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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Schoenberg" redirects here. For others with the surname, see <a href="/wiki/Schoenberg_(surname)" title="Schoenberg (surname)">Schoenberg (surname)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Arnold Schoenberg or Schönberg<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> (13 September 1874 – 13 July 1951) was an Austrian and American composer, music theorist, teacher and writer. He was among the first <a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">modernists</a> who transformed the practice of <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmony</a> in <a href="/wiki/20th-century_classical_music" title="20th-century classical music">20th-century classical music</a>, and a central element of his music was its use of <a href="/wiki/Motive_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motive (music)">motives</a> as a means of coherence. He propounded concepts like <a href="/wiki/Developing_variation" title="Developing variation">developing variation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_of_the_dissonance" title="Emancipation of the dissonance">emancipation of the dissonance</a>, and the "<a href="/wiki/Unified_field" title="Unified field">unity of musical space</a>". <table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Arnold Schoenberg</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Arnold_Schoenberg_la_1948.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Arnold_Schoenberg_la_1948.jpg/220px-Arnold_Schoenberg_la_1948.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Arnold_Schoenberg_la_1948.jpg/330px-Arnold_Schoenberg_la_1948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Arnold_Schoenberg_la_1948.jpg/440px-Arnold_Schoenberg_la_1948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="700"></a><div class="infobox-caption">Schoenberg in Los Angeles, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1948</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1874-09-13)13 September 1874 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Austria-Hungary</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">13 July 1951(1951-07-13) (aged 76) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Los Angeles, California, US</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Composer</li><li>music theorist</li><li>teacher</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Works</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Arnold_Schoenberg" title="List of compositions by Arnold Schoenberg">List of compositions</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Schoenberg's early works, like <a href="/wiki/Verkl%C3%A4rte_Nacht" title="Verklärte Nacht">Verklärte Nacht</a> (1899), represented a <a href="/wiki/Brahms" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahms">Brahmsian</a>–<a href="/wiki/Wagner" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagner">Wagnerian</a> synthesis on which he built. Mentoring <a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Anton Webern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a>, he became the central figure of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[b]</a> They consorted with visual artists, published in <a href="/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a>, and wrote <a href="/wiki/Atonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonal">atonal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Expressionist_music" title="Expressionist music">expressionist music</a>, attracting fame and stirring debate. In his <a href="/wiki/String_Quartets_(Schoenberg)#String_Quartet_No._2,_Op._10" title="String Quartets (Schoenberg)">String Quartet No. 2</a> (1907–1908), <a href="/wiki/Erwartung" title="Erwartung">Erwartung</a> (1909), and <a href="/wiki/Pierrot_lunaire" title="Pierrot lunaire">Pierrot lunaire</a> (1912), Schoenberg visited extremes of emotion; in self-portraits he emphasized his intense gaze. While working on <a href="/wiki/Die_Jakobsleiter" title="Die Jakobsleiter">Die Jakobsleiter</a> (from 1914) and <a href="/wiki/Moses_und_Aron" title="Moses und Aron">Moses und Aron</a> (from 1923), Schoenberg confronted popular <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> by returning to <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> and substantially developed his <a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">twelve-tone technique</a>. He systematically interrelated all notes of the <a href="/wiki/Chromatic_scale" title="Chromatic scale">chromatic scale</a> in his twelve-tone music, often exploiting <a href="/wiki/Combinatoriality#Hexachordal_combinatoriality" title="Combinatoriality">combinatorial hexachords</a> and sometimes admitting <a href="/wiki/Tonality" title="Tonality">tonal</a> elements. Schoenberg resigned from the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Academy_of_Arts" title="Prussian Academy of Arts">Prussian Academy of Arts</a> (1926–1933), emigrating as the <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazis</a> took power; they banned his (and his students') music, labeling it "<a href="/wiki/Degenerate_music" title="Degenerate music">degenerate</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerg2013-3">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.2008-4">[2]</a> He taught in the US, including at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a> (1936–1944), where <a href="/wiki/UCLA_Herb_Alpert_School_of_Music#Schoenberg_Music_Building" title="UCLA Herb Alpert School of Music">facilities are named in his honor</a>. He explored writing film music (as he had done idiosyncratically in <a href="/wiki/Begleitungsmusik_zu_einer_Lichtspielscene" title="Begleitungsmusik zu einer Lichtspielscene">Begleitungsmusik zu einer Lichtspielscene</a>, 1929–1930) and wrote more tonal music, completing his <a href="/wiki/Chamber_Symphony_No._2_(Schoenberg)" title="Chamber Symphony No. 2 (Schoenberg)">Chamber Symphony No. 2</a> in 1939. With citizenship (1941) and US entry into <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, he satirized fascist tyrants in <a href="/wiki/Ode_to_Napoleon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ode to Napoleon">Ode to Napoleon</a> (1942, after <a href="/wiki/Byron" class="mw-redirect" title="Byron">Byron</a>), deploying Beethoven's <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Beethoven)#Fate_motif" title="Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)">fate motif</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Marseillaise" class="mw-redirect" title="Marseillaise">Marseillaise</a>. <a href="/wiki/History_of_Vienna#The_Second_Republic" title="History of Vienna">Post-war Vienna</a> beckoned with <a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Vienna" title="List of honorary citizens of Vienna">honorary citizenship</a>, but Schoenberg was ill as depicted in his String Trio (1946). As the world learned of <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>, he memorialized its victims in <a href="/wiki/A_Survivor_from_Warsaw" title="A Survivor from Warsaw">A Survivor from Warsaw</a> (1947). The <a href="/wiki/Buchmann-Mehta_School_of_Music" title="Buchmann-Mehta School of Music">Israel Conservatory and Academy of Music</a> elected him honorary president (1951). His innovative music was among the most influential and polemicized of 20th-century classical music. At least three generations of composers extended its somewhat <a href="/wiki/Formalism_(philosophy)" title="Formalism (philosophy)">formal</a> principles. His aesthetic and music-historical views influenced musicologists <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Dahlhaus" title="Carl Dahlhaus">Carl Dahlhaus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[c]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg_Center" title="Arnold Schönberg Center">Arnold Schönberg Center</a> collects his archival legacy. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Biography">1 Biography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Early_life">1.1 Early life</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#1901%E2%80%931914:_experimenting_in_atonality">1.2 1901–1914: experimenting in atonality</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#World_War_I">1.3 World War I</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Development_of_the_twelve-tone_method">1.4 Development of the twelve-tone method</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Nazi_regime_and_emigration_to_the_United_States">1.5 Nazi regime and emigration to the United States</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Superstition_and_death">1.6 Superstition and death</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Music">2 Music</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#First_period:_Late_Romanticism">2.1 First period: Late Romanticism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Second_period:_Free_atonality">2.2 Second period: Free atonality</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Third_period:_Twelve-tone_and_tonal_works">2.3 Third period: Twelve-tone and tonal works</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Reception_and_legacy">3 Reception and legacy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#First_works">3.1 First works</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Twelve-tone_period">3.2 Twelve-tone period</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Criticism">3.3 Criticism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Relationship_with_the_general_public">3.4 Relationship with the general public</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Thomas_Mann's_novel_Doctor_Faustus">3.5 Thomas Mann's novel Doctor Faustus</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Personality_and_extramusical_interests">4 Personality and extramusical interests</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Textbooks">5 Textbooks</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Writings">6 Writings</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#See_also">7 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#References">8 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Notes">8.1 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Citations">8.2 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Sources">8.3 Sources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Further_reading">9 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#External_links">10 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schoenberg_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6e/Schoenberg_1900.jpg/170px-Schoenberg_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="920"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 244px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6e/Schoenberg_1900.jpg/170px-Schoenberg_1900.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="244" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6e/Schoenberg_1900.jpg/255px-Schoenberg_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6e/Schoenberg_1900.jpg/340px-Schoenberg_1900.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Arnold Schönberg in Payerbach, 1903</figcaption></figure> Arnold Schoenberg was born into a lower middle-class <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian Jews">Jewish</a> family in the <a href="/wiki/Leopoldstadt" title="Leopoldstadt">Leopoldstadt</a> district (in earlier times a Jewish <a href="/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto">ghetto</a>) of Vienna, at Obere Donaustraße 5. His father Samuel, a native of <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9cs%C3%A9ny" title="Szécsény">Szécsény</a>, Hungary,<a href="#cite_note-6">[d]</a> later moved to Pozsony (Pressburg, at that time part of the Kingdom of Hungary, now <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a>, Slovakia) and then to Vienna, was a shoe-<a href="/wiki/Shopkeeper" title="Shopkeeper">shopkeeper</a>, and his mother Pauline Schoenberg (née Nachod), a native of Prague, was a piano teacher.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelm2006%E2%80%932017-7">[3]</a> Arnold was largely self-taught. He took only <a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">counterpoint</a> lessons with the composer <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Zemlinsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Zemlinsky">Alexander Zemlinsky</a>, who was to become his first brother-in-law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaumont200087-8">[4]</a> In his twenties, Schoenberg earned a living by orchestrating <a href="/wiki/Operetta" title="Operetta">operettas</a>, while composing his own works, such as the string sextet <a href="/wiki/Verkl%C3%A4rte_Nacht" title="Verklärte Nacht">Verklärte Nacht</a> ("Transfigured Night") (1899). He later made an orchestral version of this, which became one of his most popular pieces. Both <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a> recognized Schoenberg's significance as a composer; Strauss when he encountered Schoenberg's <a href="/wiki/Gurre-Lieder" title="Gurre-Lieder">Gurre-Lieder</a>, and Mahler after hearing several of Schoenberg's early works. Strauss turned to a more conservative idiom in his own work after 1909, and at that point dismissed Schoenberg. Mahler adopted him as a protégé and continued to support him, even after Schoenberg's style reached a point Mahler could no longer understand. Mahler worried about who would look after him after his death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoss2013118-9">[5]</a> Schoenberg, who had initially despised and mocked Mahler's music, was converted by the "thunderbolt" of Mahler's <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Mahler)">Third Symphony</a>, which he considered a work of genius. Afterward he "spoke of Mahler as a saint".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt1977103-10">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoenberg1975136-11">[7]</a> In 1898 Schoenberg converted to Christianity in the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> church. According to MacDonald (2008, 93) this was partly to strengthen his attachment to Western European cultural traditions, and partly as a means of self-defence "in a time of resurgent anti-Semitism". In 1933, after long meditation, he returned to Judaism, because he realised that "his racial and religious heritage was inescapable", and to take up an unmistakable position on the side opposing Nazism. He would self-identify as a member of the Jewish religion later in life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquis_Who's_Whon.d.-12">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1901–1914:_experimenting_in_atonality">1901–1914: experimenting in atonality</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1901–1914: experimenting in atonality" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerstl_-_Die_Familie_Sch%C3%B6nberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gerstl_-_Die_Familie_Sch%C3%B6nberg.jpg/220px-Gerstl_-_Die_Familie_Sch%C3%B6nberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="493"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 177px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gerstl_-_Die_Familie_Sch%C3%B6nberg.jpg/220px-Gerstl_-_Die_Familie_Sch%C3%B6nberg.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="177" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gerstl_-_Die_Familie_Sch%C3%B6nberg.jpg/330px-Gerstl_-_Die_Familie_Sch%C3%B6nberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gerstl_-_Die_Familie_Sch%C3%B6nberg.jpg/440px-Gerstl_-_Die_Familie_Sch%C3%B6nberg.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nberg_Family" title="Schönberg Family">Schönberg Family</a>, a painting by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gerstl" title="Richard Gerstl">Richard Gerstl</a>, 1907</figcaption></figure> In October 1901, Schoenberg married Mathilde Zemlinsky, the sister of the conductor and composer <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Zemlinsky" title="Alexander von Zemlinsky">Alexander von Zemlinsky</a>, with whom Schoenberg had been studying since about 1894. Schoenberg and Mathilde had two children, Gertrud (1902–1947) and Georg (1906–1974). Gertrud would marry Schoenberg's pupil <a href="/w/index.php?title=Felix_Greissle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Felix Greissle (page does not exist)">Felix Greissle</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Greissle" class="extiw" title="de:Felix Greissle">de</a>] in 1921.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeighbour2001-13">[9]</a> During the summer of 1908, Schoenberg's wife Mathilde left him for several months for a young Austrian painter, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gerstl" title="Richard Gerstl">Richard Gerstl</a> (who committed suicide in that November after Mathilde returned to her marriage). This period marked a distinct change in Schoenberg's work. It was during the absence of his wife that he composed "You lean against a silver-willow" (German: Du lehnest wider eine Silberweide), the thirteenth song in the cycle <a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Hanging_Gardens" title="The Book of the Hanging Gardens">Das Buch der Hängenden Gärten</a>, Op. 15, based on the collection of the same name by the German mystical poet <a href="/wiki/Stefan_George" title="Stefan George">Stefan George</a>. This was the first composition without any reference at all to a <a href="/wiki/Key_(music)" title="Key (music)">key</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt197796-14">[10]</a> Also in this year, Schoenberg completed one of his most revolutionary compositions, the <a href="/wiki/String_quartets_(Schoenberg)" class="mw-redirect" title="String quartets (Schoenberg)">String Quartet No. 2</a>. The first two movements, though chromatic in color, use traditional <a href="/wiki/Key_signature" title="Key signature">key signatures</a>. The final two movements, again using poetry by George, incorporate a soprano vocal line, breaking with previous string-quartet practice, and daringly weaken the links with traditional <a href="/wiki/Tonality" title="Tonality">tonality</a>. Both movements end on <a href="/wiki/Tonic_(music)" title="Tonic (music)">tonic</a> chords, and the work is not fully non-tonal. During the summer of 1910, Schoenberg wrote his Harmonielehre (Theory of Harmony, Schoenberg 1922), which remains one of the most influential music-theory books. From about 1911, Schoenberg belonged to a circle of artists and intellectuals who included <a href="/wiki/Lene_Schneider-Kainer" title="Lene Schneider-Kainer">Lene Schneider-Kainer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Werfel" title="Franz Werfel">Franz Werfel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herwarth_Walden" title="Herwarth Walden">Herwarth Walden</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Else_Lasker-Sch%C3%BCler" title="Else Lasker-Schüler">Else Lasker-Schüler</a>. In 1910 he met <a href="/wiki/Edward_Clark_(conductor)" title="Edward Clark (conductor)">Edward Clark</a>, an English music journalist then working in Germany. Clark became his sole English student, and in his later capacity as a producer for the BBC he was responsible for introducing many of Schoenberg's works, and Schoenberg himself, to Britain (as well as <a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Webern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Berg</a> and others). Another of his most important works from this atonal or pantonal period is the highly influential <a href="/wiki/Pierrot_lunaire" title="Pierrot lunaire">Pierrot lunaire</a>, Op. 21, of 1912, a novel cycle of expressionist songs set to a German translation of poems by the Belgian-French poet <a href="/wiki/Albert_Giraud" title="Albert Giraud">Albert Giraud</a>. Utilizing the technique of <a href="/wiki/Sprechstimme" class="mw-redirect" title="Sprechstimme">Sprechstimme</a>, or melodramatically spoken recitation, the work pairs a female vocalist with a small ensemble of five musicians. The ensemble, which is now commonly referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Pierrot_ensemble" title="Pierrot ensemble">Pierrot ensemble</a>, consists of flute (doubling on <a href="/wiki/Piccolo" title="Piccolo">piccolo</a>), clarinet (doubling on <a href="/wiki/Bass_clarinet" title="Bass clarinet">bass clarinet</a>), violin (doubling on viola), violoncello, speaker, and piano. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Bopp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Bopp (page does not exist)">Wilhelm Bopp</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Bopp" class="extiw" title="de:Wilhelm Bopp">de</a>], director of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Music_and_Performing_Arts_Vienna" title="University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna">Vienna Conservatory</a> from 1907, wanted a break from the stale environment personified for him by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fuchs_(composer)" title="Robert Fuchs (composer)">Robert Fuchs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Graedener" title="Hermann Graedener">Hermann Graedener</a>. Having considered many candidates, he offered teaching positions to Schoenberg and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schreker" title="Franz Schreker">Franz Schreker</a> in 1912. At the time Schoenberg lived in Berlin. He was not completely cut off from the Vienna Conservatory, having taught a private theory course a year earlier. He seriously considered the offer, but he declined. Writing afterward to Alban Berg, he cited his "aversion to Vienna" as the main reason for his decision, while contemplating that it might have been the wrong one financially, but having made it he felt content. A couple of months later he wrote to Schreker suggesting that it might have been a bad idea for him as well to accept the teaching position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHailey199355%E2%80%9357-15">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: World War I" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> brought a crisis in his development. Military service disrupted his life when at the age of 42 he was in the army. He was never able to work uninterrupted or over a period of time, and as a result he left many unfinished works and undeveloped "beginnings". <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schiele_-_Bildnis_des_Komponisten_Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg._1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Schiele_-_Bildnis_des_Komponisten_Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg._1917.jpg/170px-Schiele_-_Bildnis_des_Komponisten_Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg._1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="267" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="1280"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 267px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Schiele_-_Bildnis_des_Komponisten_Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg._1917.jpg/170px-Schiele_-_Bildnis_des_Komponisten_Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg._1917.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="267" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Schiele_-_Bildnis_des_Komponisten_Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg._1917.jpg/255px-Schiele_-_Bildnis_des_Komponisten_Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg._1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Schiele_-_Bildnis_des_Komponisten_Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg._1917.jpg/340px-Schiele_-_Bildnis_des_Komponisten_Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg._1917.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Arnold Schoenberg by <a href="/wiki/Egon_Schiele" title="Egon Schiele">Egon Schiele</a>, 1917</figcaption></figure> On one occasion, a superior officer demanded to know if he was "this notorious Schoenberg, then"; Schoenberg replied: "Beg to report, sir, yes. Nobody wanted to be, someone had to be, so I let it be me".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoenberg1975104-16">[12]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Norman_Lebrecht" title="Norman Lebrecht">Norman Lebrecht</a>, this is a reference to Schoenberg's apparent "destiny" as the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_of_the_dissonance" title="Emancipation of the dissonance">"Emancipator of Dissonance"</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELebrecht2001-17">[13]</a> Schoenberg drew comparisons between Germany's assault on France and his assault on decadent bourgeois artistic values. In August 1914, while denouncing the music of <a href="/wiki/Bizet" class="mw-redirect" title="Bizet">Bizet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stravinsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Stravinsky">Stravinsky</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ravel" class="mw-redirect" title="Ravel">Ravel</a>, he wrote: "Now comes the reckoning! Now we will throw these mediocre kitschmongers into slavery, and teach them to venerate the German spirit and to worship the German God". <a href="/wiki/Alex_Ross_(music_critic)" title="Alex Ross (music critic)">Alex Ross</a> described this as an "act of war psychosis".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss200760-18">[14]</a> The deteriorating relation between contemporary composers and the public led him to found the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Private_Musical_Performances" title="Society for Private Musical Performances">Society for Private Musical Performances</a> (Verein für musikalische Privataufführungen in German) in Vienna in 1918. He sought to provide a forum in which modern musical compositions could be carefully prepared and rehearsed, and properly performed under conditions protected from the dictates of fashion and pressures of commerce. From its inception until its dissolution amid <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation#Austria" title="Hyperinflation">Austrian hyperinflation</a>, the Society presented 353 performances to paying members, sometimes weekly. During the first year and a half, Schoenberg did not let any of his own works be performed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen197565-19">[15]</a> Instead, audiences at the Society's concerts heard difficult contemporary compositions by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Debussy</a>, Mahler, Webern, Berg, <a href="/wiki/Max_Reger" title="Max Reger">Reger</a>, and other leading figures of early 20th-century music.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen199666-20">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_the_twelve-tone_method">Development of the twelve-tone method</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Development of the twelve-tone method" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arnold_sch%C3%B6nberg_man_ray.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Arnold_sch%C3%B6nberg_man_ray.jpg/170px-Arnold_sch%C3%B6nberg_man_ray.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1163" data-file-height="1540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 225px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Arnold_sch%C3%B6nberg_man_ray.jpg/170px-Arnold_sch%C3%B6nberg_man_ray.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="225" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Arnold_sch%C3%B6nberg_man_ray.jpg/255px-Arnold_sch%C3%B6nberg_man_ray.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Arnold_sch%C3%B6nberg_man_ray.jpg/340px-Arnold_sch%C3%B6nberg_man_ray.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Arnold Schoenberg, 1927, by <a href="/wiki/Man_Ray" title="Man Ray">Man Ray</a></figcaption></figure> Later, Schoenberg was to develop the most influential version of the dodecaphonic (also known as <a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">twelve-tone</a>) method of composition, which in French and English was given the alternative name <a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">serialism</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Leibowitz" title="René Leibowitz">René Leibowitz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Searle" title="Humphrey Searle">Humphrey Searle</a> in 1947. This technique was taken up by many of his students, who constituted the so-called <a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a>. They included <a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Anton Webern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hanns_Eisler" title="Hanns Eisler">Hanns Eisler</a>, all of whom were profoundly influenced by Schoenberg. He published a number of books, ranging from his famous Harmonielehre (Theory of Harmony) to Fundamentals of Musical Composition,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoenberg1967-21">[17]</a> many of which are still in print and used by musicians and developing composers. Schoenberg viewed his development as a natural progression, and he did not deprecate his earlier works when he ventured into serialism. In 1923 he wrote to the Swiss philanthropist <a href="/wiki/Werner_Reinhart" title="Werner Reinhart">Werner Reinhart</a>: <blockquote>For the present, it matters more to me if people understand my older works ... They are the natural forerunners of my later works, and only those who understand and comprehend these will be able to gain an understanding of the later works that goes beyond a fashionable bare minimum. I do not attach so much importance to being a musical bogey-man as to being a natural continuer of properly-understood good old tradition!<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1987100-22">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[19]</a></blockquote> His first wife died in October 1923, and in August of the next year Schoenberg married <a href="/wiki/Gertrud_Schoenberg" title="Gertrud Schoenberg">Gertrud Kolisch</a> (1898–1967), sister of his pupil, the violinist <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Kolisch" title="Rudolf Kolisch">Rudolf Kolisch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeighbour2001-13">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverman2010223-24">[20]</a> They had three children: Nuria Dorothea (born 1932), Ronald Rudolf (born 1937), and Lawrence Adam (born 1941). Gertrude Kolisch Schoenberg wrote the libretto for Schoenberg's one-act opera <a href="/wiki/Von_heute_auf_morgen" title="Von heute auf morgen">Von heute auf morgen</a> under the pseudonym Max Blonda. At her request Schoenberg's (ultimately unfinished) piece, <a href="/wiki/Die_Jakobsleiter" title="Die Jakobsleiter">Die Jakobsleiter</a> was prepared for performance by Schoenberg's student <a href="/wiki/Winfried_Zillig" title="Winfried Zillig">Winfried Zillig</a>. After her husband's death in 1951 she founded Belmont Music Publishers devoted to the publication of his works.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShoaf199264-25">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[22]</a> Arnold used the notes G and E♭ (German: Es, i.e., "S") for "Gertrud Schoenberg", in the Suite, for septet, Op. 29 (1925).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald2008216-27">[23]</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Musical_cryptogram" title="Musical cryptogram">musical cryptogram</a>). Following the death in 1924 of composer <a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Ferruccio Busoni</a>, who had served as Director of a Master Class in Composition at the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Academy_of_Arts" title="Prussian Academy of Arts">Prussian Academy of Arts</a> in Berlin, Schoenberg was appointed to this post the next year, but because of health problems was unable to take up his post until 1926. Among his notable students during this period were the composers Robert Gerhard, <a href="/wiki/Nikos_Skalkottas" title="Nikos Skalkottas">Nikos Skalkottas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Josef_Rufer" title="Josef Rufer">Josef Rufer</a>. Along with his twelve-tone works, 1930 marks Schoenberg's return to tonality, with numbers 4 and 6 of the Six Pieces for Male Chorus Op. 35, the other pieces being dodecaphonic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuner199985-28">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nazi_regime_and_emigration_to_the_United_States">Nazi regime and emigration to the United States</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nazi regime and emigration to the United States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Schoenberg continued in his post until the Nazis seized power in 1933. While on vacation in France, he was warned that returning to Germany would be dangerous. Schoenberg formally reclaimed membership in the Jewish religion at a Paris synagogue,<a href="#cite_note-29">[25]</a> then emigrated to the United States with his family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedrich198631-30">[26]</a> He subsequently gave brief consideration to moving again, either to England or the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeisst201146-31">[27]</a> His first teaching position in the United States was at the Malkin Conservatory (<a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a>). He moved to Los Angeles, where he taught at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a>, both of which later named a music building on their respective campuses Schoenberg Hall.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUCLA_Department_of_Music2008-32">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUniversity_of_Southern_California_Thornton_School_of_Music2008-33">[29]</a> He was appointed visiting professor at <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a> in 1935 on the recommendation of <a href="/wiki/Otto_Klemperer" title="Otto Klemperer">Otto Klemperer</a>, music director and conductor of the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Philharmonic_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra">Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeisst2011161-34">[30]</a> and the next year was promoted to professor at a salary of $5,100 per year, which enabled him in either May 1936 or 1937 to buy a Spanish Revival house at 116 North Rockingham in <a href="/wiki/Brentwood,_Los_Angeles" title="Brentwood, Los Angeles">Brentwood Park</a>, near the UCLA campus, for $18,000. This address was directly across the street from <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Temple" title="Shirley Temple">Shirley Temple</a>'s house, and there he befriended fellow composer (and tennis partner) <a href="/wiki/George_Gershwin" title="George Gershwin">George Gershwin</a>. The Schoenbergs were able to employ domestic help and began holding Sunday afternoon gatherings that were known for excellent coffee and Viennese pastries. Frequent guests included <a href="/wiki/Otto_Klemperer" title="Otto Klemperer">Otto Klemperer</a> (who studied composition privately with Schoenberg beginning in April 1936), <a href="/wiki/Edgard_Var%C3%A8se" title="Edgard Varèse">Edgard Varèse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Achron" title="Joseph Achron">Joseph Achron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Gruenberg" title="Louis Gruenberg">Louis Gruenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toch" title="Ernst Toch">Ernst Toch</a>, and, on occasion, well-known actors such as <a href="/wiki/Harpo_Marx" title="Harpo Marx">Harpo Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lorre" title="Peter Lorre">Peter Lorre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford2009116-35">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeisst20116-36">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaskin2008-37">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald200879-38">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoenberg1975514-39">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkins2010114-40">[36]</a> Composers <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Rosenman" title="Leonard Rosenman">Leonard Rosenman</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeisst201112-41">[37]</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Tremblay" title="George Tremblay">George Tremblay</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeisst2011122-42">[38]</a> and the Hollywood orchestrator <a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Powell" title="Edward B. Powell">Edward B. Powell</a> studied with Schoenberg at this time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeisst2011117-43">[39]</a> After his move to the United States, where he arrived on 31 October 1933,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlonimsky,_Kuhn,_and_McIntire2001-44">[40]</a> the composer used the alternative spelling of his surname Schoenberg, rather than Schönberg, in what he called "deference to American practice",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoss1951401-45">[41]</a> though according to one writer he first made the change a year earlier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss200745-46">[42]</a> He lived there the rest of his life, but at first he was not settled. In 1934, he applied for a teacher of harmony and theory position at the <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Conservatorium_of_Music" title="Sydney Conservatorium of Music">New South Wales State Conservatorium</a> in Sydney. <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Plush" title="Vincent Plush">Vincent Plush</a> discovered his application in the 1970s. It bore two notes in different handwriting: "Jewish" in one and "Modernist ideas and dangerous tendencies" in another marked E.B. (<a href="/wiki/Edgar_Bainton" title="Edgar Bainton">Edgar Bainton</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskup200020Plush199636%E2%80%9395-47">[43]</a> Schoenberg also explored the idea of emigrating to New Zealand. His secretary and student <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hoffmann_(composer,_1925)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Hoffmann (composer, 1925)">Richard Hoffmann</a>, the nephew of Schoenberg's mother-in-law Henriette Kolisch, lived in New Zealand in 1935–1947. Schoenberg had since childhood been fascinated with islands and with New Zealand in particular, possibly because of its postage stamps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlush199636%E2%80%9395-48">[44]</a> He abandoned the idea of moving to New Zealand after his health began to decline in 1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald200883-49">[45]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_-_10501.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_-_10501.jpg/220px-Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_-_10501.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1850" data-file-height="1246"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 148px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_-_10501.jpg/220px-Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_-_10501.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="148" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_-_10501.jpg/330px-Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_-_10501.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_-_10501.jpg/440px-Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_-_10501.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a>. In 1947 Schoenberg wrote <a href="/wiki/A_Survivor_from_Warsaw" title="A Survivor from Warsaw">A Survivor from Warsaw</a> in commemoration of this event.</figcaption></figure> During this final period, he composed several notable works, including the difficult <a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Schoenberg)" title="Violin Concerto (Schoenberg)">Violin Concerto</a>, Op. 36 (1934/36), the <a href="/wiki/Kol_Nidre#Inspiration_for_other_musical_pieces" title="Kol Nidre">Kol Nidre</a>, Op. 39, for chorus and orchestra (1938), the Ode to Napoleon Buonaparte, Op. 41 (1942), the haunting <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_(Schoenberg)" title="Piano Concerto (Schoenberg)">Piano Concerto</a>, Op. 42 (1942), and his memorial to the victims of the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>, <a href="/wiki/A_Survivor_from_Warsaw" title="A Survivor from Warsaw">A Survivor from Warsaw</a>, Op. 46 (1947). He was unable to complete his opera <a href="/wiki/Moses_und_Aron" title="Moses und Aron">Moses und Aron</a> (1932/33), which was one of the first works of its genre written completely using <a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">dodecaphonic composition</a>. Along with twelve-tone music, Schoenberg also returned to tonality with works during his last period, like the Suite for Strings in G major (1935), the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_Symphony_No._2_(Schoenberg)" title="Chamber Symphony No. 2 (Schoenberg)">Chamber Symphony No. 2</a> in E♭ minor, Op. 38 (begun in 1906, completed in 1939), the Variations on a Recitative in D minor, Op. 40 (1941). During this period his notable students included <a href="/wiki/John_Cage" title="John Cage">John Cage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lou_Harrison" title="Lou Harrison">Lou Harrison</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeisst201112-41">[37]</a> In 1941, he became a citizen of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus2016188-50">[46]</a> He was the first composer in residence at the <a href="/wiki/Music_Academy_of_the_West" title="Music Academy of the West">Music Academy of the West</a> summer conservatory in Montecito, California.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenberg2019-51">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Superstition_and_death">Superstition and death</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Superstition and death" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zentralfriedhof_Vienna_-_Schoenberg.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Zentralfriedhof_Vienna_-_Schoenberg.JPG/220px-Zentralfriedhof_Vienna_-_Schoenberg.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Zentralfriedhof_Vienna_-_Schoenberg.JPG/220px-Zentralfriedhof_Vienna_-_Schoenberg.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Zentralfriedhof_Vienna_-_Schoenberg.JPG/330px-Zentralfriedhof_Vienna_-_Schoenberg.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Zentralfriedhof_Vienna_-_Schoenberg.JPG/440px-Zentralfriedhof_Vienna_-_Schoenberg.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Schoenberg's grave in the <a href="/wiki/Zentralfriedhof" class="mw-redirect" title="Zentralfriedhof">Zentralfriedhof</a>, Vienna</figcaption></figure> Schoenberg's superstitious nature may have triggered his death. The composer had <a href="/wiki/Triskaidekaphobia" title="Triskaidekaphobia">triskaidekaphobia</a>, and according to friend Katia Mann, he feared he would die during a year that was a multiple of 13.<a href="#cite_note-52">[48]</a> This possibly began in 1908 with the composition of the thirteenth song of the song cycle <a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Hanging_Gardens" title="The Book of the Hanging Gardens">Das Buch der Hängenden Gärten</a> Op. 15.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt197796-14">[10]</a> He dreaded his sixty-fifth birthday in 1939 so much that a friend asked the composer and <a href="/wiki/Astrologer" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrologer">astrologer</a> <a href="/wiki/Dane_Rudhyar" title="Dane Rudhyar">Dane Rudhyar</a> to prepare Schoenberg's <a href="/wiki/Horoscope" title="Horoscope">horoscope</a>. Rudhyar did this and told Schoenberg that the year was dangerous, but not fatal. But in 1950, on his 76th birthday, an astrologer wrote Schoenberg a note warning him that the year was a critical one: 7 + 6 = 13.<a href="#cite_note-53">[49]</a> This stunned and depressed the composer, for up to that point he had only been wary of multiples of 13 and never considered adding the digits of his age. He died on <a href="/wiki/Friday_the_13th" title="Friday the 13th">Friday, 13</a> July 1951, shortly before midnight. Schoenberg had stayed in bed all day, sick, anxious, and depressed. His wife Gertrud reported in a telegram to her sister-in-law Ottilie the next day that Arnold died at 11:45 pm, 15 minutes before midnight.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt1977520-54">[50]</a> In a letter to Ottilie dated 4 August 1951, Gertrud explained, "About a quarter to twelve I looked at the clock and said to myself: another quarter of an hour and then the worst is over. Then the doctor called me. Arnold's throat rattled twice, his heart gave a powerful beat and that was the end".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt1977521-55">[51]</a> Schoenberg's ashes were later interred at the <a href="/wiki/Zentralfriedhof" class="mw-redirect" title="Zentralfriedhof">Zentralfriedhof</a> in Vienna on 6 June 1974.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy199915-56">[52]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Music" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Arnold_Schoenberg" title="List of compositions by Arnold Schoenberg">List of compositions by Arnold Schoenberg</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint listen-noimage"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Schoenberg_Quartet_No._2_4th_movement.OGG" title="File:Schoenberg Quartet No. 2 4th movement.OGG">Second String Quartet, fourth movement</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="628" data-mwtitle="Schoenberg_Quartet_No._2_4th_movement.OGG" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Schoenberg_Quartet_No._2_4th_movement.OGG" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/85/Schoenberg_Quartet_No._2_4th_movement.OGG/Schoenberg_Quartet_No._2_4th_movement.OGG.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio></div> <div class="description">Played by the <a href="/wiki/Carmel_Quartet" title="Carmel Quartet">Carmel Quartet</a> with soprano Rona Israel-Kolatt, in 2007</div></div></div></div> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schoenberg_-_Variations_for_Orchestra_op._31_tone_row.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Schoenberg_-_Variations_for_Orchestra_op._31_tone_row.png/300px-Schoenberg_-_Variations_for_Orchestra_op._31_tone_row.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2118" data-file-height="1023"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 145px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Schoenberg_-_Variations_for_Orchestra_op._31_tone_row.png/300px-Schoenberg_-_Variations_for_Orchestra_op._31_tone_row.png" data-width="300" data-height="145" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Schoenberg_-_Variations_for_Orchestra_op._31_tone_row.png/450px-Schoenberg_-_Variations_for_Orchestra_op._31_tone_row.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Schoenberg_-_Variations_for_Orchestra_op._31_tone_row.png/600px-Schoenberg_-_Variations_for_Orchestra_op._31_tone_row.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>In Schoenberg's Variations for Orchestra, Op. 31, <a href="/wiki/Tone_row" title="Tone row">tone row</a> form P1's second half has the same notes, in a different order, as the first half of I10: "Thus it is possible to employ P1 and I10 simultaneously and in parallel motion without causing note doubling".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeuw2005154%E2%80%9355-57">[53]</a><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-mwtitle="Schoenberg_-_Variations_for_Orchestra_op._31_tone_row_I10.mid" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Schoenberg_-_Variations_for_Orchestra_op._31_tone_row_I10.mid" type="audio/midi" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/69/Schoenberg_-_Variations_for_Orchestra_op._31_tone_row_I10.mid/Schoenberg_-_Variations_for_Orchestra_op._31_tone_row_I10.mid.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/69/Schoenberg_-_Variations_for_Orchestra_op._31_tone_row_I10.mid/Schoenberg_-_Variations_for_Orchestra_op._31_tone_row_I10.mid.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schoenberg_-_Piano_Piece_op.33a_tone_row.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Schoenberg_-_Piano_Piece_op.33a_tone_row.png/300px-Schoenberg_-_Piano_Piece_op.33a_tone_row.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2118" data-file-height="1056"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 150px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Schoenberg_-_Piano_Piece_op.33a_tone_row.png/300px-Schoenberg_-_Piano_Piece_op.33a_tone_row.png" data-width="300" data-height="150" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Schoenberg_-_Piano_Piece_op.33a_tone_row.png/450px-Schoenberg_-_Piano_Piece_op.33a_tone_row.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Schoenberg_-_Piano_Piece_op.33a_tone_row.png/600px-Schoenberg_-_Piano_Piece_op.33a_tone_row.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="25" data-mwtitle="Schoenberg_-_Piano_Piece_op.33a_tone_row.mid" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Schoenberg_-_Piano_Piece_op.33a_tone_row.mid" type="audio/midi" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d9/Schoenberg_-_Piano_Piece_op.33a_tone_row.mid/Schoenberg_-_Piano_Piece_op.33a_tone_row.mid.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d9/Schoenberg_-_Piano_Piece_op.33a_tone_row.mid/Schoenberg_-_Piano_Piece_op.33a_tone_row.mid.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio> Featuring <a href="/wiki/Combinatoriality#Hexachordal_combinatoriality" title="Combinatoriality">hexachordal combinatoriality</a> between its primary forms, P1 and I6, Schoenberg's Piano Piece, Op. 33a, tone row contains three <a href="/wiki/Perfect_fifth" title="Perfect fifth">perfect fifths</a>, which is the relation between P1 and I6, and a source of contrast between "accumulations of 5ths" and "generally more complex simultaneity".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeuw2005155%E2%80%9357-58">[54]</a> For example, group A consists of B♭-F-C-B♮, while the "more blended" group B consists of A-F♯-C♯-D♯</figcaption></figure> Schoenberg's significant compositions in the repertory of modern art music extend over a period of more than 50 years. Traditionally they are divided into three periods though this division is arguably arbitrary as the music in each of these periods is considerably varied. The idea that his twelve-tone period "represents a stylistically unified body of works is simply not supported by the musical evidence",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaimo19904-59">[55]</a> and important musical characteristics—especially those related to <a href="/wiki/Motif_(music)" title="Motif (music)">motivic</a> <a href="/wiki/Development_(music)" title="Development (music)">development</a>—transcend these boundaries completely. The first of these periods, 1894–1907, is identified in the legacy of the high-Romantic composers of the late nineteenth century, as well as with <a href="/wiki/Expressionist_music" title="Expressionist music">expressionist</a> movements in poetry and art. The second, 1908–1922, is typified by the abandonment of <a href="/wiki/Pitch_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch center">key centers</a>, a move often described (though not by Schoenberg) as "<a href="/wiki/Free_atonality" class="mw-redirect" title="Free atonality">free atonality</a>". The third, from 1923 onward, commences with Schoenberg's invention of <a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">dodecaphonic</a>, or "twelve-tone" compositional method. Schoenberg's best-known students, <a href="/wiki/Hanns_Eisler" title="Hanns Eisler">Hanns Eisler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Anton Webern</a>, followed Schoenberg faithfully through each of these intellectual and aesthetic transitions, though not without considerable experimentation and variety of approach. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_period:_Late_Romanticism">First period: Late Romanticism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: First period: Late Romanticism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Beginning with songs and string quartets written around the turn of the century, Schoenberg's concerns as a composer positioned him uniquely among his peers, in that his procedures exhibited characteristics of both <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a>, who for most contemporary listeners, were considered polar opposites, representing mutually exclusive directions in the legacy of German music. Schoenberg's <a href="/wiki/Zwei_Ges%C3%A4nge,_Op._1_(Schoenberg)" title="Zwei Gesänge, Op. 1 (Schoenberg)">Zwei Gesänge, Op. 1</a>, first performed in 1903, set two contemporary poems to expressive music bordering the limits of the <a href="/wiki/Lied" title="Lied">Lied</a> genre. Schoenberg's Six Songs, Op. 3 (1899–1903), for example, exhibit a conservative clarity of <a href="/wiki/Tonality" title="Tonality">tonal</a> organization typical of Brahms and Mahler, reflecting an interest in balanced phrases and an undisturbed <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchy</a> of key relationships. However, the songs also explore unusually bold incidental <a href="/wiki/Chromaticism" title="Chromaticism">chromaticism</a> and seem to aspire to a Wagnerian "representational" approach to motivic identity. The synthesis of these approaches reaches an apex in his <a href="/wiki/Verkl%C3%A4rte_Nacht" title="Verklärte Nacht">Verklärte Nacht</a>, Op. 4 (1899), a <a href="/wiki/Program_music" title="Program music">programmatic</a> work for <a href="/wiki/String_sextet" title="String sextet">string sextet</a> that develops several distinctive "<a href="/wiki/Leitmotif" title="Leitmotif">leitmotif</a>"-like <a href="/wiki/Theme_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme (music)">themes</a>, each one eclipsing and subordinating the last. The only motivic elements that persist throughout the work are those that are perpetually dissolved, varied, and re-combined, in a technique, identified primarily in Brahms's music, that Schoenberg called "<a href="/wiki/Developing_variation" title="Developing variation">developing variation</a>". Schoenberg's procedures in the work are organized in two ways simultaneously; at once suggesting a Wagnerian narrative of motivic ideas, as well as a Brahmsian approach to motivic development and tonal cohesion. Citing Berg and Webern on Schoenberg's <a href="/wiki/String_Quartets_(Schoenberg)#String_Quartet_No._1,_Op._7" title="String Quartets (Schoenberg)">String Quartet No. 1, Op. 7</a> (1904–1905),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStraus199023,_192-60">[56]</a> Joseph N. Straus emphasized the importance of "motivic coherence" in the three's œuvres more generally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStraus1990vii,_3-61">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[e]</a> "Every smallest turn of <a href="/wiki/Phrase_(music)" title="Phrase (music)">phrase</a>, even <a href="/wiki/Accompaniment_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Accompaniment (music)">accompanimental</a> <a href="/wiki/Figure_(music)" title="Figure (music)">figuration</a> is significant", Berg asserted, parenthetically praising Schoenberg's "excess unheard-of since <a href="/wiki/Bach" class="mw-redirect" title="Bach">Bach</a>". Webern marveled at how "Schoenberg creates an accompaniment figure from a motivic particle", proclaiming "everything is thematic! There is ... not a single note ... that does not have a thematic basis."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStraus199023,_192-60">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_period:_Free_atonality">Second period: Free atonality</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Second period: Free atonality" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The urgency of musical constructions lacking in tonal centers or traditional <a href="/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance" title="Consonance and dissonance">dissonance-consonance</a> relationships can be traced as far back as Schoenberg's <a href="/wiki/Chamber_Symphony_No._1" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber Symphony No. 1">Chamber Symphony No. 1</a>, Op. 9 (1906). This work is remarkable for its tonal development of <a href="/wiki/Whole-tone_scale" title="Whole-tone scale">whole-tone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quartal_harmony" class="mw-redirect" title="Quartal harmony">quartal harmony</a>, and its initiation of dynamic and unusual ensemble relationships, involving dramatic interruption and unpredictable instrumental allegiances. Many of these features would typify the <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbre</a>-oriented <a href="/wiki/Chamber_music" title="Chamber music">chamber-music</a> aesthetic of the coming century. Schoenberg's music from 1908 onward experiments in a variety of ways with the absence of traditional keys or <a href="/wiki/Tonal_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonal center">tonal centers</a>. His first explicitly atonal piece was the <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._2_(Schoenberg)" class="mw-redirect" title="String Quartet No. 2 (Schoenberg)">second string quartet</a>, Op. 10, with soprano. The last movement of this piece has no key signature, marking Schoenberg's formal divorce from <a href="/wiki/Diatonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatonic">diatonic</a> harmonies. Other important works of the era include his song cycle <a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Hanging_Gardens" title="The Book of the Hanging Gardens">Das Buch der Hängenden Gärten</a>, Op. 15 (1908–1909), his <a href="/wiki/Five_Orchestral_Pieces" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Orchestral Pieces">Five Orchestral Pieces</a>, Op. 16 (1909), the influential <a href="/wiki/Pierrot_lunaire" title="Pierrot lunaire">Pierrot lunaire</a>, Op. 21 (1912), as well as his dramatic <a href="/wiki/Erwartung" title="Erwartung">Erwartung</a>, Op. 17 (1909). Surveying Schoenberg's Opp. 10, 15–16, and 19, Webern argued: "It creates entirely <a href="/wiki/Expressionism_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Expressionism (music)">new expressive</a> values; therefore it also needs new means of expression. <a href="/wiki/Content_and_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Content and form">Content and form</a> cannot be separated."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoldenhauer_and_Moldenhauer1978154-64">[59]</a> Analysts (most prominently <a href="/wiki/Allen_Forte" title="Allen Forte">Allen Forte</a>) so emphasized motivic shapes in Schoenberg's (and Berg's and Webern's) "free atonal" music that <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Boretz" title="Benjamin Boretz">Benjamin Boretz</a> and William Benjamin suggested referring to it as "motivic" music. Schoenberg himself described his use of a motivic unit "varied and developed in manifold ways" in <a href="/wiki/Four_Orchestral_Songs" title="Four Orchestral Songs">Four Orchestral Songs</a>, Op. 22 (1913–1916), writing that he was "in the preliminary stages of a procedure ... which allows for a motif to be a constant basis". Straus considered that the designation "'motivic' music" might apply "in a modified way" to twelve-tone music more generally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStraus199023,_192-60">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_period:_Twelve-tone_and_tonal_works">Third period: Twelve-tone and tonal works</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Third period: Twelve-tone and tonal works" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Schoenberg sought an ordering principle that would make his musical <a href="/wiki/Texture_(music)" title="Texture (music)">texture</a> simpler and clearer. Thus he arrived at his "method of composing with twelve tones which are related only with one another".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoenberg1984218-65">[60]</a> All twelve pitches of the octave (usually unrealized compositionally) are regarded as equal, and no one note or tonality is given the emphasis it occupied in classical harmony. Schoenberg regarded the twelve-tone system as the equivalent in music of <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>'s discoveries in physics. Schoenberg told <a href="/wiki/Josef_Rufer" title="Josef Rufer">Josef Rufer</a>, "I have made a discovery which will ensure the supremacy of German music for the next hundred years".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt1977277-66">[61]</a> Among Schoenberg's twelve-tone works are the <a href="/wiki/Variations_for_Orchestra_(Schoenberg)" title="Variations for Orchestra (Schoenberg)">Variations for Orchestra</a>, Op. 31 (1928); <a href="/wiki/Begleitungsmusik_zu_einer_Lichtspielscene" title="Begleitungsmusik zu einer Lichtspielscene">Begleitungsmusik zu einer Lichtspielscene</a>, Op. 34 (1930); <a href="/wiki/Zwei_Klavierst%C3%BCcke_(Schoenberg)" title="Zwei Klavierstücke (Schoenberg)">Piano Pieces</a>, Opp. 33a & b (1931), and the <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_(Schoenberg)" title="Piano Concerto (Schoenberg)">Piano Concerto</a>, Op. 42 (1942). Contrary to its reputation for doctrinaire strictness, Schoenberg's technique varied according to the musical demands of each composition. Thus the musical structure of his unfinished opera <a href="/wiki/Moses_und_Aron" title="Moses und Aron">Moses und Aron</a> is fundamentally different from that of his Phantasy for Violin and Piano, Op. 47 (1949). Ten features of Schoenberg's mature twelve-tone practice are generally characteristic, interdependent, and interactive according to Ethan Haimo:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaimo199041-67">[62]</a> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Hexachord" title="Hexachord">Hexachordal</a> <a href="/wiki/Melodic_inversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Melodic inversion">inversional</a> <a href="/wiki/Combinatoriality" title="Combinatoriality">combinatoriality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_chromatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Total chromatic">Aggregates</a></li> <li>Linear <a href="/wiki/Set_(music)" title="Set (music)">set</a> presentation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Partition (music)">Partitioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Isomorphic">Isomorphic</a> partitioning</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invariant_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invariant (music)">Invariants</a></li> <li>Hexachordal <a href="/wiki/Level_(music)" title="Level (music)">levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">Harmony</a>, "consistent with and derived from the properties of the referential set"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metre_(music)" title="Metre (music)">Metre</a>, established through "pitch-relational characteristics"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneity_(music)" title="Simultaneity (music)">Multidimensional</a> set presentations</li></ol> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Reception_and_legacy">Reception and legacy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Reception and legacy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg_Richard_Gerstl_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg_Richard_Gerstl_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg_Richard_Gerstl_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="847"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 259px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg_Richard_Gerstl_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg_Richard_Gerstl_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="259" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg_Richard_Gerstl_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg_Richard_Gerstl_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg_Richard_Gerstl_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg_Richard_Gerstl_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Portrait of Arnold Schoenberg by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gerstl" title="Richard Gerstl">Richard Gerstl</a>, circa June 1905</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_works">First works</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: First works" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> After some early difficulties, Schoenberg began to win public acceptance with works such as the tone poem <a href="/wiki/Pelleas_und_Melisande" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelleas und Melisande">Pelleas und Melisande</a> at a Berlin performance in 1907. At the Vienna première of the <a href="/wiki/Gurre-Lieder" title="Gurre-Lieder">Gurre-Lieder</a> in 1913, he received an ovation that lasted a quarter of an hour and culminated with Schoenberg's being presented with a laurel crown.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen19964-68">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt1977184-69">[64]</a> Nonetheless, much of his work was not well received. His <a href="/wiki/Chamber_Symphony_No._1" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber Symphony No. 1">Chamber Symphony No. 1</a> premièred unremarkably in 1907. However, when it was played again in the <a href="/wiki/Skandalkonzert" title="Skandalkonzert">Skandalkonzert</a> on 31 March 1913, (which also included works by <a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Berg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Webern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Zemlinsky" title="Alexander von Zemlinsky">Zemlinsky</a>), "one could hear the shrill sound of door keys among the violent clapping, and in the second gallery the first fight of the evening began." Later in the concert, during a performance of the <a href="/wiki/Altenberg_Lieder" title="Altenberg Lieder">Altenberg Lieder</a> by Berg, fighting broke out after Schoenberg interrupted the performance to threaten removal by the police of any troublemakers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt1977185-70">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twelve-tone_period">Twelve-tone period</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Twelve-tone period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> According to Ethan Haimo, the general understanding of Schoenberg's twelve-tone work has been difficult to achieve because of the "truly revolutionary nature" of his new system, misinformation disseminated by some early writers about the system's "rules" and "exceptions" that bear "little relation to the most significant features of Schoenberg's music", the composer's secretiveness, and the widespread unavailability of his sketches and manuscripts until the late 1970s. During his life, Schoenberg was "subjected to a range of criticism and abuse that is shocking even in hindsight".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaimo19902%E2%80%933-71">[66]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Watschenkonzert_Karikatur_in_Die_Zeit_vom_6._April_1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Watschenkonzert_Karikatur_in_Die_Zeit_vom_6._April_1913.jpg/220px-Watschenkonzert_Karikatur_in_Die_Zeit_vom_6._April_1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="354"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Watschenkonzert_Karikatur_in_Die_Zeit_vom_6._April_1913.jpg/220px-Watschenkonzert_Karikatur_in_Die_Zeit_vom_6._April_1913.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Watschenkonzert_Karikatur_in_Die_Zeit_vom_6._April_1913.jpg/330px-Watschenkonzert_Karikatur_in_Die_Zeit_vom_6._April_1913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Watschenkonzert_Karikatur_in_Die_Zeit_vom_6._April_1913.jpg/440px-Watschenkonzert_Karikatur_in_Die_Zeit_vom_6._April_1913.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Watschenkonzert, caricature in Die Zeit from 6 April 1913</figcaption></figure> Schoenberg criticized <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a>'s new neoclassical trend in the poem "Vielseitigkeit" (in which he derogates <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism_(music)" title="Neoclassicism (music)">neoclassicism</a>, and obliquely refers to Stravinsky as "Der kleine Modernsky"), which he used as text for the second of his Drei Satiren, Op. 28.<a href="#cite_note-72">[67]</a> The third of the Drei Satiren, "Der neue Klassizismus", also takes aim at the neoclassical trend in general.<a href="#cite_note-73">[68]</a> Schoenberg's serial technique of composition with twelve notes became one of the most central and polemical issues among American and European musicians during the mid- to late-twentieth century. Beginning in the 1940s and continuing to the present day, composers such as <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Nono" title="Luigi Nono">Luigi Nono</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milton_Babbitt" title="Milton Babbitt">Milton Babbitt</a> have extended Schoenberg's legacy in increasingly radical directions. The major cities of the United States (e.g., Los Angeles, New York, and Boston) have had historically significant performances of Schoenberg's music, with advocates such as Babbitt in New York and the Franco-American conductor-pianist <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_Monod" title="Jacques-Louis Monod">Jacques-Louis Monod</a>. Schoenberg's students have been influential teachers at major American universities: <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Stein" title="Leonard Stein">Leonard Stein</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">USC</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">UCLA</a> and <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_the_Arts" title="California Institute of the Arts">CalArts</a>; Richard Hoffmann at <a href="/wiki/Oberlin_Conservatory_of_Music" title="Oberlin Conservatory of Music">Oberlin</a>; <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Carpenter_(music_theorist)" title="Patricia Carpenter (music theorist)">Patricia Carpenter</a> at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Leon_Kirchner" title="Leon Kirchner">Leon Kirchner</a> and Earl Kim at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a>. Musicians associated with Schoenberg have had a profound influence on contemporary music performance practice in the US (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Louis_Krasner" title="Louis Krasner">Louis Krasner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Lehner" title="Eugene Lehner">Eugene Lehner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Kolisch" title="Rudolf Kolisch">Rudolf Kolisch</a> at the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Conservatory_of_Music" title="New England Conservatory of Music">New England Conservatory of Music</a>; <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Steuermann" title="Eduard Steuermann">Eduard Steuermann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Felix_Galimir" title="Felix Galimir">Felix Galimir</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Juilliard_School" title="Juilliard School">Juilliard School</a>). In Europe, the work of <a href="/wiki/Hans_Keller" title="Hans Keller">Hans Keller</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Rognoni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luigi Rognoni (page does not exist)">Luigi Rognoni</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Rognoni" class="extiw" title="it:Luigi Rognoni">it</a>], and René Leibowitz has had a measurable influence in spreading Schoenberg's musical legacy outside of Germany and Austria. His pupil and assistant <a href="/wiki/Max_Deutsch" title="Max Deutsch">Max Deutsch</a>, who later became a professor of music, was also a conductor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisn.d.-74">[69]</a> who made a recording of three "master works" Schoenberg with the <a href="/wiki/Orchestre_de_la_Suisse_Romande" title="Orchestre de la Suisse Romande">Orchestre de la Suisse Romande</a>, released posthumously in late 2013. This recording includes short lectures by Deutsch on each of the pieces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.2013-75">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism">Criticism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Criticism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the 1920s, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krenek" title="Ernst Krenek">Ernst Krenek</a> criticized a certain unnamed brand of contemporary music (presumably Schoenberg and his disciples) as "the self-gratification of an individual who sits in his studio and invents rules according to which he then writes down his notes". Schoenberg took offense at this remark and answered that Krenek "wishes for only whores as listeners".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss2007156-76">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Allen_Shawn" title="Allen Shawn">Allen Shawn</a> has noted that, given Schoenberg's living circumstances, his work is usually defended rather than listened to, and that it is difficult to experience it apart from the ideology that surrounds it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaruskin20047-77">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Taruskin" title="Richard Taruskin">Richard Taruskin</a> asserted that Schoenberg committed what he terms a "poietic fallacy", the conviction that what matters most (or all that matters) in a work of art is the making of it, the maker's input, and that the listener's pleasure must not be the composer's primary objective.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaruskin200410-78">[73]</a> Taruskin also criticizes the ideas of measuring Schoenberg's value as a composer in terms of his influence on other artists, the overrating of technical innovation, and the restriction of criticism to matters of structure and craft while derogating other approaches as vulgarian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaruskin200412-79">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_the_general_public">Relationship with the general public</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Relationship with the general public" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Writing in 1977, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Small" title="Christopher Small">Christopher Small</a> observed, "Many music lovers, even today, find difficulty with Schoenberg's music".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmall197725-80">[75]</a> Small wrote his short biography a quarter of a century after the composer's death. According to <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Cook" title="Nicholas Cook">Nicholas Cook</a>, writing some twenty years after Small, Schoenberg had thought that this lack of comprehension <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">was merely a transient, if unavoidable phase: the history of music, they said, showed that audiences always resisted the unfamiliar, but in time they got used to it and learned to appreciate it ... Schoenberg himself looked forward to a time when, as he said, grocers' boys would whistle serial music in their rounds. If Schoenberg really believed what he said (and it is hard to be quite sure about this), then it represents one of the most poignant moments in the history of music. For serialism did not achieve popularity; the process of familiarization for which he and his contemporaries were waiting never occurred.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook199846-81">[76]</a></blockquote> Ben Earle (2003) found that Schoenberg, while revered by experts and taught to "generations of students" on degree courses, remained unloved by the public. Despite more than forty years of advocacy and the production of "books devoted to the explanation of this difficult repertory to non-specialist audiences", it would seem that in particular, "British attempts to popularize music of this kind ... can now safely be said to have failed".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarle2003643-82">[77]</a> In his 2018 biography of Schoenberg's near contemporary and similarly pioneering composer, Debussy, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Walsh_(writer)" title="Stephen Walsh (writer)">Stephen Walsh</a> takes issue with the idea that it is not possible "for a creative artist to be both radical and popular". Walsh concludes, "Schoenberg may be the first 'great' composer in modern history whose music has not entered the repertoire almost a century and a half after his birth".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2018321%E2%80%9322-83">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thomas_Mann's_novel_Doctor_Faustus">Thomas Mann's novel Doctor Faustus</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Thomas Mann's novel Doctor Faustus" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Adrian Leverkühn, the protagonist of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Faustus_(novel)" title="Doctor Faustus (novel)">Doctor Faustus</a> (1947), is a composer whose use of twelve-tone technique parallels the innovations of Arnold Schoenberg. Leverkühn, who may be based on <a href="/wiki/Nietzsche" class="mw-redirect" title="Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a>, sells his soul to the Devil and is rewarded with superhuman talent. Schoenberg was unhappy about this and initiated an exchange of letters with Mann following the novel's publication.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEE._R._Schoenberg2018109%E2%80%93149-84">[79]</a> Writer <a href="/wiki/Sean_O%27Brien_(writer)" title="Sean O'Brien (writer)">Sean O'Brien</a> comments that "written in the shadow of Hitler, Doktor Faustus observes the rise of Nazism, but its relationship to political history is oblique".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Brien2009-85">[80]</a> Thomas Mann was always primarily interested in classical music, which also plays a role in many of his works. He sought advice from <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a> on the technical compositional details of Schoenberg's new music, who revised the chapters accordingly.<a href="#cite_note-86">[81]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Personality_and_extramusical_interests">Personality and extramusical interests</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Personality and extramusical interests" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blaues_Selbstportrait_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Blaues_Selbstportrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Blaues_Selbstportrait_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="245" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="1413"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 245px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Blaues_Selbstportrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Blaues_Selbstportrait_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="245" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Blaues_Selbstportrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/271px-Blaues_Selbstportrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Blaues_Selbstportrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/361px-Blaues_Selbstportrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Arnold Schoenberg, self-portrait, 1910</figcaption></figure> Schoenberg was a painter of considerable ability, whose works were considered good enough to exhibit alongside those of <a href="/wiki/Franz_Marc" title="Franz Marc">Franz Marc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Wassily Kandinsky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt1977142-87">[82]</a> as fellow members of the <a href="/wiki/Expressionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Expressionist">expressionist</a> group <a href="/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[83]</a> From about 1908 to 1910, he would execute approximately two-thirds of a total oeuvre comprising about sixty-five oils.<a href="#cite_note-89">[84]</a> He was interested in <a href="/wiki/Hopalong_Cassidy_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Hopalong Cassidy films">Hopalong Cassidy films</a>, which Paul Buhle and David Wagner (2002, v–vii) attribute to the films' left-wing screenwriters—a rather odd claim in light of Schoenberg's statement that he was a "<a href="/wiki/Bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois">bourgeois</a>" turned <a href="/wiki/Monarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchist">monarchist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt1977551%E2%80%93552-90">[85]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Textbooks">Textbooks</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Textbooks" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul><li>1922. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/harmonielehre00asch">Harmonielehre</a>, third edition. Vienna: Universal Edition. (Originally published 1911).</li> <li>1943. Models for Beginners in Composition, New York: G. Schirmer, Inc.</li> <li>1954. Structural Functions of Harmony. New York: W. W. Norton; London: Williams and Norgate. Revised edition, New York, London: W. W. Norton and Company 1969. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-00478-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-00478-6">978-0-393-00478-6</a></li> <li>1964. Preliminary Exercises in Counterpoint, edited with a foreword by Leonard Stein. New York, St. Martin's Press. Reprinted, Los Angeles: Belmont Music Publishers 2003.</li> <li>1967. Fundamentals of Musical Composition, edited by <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Strang" title="Gerald Strang">Gerald Strang</a>, with an introduction by Leonard Stein. New York: St. Martin's Press. Reprinted 1985, London: Faber and Faber. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-09276-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-09276-5">978-0-571-09276-5</a></li> <li>1978. Theory of Harmony, English edition, translated by Roy E. Carter, based on Harmonielehre 1922. Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03464-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03464-8">978-0-520-03464-8</a></li> <li>1979. Die Grundlagen der musikalischen Komposition, translated into German by Rudolf Kolisch; edited by <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Stephan" title="Rudolf Stephan">Rudolf Stephan</a>. Vienna: Universal Edition (German translation of Fundamentals of Musical Composition).</li> <li>2003. Preliminary Exercises in Counterpoint, Reprinted, Los Angeles: Belmont Music Publishers.</li> <li>2010. Theory of Harmony, 100th Anniversary Edition. Berkeley: California University Press. 2nd edition. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52026-608-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52026-608-7">978-0-52026-608-7</a></li> <li>2016. Models for Beginners in Composition, Reprinted, London: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19538-221-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19538-221-1">978-0-19538-221-1</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Writings">Writings</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Writings" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li>1947. "The Musician". In The Works of the Mind, edited by Robert B. Heywood, [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/752682744">752682744</a></li> <li>1950. <a href="/wiki/Style_and_Idea" title="Style and Idea">Style and Idea</a>: Selected Writings of Arnold Schoenberg, edited and translated by <a href="/wiki/Dika_Newlin" title="Dika Newlin">Dika Newlin</a>. New York: Philosophical Library.</li> <li>1958. Ausgewählte Briefe, by B. Schott's Söhne, Mainz.</li> <li>1964. Arnold Schoenberg Letters, selected and edited by Erwin Stein, translated from the original German by Eithne Wilkins and Ernst Kaiser. London: Faber and Faber Ltd.</li> <li>1965. Arnold Schoenberg Letters, selected and edited by Erwin Stein, translated from the original German by Eithne Wilkins and Ernst Kaiser. New York: St.Martin's Press.</li> <li>1975. Style and Idea: Selected Writings of Arnold Schoenberg, edited by Leonard Stein, with translations by Leo Black. New York: St. Martins Press; London: Faber & Faber. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05294-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05294-9">978-0-520-05294-9</a> Expanded from the 1950 Philosophical Library (New York) publication edited by Dika Newlin (559 pages from 231). The volume carries the note "Several of the essays ... were originally written in German (translated by Dika Newlin)" in both editions.</li> <li>1984. Style and Idea: Selected Writings, translated by Leo Black. Berkeley: California University Press.</li> <li>1984. Arnold Schoenberg <a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Wassily Kandinsky</a>: Letters, Pictures and Documents, edited by Jelena Hahl-Koch, translated by John C. Crawford. London: Faber and Faber. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-13060-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-13060-7">0-571-13060-7</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-13194-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-13194-8">0-571-13194-8</a></li> <li>1987. Arnold Schoenberg Letters, selected and edited by Erwin Stein, translated from the original German by Eithne Wilkins and Ernst Kaiser. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06009-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06009-8">978-0-520-06009-8</a></li> <li>2006. The Musical Idea and the Logic, Technique, and Art of Its Presentation, new paperback English edition. Bloomington and London: Indiana University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-25321-835-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-25321-835-3">978-0-25321-835-3</a></li> <li>2010. Style and Idea: Selected Writings, 60th anniversary (second) edition, translated by Leonard Stein and Leo Black. Berkeley: California University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52026-607-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52026-607-0">978-0-52026-607-0</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg_Complete_Edition" title="Arnold Schönberg Complete Edition">Arnold Schönberg Complete Edition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg_Prize" title="Arnold Schönberg Prize">Arnold Schönberg Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragmentation_(music)" title="Fragmentation (music)">Fragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_refugees" title="List of refugees">List of refugees</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈʃɜːrnbɜːrɡ/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">SHURN-burg</a>, US also <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈʃoʊn-/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">SHOHN-</a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>German: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈʃøːnbɛɐ̯k]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c6\/De-Arnold_Schoenberg.oga\/De-Arnold_Schoenberg.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Arnold Schoenberg.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c6/De-Arnold_Schoenberg.oga/De-Arnold_Schoenberg.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:De-Arnold_Schoenberg.oga" title="File:De-Arnold Schoenberg.oga">ⓘ</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Among <a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_R_to_S#Arnold_Schoenberg" title="List of music students by teacher: R to S">his many other students</a> were <a href="/wiki/Egon_Wellesz" title="Egon Wellesz">Egon Wellesz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanns_Eisler" title="Hanns Eisler">Hanns Eisler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gerhard" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Gerhard">Robert Gerhard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nikos_Skalkottas" title="Nikos Skalkottas">Nikos Skalkottas</a> in Europe; in the US, <a href="/wiki/John_Cage" title="John Cage">John Cage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lou_Harrison" title="Lou Harrison">Lou Harrison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earl_Kim" title="Earl Kim">Earl Kim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Kirchner" title="Leon Kirchner">Leon Kirchner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dika_Newlin" title="Dika Newlin">Dika Newlin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Levant" title="Oscar Levant">Oscar Levant</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> His views also influenced pianists <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rosen" title="Charles Rosen">Charles Rosen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artur_Schnabel" title="Artur Schnabel">Artur Schnabel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Serkin" title="Rudolf Serkin">Rudolf Serkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Steuermann" title="Eduard Steuermann">Eduard Steuermann</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Gould" title="Glenn Gould">Glenn Gould</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Text: "Die Trauung von »Samuel Schönberg aus Pressburg mit der Jgf. Pauline Nachod aus Prag« wurde in der »Wochenschrift für politische, religiöse und Cultur-Interessen« angezeigt. Diese Angaben divergieren vom Aufgebot, das die Kultusgemeinde veröffentlichte: 17. März (1872) 12 ½ Samuel Schönberg Kaufmann aus Szécsény Sohn d. H. Abraham und Fr. Theresia geb Löwy 15. Sept, 1838 II, Taborstr. 4 Pauline Nachod aus Preßburg, Tochter d. H. Josef und d. Fr. Karoline geb. Jontow. 8. März 1843. II Taborstraße 4. Aufgebotsz. u. Deleg. Pressburg 2. März 1872." </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Straus argued that "preoccupation with motivic coherence characterizes a whole range of early <a href="/wiki/20th-century_classical_music" title="20th-century classical music">twentieth-century [classical] music</a>", ascribing it to "much of the work" of <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Béla Bartók</a> and <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a>. He noted his argument's reliance on <a href="/wiki/Pitch_class" title="Pitch class">pitch-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Set_theory_(music)" title="Set theory (music)">set theory</a> while admitting the theory's inadequacy to analysts' aspiration to a "true unified-field theory of post-tonal music" à la <a href="/wiki/Schenkerian_analysis" title="Schenkerian analysis">Schenkerian analysis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStraus1990vii,_3,_27-62">[58]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerg2013-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerg2013_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerg2013">Berg 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.2008-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon.2008_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnon.2008">Anon. 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelm2006–2017-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelm2006%E2%80%932017_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHelm2006%E2%80%932017">Helm 2006–2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaumont200087-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaumont200087_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeaumont2000">Beaumont 2000</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoss2013118-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoss2013118_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoss2013">Boss 2013</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt1977103-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt1977103_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStuckenschmidt1977">Stuckenschmidt 1977</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoenberg1975136-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchoenberg1975136_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchoenberg1975">Schoenberg 1975</a>, p. 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquis_Who's_Whon.d.-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquis_Who's_Whon.d._12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarquis_Who's_Whon.d.">Marquis Who's Who n.d</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeighbour2001-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeighbour2001_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeighbour2001_13-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeighbour2001">Neighbour 2001</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt197796-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt197796_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt197796_14-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStuckenschmidt1977">Stuckenschmidt 1977</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHailey199355–57-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailey199355%E2%80%9357_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHailey1993">Hailey 1993</a>, pp. 55–57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoenberg1975104-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchoenberg1975104_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchoenberg1975">Schoenberg 1975</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELebrecht2001-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELebrecht2001_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLebrecht2001">Lebrecht 2001</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss200760-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss200760_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoss2007">Ross 2007</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen197565-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen197565_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRosen1975">Rosen 1975</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen199666-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen199666_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRosen1996">Rosen 1996</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoenberg1967-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchoenberg1967_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchoenberg1967">Schoenberg 1967</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1987100-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1987100_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStein1987">Stein 1987</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> quoted in <a href="#CITEREFStrimple2005">Strimple (2005</a>, p. 22) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverman2010223-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverman2010223_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSilverman2010">Silverman 2010</a>, p. 223. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShoaf199264-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShoaf199264_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShoaf1992">Shoaf 1992</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoftus2025" class="citation news cs1">Loftus, Alex (14 January 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c23n891j0mvo">"Arnold Schoenberg: Composer's vast archive destroyed in LA fires"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 15 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Arnold+Schoenberg%3A+Composer%27s+vast+archive+destroyed+in+LA+fires&rft.date=2025-01-14&rft.aulast=Loftus&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fc23n891j0mvo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArnold+Schoenberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald2008216-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald2008216_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald2008">MacDonald 2008</a>, p. 216. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuner199985-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuner199985_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAuner1999">Auner 1999</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2020" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Kellie D. (2020). The sound of hope: Music as solace, resistance and salvation during the holocaust and world war II. McFarland. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-7056-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-7056-0"><bdi>978-1-4766-7056-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+sound+of+hope%3A+Music+as+solace%2C+resistance+and+salvation+during+the+holocaust+and+world+war+II&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-7056-0&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Kellie+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArnold+Schoenberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedrich198631-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedrich198631_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFriedrich1986">Friedrich 1986</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeisst201146-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeisst201146_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeisst2011">Feisst 2011</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUCLA_Department_of_Music2008-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUCLA_Department_of_Music2008_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUCLA_Department_of_Music2008">UCLA Department of Music 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUniversity_of_Southern_California_Thornton_School_of_Music2008-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUniversity_of_Southern_California_Thornton_School_of_Music2008_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUniversity_of_Southern_California_Thornton_School_of_Music2008">University of Southern California Thornton School of Music 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeisst2011161-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeisst2011161_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeisst2011">Feisst 2011</a>, p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford2009116-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford2009116_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrawford2009">Crawford 2009</a>, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeisst20116-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeisst20116_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeisst2011">Feisst 2011</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaskin2008-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaskin2008_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaskin2008">Laskin 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald200879-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald200879_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald2008">MacDonald 2008</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoenberg1975514-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchoenberg1975514_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchoenberg1975">Schoenberg 1975</a>, p. 514. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkins2010114-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkins2010114_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWatkins2010">Watkins 2010</a>, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeisst201112-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeisst201112_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeisst201112_41-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeisst2011">Feisst 2011</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeisst2011122-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeisst2011122_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeisst2011">Feisst 2011</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeisst2011117-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeisst2011117_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeisst2011">Feisst 2011</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlonimsky,_Kuhn,_and_McIntire2001-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlonimsky,_Kuhn,_and_McIntire2001_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlonimsky,_Kuhn,_and_McIntire2001">Slonimsky, Kuhn, and McIntire 2001</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoss1951401-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoss1951401_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoss1951">Foss 1951</a>, p. 401. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss200745-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss200745_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoss2007">Ross 2007</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiskup200020Plush199636–95-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiskup200020Plush199636%E2%80%9395_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiskup2000">Biskup 2000</a>, 20; <a href="#CITEREFPlush1996">Plush 1996</a>, 36–95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlush199636–95-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlush199636%E2%80%9395_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlush1996">Plush 1996</a>, 36–95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald200883-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald200883_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald2008">MacDonald 2008</a>, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus2016188-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcus2016188_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarcus2016">Marcus 2016</a>, p. 188. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenberg2019-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenberg2019_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenberg2019">Greenberg 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> quoted in <a href="#CITEREFLebrecht1985">Lebrecht (1985</a>, p. 294) </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Nuria Schoenberg-Nono, quoted in <a href="#CITEREFLebrecht1985">Lebrecht (1985</a>, p. 295) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt1977520-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt1977520_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStuckenschmidt1977">Stuckenschmidt 1977</a>, p. 520. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt1977521-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt1977521_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStuckenschmidt1977">Stuckenschmidt 1977</a>, p. 521. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy199915-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCoy199915_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCoy1999">McCoy 1999</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeuw2005154–55-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeuw2005154%E2%80%9355_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeeuw2005">Leeuw 2005</a>, pp. 154–55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeuw2005155–57-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeuw2005155%E2%80%9357_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeeuw2005">Leeuw 2005</a>, pp. 155–57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaimo19904-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaimo19904_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaimo1990">Haimo 1990</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStraus199023,_192-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStraus199023,_192_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStraus199023,_192_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStraus199023,_192_60-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFStraus1990">Straus 1990</a>, 23, 192. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStraus1990vii,_3-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStraus1990vii,_3_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStraus1990">Straus 1990</a>, vii, 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStraus1990vii,_3,_27-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStraus1990vii,_3,_27_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStraus1990">Straus 1990</a>, vii, 3, 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoldenhauer_and_Moldenhauer1978154-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoldenhauer_and_Moldenhauer1978154_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoldenhauer_and_Moldenhauer1978">Moldenhauer and Moldenhauer 1978</a>, 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoenberg1984218-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchoenberg1984218_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchoenberg1984">Schoenberg 1984</a>, p. 218. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt1977277-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt1977277_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStuckenschmidt1977">Stuckenschmidt 1977</a>, p. 277. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaimo199041-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaimo199041_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaimo1990">Haimo 1990</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen19964-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen19964_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRosen1996">Rosen 1996</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt1977184-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt1977184_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStuckenschmidt1977">Stuckenschmidt 1977</a>, p. 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt1977185-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt1977185_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStuckenschmidt1977">Stuckenschmidt 1977</a>, p. 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaimo19902–3-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaimo19902%E2%80%933_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaimo1990">Haimo 1990</a>, pp. 2–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240721181350/https://archive2.schoenberg.at/compositions/werke_einzelansicht.php?werke_id=288&herkunft=allewerke">"Drei Satiren für gemischten Chor: 2. Vielseitigkeit"</a> [Three Satires for mixed choir: II. Versatility]. Arnold Schönberg Center. Archived from the original on 21 July 2024. Retrieved 21 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arnold+Sch%C3%B6nberg+Center&rft.atitle=Drei+Satiren+f%C3%BCr+gemischten+Chor%3A+2.+Vielseitigkeit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive2.schoenberg.at%2Fcompositions%2Fwerke_einzelansicht.php%3Fwerke_id%3D288%26herkunft%3Dallewerke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArnold+Schoenberg" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240720061856/https://archive2.schoenberg.at/compositions/werke_einzelansicht.php?werke_id=289&herkunft=allewerke">"Drei Satiren für gemischten Chor: 3. Der neue Klassizismus"</a> [Three Satires for mixed choir: III. The New Classicism]. Arnold Schönberg Center. Archived from the original on 20 July 2024. Retrieved 21 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arnold+Sch%C3%B6nberg+Center&rft.atitle=Drei+Satiren+f%C3%BCr+gemischten+Chor%3A+3.+Der+neue+Klassizismus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive2.schoenberg.at%2Fcompositions%2Fwerke_einzelansicht.php%3Fwerke_id%3D289%26herkunft%3Dallewerke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArnold+Schoenberg" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisn.d.-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisn.d._74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewisn.d.">Lewis n.d</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.2013-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon.2013_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnon.2013">Anon. 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss2007156-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss2007156_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoss2007">Ross 2007</a>, p. 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaruskin20047-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaruskin20047_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaruskin2004">Taruskin 2004</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaruskin200410-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaruskin200410_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaruskin2004">Taruskin 2004</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaruskin200412-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaruskin200412_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaruskin2004">Taruskin 2004</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmall197725-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall197725_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmall1977">Small 1977</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook199846-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook199846_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook1998">Cook 1998</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarle2003643-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarle2003643_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEarle2003">Earle 2003</a>, p. 643. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2018321–22-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh2018321%E2%80%9322_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalsh2018">Walsh 2018</a>, pp. 321–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEE._R._Schoenberg2018109–149-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEE._R._Schoenberg2018109%E2%80%93149_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFE._R._Schoenberg2018">E. R. Schoenberg 2018</a>, pp. 109–149. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Brien2009-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Brien2009_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Brien2009">O'Brien 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Hermann Kurzke, Thomas Mann: Life as a Work of Art: A Biography, chapter XVII (Doctor Faustus), subchapter The guide, Princeton University Press (2002). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt1977142-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt1977142_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStuckenschmidt1977">Stuckenschmidt 1977</a>, p. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Kallir, Jane (1984), Arnold Schoenberg's Vienna, "focus[es] on the paintings, which form the central chapter" of the book (p. 11). </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Kallir 1984, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt1977551–552-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuckenschmidt1977551%E2%80%93552_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStuckenschmidt1977">Stuckenschmidt 1977</a>, pp. 551–552. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon.2008" class="citation web cs1">Anon. (29 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/new-german-archive-focuses-on-music-silenced-by-the-nazis/a-3158764">"New German Archive Focuses on Music Silenced by the Nazis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>. Retrieved 29 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+German+Archive+Focuses+on+Music+Silenced+by+the+Nazis&rft.pub=Deutsche+Welle&rft.date=2008-02-29&rft.au=Anon.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fnew-german-archive-focuses-on-music-silenced-by-the-nazis%2Fa-3158764&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArnold+Schoenberg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFAnon.2013">Anon. 2013. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/Name/Max-Deutsch/Conductor/111897-3">Max Deutsch Conducts Arnold Schonberg</a>" [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] ArkivMusic: The Source for Classical Music (accessed 27 December 2015).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFAuner1999">Auner, Joseph H. 1999. "Schoenberg and His Public in 1930: The Six Pieces For Male Chorus, Op. 35". In Schoenberg and His World, edited by Walter Frisch, 85–125. Bard Music Festival Series. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04860-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04860-4">978-0-691-04860-4</a> (cloth); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04861-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04861-1">978-0-691-04861-1</a> (pbk).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFBeaumont2000">Beaumont, Antony. 2000. Zemlinsky. London: <a href="/wiki/Faber_and_Faber" class="mw-redirect" title="Faber and Faber">Faber and Faber</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-16983-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-16983-2">978-0-571-16983-2</a> Ithaca: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3803-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3803-5">978-0-8014-3803-5</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerg2013" class="citation web cs1">Berg, Marita (24 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/the-nazis-take-on-degenerate-music/a-16834697">"The Nazis' take on 'Degenerate Music'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>. Retrieved 23 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=The+Nazis%27+take+on+%27Degenerate+Music%27&rft.date=2013-05-24&rft.aulast=Berg&rft.aufirst=Marita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fthe-nazis-take-on-degenerate-music%2Fa-16834697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArnold+Schoenberg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFBiskup2000">Biskup, Peter. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240624074012/https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.646615296997201">Popper in Australasia, 1937–1945</a>". <a href="/wiki/Quadrant_(magazine)" title="Quadrant (magazine)">Quadrant</a>. 44(6): 20–28.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFBoss2013">Boss, Jack. 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2776725/Mahlers_Musical_Idea_A_Schenkerian-Schoenbergian_Analysis_of_the_Adagio_from_Symphony_No._10">Mahler's Musical Idea: A Schenkerian-Schoenbergian Analysis of the Adagio from Symphony No. 10</a> (accessed 7 September 2019).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFCook1998">Cook, Nicholas. 1998. Music: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285340-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285340-0">978-0-19-285340-0</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFCrawford2009">Crawford, Dorothy L. 2009. A Windfall of Musicians: Hitler's Émigrés and Exiles in Southern California. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15548-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15548-8">978-0-300-15548-8</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFEarle2003">Earle, Ben. 2003. "Taste, Power and Trying to Understand Op. 36: British Attempts to Popularize Schoenberg". <a href="/wiki/Music_%26_Letters" title="Music & Letters">Music & Letters</a> 84, no. 4: 608–43.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFFeisst2011">Feisst, Sabine. 2011. Schoenberg's New World: The American Years. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537238-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537238-0">978-0-19-537238-0</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFFriedrich1986">Friedrich, Otto. 1986. City of Nets: A Portrait of Hollywood in 1940's [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>]. New York: <a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Row" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper & Row">Harper & Row</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-015626-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-015626-8">978-0-06-015626-8</a> Reprinted, Berkeley and Los Angeles: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20949-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20949-7">978-0-520-20949-7</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFFoss1951"><a href="/wiki/Hubert_J._Foss" title="Hubert J. Foss">Foss, Hubert</a>. 1951. "Schoenberg, 1874–1951" <a href="/wiki/The_Musical_Times" title="The Musical Times">The Musical Times</a> 92, no. 1 (September): 401–403.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg2019" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Greenberg" title="Robert Greenberg">Greenberg, Robert</a> (26 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200207093617/https://robertgreenbergmusic.com/music-history-monday-lotte-lehmann/">"Music History Monday: Lotte Lehmann"</a>. robertgreenbergmusic.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://robertgreenbergmusic.com/music-history-monday-lotte-lehmann/">the original</a> on 7 February 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=robertgreenbergmusic.com&rft.atitle=Music+History+Monday%3A+Lotte+Lehmann&rft.date=2019-08-26&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frobertgreenbergmusic.com%2Fmusic-history-monday-lotte-lehmann%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArnold+Schoenberg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFHailey1993">Hailey, Christopher. 1993. <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schreker" title="Franz Schreker">Franz Schreker</a>, 1878–1934: A Cultural Biography. Cambridge and New York: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39255-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39255-6">978-0-521-39255-6</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFHaimo1990">Haimo, Ethan. 1990. Schoenberg's Serial Odyssey: The Evolution of his Twelve-Tone Method, 1914–1928. Oxford [England]: <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>; New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-315260-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-315260-1">978-0-19-315260-1</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFHelm2006–2017">Helm, Paul. 2006–2017. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.52composers.com/schoenberg.html">Arnold Schoenberg</a>". 52composers.com (accessed 24 June 2018).</cite>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFLaskin2008"><a href="/wiki/David_Laskin" title="David Laskin">Laskin, David</a>. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/05/travel/05culture.html">When Weimar Luminaries Went West Coast</a>. The New York Times (3 October 2008).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFLebrecht1985"><a href="/wiki/Lebrecht,_Norman" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebrecht, Norman">Lebrecht, Norman</a>. 1985. The Book of Musical Anecdotes. New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>; London: <a href="/wiki/Sphere_Books" title="Sphere Books">Sphere Books</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-918710-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-918710-4">978-0-02-918710-4</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFLebrecht2001">Lebrecht, Norman. 2001. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scena.org/columns/lebrecht/010708-NL-Schoenberg.html">Why We're Still Afraid of Schoenberg</a>". The Lebrecht Weekly (8 July).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFLeeuw2005"><a href="/wiki/Ton_de_Leeuw" title="Ton de Leeuw">Leeuw, Ton de</a>. 2005. Music of the Twentieth Century: A Study of Its Elements and Structure, translated from the Dutch by Stephen Taylor. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-765-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-765-4">978-90-5356-765-4</a> Translation of Muziek van de twintigste eeuw: een onderzoek naar haar elementen en structuur. Utrecht: <a href="/wiki/Oosthoek_(encyclopedia)" title="Oosthoek (encyclopedia)">Oosthoek's Uitgevers Mij. N.V.</a>, 1964. Third impression, Utrecht: Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema, 1977. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-313-0244-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-313-0244-4">978-90-313-0244-4</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFLewisn.d.">Lewis, Uncle Dave. n.d. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/album/max-deutsch-der-schatz-mw0001428889">"Review of</a> <a href="/wiki/Staatsphilharmonie_Rheinland-Pfalz" title="Staatsphilharmonie Rheinland-Pfalz">Rheinland-Pfalz Staatsphilharmonie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Strobel" title="Frank Strobel">Frank Strobel</a>: <a href="/wiki/Max_Deutsch" title="Max Deutsch">Max Deutsch</a>: Der Schatz". AllMusic Review. allmusic.com. Retrieved 26 December 2015.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFMcCoy1999">McCoy, Marilyn. 1999. "A Schoenberg Chronology". In Schoenberg and His World, edited by Walter Frisch, 1–15. Bard Music Festival Series. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04860-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04860-4">978-0-691-04860-4</a> (cloth); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04861-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04861-1">978-0-691-04861-1</a> (pbk).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFMacDonald2008">MacDonald, Malcolm. 2008. Schoenberg, second, revised edition. The Master Musicians Series. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517201-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517201-0">978-0-19-517201-0</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803840-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803840-5">978-0-19-803840-5</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFMarcus2016">Marcus, Kenneth H. 2016. Schoenberg and Hollywood Modernism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-06499-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-06499-7">978-1-107-06499-7</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFMarquis_Who's_Whon.d."><a href="/wiki/Marquis_Who%27s_Who" title="Marquis Who's Who">Marquis Who's Who</a>. n.d. (Who Was Who in America, Volume III {1951–1960}). (accessed 4 October 2012).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>]</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFMoldenhauer_and_Moldenhauer1978">Moldenhauer, Hans, and Rosaleen Moldenhauer. 1978. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/antonvonwebernch0000mold">Anton von Webern: A Chronicle of His Life and Work</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Gollancz_Ltd" title="Victor Gollancz Ltd">Victor Gollancz Ltd</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-47237-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-47237-9">978-0-394-47237-9</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFNeighbour2001">Neighbour, O[liver] W. 2001. "Schoenberg [Schönberg], Arnold (Franz Walter)". <a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a>, second edition, edited by <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)" title="John Tyrrell (musicologist)">John Tyrrell</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFO'Brien2009">Sean O'Brien, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/book-of-a-lifetime-doktor-faustus-by-thomas-mann-1778006.html">Book of a Lifetime: Doktor Faustus, by Thomas Mann</a>". Independent (28 August).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFPlush1996">Plush, Vincent. 1996. "They Could Have Been Ours". <a href="/wiki/Limelight_(magazine)" title="Limelight (magazine)">ABC Radio 24 Hours</a> (Jan. 1996): 36–95.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFKrasner_and_Seibert1987">Krasner, Louis, and Don C. Seibert. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fanfarearchive.com/articles/atop/11_2/1124160.aa_Some_Memories_Anton_Webern.html">Some Memories of Anton Webern, the Berg Concerto, and Vienna in the 1930s</a>." Fanfare (Nov.–Dec. 1987): 335–347</cite></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFRosen1975"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rosen" title="Charles Rosen">Rosen, Charles</a>. 1975. Arnold Schoenberg. New York: <a href="/wiki/Viking_Press" title="Viking Press">Viking Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-13316-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-13316-1">978-0-670-13316-1</a> (pbk) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-01986-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-01986-1">978-0-670-01986-1</a> (cloth).</cite> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFRosen1996">Reprinted 1996, with a new preface. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-72643-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-72643-4">978-0-226-72643-4</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFRoss2007"><a href="/wiki/Alex_Ross_(music_critic)" title="Alex Ross (music critic)">Ross, Alex</a>. 2007. <a href="/wiki/The_Rest_Is_Noise" title="The Rest Is Noise">The Rest Is Noise</a>: Listening to the Twentieth Century. New York: <a href="/wiki/Farrar,_Straus_and_Giroux" title="Farrar, Straus and Giroux">Farrar, Straus and Giroux</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-24939-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-24939-7">978-0-374-24939-7</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFSchoenberg1964">Schoenberg, Arnold. 1964. Arnold Schoenberg Letters, selected and edited by Erwin Stein, translated from the original German by Eithne Wilkins and Ernst Kaiser. London: Faber. Paperback reprint, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06009-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06009-8">978-0-520-06009-8</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFSchoenberg1967">Schoenberg, Arnold. 1967. Fundamentals of Musical Composition. Edited by Gerald Strang, with an introduction by Leonard Stein. New York: St. Martin's Press. Reprinted 1985, London: Faber and Faber. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-09276-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-09276-5">978-0-571-09276-5</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFSchoenberg1975">Schoenberg, Arnold. 1975. Style and Idea: Selected Writings of Arnold Schoenberg. Edited by Leonard Stein, with translations by Leo Black. New York: St. Martins Press; London: Faber & Faber. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05294-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05294-9">978-0-520-05294-9</a> Expanded from the 1950 Philosophical Library (New York) publication edited by <a href="/wiki/Dika_Newlin" title="Dika Newlin">Dika Newlin</a>. The volume carries the note "Several of the essays ... were originally written in German (translated by Dika Newlin)" in both editions.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFSchoenberg1984">Schoenberg, Arnold. 1984. Style and Idea: Selected Writings, translated by Leo Black. Berkeley: California University Press.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFSchonberg1970"><a href="/wiki/Schonberg,_Harold_C." class="mw-redirect" title="Schonberg, Harold C.">Schonberg, Harold C.</a> 1970. The Lives of the Great Composers. New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton" class="mw-redirect" title="W. W. Norton">W. W. Norton</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-02146-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-02146-2">978-0-393-02146-2</a> (Revised ed., New York: W. W. Norton, 1980. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-01302-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-01302-3">978-0-393-01302-3</a> Third ed. New York: W.W. Norton, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-03857-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-03857-6">978-0-393-03857-6</a>).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFE._R._Schoenberg2018">Schoenberg, E. Randol. 2018. Doctor Faustus Dossier, The: Arnold Schoenberg, Thomas Mann and Their Contemporaries, 1930–1951. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-29683-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-29683-1">978-0-520-29683-1</a> University of California Press.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFShoaf1992">Shoaf, R. Wayne. 1992. "Satellite Collections in the Archive of the Arnold Schoenberg Institute". Journal of the Arnold Schoenberg Institute 15, no. 1 (June): 9–110.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFSilverman2010"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Silverman" title="Kenneth Silverman">Silverman, Kenneth</a>. 2010. Begin Again: A Biography of John Cage. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Toronto: Random House. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-4437-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-4437-5">978-1-4000-4437-5</a> Reprinted, Evanston, IL: <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University_Press" title="Northwestern University Press">Northwestern University Press</a>, 2012.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFSlonimsky,_Kuhn,_and_McIntire2001"><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Slonimsky" title="Nicolas Slonimsky">Nicolas Slonimsky</a>, Nicolas, Laura Kuhn, and Dennis McIntire. 2001. "Schoenberg (originally, Schönberg), Arnold (Franz Walter)." <a href="/wiki/Baker%27s_Biographical_Dictionary_of_Musicians" title="Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians">Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians</a>, eighth edition, edited by Nicolas Slonimsky and Laura Kuhn. Six volumes. New York: Schirmer Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865571-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865571-0">978-0-02-865571-0</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFSmall1977">Small, Christopher. 1977. Schoenberg. Novello Short Biographies. Sevenoaks, Kent: Novello.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFStraus1990">Straus, Joseph N. 1990. Remaking the Past: Musical Modernism and the Influence of the Tonal Tradition. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-43633-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-43633-6">978-0-674-43633-6</a> (ebk). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-75990-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-75990-9">978-0-674-75990-9</a> (hbk). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4159%2Fharvard.9780674436336">10.4159/harvard.9780674436336</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFStein1987">Stein, Erwin (ed.). 1987. Arnold Schoenberg: Letters, translated by Eithne Wilkins and Ernst Kaiser. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06009-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06009-8">978-0-520-06009-8</a></cite> (Reprint of <a href="#CITEREFSchoenberg1964">Schoenberg (1964)</a>.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFStrimple2005">Strimple, Nick. 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qepYmsiSnwoC&pg=PA22">Choral Music in the Twentieth Century</a>. Portland, Oregon & Cambridge, UK: Amadeus. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57467-122-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57467-122-3">978-1-57467-122-3</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFStuckenschmidt1977"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Heinz_Stuckenschmidt" title="Hans Heinz Stuckenschmidt">Stuckenschmidt, Hans Heinz</a>. 1977. Schoenberg: His Life, World and Work, translated from the German by <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Searle" title="Humphrey Searle">Humphrey Searle</a>. New York: Schirmer Books.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaruskin2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Taruskin" title="Richard Taruskin">Taruskin, Richard</a> (Spring 2004). "The poietic fallacy". <a href="/wiki/The_Musical_Times" title="The Musical Times">The Musical Times</a>. 145 (1886): 7–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4149092">10.2307/4149092</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4149092">4149092</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Musical+Times&rft.atitle=The+poietic+fallacy&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=145&rft.issue=1886&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4149092&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4149092%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Taruskin&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArnold+Schoenberg" class="Z3988"> (Reissued in The Danger of Music and Other Anti-Utopian Essays. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2007, pp. 301–329. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-94279-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-94279-0">978-0-520-94279-0</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFUCLA_Department_of_Music2008">UCLA Department of Music. 2008. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060514111634/http://www.music.ucla.edu/Facilities/index.html">Facilities and Maintenance</a>" (accessed 1 December 2008).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFUniversity_of_Southern_California_Thornton_School_of_Music2008"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California_Thornton_School_of_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Southern California Thornton School of Music">University of Southern California Thornton School of Music</a>. 2008. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091126084644/http://www.usc.edu/schools/music/about/halls/index.html">Performance Halls and Studios</a>" (accessed 1 December 2008).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFWalsh2018">Walsh, Stephen. 2018. Debussy: A Painter in Sound. London: Faber and Faber Limited <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-33016-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-33016-4">978-0-571-33016-4</a>; New York: Alfred A. Knopf <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5247-3192-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5247-3192-2">978-1-5247-3192-2</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFWatkins2010"><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Watkins" title="Glenn Watkins">Watkins, Glenn</a>. 2010. The Gesualdo Hex: Music, Myth, and Memory. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-07102-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-07102-3">978-0-393-07102-3</a></cite></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(composer)" title="John Adams (composer)">Adams, John</a> (28 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/28/books/review/schoenberg-why-he-matters-harvey-sachs.html?searchResultPosition=1">"Make It New and Difficult: The Music of Arnold Schoenberg" (review of Sachs, Harvey, Schoenberg: Why He Matters)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno, Theodor</a>. 1967. Prisms, translated from the German by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Weber" title="Samuel Weber">Samuel</a> and Shierry Weber London: Spearman; Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>.</li> <li>Anon. 1997–2013. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/arts/musdegen.htm">'Degenerate' Music</a>". In A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust. The Florida Center for Instructional Technology, College of Education, University of South Florida (accessed 16 June 2014).</li> <li>Auner, Joseph. 1993. A Schoenberg Reader. New Haven: Yale University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09540-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09540-1">978-0-300-09540-1</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey2015" class="citation journal cs1">Bailey, Walter B. (Spring 2015). ""For the serious listeners who swear neither at nor by Schoenberg": Music Criticism, the Great War, and the Dawning of a New Attitude Toward Schoenberg and Ultra-Modern Music in New York City". <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Musicology" title="The Journal of Musicology">The Journal of Musicology</a>. 32 (2): 279–322. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fjm.2015.32.2.279">10.1525/jm.2015.32.2.279</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/jm.2015.32.2.279">10.1525/jm.2015.32.2.279</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Musicology&rft.atitle=%22For+the+serious+listeners+who+swear+neither+at+nor+by+Schoenberg%22%3A+Music+Criticism%2C+the+Great+War%2C+and+the+Dawning+of+a+New+Attitude+Toward+Schoenberg+and+Ultra-Modern+Music+in+New+York+City&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E279-%3C%2Fspan%3E322&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fjm.2015.32.2.279&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1525%2Fjm.2015.32.2.279%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Walter+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArnold+Schoenberg" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Berry, Mark. 2019. Arnold Schoenberg. London: Reaktion Books.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Boulez, Pierre</a>. 1991. "Schoenberg is Dead" (1952). In his Stocktakings from an Apprenticeship, collected and presented by Paule Thévenin, translated by Stephen Walsh, with an introduction by Robert Piencikowski, 209–14. Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-311210-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-311210-0">978-0-19-311210-0</a></li> <li>Brand, Julianne, Christopher Hailey, and Donald Harris (editors). 1987. The Berg-Schoenberg Correspondence: Selected Letters. New York, London: W. W. Norton and Company. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-01919-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-01919-3">978-0-393-01919-3</a></li> <li>Buhle, Paul, and David Wagner. 2002. Radical Hollywood: The Untold Story Behind America's Favorite Movies. New York: <a href="/wiki/The_New_Press" title="The New Press">The New Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56584-819-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56584-819-1">978-1-56584-819-1</a></li> <li>Clausen, Detlev. 2008. Theodor W. Adorno: One Last Genius, translated by Rodney Livingstone. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02618-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02618-6">978-0-674-02618-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avior_Byron" title="Avior Byron">Byron, Avior</a>. 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070603152717/http://www.societymusictheory.org/mto/issues/mto.06.12.1/mto.06.12.1.byron_frames.html">"The Test Pressings of Schoenberg Conducting Pierrot lunaire: Sprechstimme Reconsidered".</a> <a href="/wiki/Music_Theory_Online" title="Music Theory Online">Music Theory Online</a> 12, no. 1 (February).</li> <li>Cohen, Mitchell, "A Dissonant Schoenberg in Berlin and Paris," "Jewish Review of Books," April 2016.</li> <li>da Costa Meyer, Esther. 2003. "Schoenberg's Echo: The Composer as Painter". In Schoenberg, Kandinsky, and the Blue Rider, edited by Fred Wasserman and Esther da Costa Meyer, foreword by Joan Rosenbaum, preface by Christian Meyer. London and New York: Scala. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85759-312-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85759-312-9">978-1-85759-312-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Everdell" title="William Everdell">Everdell, William R.</a> 1998 <a href="/wiki/The_First_Moderns" title="The First Moderns">The First Moderns: Profiles in the Origins of Twentieth-Century Thought</a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Eybl" title="Martin Eybl">Eybl, Martin</a>. 2004. Die Befreiung des Augenblicks: Schönbergs Skandalkonzerte von 1907 und 1908: eine Dokumentation. Wiener Veröffentlichungen zur Musikgeschichte 4. Vienna, Cologne, Weimar: Böhlau. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-205-77103-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-205-77103-6">978-3-205-77103-6</a></li> <li>Floirat, Bernard. 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4245635/Les_Fonctions_structurelles_de_lharmonie_dArnold_Schoenberg">Les Fonctions structurelles de l'harmonie d'Arnold Schoenberg</a>. Eska, Musurgia. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7472-0209-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7472-0209-1">978-2-7472-0209-1</a></li> <li>Frisch, Walter (ed.). 1999. Schoenberg and His World. Bard Music Festival Series. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04860-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04860-4">978-0-691-04860-4</a> (cloth); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04861-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04861-1">978-0-691-04861-1</a> (pbk).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genette,_G%C3%A9rard" class="mw-redirect" title="Genette, Gérard">Genette, Gérard</a>. 1997. Immanence and Transcendence, translated by G. M. Goshgarian. Ithaca: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8272-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8272-4">978-0-8014-8272-4</a></li> <li>Gur, Golan. 2009. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.searchnewmusic.org/gur.pdf">Arnold Schoenberg and the Ideology of Progress in Twentieth-Century Musical Thinking</a>". Search: Journal for New Music and Culture 5 (Summer). Online journal (Accessed 17 October 2011).</li> <li>Greissle-Schönberg, Arnold, and <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Bogen" title="Nancy Bogen">Nancy Bogen</a>. [n.d.] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090823073704/http://www.schoenbergseuropeanfamily.org/">Arnold Schönberg's European Family</a> (e-book). The Lark Ascending, Inc. (accessed 2 May 2010)</li> <li>Hyde, Martha M. 1982. Schoenberg's Twelve-Tone Harmony: The Suite Op. 29 and the Compositional Sketches. Studies in Musicology, series edited by George Buelow. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8357-1512-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8357-1512-6">978-0-8357-1512-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Kallir" title="Jane Kallir">Kallir, Jane</a>. 1984. Arnold Schoenberg's Vienna. New York: Galerie St. Etienne and Rizzoli International Publications, Inc.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Kandinsky, Wassily</a>. 2000. "Arnold Schönberg als Maler/Arnold Schönberg as Painter". Journal of the Arnold Schönberg Center, no. 1:131–76.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahler,_Alma" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahler, Alma">Mahler, Alma</a>. 1960. Mein Leben, with a foreword by <a href="/wiki/Willy_Haas" title="Willy Haas">Willy Haas</a>. Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer, My Life, My Loves: The Memoirs of Alma Mahler, <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Griffin" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Martin's Griffin">St. Martin's Griffin</a> (1958) Paperback <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-02540-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-02540-3">978-0-312-02540-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Banks_Mailman" title="Joshua Banks Mailman">Mailman, Joshua Banks</a> (September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283199863">"Schoenberg's Chordal Experimentalism Revealed through Representational Hierarchy Association (RHA), Contour Motives, and Binary State Switching"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Music_Theory_Spectrum" title="Music Theory Spectrum">Music Theory Spectrum</a>. 37 (2): 224–252. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmts%2Fmtv015">10.1093/mts/mtv015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Music+Theory+Spectrum&rft.atitle=Schoenberg%27s+Chordal+Experimentalism+Revealed+through+Representational+Hierarchy+Association+%28RHA%29%2C+Contour+Motives%2C+and+Binary+State+Switching&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E224-%3C%2Fspan%3E252&rft.date=2015-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmts%2Fmtv015&rft.aulast=Mailman&rft.aufirst=Joshua+Banks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F283199863&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArnold+Schoenberg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFMuxeneder2019">Muxeneder, Therese. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240419224717/https://archive.schoenberg.at/library/bilddaten/Muxeneder2019_compressed.pdf">"Arnold Schönbergs Konfrontationen mit Antisemitismus (III)"</a>. In Journal of the Arnold Schönberg Center 16, 164–254. Vienna: Arnold Schönberg Center.</cite></li> <li>Orenstein, Arbie. 1975. Ravel: Man and Musician. London: Columbia University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Payne" title="Anthony Payne">Payne, Anthony</a> (1968). Schoenberg. Oxford Studies of Composers. London: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/915854222">915854222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schoenberg&rft.place=London&rft.series=Oxford+Studies+of+Composers&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F915854222&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArnold+Schoenberg" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Petropoulos, Jonathan. 2014. Artists Under Hitler. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19747-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19747-1">978-0-300-19747-1</a></li> <li>Ringer, Alexander. 1990. "Arnold Schoenberg: The Composer as Jew". Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-315466-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-315466-7">978-0-19-315466-7</a></li> <li>Rollet, Philippe (ed.). 2010. Arnold Schönberg: Visions et regards, with a preface by Frédéric Chambert and Alain Mousseigne. Montreuil-sous-Bois: Liénart. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35906-028-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35906-028-7">978-2-35906-028-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Sachs" title="Harvey Sachs">Sachs, Harvey</a>. 2023. Schoenberg: Why He Matters. New York: Liveright Publishing Corporation. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63149-757-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63149-757-5">978-1-63149-757-5</a>.</li> <li>Schoenberg, Arnold. 1922. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28creator%3A%22Arnold%20Sch%C3%B6nberg%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Arnold%20Schoenberg%22%29%20AND%20mediatype%3Atexts%20NOT%20Goethe">Harmonielehre</a>, third edition. Vienna: Universal Edition. (Originally published 1911). Translation by Roy E. Carter, based on the third edition, as Theory of Harmony. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04945-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04945-1">978-0-520-04945-1</a>. Second edition (100th Anniversary) published in 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520266087" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520266087">978-0520266087</a>.</li> <li>Schoenberg, Arnold. 1959. Structural Functions of Harmony. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Stein" title="Leonard Stein">Leonard Stein</a>. London: Williams and Norgate; Revised edition, New York, London: W. W. Norton 1969. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-00478-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-00478-6">978-0-393-00478-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Shawn" title="Allen Shawn">Shawn, Allen</a>. 2002. Arnold Schoenberg's Journey. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-10590-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-10590-7">978-0-374-10590-7</a></li> <li>Stegemann, Benedikt. 2013. Theory of Tonality: Theoretical Studies. Wilhelmshaven: Noetzel. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7959-0963-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7959-0963-5">978-3-7959-0963-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Weiss" title="Adolph Weiss">Weiss, Adolph</a>. 1932. "The Lyceum of Schonberg", Modern Music 9, no. 3 (March–April): 99–107.</li> <li>Wright, James K. 2007. Schoenberg, Wittgenstein, and the Vienna Circle. Bern: Verlag Peter Lang. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03911-287-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-03911-287-6">978-3-03911-287-6</a></li> <li>Wright, James K. and Alan M. Gillmor (eds.). 2009. Schoenberg's Chamber Music, Schoenberg's World. New York: Pendragon Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57647-130-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57647-130-2">978-1-57647-130-2</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bbc.co.uk/schoenberg">"Discovering Schoenberg"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_3" title="BBC Radio 3">BBC Radio 3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discovering+Schoenberg&rft.pub=BBC+Radio+3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbbc.co.uk%2Fschoenberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArnold+Schoenberg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schoenberg.at/index.php?lang=en">Arnold Schoenberg Center in Vienna</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2014571127">Archival records: Arnold Schoenberg collection, 1900–1951</a>, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mediathek.at/en/schoenberg-linking-two-continents-in-sound/">Schönberg. Linking two continents in sound.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220201053138/https://www.mediathek.at/en/schoenberg-linking-two-continents-in-sound/">Archived</a> 1 February 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> a web-based exhibition of Arnold Schönberg curated by <a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterreichische_Mediathek" title="Österreichische Mediathek">Österreichische Mediathek</a> in cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg_Center" title="Arnold Schönberg Center">Arnold Schönberg Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28creator%3A%22Arnold%20Sch%C3%B6nberg%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Arnold%20Schoenberg%22%29%20AND%20mediatype%3Aaudio">Recordings</a> at <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLd5O5bvfwGeFlYa8-ct0GgDcbuM78HOov">Arnold Schoenberg (1874–1951)</a> videos compiled by <a href="/wiki/E._Randol_Schoenberg" title="E. Randol Schoenberg">Randol Schoenberg</a> on YouTube</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090707115926/http://www.schoenberg.at/4_exhibits/asc/gott_2002/asc_gott_e.htm">Arnold Schönberg and His God</a> Exhibition, 3 May – 13 September 2002, at Arnold Schönberg Center in Vienna.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/21px-Audio_a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="460"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" 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position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&oldid=1277468861">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&oldid=1277468861</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Schoenberg&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 24 February 2025, at 20:40 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Arnold Schoenberg" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AC" title="أرنولد شوينبيرج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أرنولد شوينبيرج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_%C5%9E%C3%B6nberq" title="Arnold Şönberq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Arnold Şönberq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Арнольд Шонберг – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Арнольд Шонберг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Арнолд Шьонберг – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Арнолд Шьонберг" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Arnold Schoenberg" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Arnold Schoenberg" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Arnold Schoenberg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%A3%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Άρνολντ Σένμπεργκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άρνολντ Σένμπεργκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="آرنولد شونبرگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آرنولد شونبرگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Arnold Schoenberg" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A5%B4%EB%86%80%ED%8A%B8_%EC%87%A4%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC" title="아르놀트 쇤베르크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아르놀트 쇤베르크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Arnold Schoenberg" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A4_%D5%87%D5%B5%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A3" title="Առնոլդ Շյոնբերգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Առնոլդ Շյոնբերգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schonberg" title="Arnold Schonberg – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Arnold Schonberg" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93_%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%92" title="ארנולד שנברג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארנולד שנברג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schonberg" title="Arnold Schonberg – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Arnold Schonberg" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Arnold Schoenberg" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="არნოლდ შონბერგი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არნოლდ შონბერგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnoldus_Schoenberg" title="Arnoldus Schoenberg – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Arnoldus Schoenberg" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnolds_%C5%A0%C4%93nbergs" title="Arnolds Šēnbergs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Arnolds Šēnbergs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Арнолд Шенберг – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Арнолд Шенберг" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Arnold Schoenberg" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AC" title="ارنولد شوينبيرج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ارنولد شوينبيرج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8E%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF" title="アルノルト・シェーンベルク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルノルト・シェーンベルク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3,_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Шёнберг, Арнольд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шёнберг, Арнольд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Shenberg" title="Arnold Shenberg – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Arnold Shenberg" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Arnold Schoenberg" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%DA%95%D9%86%DB%86%DA%B5%D8%AF_%D8%B4%DB%86%D9%86%D8%A8%DB%8E%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="ئاڕنۆڵد شۆنبێرگ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئاڕنۆڵد شۆنبێرگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Арнолд Шенберг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Арнолд Шенберг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Arnold Schoenberg" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%84" title="อาร์น็อลท์ เชินแบร์ค – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาร์น็อลท์ เชินแบร์ค" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Arnold Schönberg – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Arnold Schönberg" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Арнольд Шенберг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Арнольд Шенберг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Arnold Schoenberg" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Arnold Schoenberg" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%AF%BA%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%8B%8B%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC" title="阿诺尔德·勋伯格 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿诺尔德·勋伯格" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E8%AB%BE%C2%B7%E8%8D%80%E7%99%BD%E5%85%8B" title="亞諾·荀白克 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="亞諾·荀白克" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%AF%BA%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%8B%8B%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC" title="阿诺德·勋伯格 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿诺德·勋伯格" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-74fffdc954-bqb8g","wgBackendResponseTime":342,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.631","walltime":"1.965","ppvisitednodes":{"value":28628,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":508931,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":148523,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":16,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":340240,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1629.832 1 -total"," 17.77% 289.619 76 Template:ISBN"," 11.79% 192.145 50 Template:Wikicite"," 11.68% 190.381 1 Template:Infobox_classical_composer"," 11.46% 186.860 79 Template:Sfn"," 10.21% 166.356 78 Template:Catalog_lookup_link"," 9.67% 157.527 11 Template:Navbox"," 9.42% 153.593 5 Template:Efn"," 7.25% 118.117 1 Template:IPA"," 6.21% 101.205 1 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[\"CITEREFLewisn.d.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoftus2025\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacDonald2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarcus2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarquis_Who\u0026#039;s_Whon.d.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCoy1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoldenhauer_and_Moldenhauer1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuxeneder2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeighbour2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Brien2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlush1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosen1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosen1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchoenberg1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchoenberg1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchoenberg1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchoenberg1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchonberg1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShoaf1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilverman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlonimsky,_Kuhn,_and_McIntire2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmall1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStein1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStraus1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrimple2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStuckenschmidt1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaruskin2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUCLA_Department_of_Music2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUniversity_of_Southern_California_Thornton_School_of_Music2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalsh2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatkins2010\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Arnold Schoenberg\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"BBC composer page\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 5,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Schoenberg, Arnold\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Der Blaue Reiter\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 5,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 50,\n [\"Harvtxt\"] = 4,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"IMSLP\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 76,\n [\"Ill\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox classical composer\"] = 1,\n [\"Interlanguage link\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Listen\"] = 1,\n [\"Modernism\"] = 1,\n [\"Modernist composers\"] = 1,\n [\"Music\"] = 7,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Oclc\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 2,\n [\"Second Viennese School\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 79,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sic\"] = 2,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Spaced ndash\"] = 1,\n [\"Twelve-tone composers\"] = 1,\n [\"Twelve-tone technique\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreliable source?\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikicite\"] = 50,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource author\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-679c98c89f-4fhdf","timestamp":"20250224204003","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Arnold 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