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Kingfisher Wetlands: a laboratory for blue carbon research
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.group-hover\:lg\:scale-\[calc\(1\/\(116\/96\)\)\]{--tw-scale-x:calc(1 / (116 / 96));--tw-scale-y:calc(1 / (116 / 96))}.group:hover .group-hover\:lg\:scale-\[calc\(116\/96\)\],.group:hover .group-hover\:lg\:scale-\[calc\(1\/\(116\/96\)\)\]{transform:translate(var(--tw-translate-x),var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y))}.group:hover .group-hover\:lg\:scale-\[calc\(116\/96\)\]{--tw-scale-x:calc(116 / 96);--tw-scale-y:calc(116 / 96)}}@media (min-width:1201px){.xl\:bottom-\[-120px\]{bottom:-120px}.xl\:left-\[107px\]{left:107px}.xl\:right-\[107px\]{right:107px}.xl\:right-\[195px\]{right:195px}.xl\:col-span-4{grid-column:span 4/span 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7}.\32xl\:mx-auto{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.\32xl\:my-12{margin-top:3rem;margin-bottom:3rem}.\32xl\:my-8{margin-top:2rem;margin-bottom:2rem}.\32xl\:-mt-16{margin-top:-4rem}.\32xl\:-mt-\[152px\]{margin-top:-152px}.\32xl\:-mt-\[178px\]{margin-top:-178px}.\32xl\:-mt-\[190px\]{margin-top:-190px}.\32xl\:-mt-\[210px\]{margin-top:-210px}.\32xl\:mb-10{margin-bottom:2.5rem}.\32xl\:mb-12{margin-bottom:3rem}.\32xl\:mb-5{margin-bottom:1.25rem}.\32xl\:mb-8{margin-bottom:2rem}.\32xl\:mb-\[100px\]{margin-bottom:100px}.\32xl\:mb-\[135px\]{margin-bottom:135px}.\32xl\:mb-\[180px\]{margin-bottom:180px}.\32xl\:mb-\[200px\]{margin-bottom:200px}.\32xl\:mb-\[48px\]{margin-bottom:48px}.\32xl\:mb-\[60\]{margin-bottom:60}.\32xl\:mb-\[80px\]{margin-bottom:80px}.\32xl\:mr-0{margin-right:0}.\32xl\:mt-10{margin-top:2.5rem}.\32xl\:mt-3\.5{margin-top:.875rem}.\32xl\:mt-4{margin-top:1rem}.\32xl\:mt-6{margin-top:1.5rem}.\32xl\:mt-8{margin-top:2rem}.\32xl\:mt-\[100px\]{margin-top:100px}.\32xl\:mt-\[120px\]{margin-top:120px}.\32xl\:mt-\[138px\]{margin-top:138px}.\32xl\:mt-\[152px\]{margin-top:152px}.\32xl\:mt-\[188px\]{margin-top:188px}.\32xl\:mt-\[18px\]{margin-top:18px}.\32xl\:mt-\[200px\]{margin-top:200px}.\32xl\:mt-\[206px\]{margin-top:206px}.\32xl\:mt-\[244px\]{margin-top:244px}.\32xl\:mt-\[calc\(59\%-210px\)\]{margin-top:calc(59% - 210px)}.\32xl\:line-clamp-4{-webkit-line-clamp:4}.\32xl\:line-clamp-4,.\32xl\:line-clamp-6{overflow:hidden;display:-webkit-box;-webkit-box-orient:vertical}.\32xl\:line-clamp-6{-webkit-line-clamp:6}.\32xl\:line-clamp-7,.\32xl\:line-clamp-\[7\]{overflow:hidden;display:-webkit-box;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-line-clamp:7}.\32xl\:h-10{height:2.5rem}.\32xl\:h-12{height:3rem}.\32xl\:h-16{height:4rem}.\32xl\:h-20{height:5rem}.\32xl\:h-8{height:2rem}.\32xl\:h-\[128px\]{height:128px}.\32xl\:h-\[140px\]{height:140px}.\32xl\:h-\[160px\]{height:160px}.\32xl\:h-\[32\.02vw\]{height:32.02vw}.\32xl\:h-\[65vw\]{height:65vw}.\32xl\:h-\[68px\]{height:68px}.\32xl\:h-\[72px\]{height:72px}.\32xl\:h-navbar-2xl{height:128px}.\32xl\:\!max-h-\[340px\]{max-height:340px!important}.\32xl\:min-h-\[36px\]{min-height:36px}.\32xl\:min-h-\[39\.46vw\]{min-height:39.46vw}.\32xl\:min-h-\[40px\]{min-height:40px}.\32xl\:min-h-\[41\.58vw\]{min-height:41.58vw}.\32xl\:min-h-\[44px\]{min-height:44px}.\32xl\:min-h-\[450px\]{min-height:450px}.\32xl\:min-h-\[499px\]{min-height:499px}.\32xl\:min-h-\[568px\]{min-height:568px}.\32xl\:min-h-\[56px\]{min-height:56px}.\32xl\:min-h-\[68px\]{min-height:68px}.\32xl\:min-h-\[810px\]{min-height:810px}.\32xl\:w-10{width:2.5rem}.\32xl\:w-12{width:3rem}.\32xl\:w-20{width:5rem}.\32xl\:w-8{width:2rem}.\32xl\:w-\[128px\]{width:128px}.\32xl\:w-\[140px\]{width:140px}.\32xl\:w-\[160px\]{width:160px}.\32xl\:w-navbar-2xl{width:128px}.\32xl\:max-w-\[1200px\]{max-width:1200px}.\32xl\:max-w-\[727px\]{max-width:727px}.\32xl\:basis-1\/4{flex-basis:25%}.\32xl\:basis-3\/4{flex-basis:75%}.\32xl\:gap-y-\[123px\]{row-gap:123px}.\32xl\:space-x-8>:not([hidden])~:not([hidden]){--tw-space-x-reverse:0;margin-right:calc(2rem * var(--tw-space-x-reverse));margin-left:calc(2rem * calc(1 - var(--tw-space-x-reverse)))}.\32xl\:space-y-16>:not([hidden])~:not([hidden]){--tw-space-y-reverse:0;margin-top:calc(4rem * calc(1 - var(--tw-space-y-reverse)));margin-bottom:calc(4rem * var(--tw-space-y-reverse))}.\32xl\:space-y-\[41px\]>:not([hidden])~:not([hidden]){--tw-space-y-reverse:0;margin-top:calc(41px * calc(1 - var(--tw-space-y-reverse)));margin-bottom:calc(41px * var(--tw-space-y-reverse))}.\32xl\:space-y-\[60px\]>:not([hidden])~:not([hidden]){--tw-space-y-reverse:0;margin-top:calc(60px * calc(1 - var(--tw-space-y-reverse)));margin-bottom:calc(60px * var(--tw-space-y-reverse))}.\32xl\:\!py-\[18px\]{padding-top:18px!important;padding-bottom:18px!important}.\32xl\:px-0{padding-left:0;padding-right:0}.\32xl\:px-10{padding-left:2.5rem;padding-right:2.5rem}.\32xl\:px-5{padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem}.\32xl\:px-8{padding-left:2rem;padding-right:2rem}.\32xl\:py-2{padding-top:.5rem;padding-bottom:.5rem}.\32xl\:py-3{padding-top:.75rem;padding-bottom:.75rem}.\32xl\:py-4{padding-top:1rem;padding-bottom:1rem}.\32xl\:py-\[10px\]{padding-top:10px;padding-bottom:10px}.\32xl\:py-\[126px\]{padding-top:126px;padding-bottom:126px}.\32xl\:py-\[15px\]{padding-top:15px;padding-bottom:15px}.\32xl\:py-\[18px\]{padding-top:18px;padding-bottom:18px}.\32xl\:py-\[200px\]{padding-top:200px;padding-bottom:200px}.\32xl\:py-navbar-3xl{padding-top:170px;padding-bottom:170px}.\32xl\:\!pb-\[100px\]{padding-bottom:100px!important}.\32xl\:\!pr-8{padding-right:2rem!important}.\32xl\:\!pt-\[100px\]{padding-top:100px!important}.\32xl\:pb-12{padding-bottom:3rem}.\32xl\:pb-\[100px\]{padding-bottom:100px}.\32xl\:pb-\[140px\]{padding-bottom:140px}.\32xl\:pb-\[186px\]{padding-bottom:186px}.\32xl\:pb-\[18px\]{padding-bottom:18px}.\32xl\:pb-\[60px\]{padding-bottom:60px}.\32xl\:pl-0{padding-left:0}.\32xl\:pl-\[34px\]{padding-left:34px}.\32xl\:pr-\[10\%\]{padding-right:10%}.\32xl\:pr-\[34px\]{padding-right:34px}.\32xl\:pt-20{padding-top:5rem}.\32xl\:pt-8{padding-top:2rem}.\32xl\:pt-\[113px\]{padding-top:113px}.\32xl\:pt-\[140px\]{padding-top:140px}.\32xl\:pt-\[188px\]{padding-top:188px}.\32xl\:pt-\[200px\]{padding-top:200px}.\32xl\:pt-\[24\.40\%\]{padding-top:24.4%}.\32xl\:pt-\[338px\]{padding-top:338px}.\32xl\:pt-\[54\.48\%\]{padding-top:54.48%}.\32xl\:pt-\[56\.12\%\]{padding-top:56.12%}.\32xl\:pt-\[56\.25\%\]{padding-top:56.25%}.\32xl\:pt-\[75px\]{padding-top:75px}.\32xl\:pt-\[80px\]{padding-top:80px}.\32xl\:\!text-38{font-size:38px!important;line-height:46px!important}.\32xl\:text-16{font-size:16px;line-height:20px}.group:hover .group-hover\:2xl\:w-8{width:2rem}.group:hover .group-hover\:2xl\:scale-\[calc\(1\/\(160\/140\)\)\]{--tw-scale-x:calc(1 / (160 / 140));--tw-scale-y:calc(1 / (160 / 140))}.group:hover .group-hover\:2xl\:scale-\[calc\(160\/140\)\],.group:hover .group-hover\:2xl\:scale-\[calc\(1\/\(160\/140\)\)\]{transform:translate(var(--tw-translate-x),var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y))}.group:hover .group-hover\:2xl\:scale-\[calc\(160\/140\)\]{--tw-scale-x:calc(160 / 140);--tw-scale-y:calc(160 / 140)}.group:active .group-active\:2xl\:w-8{width:2rem}}@media (max-width:767px){.sm-only\:invisible{visibility:hidden}.sm-only\:\!-ml-5{margin-left:-1.25rem!important}.sm-only\:\!-mr-5{margin-right:-1.25rem!important}.sm-only\:mb-\[22px\]{margin-bottom:22px}.sm-only\:mt-\[100px\]{margin-top:100px}.sm-only\:h-8{height:2rem}.sm-only\:\!w-max{width:-moz-max-content!important;width:max-content!important}.sm-only\:w-8{width:2rem}.sm-only\:\!gap-y-10{row-gap:2.5rem!important}.sm-only\:\!px-0{padding-left:0!important;padding-right:0!important}.sm-only\:\!pb-\[46px\]{padding-bottom:46px!important}.sm-only\:\!pl-5{padding-left:1.25rem!important}.sm-only\:\!pr-\[59px\]{padding-right:59px!important}.sm-only\:\!text-14{font-size:14px!important;line-height:22px!important}.sm-only\:\!text-16{font-size:16px!important;line-height:20px!important}.sm-only\:\!text-18{font-size:18px!important;line-height:24px!important}.sm-only\:\!text-24{font-size:24px!important;line-height:30px!important}.sm-only\:\!text-36{font-size:36px!important;line-height:44px!important}.sm-only\:\!leading-7{line-height:1.75rem!important}.sm-only\:\!leading-\[26px\]{line-height:26px!important}.sm-only\:\!leading-\[38px\]{line-height:38px!important}.sm-only\:opacity-0{opacity:0}}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:991px){.md-only\:invisible{visibility:hidden}.md-only\:top-1\/2{top:50%}.md-only\:mx-auto{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.md-only\:\!-ml-5{margin-left:-1.25rem!important}.md-only\:\!-mr-5{margin-right:-1.25rem!important}.md-only\:mb-6{margin-bottom:1.5rem}.md-only\:mt-6{margin-top:1.5rem}.md-only\:h-6{height:1.5rem}.md-only\:w-6{width:1.5rem}.md-only\:max-w-\[229px\]{max-width:229px}.md-only\:max-w-\[315px\]{max-width:315px}.md-only\:-translate-y-1\/2{--tw-translate-y:-50%}.md-only\:-translate-y-1\/2,.md-only\:transform{transform:translate(var(--tw-translate-x),var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y))}.md-only\:\!pb-\[46px\]{padding-bottom:46px!important}.md-only\:\!pl-5{padding-left:1.25rem!important}.md-only\:\!pr-\[64px\]{padding-right:64px!important}.md-only\:pt-5{padding-top:1.25rem}.md-only\:\!text-13{font-size:13px!important;line-height:16px!important}.md-only\:\!text-14{font-size:14px!important;line-height:22px!important}.md-only\:\!text-30{font-size:30px!important;line-height:36px!important}.md-only\:\!leading-5{line-height:1.25rem!important}.md-only\:opacity-0{opacity:0}}@media (min-width:1921px){.\33xl\:col-start-4{grid-column-start:4}.\33xl\:col-end-10{grid-column-end:10}.\33xl\:\!-mx-2{margin-left:-.5rem!important;margin-right:-.5rem!important}.\33xl\:mx-0{margin-right:0}.\33xl\:ml-0,.\33xl\:mx-0{margin-left:0}.\33xl\:mr-0{margin-right:0}.\33xl\:line-clamp-3{-webkit-line-clamp:3}.\33xl\:line-clamp-3,.\33xl\:line-clamp-\[7\]{overflow:hidden;display:-webkit-box;-webkit-box-orient:vertical}.\33xl\:line-clamp-\[7\]{-webkit-line-clamp:7}.\33xl\:line-clamp-\[9\]{overflow:hidden;display:-webkit-box;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-line-clamp:9}.\33xl\:\!px-2{padding-left:.5rem!important;padding-right:.5rem!important}}.\[\&\:not\(\:empty\)\]\:mb-\[60px\]:not(:empty){margin-bottom:60px}.\[\&\>button\]\:right-4>button{right:1rem}.\[\&\>input\:focus\]\:border-2>input:focus{border-width:2px}.\[\&\>input\:focus\]\:border-c-blue-500\/20>input:focus{border-color:rgba(69,111,217,.2)}.\[\&\>input\:focus\]\:outline-0>input:focus{outline-width:0}.\[\&\>input\:hover\]\:bg-white>input:hover{--tw-bg-opacity:1;background-color:rgb(255 255 255/var(--tw-bg-opacity,1))}.\[\&\>input\]\:rounded>input{border-radius:.25rem}.\[\&\>input\]\:border-0>input{border-width:0}.\[\&\>input\]\:px-5>input{padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem}.\[\&\>input\]\:pr-16>input{padding-right:4rem}@media (min-width:1536px){.\32xl\:\[\&\>input\]\:h-14>input{height:3.5rem}}.\[\&_\.swiper-pagination-bullets\]\:\!w-auto .swiper-pagination-bullets{width:auto!important}.\[\&_\.swiper-pagination-bullets\]\:\!transform-none .swiper-pagination-bullets{transform:none!important}@media (min-width:768px){.md\:\[\&_\.swiper-pagination-bullets\]\:\!bottom-\[29px\] .swiper-pagination-bullets{bottom:29px!important}.md\:\[\&_\.swiper-pagination-bullets\]\:\!left-auto .swiper-pagination-bullets{left:auto!important}.md\:\[\&_\.swiper-pagination-bullets\]\:\!right-\[33px\] .swiper-pagination-bullets{right:33px!important}.md\:\[\&_\.swiper-pagination-bullets\]\:\!top-auto .swiper-pagination-bullets{top:auto!important}}@media (min-width:992px){.lg\:\[\&_\.swiper-pagination-bullets\]\:\!bottom-\[76px\] .swiper-pagination-bullets{bottom:76px!important}.lg\:\[\&_\.swiper-pagination-bullets\]\:\!right-\[56px\] .swiper-pagination-bullets{right:56px!important}}@media (min-width:1536px){.\32xl\:\[\&_\.swiper-pagination-bullets\]\:\!bottom-11 .swiper-pagination-bullets{bottom:2.75rem!important}.\32xl\:\[\&_\.swiper-pagination-bullets\]\:\!right-\[60px\] .swiper-pagination-bullets{right:60px!important}}@media (max-width:767px){.sm-only\:\[\&_\.swiper-pagination-bullets\]\:\!bottom-auto .swiper-pagination-bullets{bottom:auto!important}.sm-only\:\[\&_\.swiper-pagination-bullets\]\:\!left-5 .swiper-pagination-bullets{left:1.25rem!important}.sm-only\:\[\&_\.swiper-pagination-bullets\]\:\!right-auto .swiper-pagination-bullets{right:auto!important}.sm-only\:\[\&_\.swiper-pagination-bullets\]\:\!top-12 .swiper-pagination-bullets{top:3rem!important}.sm-only\:\[\&_\.swiper-pagination-bullets\]\:\!flex .swiper-pagination-bullets{display:flex!important}.sm-only\:\[\&_\.swiper-pagination-bullets\]\:\!space-x-2\.5 .swiper-pagination-bullets>:not([hidden])~:not([hidden]){--tw-space-x-reverse:0!important;margin-right:calc(.625rem * var(--tw-space-x-reverse))!important;margin-left:calc(.625rem * calc(1 - var(--tw-space-x-reverse)))!important}}.\[\&_\.swiper-scrollbar-drag\]\:bg-c-gray-450 .swiper-scrollbar-drag{--tw-bg-opacity:1;background-color:rgb(124 139 149/var(--tw-bg-opacity,1))}.\[\&_\.swiper-scrollbar-drag\]\:opacity-50 .swiper-scrollbar-drag{opacity:.5}.\[\&_\.swiper-scrollbar\]\:\!bottom-0 .swiper-scrollbar{bottom:0!important}.\[\&_\.swiper-scrollbar\]\:\!left-0 .swiper-scrollbar{left:0!important}.\[\&_\.swiper-scrollbar\]\:\!right-0 .swiper-scrollbar{right:0!important}.\[\&_\.swiper-scrollbar\]\:\!h-\[6px\] .swiper-scrollbar{height:6px!important}.\[\&_\.swiper-scrollbar\]\:\!w-full .swiper-scrollbar{width:100%!important}.\[\&_\.swiper-scrollbar\]\:\!bg-transparent .swiper-scrollbar{background-color:transparent!important}@media (min-width:992px){.\[\&_\.swiper-scrollbar\]\:lg\:\!h-\[8px\] .swiper-scrollbar{height:8px!important}}@media (max-width:767px){.sm-only\:\[\&_\.swiper-scrollbar\]\:\!left-5 .swiper-scrollbar{left:1.25rem!important}.sm-only\:\[\&_\.swiper-scrollbar\]\:\!w-\[calc\(100\%-40px\)\] .swiper-scrollbar{width:calc(100% - 40px)!important}}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:991px){.md-only\:\[\&_\.swiper-scrollbar\]\:\!left-5 .swiper-scrollbar{left:1.25rem!important}.md-only\:\[\&_\.swiper-scrollbar\]\:\!w-\[calc\(100\%-40px\)\] .swiper-scrollbar{width:calc(100% - 40px)!important}}@media (max-width:767px){.sm-only\:\[\&_\.swiper-wrapper\]\:\!left-\[39px\] .swiper-wrapper{left:39px!important}.sm-only\:\[\&_\.swiper-wrapper\]\:left-0 .swiper-wrapper{left:0}.sm-only\:\[\&_\.swiper-wrapper\]\:transition-all .swiper-wrapper{transition-property:all;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.4,0,.2,1);transition-duration:.5s}}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:991px){.md-only\:\[\&_\.swiper-wrapper\]\:\!left-\[44px\] .swiper-wrapper{left:44px!important}.md-only\:\[\&_\.swiper-wrapper\]\:left-0 .swiper-wrapper{left:0}.md-only\:\[\&_\.swiper-wrapper\]\:transition-all .swiper-wrapper{transition-property:all;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.4,0,.2,1);transition-duration:.5s}}.\[\&_a\]\:text-c-blue-800 a{--tw-text-opacity:1;color:rgb(33 70 164/var(--tw-text-opacity,1))}.\[\&_a\]\:underline a,.hover\:\[\&_a\]\:underline a:hover{text-decoration-line:underline}.\[\&_b\]\:font-bold b,.\[\&_strong\]\:font-bold strong{font-weight:700}.\[\&_strong\]\:text-c-gray-900 strong{--tw-text-opacity:1;color:rgb(27 27 34/var(--tw-text-opacity,1))}.active .\[\.active_\&\]\:after\:w-full:after{content:var(--tw-content);width:100%}@font-face{font-family:__inter_c85cd3;src:url(/_next/static/media/1e3e4a3108c86bc3-s.p.ttf) 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w-full object-cover" src="https://cms.dhigroup.com/media/xxmfgep5/kingfisher-cs.jpg?width=770&height=1231&format=webp&v=1d9c12d7fe95ef0" alt="kingfsher wetlands" loading="eager" width="770" height="1231"/></picture></div></div></div><div class="px-spacing 3xl:container"><div class="ml-6 mt-8 md:mt-10"><a class="group relative inline-block text-12 font-bold transition-all hover:text-c-blue-800 md:text-13 lg:text-15 2xl:text-16" target="_self" href="/projects"><svg width="40" height="40" class="transition-all fill-black absolute right-[100%] top-1/2 ml-3.5 h-6 w-7 -translate-y-1/2 fill-current p-1 group-hover:right-[105%] group-hover:fill-c-blue-800 md:h-7" viewBox="0 0 128 128" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M106.667 58.6667H41.7602L71.5735 28.8534L64.0002 21.3334L21.3335 64L64.0002 106.667L71.5202 99.1467L41.7602 69.3334H106.667V58.6667Z"></path></g></svg><span class="line-clamp-1">Projects</span></a></div><div class="grid grid-cols-6 gap-x-5 md:grid-cols-12 lg:gap-x-10 pt-[56px] md:pt-[64px] lg:pt-[64px] 2xl:pt-[80px]"><div class="col-span-full md:col-span-8 md:!col-start-2 lg:col-span-7"><div class="motion-safe:opacity-0 relative z-10 css-0" style="animation-delay:250ms;opacity:0"><div class="header-6 font-bold uppercase tracking-wider transition-all text-skin-primary mb-1 max-w-[75%] truncate lg:mb-2 text-skin-primary">Project</div><h1 class="header-1 break-words font-bold tracking-[0.6px] transition-all text-c-gray-900 display-2 tracking-normal sm-only:!text-36 md-only:!text-30">Kingfisher Wetlands: a living laboratory for blue carbon research</h1></div></div></div><div class="grid grid-cols-6 gap-x-5 md:grid-cols-12 lg:gap-x-10 pb-10 md:pb-[58px] lg:pb-[100px] 2xl:pb-[140px]"><div class="col-span-full md:col-span-8 md:!col-start-2 lg:col-span-7"><div class="motion-safe:opacity-0 css-0" style="animation-delay:250ms;opacity:0"><div class="text-section font-light underline-offset-4 [&_a]:text-c-blue-800 [&_a]:underline hover:[&_a]:underline [&_b]:font-bold [&_strong]:font-bold body-0 text-c-gray-600 [&_strong]:text-c-gray-900 mt-6 lg:mt-8 2xl:mt-10 background-light"><p><span class="lead-1"><strong>A study in Singapore on the potential for carbon capture in urban mangrove wetlands </strong></span></p> <p> </p> <p>Gardens by the Bay is an iconic horticultural attraction set in the heart of Singapore’s downtown. A horticultural treasure trove, it is home to a diverse collection of over 1.5 million plants hailing from almost every continent. In 2021, Gardens by the Bay developed the area now known as Kingfisher Wetlands into a central urban wetland with enhanced microhabitats to encourage biodiversity, in turn enriching the visitor experience with a charming landscape and better connectivity to the rest of the Gardens. Beyond aesthetics, the project is also inspiring research into the question: can urban mangrove wetlands help us in our fight against climate change?</p> <p> </p> <h4 class="header-4"><strong>Challenge</strong></h4> <p>At Kingfisher Wetlands, beautiful water cascades and streamlets are offering microhabitats for biodiversity to flourish. From the Wildlife Lookout, nature enthusiasts are sighting migratory birds and other animals bustling in the surroundings. Rare mangrove species are putting down roots in their new home while providing a host of ecosystem services. This freshwater wetland is a nature sanctuary right in the heart of the city.</p> <p> </p> <p>Previously, the Lotus Pond in the area was isolated from the rest of the lake system in the Gardens, which included the nearby Kingfisher Lake. Gardens by the Bay wanted to encourage more visitor traffic as the site was physically and visually isolated from the surrounding landscape. The challenge was how to make the site more inviting for visitors while also serving the higher purpose of supporting national sustainability efforts.</p> <p> </p> <p>Initially, the intention was to improve the aesthetics while enhancing habitats for biodiversity, since it was already a popular bird-watching spot. At the same time, Gardens by the Bay wanted to improve water circulation and aeration in the water bodies for biodiversity to thrive. Gardens by the Bay, in consultation with DHI scientists, put forward the idea of developing part of the area into an urban mangrove wetland. This would be the perfect opportunity for Gardens by the Bay to not only enhance habitats and bring people closer to nature but also testbed climate solutions.</p></div></div></div><div class="col-span-full mt-6 md:col-span-5 md:col-start-2 lg:col-span-3 lg:col-start-10 lg:mt-8 2xl:mt-10"><div class="motion-safe:opacity-0 divide-y divide-c-gray-200 border-t border-c-gray-200 css-0" style="animation-delay:250ms;opacity:0"><div class="my-[21px] space-y-[21px] lg:my-8 lg:space-y-8"><section><h3 class="header-1 break-words font-bold tracking-[0.6px] transition-all text-c-gray-900 header-5 mb-[7px] mt-6 lg:mb-3">Client:</h3><div class="text-section font-light underline-offset-4 [&_a]:text-c-blue-800 [&_a]:underline hover:[&_a]:underline [&_b]:font-bold [&_strong]:font-bold body-1 lg:body-0 font-normal text-c-gray-600 sm-only:!text-16 sm-only:!leading-[26px] background-light"><p><a href="#AboutClient" data-anchor="#AboutClient">Gardens by the Bay</a></p></div></section><section><h3 class="header-1 break-words font-bold tracking-[0.6px] transition-all text-c-gray-900 header-5 mb-[7px] mt-6 lg:mb-3">Location:</h3><div class="text-section font-light underline-offset-4 [&_a]:text-c-blue-800 [&_a]:underline hover:[&_a]:underline [&_b]:font-bold [&_strong]:font-bold body-1 lg:body-0 font-normal text-c-gray-600 sm-only:!text-16 sm-only:!leading-[26px] background-light"><p>Singapore</p></div></section><section><h3 class="header-1 break-words font-bold tracking-[0.6px] transition-all text-c-gray-900 header-5 mb-[7px] mt-6 lg:mb-3">Related SDG(s):</h3><div class="text-section font-light underline-offset-4 [&_a]:text-c-blue-800 [&_a]:underline hover:[&_a]:underline [&_b]:font-bold [&_strong]:font-bold body-1 lg:body-0 font-normal text-c-gray-600 sm-only:!text-16 sm-only:!leading-[26px] background-light"><p>SDG 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts</p></div></section></div><section class="pt-4 lg:pt-6"><a aria-label="Contact us" class="inline-block w-fit max-w-full tracking-wider h-[1px] header-8 rounded-[40px] font-bold uppercase shadow-transparent disabled:text-c-gray-300 group cursor-pointer outline-transparent focus-visible:outline focus-visible:outline-4 focus-visible:outline-offset-1 active:outline active:outline-4 bg-skin-button-primary text-white focus-visible:outline-skin-button-primary/30 active:outline-skin-button-primary/30 py-[10px] pl-4 pr-4 md:py-4 md:pl-[26px] md:pr-[26px] 2xl:py-[18px] 2xl:pl-[34px] 2xl:pr-[34px] min-h-[44px] md:min-h-[56px] 2xl:min-h-[68px]" target="_self" href="/projects/kingfisher-wetlands-a-living-laboratory-for-blue-carbon-research#ContactForm"><span class="flex h-full items-center"><span class="truncate">Contact us</span><svg width="40" height="40" class="transition-all fill-white transition-all h-6 2xl:h-8 w-0 group-hover:w-6 group-active:w-6 group-hover:2xl:w-8 group-active:2xl:w-8 group-hover:ml-2" viewBox="0 0 128 128" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M64.0002 21.3334L56.4802 28.8534L86.2402 58.6667H21.3335V69.3334H86.2402L56.4802 99.1467L64.0002 106.667L106.667 64L64.0002 21.3334Z"></path></g></svg></span></a></section></div></div></div></div></div><div id="" class="py-[100px] lg:py-[180px] 2xl:py-[200px] px-spacing 3xl:container !pt-[50px] lg:!pt-[90px] 2xl:!pt-[100px] !pb-[50px] lg:!pb-[90px] 2xl:!pb-[100px]"><div class="grid grid-cols-6 gap-x-5 md:grid-cols-12 lg:gap-x-10 gap-y-10"></div></div><div id="" class="py-[100px] lg:py-[180px] 2xl:py-[200px] !pt-[50px] lg:!pt-[90px] 2xl:!pt-[100px] !pb-[50px] lg:!pb-[90px] 2xl:!pb-[100px]"><div class="px-spacing 3xl:container"><div class="grid grid-cols-6 gap-x-5 md:grid-cols-12 lg:gap-x-10"><div class="motion-safe:opacity-0 col-span-full md:col-span-10 md:!col-start-2 lg:col-span-7 css-0" style="animation-delay:250ms;opacity:0"><div class="text-section font-light underline-offset-4 [&_a]:text-c-blue-800 [&_a]:underline hover:[&_a]:underline [&_b]:font-bold [&_strong]:font-bold body-0 text-c-gray-600 [&_strong]:text-c-gray-900 background-light"><h4 class="header-4"><strong>Solution</strong></h4> <p>Mangroves provide valuable ecosystem services – from serving as habitats as well as spawning and nursery grounds for marine species, to regulating floods, storms and erosions, to offering recreational and other cultural experiences for society. They can also help to mitigate climate change impact and help countries meet their targets for emissions reductions by absorbing blue carbon, i.e., carbon that is removed from the atmosphere by ocean systems. To enhance Kingfisher Wetlands and leverage this sustainability-themed attraction to foster community engagement, Gardens by the Bay implemented several initiatives. DHI’s scientists contributed to these efforts:</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Planting of native mangroves and mangrove associates</strong></p> <p> </p> <p>The potential for blue carbon storage in mangroves is higher than in forests because mangrove root systems encourage sedimentation resulting in continued burial over time. In addition, marine sediments are frequently covered by water. Together, the continued sedimentation and oxygen-poor sediment environment cause a slow breakdown of the biotic materials, resulting in significant carbon storage.</p> <p> </p> <p>Over 200 native mangroves and mangrove associates were planted in the Kingfisher Wetlands. DHI provided guidance on the selection of mangrove species and monitored their health and growth. These include native and critically endangered mangrove species such as the Firefly Mangrove (Sonneratia caseolaris) and Upriver Orange Mangrove (Bruguiera sexangula). Over the first monitoring period of nine months (from January to September 2022), the mangroves have remained healthy with good survival.</p> <p> </p> <h4 class="header-4"><strong>Results</strong></h4> <p>Kingfisher Wetlands is an outdoor attraction in the Gardens that contributes to sustainability. With the urban mangrove wetlands and newly-created water cascades and streamlets, there are now more spaces for biodiversity to flourish. Furthermore, research into blue carbon science may guide the development of urban mangroves and help combat climate change and its impacts, in line with Sustainable Development Goal 13.</p> <p> </p> <ul> <li>Paves way to explore the potential of manmade wetlands for long-term carbon storage</li> <li>Offers insights into scaling the solution for use in other parts of Singapore or other cities</li> <li>Brings people closer to nature and inspires learnings on blue carbon, biodiversity and sustainability</li> </ul></div></div></div></div></div><div id="AboutClient" class="py-[100px] lg:py-[180px] 2xl:py-[200px] scroll-section bg-skin-primary transition-all !pt-[50px] lg:!pt-[90px] 2xl:!pt-[100px] !pb-[50px] lg:!pb-[90px] 2xl:!pb-[100px]"><div class="px-spacing 3xl:container"><div class="grid grid-cols-6 gap-x-5 md:grid-cols-12 lg:gap-x-10"><div class="col-span-full text-center md:col-span-10 md:col-start-2 lg:col-span-8 lg:col-start-3 2xl:mx-auto 2xl:max-w-[1200px]"><svg width="40" height="40" class="transition-all fill-white mx-auto h-[120px] w-[120px] 2xl:h-[160px] 2xl:w-[160px]" viewBox="0 0 120 120" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M30.5 85H45.5L55.5 65V35H25.5V65H40.5L30.5 85Z"></path><path d="M69.5 85H84.5L94.5 65V35H64.5V65H79.5L69.5 85Z"></path></g></svg><div class="motion-safe:opacity-0 css-0" style="animation-delay:250ms;opacity:0"><p class="whitespace-pre-line text-white header-2 mt-8 font-bold tracking-[0.6px] md:!mt-0">‘Annually, mangroves have been found to capture 3-5 times more carbon per unit area than tropical forests, playing an important role in the mitigation of climate change. By planting mangroves, Kingfisher Wetlands serves as a living laboratory which gives us the opportunity to study their potential to be used as nature-based solutions in other urban areas.’</p><div class="text-section font-light underline-offset-4 [&_a]:text-c-blue-800 [&_a]:underline hover:[&_a]:underline [&_b]:font-bold [&_strong]:font-bold lead-1 mt-8 font-normal md:mt-10 lg:mt-20 2xl:mt-[100px] sm-only:!text-24 sm-only:!leading-[38px] text-white background-dark"><p>Mr Addison Goh, Senior Director (Sustainability Office)<br />Gardens by the Bay</p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="AboutClient" class="py-[100px] lg:py-[180px] 2xl:py-[200px] !pt-[50px] lg:!pt-[90px] 2xl:!pt-[100px] !pb-[50px] lg:!pb-[90px] 2xl:!pb-[100px] bg-c-sand-200/50"><div class="px-spacing 3xl:container"><div class="grid grid-cols-6 gap-x-5 md:grid-cols-12 lg:gap-x-10"><div class="motion-safe:opacity-0 relative col-span-full md:col-span-10 md:col-start-2 lg:left-[7.5%] lg:col-span-7 lg:!col-start-3 css-0" style="animation-delay:250ms;opacity:0"><div class="text-section font-light underline-offset-4 [&_a]:text-c-blue-800 [&_a]:underline hover:[&_a]:underline [&_b]:font-bold [&_strong]:font-bold body-0 text-c-gray-600 [&_strong]:text-c-gray-900 background-light"><h4 class="header-4"><strong>About our client</strong></h4> <p>An integral part of Singapore’s ‘City in Nature’ vision, Gardens by the Bay is a national garden and premier horticultural attraction that showcases the best of garden and floral artistry for all to enjoy. Spanning 101 hectares in the heart of Singapore’s downtown Marina Bay, it comprises three waterfront gardens – Bay South, Bay East and Bay Central. Bay South, the largest at 54 hectares, officially opened on 29 June 2012.</p></div></div></div></div></div><div id="" class="py-[100px] lg:py-[180px] 2xl:py-[200px] !pt-[50px] lg:!pt-[90px] 2xl:!pt-[100px] !pb-[50px] lg:!pb-[90px] 2xl:!pb-[100px]"><div class="px-spacing 3xl:container relative"><h2 class="header-1 break-words font-bold tracking-[0.6px] transition-all inline-block border-b pb-2.5 lg:pb-4 border-c-gray-250 text-c-gray-900 header-2 mb-10 2xl:mb-12">You may also like</h2><div class="absolute right-5 top-0 hidden lg:right-10 lg:top-[11.5px] 2xl:top-[17.5px]"><button aria-label="Back" class="relative rounded-full bg-c-gray-50 mr-6 !bg-transparent" disabled="" type="button"><svg width="40" height="40" class="transition-all fill-c-gray-300 relative h-7 w-7 lg:h-10 lg:w-10" viewBox="0 0 128 128" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M106.667 58.6667H41.7602L71.5735 28.8534L64.0002 21.3334L21.3335 64L64.0002 106.667L71.5202 99.1467L41.7602 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","metaImage":{"__typename":"Image","src":"/media/m15hgjzn/cs-kingfsh-wetlands-1-copyright-gardens-by-the-bay.jpg?width=1200\u0026height=630\u0026format=webp\u0026v=1d9adb71ff6d1f0","fallbackSrc":"/media/m15hgjzn/cs-kingfsh-wetlands-1-copyright-gardens-by-the-bay.jpg?width=1200\u0026height=630\u0026format=png\u0026v=1d9adb71ff6d1f0","height":630,"width":1200},"noIndex":false,"noFollow":false},"updateDate":"2024-05-07T07:01:46.683Z","createDate":"2023-07-04T07:40:52.570Z","modules":[{"__typename":"HeroModule","key":"9c4f294c-ec15-4b93-b166-e11b0f80a8e0","additionalDetails":[{"__typename":"HeroAdditionalDetailModule","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"#AboutClient\" data-anchor=\"#AboutClient\"\u003eGardens by the Bay\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","title":"Client:"},{"__typename":"HeroAdditionalDetailModule","description":"\u003cp\u003eSingapore\u003c/p\u003e","title":"Location:"},{"__typename":"HeroAdditionalDetailModule","description":"\u003cp\u003eSDG 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts\u003c/p\u003e","title":"Related SDG(s):"}],"advanced":{"__typename":"Advanced","anchor":""},"bio":[],"altText":"kingfsher wetlands","heading":"Kingfisher Wetlands: a living laboratory for blue carbon research","preHeading":"Project","button":{"__typename":"HeroCtaModule","title":"","buttonType":"Primary","linkButton":{"__typename":"Link","name":"Contact us","target":null,"type":"EXTERNAL","url":"#ContactForm"}},"description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"lead-1\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA study in Singapore on the potential for carbon capture in urban mangrove wetlands \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGardens by the Bay is an iconic horticultural attraction set in the heart of Singapore’s downtown. 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Rare mangrove species are putting down roots in their new home while providing a host of ecosystem services. This freshwater wetland is a nature sanctuary right in the heart of the city.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePreviously, the Lotus Pond in the area was isolated from the rest of the lake system in the Gardens, which included the nearby Kingfisher Lake. Gardens by the Bay wanted to encourage more visitor traffic as the site was physically and visually isolated from the surrounding landscape. The challenge was how to make the site more inviting for visitors while also serving the higher purpose of supporting national sustainability efforts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInitially, the intention was to improve the aesthetics while enhancing habitats for biodiversity, since it was already a popular bird-watching spot. 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by the Bay in Singapore","autoplay":false,"description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW23952975 BCX8\"\u003eGardens by the Bay is bringing people closer to nature and inspiring learnings on blue carbon, biodiversity and sustainability. © Gardens by the 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class=\"header-4\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSolution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMangroves provide valuable ecosystem services – from serving as habitats as well as spawning and nursery grounds for marine species, to regulating floods, storms and erosions, to offering recreational and other cultural experiences for society. They can also help to mitigate climate change impact and help countries meet their targets for emissions reductions by absorbing blue carbon, i.e., carbon that is removed from the atmosphere by ocean systems. To enhance Kingfisher Wetlands and leverage this sustainability-themed attraction to foster community engagement, Gardens by the Bay implemented several initiatives. DHI’s scientists contributed to these efforts:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlanting of native mangroves and mangrove associates\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe potential for blue carbon storage in mangroves is higher than in forests because mangrove root systems encourage sedimentation resulting in continued burial over time. In addition, marine sediments are frequently covered by water. Together, the continued sedimentation and oxygen-poor sediment environment cause a slow breakdown of the biotic materials, resulting in significant carbon storage.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOver 200 native mangroves and mangrove associates were planted in the Kingfisher Wetlands. DHI provided guidance on the selection of mangrove species and monitored their health and growth. These include native and critically endangered mangrove species such as the Firefly Mangrove (Sonneratia caseolaris) and Upriver Orange Mangrove (Bruguiera sexangula). Over the first monitoring period of nine months (from January to September 2022), the mangroves have remained healthy with good survival.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"header-4\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKingfisher Wetlands is an outdoor attraction in the Gardens that contributes to sustainability. With the urban mangrove wetlands and newly-created water cascades and streamlets, there are now more spaces for biodiversity to flourish. Furthermore, research into blue carbon science may guide the development of urban mangroves and help combat climate change and its impacts, in line with Sustainable Development Goal 13.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePaves way to explore the potential of manmade wetlands for long-term carbon storage\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOffers insights into scaling the solution for use in other parts of Singapore or other cities\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBrings people closer to nature and inspires learnings on blue carbon, biodiversity and sustainability\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e","spacing":{"__typename":"Spacing","bottom":true,"reduceSpacingBottom":true,"reduceSpacingTop":true,"top":true}},{"__typename":"QuoteModule","key":"8b694174-402e-43bc-8314-4f602d551880","advanced":{"__typename":"Advanced","anchor":"AboutClient"},"type":true,"longTextStyling":false,"author":"\u003cp\u003eMr Addison Goh, Senior Director (Sustainability Office)\u003cbr /\u003eGardens by the Bay\u003c/p\u003e","text":"‘Annually, mangroves have been found to capture 3-5 times more carbon per unit area than tropical forests, playing an important role in the mitigation of climate change. By planting mangroves, Kingfisher Wetlands serves as a living laboratory which gives us the opportunity to study their potential to be used as nature-based solutions in other urban areas.’","spacing":{"__typename":"Spacing","bottom":true,"reduceSpacingBottom":true,"reduceSpacingTop":true,"top":true}},{"__typename":"TextAlternativeModule","key":"8392bdf4-af8b-474c-9c56-0c6978e401b3","advanced":{"__typename":"Advanced","anchor":"AboutClient"},"description":"\u003ch4 class=\"header-4\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout our client\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn integral part of Singapore’s ‘City in Nature’ vision, Gardens by the Bay is a national garden and premier horticultural attraction that showcases the best of garden and floral artistry for all to enjoy. Spanning 101 hectares in the heart of Singapore’s downtown Marina Bay, it comprises three waterfront gardens – Bay South, Bay East and Bay Central. 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They can also help to mitigate climate change impact and help countries meet their targets for emissions reductions by absorbing blue carbon, i.e., carbon that is removed from the atmosphere by ocean systems. To enhance Kingfisher Wetlands and leverage this sustainability-themed attraction to foster community engagement, Gardens by the Bay implemented several initiatives. DHI’s scientists contributed to these efforts:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlanting of native mangroves and mangrove associates\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe potential for blue carbon storage in mangroves is higher than in forests because mangrove root systems encourage sedimentation resulting in continued burial over time. In addition, marine sediments are frequently covered by water. Together, the continued sedimentation and oxygen-poor sediment environment cause a slow breakdown of the biotic materials, resulting in significant carbon storage.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOver 200 native mangroves and mangrove associates were planted in the Kingfisher Wetlands. DHI provided guidance on the selection of mangrove species and monitored their health and growth. These include native and critically endangered mangrove species such as the Firefly Mangrove (Sonneratia caseolaris) and Upriver Orange Mangrove (Bruguiera sexangula). Over the first monitoring period of nine months (from January to September 2022), the mangroves have remained healthy with good survival.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"header-4\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKingfisher Wetlands is an outdoor attraction in the Gardens that contributes to sustainability. With the urban mangrove wetlands and newly-created water cascades and streamlets, there are now more spaces for biodiversity to flourish. Furthermore, research into blue carbon science may guide the development of urban mangroves and help combat climate change and its impacts, in line with Sustainable Development Goal 13.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePaves way to explore the potential of manmade wetlands for long-term carbon storage\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOffers insights into scaling the solution for use in other parts of Singapore or other cities\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBrings people closer to nature and inspires learnings on blue carbon, biodiversity and sustainability\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e","spacing":{"__typename":"Spacing","bottom":true,"reduceSpacingBottom":true,"reduceSpacingTop":true,"top":true}},{"__typename":"QuoteModule","key":"8b694174-402e-43bc-8314-4f602d551880","advanced":{"__typename":"Advanced","anchor":"AboutClient"},"type":true,"longTextStyling":false,"author":"\u003cp\u003eMr Addison Goh, Senior Director (Sustainability Office)\u003cbr /\u003eGardens by the Bay\u003c/p\u003e","text":"‘Annually, mangroves have been found to capture 3-5 times more carbon per unit area than tropical forests, playing an important role in the mitigation of climate change. By planting mangroves, Kingfisher Wetlands serves as a living laboratory which gives us the opportunity to study their potential to be used as nature-based solutions in other urban areas.’","spacing":{"__typename":"Spacing","bottom":true,"reduceSpacingBottom":true,"reduceSpacingTop":true,"top":true}},{"__typename":"TextAlternativeModule","key":"8392bdf4-af8b-474c-9c56-0c6978e401b3","advanced":{"__typename":"Advanced","anchor":"AboutClient"},"description":"\u003ch4 class=\"header-4\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbout our client\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn integral part of Singapore’s ‘City in Nature’ vision, Gardens by the Bay is a national garden and premier horticultural attraction that showcases the best of garden and floral artistry for all to enjoy. Spanning 101 hectares in the heart of Singapore’s downtown Marina Bay, it comprises three waterfront gardens – Bay South, Bay East and Bay Central. Bay South, the largest at 54 hectares, officially opened on 29 June 2012.\u003c/p\u003e","spacing":{"__typename":"Spacing","bottom":true,"reduceSpacingBottom":true,"reduceSpacingTop":true,"top":true}},{"__typename":"RelatedGlobalContentSliderModule","key":"K0DRs4cW9EukQiUU_h6OUw","advanced":{"__typename":"Advanced","anchor":""},"pages":[{"__typename":"GlobalPageMetadata","altText":" Bridging biodiversity protection and economic development in Brunei","date":"2022-11-14T00:00:00.000Z","description":"","heading":"Bridging biodiversity protection and economic development in 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Script setup.\")\r\n } else {\r\n checkForElement();\r\n }\r\n }, 1000);\r\n};\r\n\r\ncheckForElement();\r\n\u003c/script\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n"},{"__typename":"CodeSnippet","code":"\u003cstyle\u003e\r\n form, #cookietext{\r\n padding: 99px 0px;\r\n background: #fff;\r\n }\r\n\r\n \r\n #cookietext{\r\n text-align:center;\r\n }\r\n #cookietext a{\r\n color: #2146A4;\r\n }\r\n \r\n #cookietext img{\r\n display:inline;\r\n }\r\n .lp-form-fieldInput {\r\n width: 100%;\r\n }\r\n \r\n .lp-form-field input, .lp-form-field optgroup, .lp-form-field select, .lp-form-field textarea {\r\n border: 2px solid #1B1B22;\r\n padding: 14px 32px;\r\n font-size: 24px;\r\n line-height: 38px;\r\n color: #6C6C89;\r\n width: 100%;\r\n font-weight:400;\r\n }\r\n \r\n .lp-form-field select{\r\n padding: 18px 32px;\r\n -webkit-border-radius: 0px;\r\n border-radius: 0px;\r\n }\r\n \r\n select option {\r\n font-size: 24px;\r\n line-height: 38px \r\n }\r\n \r\n .lp-form-field{\r\n margin-top:10px;\r\n }\r\n \r\n .lp-ellipsis {\r\n font-size: 22px;\r\n color: #515167;\r\n font-weight: 300;\r\n line-height: 36px;\r\n font-family:inherit !important;\r\n }\r\n \r\n .contentBlockWrapper .lp-ellipsis, .contentBlockWrapper p {\r\n font-size: 16px !important;\r\n font-style: normal !important;\r\n line-height: 26px;\r\n font-weight: 400;\r\n color: #515167;\r\n margin-left: 23px;\r\n }\r\n \r\n .contentBlockWrapper p{\r\n margin-left: 0px;\r\n margin-top: 20px;\r\n font-family:inherit !important;\r\n }\r\n \r\n .lp-required {\r\n font-weight: bold;\r\n padding-left: 5px;\r\n line-height:32px;\r\n vertical-align: top;\r\n }\r\n \r\n button.lp-form-button{\r\n margin-top:52px;\r\n }\r\n \r\n button.lp-form-button {\r\n color: #2146A4;\r\n display: inline-flex;\r\n padding: 17px 34px;\r\n justify-content: center;\r\n align-items: center;\r\n gap: 10px;\r\n border-radius: 40px;\r\n border: 2px solid #2146A4;\r\n font-weight: 700;\r\n width:auto;\r\n }\r\n button.lp-form-button:active, button.lp-form-button:focus-visible {\r\n outline-color: rgba(33, 70, 164, 0.3);\r\n outline-width: 4px;\r\n outline-style: solid;\r\n }\r\n \r\n \r\n @media only screen and (min-width: 1201px){ \r\n #cookietext h2 {font-size: revert;}\r\n \r\n .dynamic-form-wrapper{\r\n background: #1C3A86;\r\n margin: 0 -4000px;\r\n padding: 200px 4000px;\r\n }\r\n .theme-green .dynamic-form-wrapper{\r\n background: #21af48;\r\n }\r\n form, #cookietext{\r\n padding: 128px 199px;\r\n background: #fff;\r\n }\r\n }\r\n \r\n @media only screen and (max-width: 991px) {\r\n .lp-ellipsis, .contentBlockWrapper .lp-ellipsis, .contentBlockWrapper p {\r\n font-size: 16px;\r\n }\r\n .lp-form-field input, .lp-form-field optgroup, .lp-form-field select, .lp-form-field textarea, select option {\r\n font-size: 18px;\r\n }\r\n }\r\n \r\n @media only screen and (min-width: 1201px) and (max-width: 1600px) {\r\n form {\r\n padding: 128px 100px;\r\n }\r\n }\r\n\t\r\n\t/* KKJ when wrapping to smaller devices than 1200px form will take full width and thus white text will be on white background - this fix takes care of this */\r\n\t@media screen and (max-width: 1200px) {\r\n \t#dynamicForm {margin-top: 100px !IMPORTANT;} \r\n \tform, #cookietext {padding: 50px 0 100px 0 !IMPORTANT;}\r\n \t#fixed-form-title {margin-bottom: 0 !IMPORTANT;}\r\n \t#fixed-form-title {color: #1B1B22 !IMPORTANT;}\r\n\t}\r\n\u003c/style\u003e\t\r\n"}],"spacing":{"__typename":"Spacing","bottom":false,"reduceSpacingBottom":false,"reduceSpacingTop":true,"top":true}}]}}}},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/[...slug]","query":{"slug":["projects","kingfisher-wetlands-a-living-laboratory-for-blue-carbon-research"]},"buildId":"PHOgnxL7wRY6jQSa9GDG_","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[2563,9961,5634,5918,1511,3486,6712,7088],"gssp":true,"locale":"en","locales":["en","en-us","de","dk","fr","pl","se","cz","it","at","sk","no","hu","cn","es","th","jp","id","pe","ro","vn","ph","mx","gr","us","uk","sg","nz","my","in","ca"],"defaultLocale":"en","scriptLoader":[]}</script></body></html>