18N8tINGelAWExQSbvwxXXCsjg">"AFP: Israel haven for new Bahai world order"</a>. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5ht18N8tINGelAWExQSbvwxXXCsjg">gwreiddiol</a> ar 2007-06-09. Cyrchwyd 2007-06-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AFP%3A+Israel+haven+for+new+Bahai+world+order&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fafp.google.com%2Farticle%2FALeqM5ht18N8tINGelAWExQSbvwxXXCsjg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180627062524/http://fastestgrowingreligion.com/numbers.html">"Fastest Growing Religion; Christianity"</a>. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fastestgrowingreligion.com/numbers.html">gwreiddiol</a> ar 2018-06-27. Cyrchwyd 2022-01-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fastest+Growing+Religion%3B+Christianity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffastestgrowingreligion.com%2Fnumbers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070521093323/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3835">"The List: The World's Fastest-Growing Religions | Foreign Policy"</a>. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3835">gwreiddiol</a> ar 2007-05-21. Cyrchwyd 2013-05-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+List%3A+The+World%27s+Fastest-Growing+Religions+%7C+Foreign+Policy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignpolicy.com%2Fstory%2Fcms.php%3Fstory_id%3D3835&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a> See: </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://corpus.quran.com/translation.jsp?chapter=6&verse=103">"Verse (6:103) – English Translation"</a>. Quranic Arabic Corpus. Cyrchwyd 11 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quranic+Arabic+Corpus&rft.atitle=Verse+%286%3A103%29+%E2%80%93+English+Translation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcorpus.quran.com%2Ftranslation.jsp%3Fchapter%3D6%26verse%3D103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ben2-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Ben2_35-0">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFBentley1999" class="citation book">Bentley, David (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/99beautifulnames0000bent">The 99 Beautiful Names for God for All the People of the Book</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Carey_Library&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Carey Library (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">William Carey Library</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-87808-299-5" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-87808-299-5"><bdi>978-0-87808-299-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+99+Beautiful+Names+for+God+for+All+the+People+of+the+Book&rft.pub=William+Carey+Library&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-87808-299-5&rft.aulast=Bentley&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F99beautifulnames0000bent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFAliLeaman2008" class="citation book">Ali, Kecia; Leaman, Oliver (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamkeyconcepts0000alik">Islam : the key concepts</a>. London: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Routledge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Routledge (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-415-39638-7" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-415-39638-7"><bdi>978-0-415-39638-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/123136939">123136939</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+%3A+the+key+concepts&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F123136939&rft.isbn=978-0-415-39638-7&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Kecia&rft.au=Leaman%2C+Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamkeyconcepts0000alik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patheos.com/Library/Islam/Beliefs/Human-Nature-and-the-Purpose-of-Existence.html">"Human Nature and the Purpose of Existence"</a>. Patheos. Cyrchwyd 24 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Patheos&rft.atitle=Human+Nature+and+the+Purpose+of+Existence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.patheos.com%2FLibrary%2FIslam%2FBeliefs%2FHuman-Nature-and-the-Purpose-of-Existence.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a> Leeming, David. 2005. The Oxford Companion to World Mythology. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Gwasg_Prifysgol_Rhydychen" title="Gwasg Prifysgol Rhydychen">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-195-15669-0" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-195-15669-0">978-0-195-15669-0</a>. p. 209. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/5/73?translations=131">"Surah Al-Ma'idah - 5:73"</a>. quran.com. Cyrchwyd 26 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=quran.com&rft.atitle=Surah+Al-Ma%27idah+-+5%3A73&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquran.com%2F5%2F73%3Ftranslations%3D131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-40"><a href="#cite_ref-:5_40-0">↑</a> Gwall cyfeirio: Tag <code><ref></code> annilys; ni roddwyd testun ar gyfer 'ref' o'r enw <code>:5</code> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a> See: </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a> Ali, Syed Anwer. [1984] 2010. Qurʼan, the Fundamental Law of Human Life: Surat ul-Faateha to Surat-ul-Baqarah (sections 1–21). Syed Publications. p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a> Burge, Stephan R. (2011). "The Angels in Sūrat al-Malāʾika: Exegeses of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Q._35:1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Q. 35:1 (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Q. 35:1</a>". <a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Qur%27anic_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Qur'anic Studies (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Journal of Qur'anic Studies</a> 10 (1): 50–70. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3366%2FE1465359109000230">10.3366/E1465359109000230</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurge2015-44">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurge2015_44-0">44.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurge2015_44-1">44.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurge2015_44-2">44.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurge2015_44-3">44.3</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurge2015">Burge (2015)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Distorted-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Distorted_45-0">↑</a> See: </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a> Chejne, A. (1969) The Arabic Language: Its Role in History, <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Minnesota_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Minnesota Press (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">University of Minnesota Press</a>, Minneapolis. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a> Speicher, K. (1997) in Edzard, L., and Szyska, C. (eds.) Encounters of Words and Texts: Intercultural Studies in Honor of Stefan Wild. Georg Olms, Hildesheim, pp. 43–66. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a> TY - BOOK T1 - The Cambridge Companion to Muhammad A1 - Brockopp, J.E. SN - 9780521886079 T3 - Cambridge Companions to Religion UR - <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=aLm_R5yjcMMC">https://books.google.de/books?id=aLm_R5yjcMMC</a> Y1 - 2010 PB - Cambridge University Press ER - </li> <li id="cite_note-Peacock-49">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Peacock_49-0">49.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peacock_49-1">49.1</a> <cite id="CITEREFPeacock2019" class="citation book">Peacock, A.C.S. (2019). Islam, Literature and Society in Mongol Anatolia. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108582124">10.1017/9781108582124</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/9781108582124" title="Arbennig:BookSources/9781108582124"><bdi>9781108582124</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%2C+Literature+and+Society+in+Mongol+Anatolia&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108582124&rft.isbn=9781108582124&rft.aulast=Peacock&rft.aufirst=A.C.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a> Esposito, J. L. (2003). The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Vereinigtes Königreich: Oxford University Press, USA. p. 225 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a> Josef W. Meri The Cult of Saints among Muslims and Jews in Medieval Syria OUP Oxford, 14.11.2002 isbn 9780191554735 pp. 60-81 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a> See: </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111208204654/http://www.freeweb.hu/etymological/AEDweb.htm">"Andras Rajki's A. E. D. (Arabic Etymological Dictionary)"</a>. 2002. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freeweb.hu/etymological/AEDweb.htm">gwreiddiol</a> ar 8 December 2011. Cyrchwyd 13 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Andras+Rajki%27s+A.+E.+D.+%28Arabic+Etymological+Dictionary%29&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freeweb.hu%2Fetymological%2FAEDweb.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a> See: </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/9/51?translations=131">"Surah At-Tawbah - 9:51"</a>. quran.com. Cyrchwyd 13 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=quran.com&rft.atitle=Surah+At-Tawbah+-+9%3A51&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquran.com%2F9%2F51%3Ftranslations%3D131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z43pfcw/revision/4">"Muslim beliefs - Al-Qadr"</a>. Bitesize - GCSE - Edexcel. BBC. Cyrchwyd 13 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bitesize+-+GCSE+-+Edexcel&rft.atitle=Muslim+beliefs+-+Al-Qadr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fbitesize%2Fguides%2Fz43pfcw%2Frevision%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFSiddiquiIslamic_Foundation_Staff_(Great_Britain)_2015" class="citation book">Siddiqui, Abdur Rashid; Islamic Foundation Staff (Great Britain) (2015). Qur'anic Keywords: a Reference Guide. New York: Kube Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-86037-676-7" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-86037-676-7"><bdi>978-0-86037-676-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/947732907">947732907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qur%27anic+Keywords%3A+a+Reference+Guide&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Kube+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F947732907&rft.isbn=978-0-86037-676-7&rft.aulast=Siddiqui&rft.aufirst=Abdur+Rashid&rft.au=Islamic+Foundation+Staff+%28Great+Britain%29+&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFRobert_Brenton_Betts2013" class="citation book">Robert Brenton Betts (31 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=vFq_KUqqWJMC&pg=PA15">The Sunni-Shi'a Divide: Islam's Internal Divisions and Their Global Consequences</a>. tt. 14–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-61234-522-2" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-61234-522-2"><bdi>978-1-61234-522-2</bdi></a>. Cyrchwyd 7 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sunni-Shi%27a+Divide%3A+Islam%27s+Internal+Divisions+and+Their+Global+Consequences&rft.pages=14-15&rft.date=2013-07-31&rft.isbn=978-1-61234-522-2&rft.au=Robert+Brenton+Betts&rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvFq_KUqqWJMC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFBenakis2014" class="citation news">Benakis, Theodoros (13 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160131145036/http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/">"Islamophoobia in Europe!"</a>. New Europe. Brussels. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/">gwreiddiol</a> ar 31 January 2016. Cyrchwyd 20 October 2015. <q>Anyone who has travelled to Central Asia knows of the non-denominational Muslims—those who are neither Shiites nor Sounites, but who accept Islam as a religion generally.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Europe&rft.atitle=Islamophoobia+in+Europe%21&rft.date=2014-01-13&rft.aulast=Benakis&rft.aufirst=Theodoros&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fneurope.eu%2Farticle%2Fislamophobia-europe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirkham-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Kirkham_60-0">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFKirkham2015" class="citation news">Kirkham, Bri (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151125113410/http://www.ballstatedaily.com/article/2015/04/nli-muslim-blood-drive">"Indiana Blood Center cancels 'Muslims for Life' blood drive"</a>. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ballstatedaily.com/article/2015/04/nli-muslim-blood-drive">gwreiddiol</a> ar 25 November 2015. Cyrchwyd 21 October 2015. <q>Ball State Student Sadie Sial identifies as a non-denominational Muslim, and her parents belong to the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. She has participated in multiple blood drives through the Indiana Blood Center.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Indiana+Blood+Center+cancels+%27Muslims+for+Life%27+blood+drive&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Kirkham&rft.aufirst=Bri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ballstatedaily.com%2Farticle%2F2015%2F04%2Fnli-muslim-blood-drive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pollack-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Pollack_61-0">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFPollack2014" class="citation book">Pollack, Kenneth (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=jQGZBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA29">Unthinkable: Iran, the Bomb, and American Strategy</a>. t. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-4767-3393-7" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-4767-3393-7"><bdi>978-1-4767-3393-7</bdi></a>. <q>Although many Iranian hardliners are Shi'a chauvinists, Khomeini's ideology saw the revolution as pan-Islamist, and therefore embracing Sunni, Shi'a, Sufi, and other, more nondenominational Muslims</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unthinkable%3A+Iran%2C+the+Bomb%2C+and+American+Strategy&rft.pages=29&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4767-3393-7&rft.aulast=Pollack&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjQGZBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFCughtai2005" class="citation book">Cughtai, Muhammad Ikram (2005). Jamāl Al-Dīn Al-Afghāni: An Apostle of Islamic Resurgence. t. 454. <q>Condemning the historically prevailing trend of blindly imitating religious leaders, al- Afghani revised to identity himself with a specific sect or imam by insisting that he was just a Muslim and a scholar with his own interpretation of Islam.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jam%C4%81l+Al-D%C4%ABn+Al-Afgh%C4%81ni%3A+An+Apostle+of+Islamic+Resurgence&rft.pages=454&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Cughtai&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Ikram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFAhmed" class="citation news">Ahmed, Khaled. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111117111449/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml">"Was Jinnah a Shia or a Sunni?"</a>. The Friday Times. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml">gwreiddiol</a> ar 17 November 2011. Cyrchwyd 23 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Was+Jinnah+a+Shia+or+a+Sunni%3F&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Khaled&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefridaytimes.com%2F24122010%2Fpage27.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFBurns2011" class="citation book">Burns, Robert (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=akWUGyN7fwEC&pg=PA55">Christianity, Islam, and the West</a>. t. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-7618-5560-6" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-7618-5560-6"><bdi>978-0-7618-5560-6</bdi></a>. <q>40 per cent called themselves "just a Muslim" according to the Council of American-Islamic relations</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity%2C+Islam%2C+and+the+West&rft.pages=55&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7618-5560-6&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DakWUGyN7fwEC%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFTatari2014" class="citation book">Tatari, Eren (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=x_4QBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA111">Muslims in British Local Government: Representing Minority Interests in Hackney, Newham and Tower Hamlets</a>. t. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-90-04-27226-2" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-90-04-27226-2"><bdi>978-90-04-27226-2</bdi></a>. <q>Nineteen said that they are Sunni Muslims, six said they are just Muslim without specifying a sect, two said they are Ahmadi, and two said their families are Alevi</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims+in+British+Local+Government%3A+Representing+Minority+Interests+in+Hackney%2C+Newham+and+Tower+Hamlets&rft.pages=111&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-90-04-27226-2&rft.aulast=Tatari&rft.aufirst=Eren&rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx_4QBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFLopez2008" class="citation book">Lopez, Ralph (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=vuNfXxnYWPIC&pg=PA65">Truth in the Age of Bushism</a>. t. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-4348-9615-5" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-4348-9615-5"><bdi>978-1-4348-9615-5</bdi></a>. <q>Many Iraqis take offense at reporters' efforts to identify them as Sunni or Shiite. A 2004 Iraq Centre for Research and Strategic Studies poll found the largest category of Iraqis classified themselves as "just Muslim."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Truth+in+the+Age+of+Bushism&rft.pages=65&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4348-9615-5&rft.aulast=Lopez&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvuNfXxnYWPIC%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pew-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Pew_67-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity">"Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation"</a>. The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pew_Research_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pew Research Center (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Pew Research Center</a>'s Religion & Public Life Project. August 9, 2012. Cyrchwyd 4 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World%27s+Muslims%3A+Unity+and+Diversity&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+Religious+Affiliation&rft.date=2012-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2012%2F08%2F09%2Fthe-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation%2F%23identity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a> See: </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahmed_Zarruq_2008-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Ahmed_Zarruq_2008_69-0">↑</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Zarruq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmad Zarruq (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Zarruq, Ahmed</a>, Zaineb Istrabadi, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamza_Yusuf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamza Yusuf (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Hamza Yusuf Hanson</a>. 2008. The Principles of Sufism. Amal Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehdi_Aminrazavi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mehdi Aminrazavi (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Aminrazavi, Mehdi</a>. [2009] 2016. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2016/entries/arabic-islamic-mysticism/">Mysticism in Arabic and Islamic Philosophy</a>." <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>, edited by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_N._Zalta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward N. Zalta (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">E. N. Zalta</a>. Retrieved 25 May 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChittick2008-71">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick2008_71-0">71.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick2008_71-1">71.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick2008_71-2">71.2</a> <a href="#CITEREFChittick2008">Chittick (2008)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFNasr1993" class="citation book">Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontois00nasr">An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines</a>. t. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontois00nasr/page/192">192</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-7914-1515-3" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-7914-1515-3"><bdi>978-0-7914-1515-3</bdi></a>. Cyrchwyd 17 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Islamic+Cosmological+Doctrines&rft.pages=192&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-1515-3&rft.aulast=Nasr&rft.aufirst=Seyyed+Hossein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontois00nasr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODI-73">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-ODI_73-0">73.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODI_73-1">73.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODI_73-2">73.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODI_73-3">73.3</a> <cite id="CITEREFEsposito" class="citation web"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Esposito&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Esposito (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Esposito, John L.</a> (gol.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170203033813/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t125/e1107">"Islamic Law"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Oxford_Dictionary_of_Islam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">The Oxford Dictionary of Islam</a>. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t125/e1107">gwreiddiol</a> ar 2017-02-03. Cyrchwyd 2022-01-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Islam&rft.atitle=Islamic+Law&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordislamicstudies.com%2Fprint%2Fopr%2Ft125%2Fe1107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-vikor-74">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-vikor_74-0">74.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vikor_74-1">74.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vikor_74-2">74.2</a> Vikør, Knut S. 2014. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140604214623/http://bridgingcultures.neh.gov/muslimjourneys/items/show/226">Sharīʿah</a>." In The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics, edited by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emad_Shahin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emad Shahin (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">E. Shahin</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bridgingcultures.neh.gov/muslimjourneys/items/show/226">original</a> on 4 June 2014. Retrieved 25 May 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-75"><a href="#cite_ref-:15_75-0">↑</a> Gwall cyfeirio: Tag <code><ref></code> annilys; ni roddwyd testun ar gyfer 'ref' o'r enw <code>:15</code> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFBarazangiZamanAfzal1996" class="citation book">Barazangi, Nimat Hafez; Zaman, M. Raquibuz; Afzal, Omar (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=0QtcBRWs__AC">Islamic Identity and the Struggle for Justice</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_Press_of_Florida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University Press of Florida (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">University Press of Florida</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-8130-1382-4" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-8130-1382-4"><bdi>978-0-8130-1382-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Identity+and+the+Struggle+for+Justice&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8130-1382-4&rft.aulast=Barazangi&rft.aufirst=Nimat+Hafez&rft.au=Zaman%2C+M.+Raquibuz&rft.au=Afzal%2C+Omar&rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0QtcBRWs__AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFAmuzegar1997" class="citation book">Amuzegar, Jahangir (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=sNvX7bg1Hq8C&pg=PA121">Iran's Economy Under the Islamic Republic By Jahangir Amuzegar</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-86064-104-6" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-86064-104-6"><bdi>978-1-86064-104-6</bdi></a>. Cyrchwyd 7 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran%27s+Economy+Under+the+Islamic+Republic+By+Jahangir+Amuzegar&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-104-6&rft.aulast=Amuzegar&rft.aufirst=Jahangir&rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsNvX7bg1Hq8C%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFCurtisHooglund2008" class="citation book">Curtis, Glenn E.; Hooglund, Eric (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/irancountrystudy00curt_2/page/196">Iran: A Country Study</a>. Government Printing Office. tt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/irancountrystudy00curt_2/page/196">196–</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-8444-1187-3" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-8444-1187-3"><bdi>978-0-8444-1187-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.pages=196-&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8444-1187-3&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Glenn+E.&rft.au=Hooglund%2C+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Firancountrystudy00curt_2%2Fpage%2F196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirestone1999-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirestone1999_79-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFFirestone1999">Firestone (1999)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-EI2-80">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_80-0">80.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_80-1">80.1</a> Gwall cyfeirio: Tag <code><ref></code> annilys; ni roddwyd testun ar gyfer 'ref' o'r enw <code>EI2</code> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a> Habeck, Mary R. Knowing the Enemy: Jihadist Ideology and the War on Terror. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. pp. 108–109, 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina1998-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina1998_82-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFSachedina1998">Sachedina (1998)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENasr2003-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasr2003_83-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFNasr2003">Nasr (2003)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENigosian2004-84">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENigosian2004_84-0">84.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENigosian2004_84-1">84.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFNigosian2004">Nigosian (2004)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">↑</a> See: </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFNewby2002" class="citation book">Newby, Gordon D. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00newb">A concise encyclopedia of Islam</a>. Oxford: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oneworld_Publications&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oneworld Publications (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Oneworld</a>. t. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00newb/page/141">141</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-85168-295-9" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-85168-295-9"><bdi>978-1-85168-295-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+concise+encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Oneworld&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-85168-295-9&rft.aulast=Newby&rft.aufirst=Gordon+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconciseencyclope00newb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFNasr2001" class="citation book">Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamreligionhis00nasr_0/page/68">Islam : religion, history, and civilization</a>. New York: <a href="/w/index.php?title=HarperOne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HarperOne (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">HarperOne</a>. t. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamreligionhis00nasr_0/page/68">68</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-06-050714-5" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-06-050714-5"><bdi>978-0-06-050714-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+%3A+religion%2C+history%2C+and+civilization&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-06-050714-5&rft.aulast=Nasr&rft.aufirst=Seyyed+Hossein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamreligionhis00nasr_0%2Fpage%2F68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151223012707/http://www.14publications.com/question-and-answer/why-cant-a-woman-have-2-husbands/">"Why Can't a Woman have 2 Husbands?"</a>. 14 Publications. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.14publications.com/question-and-answer/why-cant-a-woman-have-2-husbands/">gwreiddiol</a> ar 23 December 2015. Cyrchwyd 27 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=14+Publications&rft.atitle=Why+Can%27t+a+Woman+have+2+Husbands%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.14publications.com%2Fquestion-and-answer%2Fwhy-cant-a-woman-have-2-husbands%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFEaton2000" class="citation book">Eaton, Gai (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rememberinggodre0000eato">Remembering God: Reflections on Islam</a>. Cambridge: The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Texts_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamic Texts Society (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Islamic Texts Society</a>. tt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rememberinggodre0000eato/page/92">92–93</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-946621-84-2" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-946621-84-2"><bdi>978-0-946621-84-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remembering+God%3A+Reflections+on+Islam&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=92-93&rft.pub=The+Islamic+Texts+Society&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-946621-84-2&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=Gai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frememberinggodre0000eato&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3AIslam" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">↑</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Shafi_Usmani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad Shafi Usmani (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Muhammad Shafi Usmani</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maariful_Quran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maariful Quran (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Maariful Quran</a>. English trans. By <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Taqi_Usmani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad Taqi Usmani (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Muhammad Taqi Usmani</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStefon2010-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStefon2010_91-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFStefon2010">Stefon (2010)</a>. </li> </ol></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Awdurdod" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Awdurdod" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Awdurdod" class="mw-redirect" title="Awdurdod">Awdurdod</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-sh85-068390">WorldCat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85068390">sh85068390</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4027743-4">4027743-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de documentation">SUDOC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idref.fr/027266834">027266834</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13318428q">cb13318428q</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13318428q">(data)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">HDS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F011392.php">011392</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00564585">00564585</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114798&CON_LNG=ENG">ph114798</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">BNE</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4659797">XX4659797</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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