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cookbooks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_Iranian_cookbooks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Staple_foods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Staple_foods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Staple foods</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Staple_foods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Staple foods subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Staple_foods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Rice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bread" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bread"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Bread</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bread-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fruits_and_vegetables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fruits_and_vegetables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Fruits and vegetables</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fruits_and_vegetables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typical_spices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typical_spices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Typical spices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typical_spices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typical_food_and_drinks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typical_food_and_drinks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Typical food and drinks</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Typical_food_and_drinks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Typical food and drinks subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Typical_food_and_drinks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Main_course" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_course"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Main course</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_course-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kebab" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kebab"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Kebab</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kebab-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stew" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stew"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Stew</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stew-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soup_and_āsh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soup_and_āsh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Soup and āsh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soup_and_āsh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polow_and_dami" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polow_and_dami"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Polow and dami</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polow_and_dami-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.5</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appetizers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appetizers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Appetizers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appetizers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Desserts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Desserts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Desserts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Desserts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Snacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Snacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Snacks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Snacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drinks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drinks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Drinks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drinks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_Iranian_cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_Iranian_cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Regional Iranian cuisine</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regional_Iranian_cuisine-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regional Iranian cuisine subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regional_Iranian_cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Azerbaijani_cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Azerbaijani_cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Azerbaijani cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Azerbaijani_cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balochi_cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balochi_cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Balochi cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balochi_cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caspian_cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caspian_cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Caspian cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caspian_cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kurdish_cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kurdish_cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Kurdish cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kurdish_cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Iranian_cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Iranian_cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Southern Iranian cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Iranian_cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkmen_cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkmen_cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Turkmen cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkmen_cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Meals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Meals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Breakfast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breakfast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Breakfast</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breakfast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lunch_and_dinner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lunch_and_dinner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Lunch and dinner</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lunch_and_dinner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_table_setting_and_etiquette" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_table_setting_and_etiquette"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Traditional table setting and etiquette</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_table_setting_and_etiquette-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Iranian cuisine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%AE_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="مطبخ إيراني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مطبخ إيراني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ran_m%C9%99tb%C9%99xi" title="İran mətbəxi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İran mətbəxi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80" title="ইরানি রন্ধনশৈলী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইরানি রন্ধনশৈলী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Иранска кухня – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Иранска кухня" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastronomia_de_l%27Iran" title="Gastronomia de l'Iran – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gastronomia de l'Iran" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dr%C3%A1nsk%C3%A1_kuchyn%C4%9B" title="Íránská kuchyně – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Íránská kuchyně" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persische_K%C3%BCche" title="Persische Küche – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Persische Küche" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastronom%C3%ADa_de_Ir%C3%A1n" title="Gastronomía de Irán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gastronomía de Irán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irana_kuirarto" title="Irana kuirarto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Irana kuirarto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irandar_gastronomia" title="Irandar gastronomia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Irandar gastronomia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%BE%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="آشپزی ایرانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آشپزی ایرانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_iranienne" title="Cuisine iranienne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cuisine iranienne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%9E%80_%EC%9A%94%EB%A6%AC" title="이란 요리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이란 요리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AD%D5%B8%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%81" title="Իրանական խոհանոց – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իրանական խոհանոց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidangan_Iran" title="Hidangan Iran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hidangan Iran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucina_iraniana" title="Cucina iraniana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cucina iraniana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%91%D7%97_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99" title="המטבח הפרסי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המטבח הפרסי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olahan_Iran" title="Olahan Iran – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Olahan Iran" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D" title="ირანული სამზარეულო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ირანული სამზარეულო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%AAjgeha_%C3%8Eran%C3%AA" title="Pêjgeha Îranê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pêjgeha Îranê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="इराणी खाद्यसंस्कृती – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इराणी खाद्यसंस्कृती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="المطبخ الايرانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المطبخ الايرانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakan_Iran" title="Masakan Iran – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Masakan Iran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perzische_keuken" title="Perzische keuken – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Perzische keuken" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E6%96%99%E7%90%86" title="イラン料理 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イラン料理" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eron_oshxonasi" title="Eron oshxonasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Eron oshxonasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culin%C3%A1ria_do_Ir%C3%A3" title="Culinária do Irã – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Culinária do Irã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buc%C4%83t%C4%83ria_iranian%C4%83" title="Bucătăria iraniană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bucătăria iraniană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Иранская кухня – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иранская кухня" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B0" title="Иранска кухиња – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Иранска кухиња" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranilainen_keitti%C3%B6" title="Iranilainen keittiö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Iranilainen keittiö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranska_k%C3%B6ket" title="Iranska köket – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Iranska köket" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutuing_Irani" title="Lutuing Irani – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lutuing Irani" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="อาหารอิหร่าน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาหารอิหร่าน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ran_mutfa%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="İran mutfağı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İran mutfağı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Іранська кухня – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іранська кухня" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Culinary traditions of Iran</div> <style 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Iran" title="Category:Iran">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iran" title="Culture of Iran">Culture of Iran</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qajar_princess_paiting.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Qajar_princess_paiting.JPG/100px-Qajar_princess_paiting.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Qajar_princess_paiting.JPG/150px-Qajar_princess_paiting.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Qajar_princess_paiting.JPG/200px-Qajar_princess_paiting.JPG 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="741" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnicities_in_Iran" title="Ethnicities in Iran">People</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iran" title="Languages of Iran">Languages</a></li></ul></div><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Iran" title="National symbols of Iran">Symbols</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Iran" title="List of festivals in Iran">Festivals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Iran" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Iran">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Mythology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_folklore" title="Iranian folklore">Folklore</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_astronomy" title="Persian astronomy">Astronomy</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Iran" title="Irreligion in Iran">Irreligion</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_Iran" title="Arts of Iran">Arts</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Architecture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Literature_in_Iran" title="Literature in Iran">Literature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iran" title="Music of Iran">Music</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dastgah" class="mw-redirect" title="Dastgah">Dastgah</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian dance">Dance</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_theatre" title="Persian theatre">Theater</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iran" title="Cinema of Iran">Cinema</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Gardens</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">Visual art history</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">Modern art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">Miniature painting</a>)</li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_handicrafts" title="Iranian handicrafts">Handicrafts</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_embroidery" title="Persian embroidery">Embroidery</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_calligraphy" title="Persian calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_carpet" title="Persian carpet">Carpet</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_pottery" title="Persian pottery">Pottery</a>,</li><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jewels" title="Persian Jewels">Jewelry</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cuisine</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_cuisine" title="Balochi cuisine">Balochi cuisine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_cuisine" title="Caspian cuisine">Caspian cuisine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_cuisine" title="Kurdish cuisine">Kurdish cuisine</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/48px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/64px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Iran portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Iran" title="Template:Culture of Iran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Iran" title="Template talk:Culture of Iran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Iran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kebab_Bakhtyari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Kebab_Bakhtyari.jpg/260px-Kebab_Bakhtyari.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Kebab_Bakhtyari.jpg/390px-Kebab_Bakhtyari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Kebab_Bakhtyari.jpg/520px-Kebab_Bakhtyari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chelow_kabab" title="Chelow kabab">Chelow kabab</a> is considered to be the <a href="/wiki/National_dish" title="National dish">national dish</a> of Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_1992_p._272_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker_1992_p._272-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Iranian cuisine</b> is the culinary traditions of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. Due to the historically common usage of the term "<a href="/wiki/Name_of_Iran" title="Name of Iran">Persia</a>" to refer to Iran in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yarshater1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yarshater1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is alternatively known as <b>Persian cuisine</b>, despite <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a> being only one of a multitude of <a href="/wiki/Ethnicities_in_Iran" title="Ethnicities in Iran">Iranian ethnic groups</a> who have contributed to Iran's culinary traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iran has a variety of 2,500 types of traditional food, one of the richest in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cuisine of Iran has made extensive contact throughout <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">its history</a> with the cuisines of its neighbouring regions, including <a href="/wiki/List_of_dishes_from_the_Caucasus" title="List of dishes from the Caucasus">Caucasian cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_cuisine" title="Central Asian cuisine">Central Asian cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Greek cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Levantine cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Mesopotamian cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Russian cuisine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkish cuisine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aspects of Iranian cuisine have also been significantly adopted by <a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian cuisine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine" title="Pakistani cuisine">Pakistani cuisine</a> through various historical <a href="/wiki/Persianate_society" title="Persianate society">Persianate</a> sultanates that flourished during <a href="/wiki/Islamic_rulers_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic rulers in the Indian subcontinent">Muslim rule on the Indian subcontinent</a>, with the most notable and impactful of these polities being the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holland2014_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holland2014-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Typical Iranian main dishes are combinations of <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> with <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetables</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">nuts</a>. <a href="/wiki/List_of_culinary_herbs_and_spices" title="List of culinary herbs and spices">Herbs</a> are frequently used, along with fruits such as <a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">plums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">pomegranates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quince" title="Quince">quince</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prune" title="Prune">prunes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apricot" title="Apricot">apricots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raisin" title="Raisin">raisins</a>. Characteristic Iranian spices and flavourings such as <a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">cardamom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dried_lime" title="Dried lime">dried lime</a> and other sources of sour flavoring, <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">turmeric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parsley" title="Parsley">parsley</a> are mixed and used in various dishes. </p><p>Outside of Iran, a strong presence of Iranian cuisine can be found in cities with significant <a href="/wiki/Iranian_diaspora" title="Iranian diaspora">Iranian diaspora</a> populations, namely the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Metropolitan Area">Washington Metropolitan Area</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-london_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-london-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LA_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LA-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a> and especially <a href="/wiki/Tehrangeles" title="Tehrangeles">Los Angeles and its environs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-london_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-london-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LA_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LA-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_cuisine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the writings available from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> scripts, the treatise of <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_and_Ridag" title="Khosrow and Ridag">Khosrow and Ridag</a>, points about stews and foods and the way of using them and how they are obtained in the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid">Sassanid</a> period are found as valid references in compiling the history of cooking in Iran. The names of many of the Iranian dishes and culinary terms that have been translated can be seen in Arabic language books. Naturally the customs and habits of the Arabs influenced the Iranians <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, specifically in <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid period</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Ancient Persian</a> philosophers and physicians have influenced the preparation of Iranian foods to follow the rules of the strengthening and weakening characteristics of foods based on the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_traditional_medicine" title="Iranian traditional medicine">Iranian traditional medicine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_Iranian_cookbooks">Historical Iranian cookbooks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_cuisine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical Iranian cookbooks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the Arabic cookbooks written under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>—one of the Arab caliphates which ruled Iran after the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim invasion</a>—include some recipes with <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a> names, the earliest surviving classical cookbooks in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> are two volumes from the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid</a> period. The older one is entitled "Manual on cooking and its craft" (<i>Kār-nāmeh dar bāb e tabbāxī va sanat e ān</i>) written in 927/1521 for an aristocratic patron at the end of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ismail_I" title="Ismail I">Ismail I</a>. The book originally contained 26 chapters, listed by the author in his introduction, but chapters 23 through 26 are missing from the surviving manuscript. The recipes include measurements for ingredients—often detailed directions for the preparation of dishes, including the types of utensils and pots to be used—and instructions for decorating and serving them. In general, the ingredients and their combinations in various recipes do not differ significantly from those in use today. The large quantities specified, as well as the generous use of such luxury ingredients as <a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a>, suggest that these dishes were prepared for large aristocratic households, even though in his introduction, the author claimed to have written it "for the benefit of the nobility, as well as the public." </p><p>The second surviving Safavid cookbook, entitled "The substance of life, a treatise on the art of cooking" (<i>Māddat al-ḥayāt, resāla dar ʿelm e ṭabbāxī</i>), was written about 76 years later by a chef for <a href="/wiki/Abbas_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbas I of Persia">Abbas I</a>. The introduction of that book includes elaborate praise of God, the prophets, the <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">imams</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">shah</a>, as well as a definition of a master chef. It is followed by six chapters on the preparation of various dishes: four on rice dishes, one on qalya, and one on āsh. The measurements and directions are not as detailed as in the earlier book. The information provided is about dishes prepared at the royal court, including references to a few that had been created or improved by the shahs themselves. Other contemporary cooks and their specialties are also mentioned.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Iranica_COOKBOOKS_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Iranica_COOKBOOKS-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Staple_foods">Staple foods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_cuisine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Staple foods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rice">Rice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_cuisine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The usage of <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, at first a specialty of the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid Empire</a>'s court cuisine, evolved by the end of the 16th century CE into a major branch of Iranian cookery.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, rice was most prevalent as a major <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple item</a> in northern Iran and the homes of the wealthy, while bread was the dominant staple in the rest of the country. </p><p>Varieties of rice in Iran include <a href="/wiki/Gerdeh_(rice)" title="Gerdeh (rice)">gerde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domsiah" title="Domsiah">domsia</a> (literally meaning black-tail, because it is black at one end), <a href="/wiki/Champa_rice" title="Champa rice">champa</a>, doodi (smoked rice), Lenjan (from <a href="/wiki/Lenjan_County" title="Lenjan County">Lenjan County</a>), Tarom (from <a href="/wiki/Tarom_County" title="Tarom County">Tarom County</a>), and anbarbu. </p><p>The following table includes three primary methods of cooking rice in Iran. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Method </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pilaf" title="Pilaf"><i>Polow</i></a> and <i>chelow</i> </td> <td>Chelow is plain rice served as an accompaniment to a stew or kebab, while polow is rice mixed with something. They are, however, cooked in the same way. Rice is prepared by soaking in salted water and then boiling it. The parboiled rice (called <i>chelow</i>) is drained and returned to the pot to be steamed. This method results in exceptionally fluffy rice with the rice grains separated and not sticky. A golden crust called <i><a href="/wiki/Tahdig" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahdig">tahdig</a></i> or tadig is created at the bottom of the pot using a thin layer of bread or potato slices. Often, tahdig is served plain with only a rice crust. Meat, vegetables, nuts, and fruit are sometimes added in layers or mixed with the chelow and then steamed. When chelow is in the pot, the heat is reduced, and a thick cloth or towel is placed under the pot lid to absorb excess steam. </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Kateh" title="Kateh">Kateh</a></i> </td> <td>Rice that is cooked until the water is absorbed completely. It is the traditional dish of <a href="/wiki/Gilan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilan Province">Gilan Province</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Steaming" title="Steaming">Dami</a></i> </td> <td>Rice that is cooked almost the same as kateh, but at the start, ingredients that can be cooked thoroughly with the rice (such as grains and beans) are added. While making kateh, the heat is reduced to a minimum until the rice and other ingredients are almost cooked. If kept long enough on the stove without burning and over-cooking, dami and kateh can also produce tahdig. A special form of dami is <a href="/wiki/Tahchin" title="Tahchin">tachin</a>, which is a mixture of yogurt, chicken (or lamb), and rice, plus <a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a> and egg yolks. </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 216px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 214px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Making_rice_by_Iranian_attitude.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iranian-style rice-cooking"><img alt="Iranian-style rice-cooking" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Making_rice_by_Iranian_attitude.jpg/321px-Making_rice_by_Iranian_attitude.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Making_rice_by_Iranian_attitude.jpg/481px-Making_rice_by_Iranian_attitude.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Making_rice_by_Iranian_attitude.jpg/641px-Making_rice_by_Iranian_attitude.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Iranian-style rice-cooking</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D4%B9%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%AE_%D5%A2%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Soaking rice in a pot"><img alt="Soaking rice in a pot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/%D4%B9%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%AE_%D5%A2%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B1.JPG/200px-%D4%B9%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%AE_%D5%A2%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B1.JPG" decoding="async" width="134" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/%D4%B9%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%AE_%D5%A2%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B1.JPG/301px-%D4%B9%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%AE_%D5%A2%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/%D4%B9%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%AE_%D5%A2%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B1.JPG/401px-%D4%B9%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%AE_%D5%A2%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2377" data-file-height="2136" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Soaking rice in a pot</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Making_Chelow_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Using potatoes as tahdig in chelow-style rice-cooking"><img alt="Using potatoes as tahdig in chelow-style rice-cooking" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Making_Chelow_3.jpg/270px-Making_Chelow_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Making_Chelow_3.jpg/405px-Making_Chelow_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Making_Chelow_3.jpg/540px-Making_Chelow_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Using potatoes as <a href="/wiki/Tahdig" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahdig">tahdig</a> in chelow-style rice-cooking</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Potato_Tahdig.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Potato tahdig"><img alt="Potato tahdig" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Potato_Tahdig.JPG/240px-Potato_Tahdig.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Potato_Tahdig.JPG/360px-Potato_Tahdig.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Potato_Tahdig.JPG/480px-Potato_Tahdig.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Potato <a href="/wiki/Tahdig" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahdig">tahdig</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 124px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lavash_bread_Tahdig.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Tahdig of lavash bread"><img alt="Tahdig of lavash bread" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lavash_bread_Tahdig.png/186px-Lavash_bread_Tahdig.png" decoding="async" width="124" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lavash_bread_Tahdig.png/278px-Lavash_bread_Tahdig.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lavash_bread_Tahdig.png/371px-Lavash_bread_Tahdig.png 2x" data-file-width="2821" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tahdig" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahdig">Tahdig</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lavash" title="Lavash">lavash</a> bread</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bread">Bread</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_cuisine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bread"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Second only to rice is the production and use of <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>. The following table lists several forms of <a href="/wiki/Flatbread" title="Flatbread">flatbread</a> and pastry bread commonly used in Iranian cuisine. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 20%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pan_armenio_en_el_mercado_de_Yerevan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Pan_armenio_en_el_mercado_de_Yerevan.JPG/165px-Pan_armenio_en_el_mercado_de_Yerevan.JPG" decoding="async" width="165" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Pan_armenio_en_el_mercado_de_Yerevan.JPG/248px-Pan_armenio_en_el_mercado_de_Yerevan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Pan_armenio_en_el_mercado_de_Yerevan.JPG/330px-Pan_armenio_en_el_mercado_de_Yerevan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Lavash" title="Lavash">Lavash</a>: Thin, flaky, and round or oval. It is the most common bread in Iran and the Caucasus. </td> <td style="width: 20%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naan_Sangak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Naan_Sangak.jpg/140px-Naan_Sangak.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Naan_Sangak.jpg/210px-Naan_Sangak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Naan_Sangak.jpg/280px-Naan_Sangak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Sangak" title="Sangak">Sangak</a>: Plain, rectangular, or triangle-shaped leavened flatbread that is stone-baked. </td> <td style="width: 20%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taftun_bread.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Taftun_bread.jpg/170px-Taftun_bread.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Taftun_bread.jpg/255px-Taftun_bread.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Taftun_bread.jpg/340px-Taftun_bread.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="765" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Taftan_(bread)" title="Taftan (bread)">Taftun</a>: Thin, soft and round-shaped leavened flatbread that is thicker than lavash. </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qandi_bread_in_Iran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Qandi_bread_in_Iran.jpg/185px-Qandi_bread_in_Iran.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Qandi_bread_in_Iran.jpg/278px-Qandi_bread_in_Iran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Qandi_bread_in_Iran.jpg/370px-Qandi_bread_in_Iran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> Qandi bread: A sweet bread, sometimes <a href="/wiki/Brioche" title="Brioche">brioche</a>-like and sometimes flat and dry.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Barbari_bread.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Barbari_bread.jpg/155px-Barbari_bread.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Barbari_bread.jpg/233px-Barbari_bread.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Barbari_bread.jpg/310px-Barbari_bread.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="310" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Barbari_bread" title="Barbari bread">Barbari</a>: Thick and oval flatbread; also known as <i>Tabrizi</i>, referring to the city of <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baguette-246424.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Baguette-246424.jpg/180px-Baguette-246424.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Baguette-246424.jpg/270px-Baguette-246424.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Baguette-246424.jpg/360px-Baguette-246424.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Baguette" title="Baguette">Baguette</a>: A long, narrow <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> loaf, typically filled with <a href="/wiki/Sausage" title="Sausage">sausages</a> and vegetables. </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paskalya_coregi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Paskalya_coregi.jpg/165px-Paskalya_coregi.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Paskalya_coregi.jpg/248px-Paskalya_coregi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Paskalya_coregi.jpg/330px-Paskalya_coregi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Sheermal" title="Sheermal">Sheermal</a> ("milk-rubbed"): A sweet pastry bread, also widely known as <i>nan-e gisou</i> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Komaj.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Komaj.JPG/180px-Komaj.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Komaj.JPG/270px-Komaj.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Komaj.JPG/360px-Komaj.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Komaj: A sweet date bread with turmeric and cumin, similar to nan e gisu.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fruits_and_vegetables">Fruits and vegetables</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_cuisine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fruits and vegetables"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Iran" title="Agriculture in Iran">agriculture of Iran</a> produces many fruits and vegetables. Thus, a bowl of fresh fruit is common on Iranian tables, and vegetables are standard side dishes in most meals. These are not only enjoyed fresh and ripe as desserts but are also combined with meat as accompaniments to main dishes.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When fresh fruits are not available, a large variety of dried fruits such as <a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">dates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_fig" class="mw-redirect" title="Common fig">figs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apricot" title="Apricot">apricots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">plums</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peach" title="Peach">peaches</a> are served instead. Southern Iran is one of the world's major date producers, where some special <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Mazafati" title="Mazafati">Bam date</a> are grown. </p><p>Vegetables such as <a href="/wiki/Pumpkin" title="Pumpkin">pumpkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spinach" title="Spinach">spinach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_bean" title="Green bean">green beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vicia_faba" title="Vicia faba">fava beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zucchini" title="Zucchini">courgette</a>, varieties of <a href="/wiki/Cucurbita" title="Cucurbita">squash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carrot" title="Carrot">carrot</a> are commonly used in Iranian dishes. <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">Tomatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cucumber" title="Cucumber">cucumbers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scallion" title="Scallion">scallion</a> often accompany a meal. While the <a href="/wiki/Eggplant" title="Eggplant">eggplant</a> is "the potato of Iran",<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iranians are fond of fresh green salads dressed with <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lemon" title="Lemon">lemon juice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edible_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Edible salt">salt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chili_powder" title="Chili powder">chili</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Garlic_powder" title="Garlic powder">garlic</a>. </p><p>Fruit <a href="/wiki/Dolma" title="Dolma">dolma</a> is probably a specialty of Iranian cuisine. The fruit is first cooked, then stuffed with meat, seasonings, and sometimes tomato sauce. The dolma is then simmered in meat broth or ascallions sweet-and-sour sauce.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Iranica_DOLMA_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Iranica_DOLMA-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Verjuice" title="Verjuice">Verjuice</a>, a highly acidic juice made by pressing unripe grapes or other sour fruit, is used in various Iranian dishes.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is mainly used within soup and stew dishes, but also to simmer a type of squash dolma. Unripe grapes are also used whole in some dishes such as <i>khoresh-e ghooreh</i> (lamb stew with sour grapes). As a spice, verjuice powder (<i>pudr-e ghooreh</i>) is sometimes reinforced by verjuice and then dried. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Typical_spices">Typical spices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_cuisine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Typical spices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spice_flower_(3588302490).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Spice_flower_%283588302490%29.jpg/170px-Spice_flower_%283588302490%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Spice_flower_%283588302490%29.jpg/255px-Spice_flower_%283588302490%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Spice_flower_%283588302490%29.jpg/340px-Spice_flower_%283588302490%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>A spice bowl in a shop at the <a href="/wiki/Vakil_Bazaar" title="Vakil Bazaar">Vakil Bazaar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bazar-e_Bozorg,_Esfahan,_Iran_(5071786511).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Bazar-e_Bozorg%2C_Esfahan%2C_Iran_%285071786511%29.jpg/170px-Bazar-e_Bozorg%2C_Esfahan%2C_Iran_%285071786511%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Bazar-e_Bozorg%2C_Esfahan%2C_Iran_%285071786511%29.jpg/255px-Bazar-e_Bozorg%2C_Esfahan%2C_Iran_%285071786511%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Bazar-e_Bozorg%2C_Esfahan%2C_Iran_%285071786511%29.jpg/340px-Bazar-e_Bozorg%2C_Esfahan%2C_Iran_%285071786511%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A spice shop at the <a href="/wiki/Bazaar_of_Isfahan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bazaar of Isfahan">bazaar of Isfahan</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Advieh" title="Advieh">Advieh</a></i> or <i>chāshni</i> refers to a wide variety of pungent vegetables and dried fruits that are used in Iranian cuisine to flavor food. </p><p>One of the traditional and most widespread Iranian spices is <a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a>, derived from the flower of <i><a href="/wiki/Crocus_sativus" title="Crocus sativus">Crocus sativus</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Rose_water" title="Rose water">Rose water</a>, a flavored water made by steeping <a href="/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">rose</a> petals in water, is also a traditional and common ingredient in many Iranian dishes. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Heracleum_persicum" title="Heracleum persicum">Persian hogweed</a> (<i>golpar</i>), which grows wild in the humid mountainous regions of Iran, is used as a spice in various Iranian soups and stews. It is also mixed with vinegar into which broad beans are dipped before eating. </p><p>Some other common spices are <a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">cardamom</a>, made from the seeds of several <i><a href="/wiki/Elettaria" title="Elettaria">Elettaria</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Amomum" title="Amomum">Amomum</a></i> plants; <a href="/wiki/Dill" title="Dill">shevid</a>, an annual herb in the celery family <a href="/wiki/Apiaceae" title="Apiaceae">Apiaceae</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mahleb" title="Mahleb">mahleb</a>, an aromatic spice made from the seeds of <i><a href="/wiki/Prunus_mahaleb" title="Prunus mahaleb">Prunus mahaleb</a></i>; and <a href="/wiki/Dried_lime" title="Dried lime">limu amani</a>, dried lime. </p><p>There are also several traditional combinations of spices, two of which are <i>arde</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tahini" title="Tahini">Tahini</a>), made from toasted ground hulled sesame seeds, and <a href="/wiki/Delal_sauce" title="Delal sauce">delal sauce</a>, made of heavily salted fresh herbs such as cilantro and parsley. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Typical_food_and_drinks">Typical food and drinks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_cuisine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Typical food and drinks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Typical Iranian cuisine includes a wide variety of dishes, including several forms of <a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">kebab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stew" title="Stew">stew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soup" title="Soup">soup</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pilaf" title="Pilaf">pilaf</a> dishes, as well as various <a href="/wiki/Salad" title="Salad">salads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dessert" title="Dessert">desserts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pastry" title="Pastry">pastries</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Drink" title="Drink">drinks</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_course">Main course</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_cuisine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Main course"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kebab">Kebab</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_cuisine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Kebab"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Iran, kebabs are served either with rice or <a href="/wiki/Nan-e-kabab" class="mw-redirect" title="Nan-e-kabab">with bread</a>. A dish of chelow <a href="/wiki/White_rice" title="White rice">white rice</a> with <a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">kebab</a> is called <i><a href="/wiki/Chelow_kabab" title="Chelow kabab">chelow kabab</a></i>, which is considered the <a href="/wiki/National_dish" title="National dish">national dish</a> of Iran. The rice can also be prepared using the <a href="/wiki/Kateh" title="Kateh">kateh</a> method, and hence the dish would be called <i>kateh <a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">kebab</a></i>. </p><p>The following table lists several forms of kebab used in Iranian cuisine. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 20%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kabab_koobideh_bbq_persian_food.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Kabab_koobideh_bbq_persian_food.jpg/150px-Kabab_koobideh_bbq_persian_food.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Kabab_koobideh_bbq_persian_food.jpg/225px-Kabab_koobideh_bbq_persian_food.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Kabab_koobideh_bbq_persian_food.jpg/300px-Kabab_koobideh_bbq_persian_food.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="3674" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Kabab_koobideh" title="Kabab koobideh">Kabab Koobideh</a>: Barbecued <a href="/wiki/Ground_meat" title="Ground meat">ground lamb or beef</a>, mixed with <a href="/wiki/Parsley" title="Parsley">parsley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onion</a>. </td> <td style="width: 20%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jujeh_Kabob.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Jujeh_Kabob.JPG/195px-Jujeh_Kabob.JPG" decoding="async" width="195" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Jujeh_Kabob.JPG/293px-Jujeh_Kabob.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Jujeh_Kabob.JPG/390px-Jujeh_Kabob.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1334" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Jujeh_kabab" title="Jujeh kabab">Jujeh Kabab</a>: Grilled chunks of chicken; one of the most common dishes in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="width: 20%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iranian_barg_kebab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Iranian_barg_kebab.jpg/165px-Iranian_barg_kebab.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Iranian_barg_kebab.jpg/248px-Iranian_barg_kebab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Iranian_barg_kebab.jpg/330px-Iranian_barg_kebab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Kabab_barg" title="Kabab barg">Kabab Barg</a>: Barbecued and marinated lamb, chicken or beef. </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kebab_torsh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Kebab_torsh.jpg/180px-Kebab_torsh.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Kebab_torsh.jpg/270px-Kebab_torsh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Kebab_torsh.jpg/360px-Kebab_torsh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="897" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Kabab_torsh" title="Kabab torsh">Kabab Torsh</a>: Traditional kebab from <a href="/wiki/Gilan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilan Province">Gilan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mazandaran_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazandaran Province">Mazenderan</a>, marinated in a paste of crushed walnuts, pomegranate juice, and olive oil. </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kebab_Bakhtyari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Kebab_Bakhtyari.jpg/170px-Kebab_Bakhtyari.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Kebab_Bakhtyari.jpg/255px-Kebab_Bakhtyari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Kebab_Bakhtyari.jpg/340px-Kebab_Bakhtyari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Kabab Bakhtyari: Mixture of barbecued fillet of lamb (or veal) and chicken breast.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chenjeh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Chenjeh.jpg/180px-Chenjeh.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Chenjeh.jpg/270px-Chenjeh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Chenjeh.jpg/360px-Chenjeh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3495" data-file-height="2312" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Chenje: Skewered and grilled cubes of meat. Iranian equivalent of <a href="/wiki/Shish_kebab" title="Shish kebab">shish kebab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shashlik.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Shashlik.jpg/150px-Shashlik.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Shashlik.jpg/225px-Shashlik.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Shashlik.jpg/300px-Shashlik.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Shashlik" title="Shashlik">Shashlik</a>: A popular form of <a href="/wiki/Shish_kebab" title="Shish kebab">shish kebab</a>. In Iranian cuisine, shashlik is usually in form of large chunks. </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kabab_tabei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Kabab_tabei.jpg/150px-Kabab_tabei.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Kabab_tabei.jpg/225px-Kabab_tabei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Kabab_tabei.jpg/300px-Kabab_tabei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Kabab Tabei: Homemade grilled meat, prepared on the pan.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kabab1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Kabab1.jpg/150px-Kabab1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Kabab1.jpg/225px-Kabab1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Kabab1.jpg/300px-Kabab1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Bonab_kababi" title="Bonab kababi">Bonab Kabab</a>: A type of kebab that is made of ground mutton, onion, and salt in the city of <a href="/wiki/Bonab" title="Bonab">Bonab</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stew">Stew</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_cuisine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Stew"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Khoresh" title="Khoresh">Khoresh</a> is an Iranian form of <a href="/wiki/Stew" title="Stew">stew</a>, which is usually accompanied by a plate of white rice. A khoresh typically consists of herbs, fruits, and meat pieces, flavored with <a href="/wiki/Tomato_paste" title="Tomato paste">tomato paste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pomegranate_juice" title="Pomegranate juice">pomegranate juice</a>. Other non-khoresh types of stew such as <a href="/wiki/Abgoosht" title="Abgoosht">dizi</a> are accompanied by bread instead of rice. </p><p>Several Iranian stew dishes are listed within the following table. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 20%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eggplant_stew_persian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Eggplant_stew_persian.jpg/160px-Eggplant_stew_persian.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Eggplant_stew_persian.jpg/240px-Eggplant_stew_persian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Eggplant_stew_persian.jpg/320px-Eggplant_stew_persian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3066" data-file-height="2365" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Khoresh_bademjan" title="Khoresh bademjan">Khoresh-e Bademjan</a>: Eggplant stew with tomato, <a href="/wiki/Verjuice" title="Verjuice">verjuice</a> and saffron. </td> <td style="width: 20%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khoresht-e_fesenjan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Khoresht-e_fesenjan.jpg/180px-Khoresht-e_fesenjan.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Khoresht-e_fesenjan.jpg/270px-Khoresht-e_fesenjan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Khoresht-e_fesenjan.jpg/360px-Khoresht-e_fesenjan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Fesenj%C4%81n" title="Fesenjān">Khoresh-e Fesenjan</a>: Stew flavored with pomegranate syrup and ground walnuts. </td> <td style="width: 20%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gheyme.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Gheyme.jpg/165px-Gheyme.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Gheyme.jpg/248px-Gheyme.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Gheyme.jpg/330px-Gheyme.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="1824" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Gheimeh" title="Gheimeh">Khoresh-e Qeyme</a>: Stew with <a href="/wiki/Split_pea" title="Split pea">split peas</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_fries" title="French fries">French fries</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dried_lime" title="Dried lime">dried lime</a>. </td> <td style="width: 20%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ailin14VeganGhormehSabzi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Ailin14VeganGhormehSabzi.JPG/170px-Ailin14VeganGhormehSabzi.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Ailin14VeganGhormehSabzi.JPG/255px-Ailin14VeganGhormehSabzi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Ailin14VeganGhormehSabzi.JPG/340px-Ailin14VeganGhormehSabzi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="2224" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Ghormeh_sabzi" title="Ghormeh sabzi">Qormeh Sabzi</a>: Stew with herbs such as <a href="/wiki/Parsley" title="Parsley">parsley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leek" title="Leek">leek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coriander" title="Coriander">cilantro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fenugreek" title="Fenugreek">fenugreek</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Celery_stew.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Celery_stew.jpg/180px-Celery_stew.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Celery_stew.jpg/270px-Celery_stew.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Celery_stew.jpg/360px-Celery_stew.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4075" data-file-height="2821" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Khoresh-e Karafs: Stewed <a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">celery</a> and meat.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%B7%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%AE_%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%B7%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%AE_%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD.JPG/160px-%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%B7%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%AE_%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%B7%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%AE_%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD.JPG/240px-%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%B7%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%AE_%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%B7%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%AE_%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD.JPG/320px-%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%B7%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%AE_%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2724" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Khoresh-e Alu: Stewed prunes and meat.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spinach_%26_plums.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Spinach_%26_plums.jpg/100px-Spinach_%26_plums.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Spinach_%26_plums.jpg/150px-Spinach_%26_plums.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Spinach_%26_plums.jpg/200px-Spinach_%26_plums.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2376" data-file-height="3144" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Khoresh-e Alu Esfenaj: Stewed prunes, spinach, and meat.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khoresh_havij.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Khoresh_havij.png/150px-Khoresh_havij.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Khoresh_havij.png/225px-Khoresh_havij.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Khoresh_havij.png/300px-Khoresh_havij.png 2x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Khoresh-e Havij: Stewed carrots and meat.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Claypot_beef_stew_with_potatoes_and_mushrooms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Claypot_beef_stew_with_potatoes_and_mushrooms.jpg/140px-Claypot_beef_stew_with_potatoes_and_mushrooms.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Claypot_beef_stew_with_potatoes_and_mushrooms.jpg/210px-Claypot_beef_stew_with_potatoes_and_mushrooms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Claypot_beef_stew_with_potatoes_and_mushrooms.jpg/280px-Claypot_beef_stew_with_potatoes_and_mushrooms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Khoresh-e Qarch: Mushroom stew.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baqala_qatoq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Baqala_qatoq.jpg/150px-Baqala_qatoq.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Baqala_qatoq.jpg/225px-Baqala_qatoq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Baqala_qatoq.jpg/300px-Baqala_qatoq.jpg 2x" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="521" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Baghala_ghatogh" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghala ghatogh">Baqala Qatoq</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gilaks" title="Gilaks">Gilak</a> stew with <a href="/wiki/Vicia_faba" title="Vicia faba">fava beans</a>, dill, and eggs. </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarein_Abgoosht.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Sarein_Abgoosht.JPG/200px-Sarein_Abgoosht.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Sarein_Abgoosht.JPG/300px-Sarein_Abgoosht.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Sarein_Abgoosht.JPG/400px-Sarein_Abgoosht.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Abgoosht" title="Abgoosht">Dizi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Piti_(food)" title="Piti (food)">piti</a>): <a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">Mutton</a> stew with chickpeas and potatoes. </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iranian_Kofte_Rizeh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Iranian_Kofte_Rizeh.jpg/150px-Iranian_Kofte_Rizeh.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Iranian_Kofte_Rizeh.jpg/225px-Iranian_Kofte_Rizeh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Iranian_Kofte_Rizeh.jpg/300px-Iranian_Kofte_Rizeh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Kuft-e Rize: <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Azerbaijani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Iranian Kurdistan">Kurdish</a> meatball stew. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Khoresh-e Bamieh: <a href="/wiki/Okra" title="Okra">Okra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a> stew. </td> <td>Khoresh-e Kadu: Stewed <a href="/wiki/Zucchini" title="Zucchini">zucchini</a> and meat. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soup_and_āsh"><span id="Soup_and_.C4.81sh"></span>Soup and āsh</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_cuisine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Soup and āsh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are various forms of soup in Iranian cuisine, including <i>sup e jow</i> (<a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a> soup), <i>sup e esfenaj</i> (<a href="/wiki/Spinach" title="Spinach">spinach</a> soup), <i>sup e qarch</i> (<a href="/wiki/Edible_mushroom" title="Edible mushroom">mushroom</a> soup), and several forms of thick soup. A thick soup is referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%80sh" class="mw-redirect" title="Āsh">āsh</a></i> in Iran, which is an Iranian traditional form of soup.<sup id="cite_ref-IranicaAS_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IranicaAS-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, <i><a href="/wiki/Hodge-Podge_(soup)" title="Hodge-Podge (soup)">shole qalamkar</a></i> is the Iranian term for "hodge-podge" soup,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a soup made of a mixture of various ingredients. </p><p>The following table lists a number of soup and āsh dishes in Iranian cuisine. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 20%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Broth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Broth.jpg/180px-Broth.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Broth.jpg/270px-Broth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Broth.jpg/360px-Broth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2155" data-file-height="1616" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Chicken_soup" title="Chicken soup">Soup-e Morgh</a>: Chicken and noodle soup.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="width: 20%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sup_e_jow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Sup_e_jow.jpg/170px-Sup_e_jow.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Sup_e_jow.jpg/255px-Sup_e_jow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Sup_e_jow.jpg/340px-Sup_e_jow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="771" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Soup-e Jow: Barley soup.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="width: 20%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iranian_tripe_soup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Iranian_tripe_soup.jpg/150px-Iranian_tripe_soup.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Iranian_tripe_soup.jpg/225px-Iranian_tripe_soup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Iranian_tripe_soup.jpg/300px-Iranian_tripe_soup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Tripe_soups" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripe soups">Sirabi</a>: Tripe soup; also known as <i>sirab shirdun</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tarkhineh.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Tarkhineh.JPG/180px-Tarkhineh.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Tarkhineh.JPG/270px-Tarkhineh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Tarkhineh.JPG/360px-Tarkhineh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2297" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Tarhana" title="Tarhana">Tarkhine</a>h: Grain and yoghurt soup. </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_John_Restaurant,_Smithfield,_London_(3445306202).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/St_John_Restaurant%2C_Smithfield%2C_London_%283445306202%29.jpg/150px-St_John_Restaurant%2C_Smithfield%2C_London_%283445306202%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/St_John_Restaurant%2C_Smithfield%2C_London_%283445306202%29.jpg/225px-St_John_Restaurant%2C_Smithfield%2C_London_%283445306202%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/St_John_Restaurant%2C_Smithfield%2C_London_%283445306202%29.jpg/300px-St_John_Restaurant%2C_Smithfield%2C_London_%283445306202%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3110" data-file-height="2332" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Nettle_soup" title="Nettle soup">Gazaneh</a>: Nettle soup. </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adasi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Adasi.png/140px-Adasi.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Adasi.png/210px-Adasi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Adasi.png/280px-Adasi.png 2x" data-file-width="3042" data-file-height="2593" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Lentil_soup" title="Lentil soup">Adasi</a>: Lentil soup. </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ash_e_reshte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ash_e_reshte.jpg/160px-Ash_e_reshte.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ash_e_reshte.jpg/240px-Ash_e_reshte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ash_e_reshte.jpg/320px-Ash_e_reshte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Ash_reshteh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash reshteh">Āsh-e Reshte</a>: Noodle thick soup. </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asheanar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Asheanar.jpg/150px-Asheanar.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Asheanar.jpg/225px-Asheanar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Asheanar.jpg/300px-Asheanar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Pomegranate_soup" title="Pomegranate soup">Āsh-e Anār</a>: Pomegranate thick soup. </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buttermilk_soup_ardabil.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Buttermilk_soup_ardabil.JPG/150px-Buttermilk_soup_ardabil.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Buttermilk_soup_ardabil.JPG/225px-Buttermilk_soup_ardabil.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Buttermilk_soup_ardabil.JPG/300px-Buttermilk_soup_ardabil.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Ash-e_doogh" title="Ash-e doogh">Āsh-e Doogh</a>: Buttermilk thick soup. </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Keledo%C5%9F_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Keledo%C5%9F_02.jpg/150px-Keledo%C5%9F_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Keledo%C5%9F_02.jpg/225px-Keledo%C5%9F_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Keledo%C5%9F_02.jpg/300px-Keledo%C5%9F_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Keledo%C5%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Keledoş">Kalle Joosh</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kashk" title="Kashk">Kashk</a> thick soup. </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bozbash_from_Iranian_(Azeri)_cuisine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bozbash_from_Iranian_%28Azeri%29_cuisine.jpg/150px-Bozbash_from_Iranian_%28Azeri%29_cuisine.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bozbash_from_Iranian_%28Azeri%29_cuisine.jpg/225px-Bozbash_from_Iranian_%28Azeri%29_cuisine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bozbash_from_Iranian_%28Azeri%29_cuisine.jpg/300px-Bozbash_from_Iranian_%28Azeri%29_cuisine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Bozbash" title="Bozbash">Bozbash</a>: meat soup with red or white beans, green vegetables, herbs, onions and leeks, dried limes and spices. </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shole-mashhadi-1391.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Shole-mashhadi-1391.jpg/150px-Shole-mashhadi-1391.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Shole-mashhadi-1391.jpg/225px-Shole-mashhadi-1391.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Shole-mashhadi-1391.jpg/300px-Shole-mashhadi-1391.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1037" data-file-height="778" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Sholeh: Thick soup with meat, different legumes, bulgur, rice, nutmeg and other spices. Shole is originally from <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Polow_and_dami">Polow and dami</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_cuisine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Polow and dami"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Apart from dishes of rice with kebab or stew, there are various rice-based Iranian dishes cooked in the traditional methods of polow and dami. </p><p><i>Polow</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> word for <a href="/wiki/Pilaf" title="Pilaf">pilaf</a> and it is also used in other <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a>, in the English language it may have variations in spelling. A polow dish includes rice stuffed with cuts of vegetables, fruits, and beans, usually accompanied by either chicken or red meat. Dami dishes are similar to polow in that they involve various ingredients with rice, however they are cooked using the dami method of cooking the dish all in one pot. </p><p>The following are a number of traditional Iranian rice-based dishes: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 20%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sabzi_polo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Sabzi_polo.jpg/150px-Sabzi_polo.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Sabzi_polo.jpg/225px-Sabzi_polo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Sabzi_polo.jpg/300px-Sabzi_polo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3676" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Sabzi_polo" title="Sabzi polo">Sabzi Polo</a>: Rice with chopped herbs, usually served with <a href="/wiki/Fish_as_food" title="Fish as food">fish</a>. </td> <td style="width: 20%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Loobia_Polo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Loobia_Polo.jpg/150px-Loobia_Polo.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Loobia_Polo.jpg/225px-Loobia_Polo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Loobia_Polo.jpg/300px-Loobia_Polo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4197" data-file-height="2778" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Loobia_polo" title="Loobia polo">Loobia Polo</a>: Rice with green beans and minced meat. </td> <td style="width: 20%;"><a href="/wiki/Albaloo_polo" title="Albaloo polo">Albalu Polo</a>: Rice with <a href="/wiki/Prunus_cerasus" title="Prunus cerasus">sour cherries</a> and slices of chicken or red meat. </td> <td style="width: 20%;"><span class="anchor" id="Morasa_polow"></span><span class="anchor" id="Morasa"></span><span class="anchor" id="Morassa"></span><span class="anchor" id="Morassa_polo"></span><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Morasa_Pol%C3%B3_(Close).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Morasa_Pol%C3%B3_%28Close%29.JPG/150px-Morasa_Pol%C3%B3_%28Close%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Morasa_Pol%C3%B3_%28Close%29.JPG/225px-Morasa_Pol%C3%B3_%28Close%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Morasa_Pol%C3%B3_%28Close%29.JPG/300px-Morasa_Pol%C3%B3_%28Close%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Morasa Polo: Rice "jewelled" with barberries, pistachios, raisins, carrots, orange peel, and almonds.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Shirin_polow"></span><span class="anchor" id="Shirin"></span><span class="anchor" id="Shirin_polo"></span><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%B2%D6%81%D6%80_%D6%83%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BE.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%B2%D6%81%D6%80_%D6%83%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BE.JPG/160px-%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%B2%D6%81%D6%80_%D6%83%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BE.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%B2%D6%81%D6%80_%D6%83%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BE.JPG/240px-%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%B2%D6%81%D6%80_%D6%83%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BE.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%B2%D6%81%D6%80_%D6%83%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BE.JPG/320px-%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%B2%D6%81%D6%80_%D6%83%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BE.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3664" data-file-height="3042" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Shirin_polow" class="mw-redirect" title="Shirin polow">Shirin Polo</a>: Rice with sweet carrots, raisins, and almonds.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adas_polos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Adas_polos.jpg/150px-Adas_polos.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Adas_polos.jpg/225px-Adas_polos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Adas_polos.jpg/300px-Adas_polos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2498" data-file-height="2067" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Adas Polo: <a href="/wiki/Lentil_rice" title="Lentil rice">Rice with lentils</a>, raisins, and dates.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baghala_polo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Baghala_polo.jpg/170px-Baghala_polo.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Baghala_polo.jpg/255px-Baghala_polo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Baghala_polo.jpg/340px-Baghala_polo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3563" data-file-height="2508" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Baghali_polo" title="Baghali polo">Baqali Polo</a>: Rice with <a href="/wiki/Vicia_faba" title="Vicia faba">fava beans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dill" title="Dill">dill weed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dampokhtak.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Dampokhtak.JPG/160px-Dampokhtak.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Dampokhtak.JPG/240px-Dampokhtak.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Dampokhtak.JPG/320px-Dampokhtak.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Dampokhtak: Turmeric rice with <a href="/wiki/Phaseolus_lunatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaseolus lunatus">lima beans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tahchin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Tahchin.jpg/160px-Tahchin.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Tahchin.jpg/240px-Tahchin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Tahchin.jpg/320px-Tahchin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="297" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Tahchin" title="Tahchin">Tachin</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rice_cake" title="Rice cake">Rice cake</a> including yogurt, egg, and chicken fillets. </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalam_Polow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Kalam_Polow.jpg/160px-Kalam_Polow.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Kalam_Polow.jpg/240px-Kalam_Polow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Kalam_Polow.jpg/320px-Kalam_Polow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Kalam Polo: Rice with cabbage and different herbs. </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zereshk_polo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Zereshk_polo.jpg/160px-Zereshk_polo.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Zereshk_polo.jpg/240px-Zereshk_polo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Zereshk_polo.jpg/320px-Zereshk_polo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Zereshk Polo: Rice with <a href="/wiki/Berberis" title="Berberis">berberis</a> and saffron. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other">Other</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_cuisine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 20%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuku_Sabzi_(Iranian_food).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Kuku_Sabzi_%28Iranian_food%29.jpg/150px-Kuku_Sabzi_%28Iranian_food%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Kuku_Sabzi_%28Iranian_food%29.jpg/225px-Kuku_Sabzi_%28Iranian_food%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Kuku_Sabzi_%28Iranian_food%29.jpg/300px-Kuku_Sabzi_%28Iranian_food%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="347" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Kuku_(food)" title="Kuku (food)">Kuku</a>: Whipped eggs folded in with herbs or potato. </td> <td style="width: 20%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kotlet_on_the_pan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Kotlet_on_the_pan.jpg/150px-Kotlet_on_the_pan.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Kotlet_on_the_pan.jpg/225px-Kotlet_on_the_pan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Kotlet_on_the_pan.jpg/300px-Kotlet_on_the_pan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Cutlet" title="Cutlet">Kotlet</a>: Mixture of fried <a href="/wiki/Ground_beef" title="Ground beef">ground beef</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mashed_potato" title="Mashed potato">mashed potato</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onion</a>. </td> <td style="width: 20%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Russischer_Oliviersalat.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Russischer_Oliviersalat.JPG/150px-Russischer_Oliviersalat.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Russischer_Oliviersalat.JPG/225px-Russischer_Oliviersalat.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Russischer_Oliviersalat.JPG/300px-Russischer_Oliviersalat.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Olivier_salad" title="Olivier salad">Olivier salad</a>: Mixture of potato, eggs, peas, and diced chicken (or sausage), dressed with <a href="/wiki/Mayonnaise" title="Mayonnaise">mayonnaise</a>. </td> <td style="width: 20%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seven_types_of_caviar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Seven_types_of_caviar.jpg/150px-Seven_types_of_caviar.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Seven_types_of_caviar.jpg/225px-Seven_types_of_caviar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Seven_types_of_caviar.jpg/300px-Seven_types_of_caviar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="961" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Caviar" title="Caviar">Caviar</a>: Salt-cured fish eggs. </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dolma,_Tabriz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Dolma%2C_Tabriz.jpg/160px-Dolma%2C_Tabriz.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Dolma%2C_Tabriz.jpg/240px-Dolma%2C_Tabriz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Dolma%2C_Tabriz.jpg/320px-Dolma%2C_Tabriz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Dolma" title="Dolma">Dolmeh</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stuffed_peppers" title="Stuffed peppers">Stuffed peppers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vitis" title="Vitis">vine leaves</a>. </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Koofteh_tabrizi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Koofteh_tabrizi.jpg/150px-Koofteh_tabrizi.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Koofteh_tabrizi.jpg/225px-Koofteh_tabrizi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Koofteh_tabrizi.jpg/300px-Koofteh_tabrizi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Kofta" title="Kofta">Kufte</a>: <a href="/wiki/Meatball" title="Meatball">Meatball</a> or <a href="/wiki/Meatloaf" title="Meatloaf">meatloaf</a> dishes. </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beefjf0159.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Beefjf0159.JPG/150px-Beefjf0159.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Beefjf0159.JPG/225px-Beefjf0159.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Beefjf0159.JPG/300px-Beefjf0159.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Beef_tongue" title="Beef tongue">Zaban</a>: Beef tongue. </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iranian_pache_dish.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Iranian_pache_dish.jpg/150px-Iranian_pache_dish.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Iranian_pache_dish.jpg/225px-Iranian_pache_dish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Iranian_pache_dish.jpg/300px-Iranian_pache_dish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Khash_(dish)" title="Khash (dish)">Pache</a>: Boiled parts of cow or sheep; also known as <i>khash</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iranian_pirashki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Iranian_pirashki.jpg/150px-Iranian_pirashki.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Iranian_pirashki.jpg/225px-Iranian_pirashki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Iranian_pirashki.jpg/300px-Iranian_pirashki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Pirozhki" title="Pirozhki">Pirashki</a> (pirozhki): Baked or fried buns stuffed with a variety of fillings. </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Persian_Port_Sausage_(Sosis_Bandari)_with_sliced_tomato_and_kosher_dills.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Persian_Port_Sausage_%28Sosis_Bandari%29_with_sliced_tomato_and_kosher_dills.jpg/150px-Persian_Port_Sausage_%28Sosis_Bandari%29_with_sliced_tomato_and_kosher_dills.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Persian_Port_Sausage_%28Sosis_Bandari%29_with_sliced_tomato_and_kosher_dills.jpg/225px-Persian_Port_Sausage_%28Sosis_Bandari%29_with_sliced_tomato_and_kosher_dills.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Persian_Port_Sausage_%28Sosis_Bandari%29_with_sliced_tomato_and_kosher_dills.jpg/300px-Persian_Port_Sausage_%28Sosis_Bandari%29_with_sliced_tomato_and_kosher_dills.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Port_sausage" class="mw-redirect" title="Port sausage">Sosis Bandari</a>: Traditional sausage with onion, tomato paste, and chili pepper. </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nargesi_omelette.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Nargesi_omelette.jpg/150px-Nargesi_omelette.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Nargesi_omelette.jpg/225px-Nargesi_omelette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Nargesi_omelette.jpg/300px-Nargesi_omelette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3796" data-file-height="3022" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Nargesi_(food)" title="Nargesi (food)">Nargesi</a>: A type of spinach <a href="/wiki/Omelette" title="Omelette">omelette</a>. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sirabij" title="Sirabij">Sirabij</a>: A type of garlic <a href="/wiki/Omelette" title="Omelette">omelette</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gondiisrael.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Gondiisrael.jpg/150px-Gondiisrael.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Gondiisrael.jpg/225px-Gondiisrael.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Gondiisrael.jpg/300px-Gondiisrael.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Gondi_(dumpling)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gondi (dumpling)">Gondi</a>: <a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Iranian Jewish</a> dish of <a href="/wiki/Meatball" title="Meatball">meatball</a>. </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Makhsoos_(Special)_Pizza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Makhsoos_%28Special%29_Pizza.jpg/150px-Makhsoos_%28Special%29_Pizza.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Makhsoos_%28Special%29_Pizza.jpg/225px-Makhsoos_%28Special%29_Pizza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Makhsoos_%28Special%29_Pizza.jpg/300px-Makhsoos_%28Special%29_Pizza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Iranian_pizza" title="Iranian pizza">Iranian pizza</a>: A typical Iranian <a href="/wiki/Pizza" title="Pizza">pizza</a>. </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dopiaza.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Dopiaza.JPG/150px-Dopiaza.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Dopiaza.JPG/225px-Dopiaza.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Dopiaza.JPG/300px-Dopiaza.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Dopiaza" title="Dopiaza">Dopiaza</a>: Traditional <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a> curry prepared with a large quantity of onions. </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chuchvara4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Chuchvara4.jpg/150px-Chuchvara4.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Chuchvara4.jpg/225px-Chuchvara4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Chuchvara4.jpg/300px-Chuchvara4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Joshpara" title="Joshpara">Joshpara</a>: <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Azerbaijani</a> meat-filled dumplings. </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iranian_omelet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Iranian_omelet.jpg/150px-Iranian_omelet.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Iranian_omelet.jpg/225px-Iranian_omelet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Iranian_omelet.jpg/300px-Iranian_omelet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3055" data-file-height="2437" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Scrambled_eggs" title="Scrambled eggs">Tomato scrambled eggs</a>: A dish made from eggs and tomato. </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaghour_baghour_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Chaghour_baghour_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Chaghour_baghour_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Chaghour_baghour_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Chaghour_baghour_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Chaghour_baghour_%28cropped%29.jpg/400px-Chaghour_baghour_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Jaqur-Baqur: A dish made from sheep's heart, liver and kidney. </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Isfahan_biryan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Isfahan_biryan.jpg/150px-Isfahan_biryan.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Isfahan_biryan.jpg/225px-Isfahan_biryan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Isfahan_biryan.jpg/300px-Isfahan_biryan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3576" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Beryani: A traditional dish in <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a> made from minced meat, fat, onion, cinnamon, saffron, walnut and mint that is served with baked lung. </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FoodOmelete.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/FoodOmelete.jpg/150px-FoodOmelete.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/FoodOmelete.jpg/225px-FoodOmelete.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/FoodOmelete.jpg/300px-FoodOmelete.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1863" data-file-height="1761" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Omelette" title="Omelette">Omelette</a>: Originated in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Persia">ancient Persia</a> and was introduced worldwide in the 16th century. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appetizers">Appetizers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_cuisine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Appetizers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 20%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mixed_Pickles_(9370-72).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Mixed_Pickles_%289370-72%29.jpg/160px-Mixed_Pickles_%289370-72%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Mixed_Pickles_%289370-72%29.jpg/240px-Mixed_Pickles_%289370-72%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Mixed_Pickles_%289370-72%29.jpg/320px-Mixed_Pickles_%289370-72%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Tursu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tursu">Torshi</a>: Mixed pickles salad. </td> <td style="width: 20%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salad_Shirazi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Salad_Shirazi.jpg/150px-Salad_Shirazi.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Salad_Shirazi.jpg/225px-Salad_Shirazi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Salad_Shirazi.jpg/300px-Salad_Shirazi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="406" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Shirazi_salad" title="Shirazi salad">Salad Shirazi</a>: Chopped cucumbers, tomato, and onion with verjuice and a little lemon juice. </td> <td style="width: 20%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bouranee.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Bouranee.png/140px-Bouranee.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Bouranee.png/210px-Bouranee.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Bouranee.png/280px-Bouranee.png 2x" data-file-width="3094" data-file-height="2547" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Borani" title="Borani">Borani</a>: Yogurt with spinach and other ingredients. </td> <td style="width: 20%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D5%87%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BE_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6_%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D5%BE.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%D5%87%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BE_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6_%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D5%BE.JPG/130px-%D5%87%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BE_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6_%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D5%BE.JPG" decoding="async" width="130" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%D5%87%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BE_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6_%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D5%BE.JPG/195px-%D5%87%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BE_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6_%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D5%BE.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%D5%87%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BE_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6_%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D5%BE.JPG/260px-%D5%87%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BE_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6_%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D5%BE.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1756" data-file-height="1596" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Tzatziki" title="Tzatziki">Mast-o Khiar</a>: <a href="/wiki/Strained_yogurt" title="Strained yogurt">Strained yogurt</a> with cucumber, garlic, and <a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">mint</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B9%D5%AB_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B9%D5%AB_2.JPG/150px-%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B9%D5%AB_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B9%D5%AB_2.JPG/225px-%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B9%D5%AB_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B9%D5%AB_2.JPG/300px-%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B9%D5%AB_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4139" data-file-height="3108" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Sabzi_khordan" title="Sabzi khordan">Sabzi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leaf_vegetable" title="Leaf vegetable">greens</a>): Fresh herbs and raw vegetables. </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zeytoon-Parvardeh-Zeytoun-Zeitoun-Zeytun-Persian-Olive-_Pomegranate-_Walnutfood-photo-by-persian-dutch-network.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Zeytoon-Parvardeh-Zeytoun-Zeitoun-Zeytun-Persian-Olive-_Pomegranate-_Walnutfood-photo-by-persian-dutch-network.jpg/150px-Zeytoon-Parvardeh-Zeytoun-Zeitoun-Zeytun-Persian-Olive-_Pomegranate-_Walnutfood-photo-by-persian-dutch-network.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Zeytoon-Parvardeh-Zeytoun-Zeitoun-Zeytun-Persian-Olive-_Pomegranate-_Walnutfood-photo-by-persian-dutch-network.jpg/225px-Zeytoon-Parvardeh-Zeytoun-Zeitoun-Zeytun-Persian-Olive-_Pomegranate-_Walnutfood-photo-by-persian-dutch-network.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Zeytoon-Parvardeh-Zeytoun-Zeitoun-Zeytun-Persian-Olive-_Pomegranate-_Walnutfood-photo-by-persian-dutch-network.jpg/300px-Zeytoon-Parvardeh-Zeytoun-Zeitoun-Zeytun-Persian-Olive-_Pomegranate-_Walnutfood-photo-by-persian-dutch-network.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4423" data-file-height="2620" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Zeytun_parvarde" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeytun parvarde">Zeytun Parvardeh</a>: Olives in a paste made of pomegranate, walnut and garlic.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mirza-Qasemi_dish.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Mirza-Qasemi_dish.jpg/150px-Mirza-Qasemi_dish.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Mirza-Qasemi_dish.jpg/225px-Mirza-Qasemi_dish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Mirza-Qasemi_dish.jpg/300px-Mirza-Qasemi_dish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghassemi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirza Ghassemi">Mirza Qasemi</a>: Grilled eggplant with egg, garlic and tomato. </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kashk_e_Baademjaan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Kashk_e_Baademjaan.jpg/150px-Kashk_e_Baademjaan.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Kashk_e_Baademjaan.jpg/225px-Kashk_e_Baademjaan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Kashk_e_Baademjaan.jpg/300px-Kashk_e_Baademjaan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3848" data-file-height="2576" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Kashk_e_bademjan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashk e bademjan">Kashk-e Bademjan</a>: Mixture of kashk, eggplant and mint. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Desserts">Desserts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_cuisine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Desserts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_desserts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Iranian desserts">List of Iranian desserts</a>.</div> <p>In 400 BC, the ancient Iranians invented a special chilled food, made of <a href="/wiki/Rose_water" title="Rose water">rose water</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vermicelli" title="Vermicelli">vermicelli</a>, which was served to royalty in summertime.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ice was mixed with <a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a>, fruits, and various other flavors. Today, one of the most famous Iranian desserts in the semi-frozen noodle dessert known as <i><a href="/wiki/Faloodeh" title="Faloodeh">faloodeh</a></i>, which has its roots in the city of <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a>, a former capital of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-ShirazSights_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShirazSights-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bastani_Sonnati" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastani Sonnati">Bastani e zaferani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> for "saffron ice cream", is a traditional Iranian ice cream which is also commonly referred to as "the traditional ice cream". Other typical Iranian desserts include several forms of rice, wheat and dairy desserts. </p><p>The following is a list of several Iranian desserts. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 20%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fereni_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Fereni_1.jpg/160px-Fereni_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Fereni_1.jpg/240px-Fereni_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Fereni_1.jpg/320px-Fereni_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3095" data-file-height="2598" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Rice_pudding" title="Rice pudding">Fereni</a>: Sweet rice pudding flavored with <a href="/wiki/Rose_water" title="Rose water">rose water</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="width: 20%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iranian_sholezard_for_Nowruz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Iranian_sholezard_for_Nowruz.jpg/160px-Iranian_sholezard_for_Nowruz.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Iranian_sholezard_for_Nowruz.jpg/240px-Iranian_sholezard_for_Nowruz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Iranian_sholezard_for_Nowruz.jpg/320px-Iranian_sholezard_for_Nowruz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="746" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Sholezard" title="Sholezard">Sholezard</a>: Saffron rice-based dessert. </td> <td style="width: 20%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Persian_halva.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Persian_halva.jpg/160px-Persian_halva.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Persian_halva.jpg/240px-Persian_halva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Persian_halva.jpg/320px-Persian_halva.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4068" data-file-height="2766" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Halva" title="Halva">Halva</a>: Wheat flour and butter, flavored with rose water. </td> <td style="width: 20%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saffron_ice_cream.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Saffron_ice_cream.jpg/160px-Saffron_ice_cream.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Saffron_ice_cream.jpg/240px-Saffron_ice_cream.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Saffron_ice_cream.jpg/320px-Saffron_ice_cream.jpg 2x" data-file-width="655" data-file-height="523" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Bastani_Sonnati" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastani Sonnati">Bastani-e Zaferani</a>: Saffron ice cream. </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Faloodeh1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Faloodeh1.jpg/110px-Faloodeh1.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Faloodeh1.jpg/165px-Faloodeh1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Faloodeh1.jpg/220px-Faloodeh1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2118" data-file-height="2576" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Faloodeh" title="Faloodeh">Faloodeh</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vermicelli" title="Vermicelli">Vermicelli</a> mixed in a semi-frozen syrup of sugar and rose water. </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaymak_in_Turkey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Kaymak_in_Turkey.jpg/170px-Kaymak_in_Turkey.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Kaymak_in_Turkey.jpg/255px-Kaymak_in_Turkey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Kaymak_in_Turkey.jpg/340px-Kaymak_in_Turkey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1608" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Kaymak" title="Kaymak">Sarshir</a>: Creamy <a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">dairy product</a> similar to <a href="/wiki/Clotted_cream" title="Clotted cream">clotted cream</a>. </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samanoo-Samanou-Persian-sweet-paste-for-Nowruz-Haft-Sin-Tablet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Samanoo-Samanou-Persian-sweet-paste-for-Nowruz-Haft-Sin-Tablet.jpg/170px-Samanoo-Samanou-Persian-sweet-paste-for-Nowruz-Haft-Sin-Tablet.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Samanoo-Samanou-Persian-sweet-paste-for-Nowruz-Haft-Sin-Tablet.jpg/255px-Samanoo-Samanou-Persian-sweet-paste-for-Nowruz-Haft-Sin-Tablet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Samanoo-Samanou-Persian-sweet-paste-for-Nowruz-Haft-Sin-Tablet.jpg/340px-Samanoo-Samanou-Persian-sweet-paste-for-Nowruz-Haft-Sin-Tablet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1521" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Samanu" title="Samanu">Samanu</a>: Germinated wheat, typically served for <a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Snacks">Snacks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_cuisine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Snacks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cookie" title="Cookie">Cookies</a> appear to have their origins in 7th-century Iran, shortly after the use of sugar became relatively common in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are numerous traditional native and adopted types of snack food in modern Iran, of which some are listed within the following table. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 20%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fooman_cookie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Fooman_cookie.jpg/170px-Fooman_cookie.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Fooman_cookie.jpg/255px-Fooman_cookie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Fooman_cookie.jpg/340px-Fooman_cookie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Koloocheh" title="Koloocheh">Koluche</a>h: Cookies, with major production in <a href="/wiki/Fuman,_Iran" title="Fuman, Iran">Fuman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lahijan" title="Lahijan">Lahijan</a>. </td> <td style="width: 20%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Loukoumades.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Loukoumades.jpg/150px-Loukoumades.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Loukoumades.jpg/225px-Loukoumades.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Loukoumades.jpg/300px-Loukoumades.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Lokma" title="Lokma">Bamie</a>h: Deep fried dough soaked in sugar syrup. </td> <td style="width: 20%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baklava,_Iranian_Style.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Baklava%2C_Iranian_Style.jpg/160px-Baklava%2C_Iranian_Style.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Baklava%2C_Iranian_Style.jpg/240px-Baklava%2C_Iranian_Style.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Baklava%2C_Iranian_Style.jpg/320px-Baklava%2C_Iranian_Style.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Baklava" title="Baklava">Baqlava</a>: Pastry made of <a href="/wiki/Filo" title="Filo">filo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">nuts</a>, and sugar syrup. </td> <td style="width: 20%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reshteh_khoshkar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Reshteh_khoshkar.jpg/150px-Reshteh_khoshkar.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Reshteh_khoshkar.jpg/225px-Reshteh_khoshkar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Reshteh_khoshkar.jpg/300px-Reshteh_khoshkar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Reshteh_khoshkar" title="Reshteh khoshkar">Reshte Khoshkar</a>: Fried and spiced rice flour and walnut. </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaz_Candy_From_Iran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gaz_Candy_From_Iran.jpg/140px-Gaz_Candy_From_Iran.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gaz_Candy_From_Iran.jpg/210px-Gaz_Candy_From_Iran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gaz_Candy_From_Iran.jpg/280px-Gaz_Candy_From_Iran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Nougat" title="Nougat">Nougat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaz_(candy)" title="Gaz (candy)">Gaz</a>: Made of sugar, nuts, and <a href="/wiki/Egg_white" title="Egg white">egg white</a>. </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sohan_Halwa.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Sohan_Halwa.JPG/110px-Sohan_Halwa.JPG" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Sohan_Halwa.JPG/165px-Sohan_Halwa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Sohan_Halwa.JPG/220px-Sohan_Halwa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2020" data-file-height="2024" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Sohan_(confectionery)" title="Sohan (confectionery)">Sohan</a>: Saffron <a href="/wiki/Brittle_(food)" title="Brittle (food)">brittle</a> candy with nuts. </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sohan_Asali.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Sohan_Asali.png/150px-Sohan_Asali.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Sohan_Asali.png/225px-Sohan_Asali.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Sohan_Asali.png/300px-Sohan_Asali.png 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2348" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Sohan_Asali" class="mw-redirect" title="Sohan Asali">Sohan Asali</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brittle_(food)" title="Brittle (food)">Brittle</a> candy with honey. </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nan_berenji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nan_berenji.jpg/140px-Nan_berenji.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nan_berenji.jpg/210px-Nan_berenji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nan_berenji.jpg/280px-Nan_berenji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Nan-e_berenji" title="Nan-e berenji">Nan-e Berenji</a>: Rice flour cookies.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lovuez.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Lovuez.png/150px-Lovuez.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Lovuez.png/225px-Lovuez.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Lovuez.png/300px-Lovuez.png 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Tabrizi_Lovuez" title="Tabrizi Lovuez">Tabrizi Lovuez</a>: Diamond-shaped, made of <a href="/wiki/Almond_meal" title="Almond meal">almond powder</a>, sugar, and saffron. </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shirini-e_Nokhodchi_close_150313_AW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Shirini-e_Nokhodchi_close_150313_AW.jpg/150px-Shirini-e_Nokhodchi_close_150313_AW.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Shirini-e_Nokhodchi_close_150313_AW.jpg/225px-Shirini-e_Nokhodchi_close_150313_AW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Shirini-e_Nokhodchi_close_150313_AW.jpg/300px-Shirini-e_Nokhodchi_close_150313_AW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4211" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Nan-e_Nokhodchi" title="Nan-e Nokhodchi">Nokhodchi</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chickpea" title="Chickpea">Chickpea</a> cookies.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qottab_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Qottab_02.jpg/150px-Qottab_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Qottab_02.jpg/225px-Qottab_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Qottab_02.jpg/300px-Qottab_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Qottab" title="Qottab">Qottab</a>: <a href="/wiki/Almond" title="Almond">Almond</a>-filled deep-fried pastry. </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kolompeh-Kerman.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Kolompeh-Kerman.png/90px-Kolompeh-Kerman.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Kolompeh-Kerman.png/135px-Kolompeh-Kerman.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Kolompeh-Kerman.png/180px-Kolompeh-Kerman.png 2x" data-file-width="1012" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Kolompeh" title="Kolompeh">Kolompeh</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pie" title="Pie">Pie</a> made of <a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">dates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">cardamom</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saffron_rock_candy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Saffron_rock_candy.jpg/160px-Saffron_rock_candy.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Saffron_rock_candy.jpg/240px-Saffron_rock_candy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Saffron_rock_candy.jpg/320px-Saffron_rock_candy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="763" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Rock_candy" title="Rock candy">Nabat</a> : Rock candy, commonly flavored with saffron in Iran. </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Candyfloss_(4825597893).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Candyfloss_%284825597893%29.jpg/170px-Candyfloss_%284825597893%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Candyfloss_%284825597893%29.jpg/255px-Candyfloss_%284825597893%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Candyfloss_%284825597893%29.jpg/340px-Candyfloss_%284825597893%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Pashmak" title="Pashmak">Pashmak</a>: Cotton candy. </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gorp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Gorp.jpg/140px-Gorp.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Gorp.jpg/210px-Gorp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Gorp.jpg/280px-Gorp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="616" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Trail_mix" title="Trail mix">Trail Mix</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dried_fruit" title="Dried fruit">Dried fruit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">grains</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">nuts</a>. </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dulce_de_membrillo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Dulce_de_membrillo.jpg/130px-Dulce_de_membrillo.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Dulce_de_membrillo.jpg/195px-Dulce_de_membrillo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Dulce_de_membrillo.jpg/260px-Dulce_de_membrillo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1476" data-file-height="1476" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Quince_cheese" title="Quince cheese">Quince Cheese</a>: Made of quince and sugar. </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Studentenfutter_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Studentenfutter_01.JPG/160px-Studentenfutter_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Studentenfutter_01.JPG/240px-Studentenfutter_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Studentenfutter_01.JPG/320px-Studentenfutter_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%AEl-e_Moshkel-gosh%C3%A2" title="Ajîl-e Moshkel-goshâ">Ajil-e Moshkel-gosha</a>: Traditional packed trail mix for <a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a>. </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gosh-e-feel,_Panjshir_Restaurant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Gosh-e-feel%2C_Panjshir_Restaurant.jpg/160px-Gosh-e-feel%2C_Panjshir_Restaurant.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Gosh-e-feel%2C_Panjshir_Restaurant.jpg/240px-Gosh-e-feel%2C_Panjshir_Restaurant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Gosh-e-feel%2C_Panjshir_Restaurant.jpg/320px-Gosh-e-feel%2C_Panjshir_Restaurant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Gosh-e_Fil" class="mw-redirect" title="Gosh-e Fil">Gush-e Fil</a>: Dough topped with <a href="/wiki/Pistachio" title="Pistachio">pistachios</a> <a href="/wiki/Powdered_sugar" title="Powdered sugar">powdered sugar</a>. </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_(23).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%2823%29.jpg/160px-%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%2823%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%2823%29.jpg/240px-%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%2823%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%2823%29.jpg/320px-%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%2823%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="489" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Poolaki" title="Poolaki">Poolaki</a>: Thin candy made of sugar, water, and white <a href="/wiki/Vinegar" title="Vinegar">vinegar</a>. </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sujuq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Sujuq.jpg/160px-Sujuq.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Sujuq.jpg/240px-Sujuq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Sujuq.jpg/320px-Sujuq.jpg 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Baslogh: Pastry made of grape syrup, starch and almond.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drinks">Drinks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_cuisine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Drinks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lets_have_some_tea_(6323265930).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Lets_have_some_tea_%286323265930%29.jpg/170px-Lets_have_some_tea_%286323265930%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Lets_have_some_tea_%286323265930%29.jpg/255px-Lets_have_some_tea_%286323265930%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Lets_have_some_tea_%286323265930%29.jpg/340px-Lets_have_some_tea_%286323265930%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>A cup of Iranian tea, served in Tehran</figcaption></figure> <p>Iran is one of the world's major tea producers,<sup id="cite_ref-FAOSTAT_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAOSTAT-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (January 2020)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> mostly cultivated in its northern regions. In <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iran" title="Culture of Iran">Iranian culture</a>, tea (<i>čāy</i>) is widely consumed<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is typically the first thing offered to a guest.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iranians traditionally put a lump of <a href="/wiki/Sugarloaf" title="Sugarloaf">sugar cube</a> in the mouth before drinking the tea.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rock_candy" title="Rock candy">Rock candies</a> are also widely used, typically flavored with <a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pars_Caf%C3%A9,_Lalezar,_Tehran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Pars_Caf%C3%A9%2C_Lalezar%2C_Tehran.jpg/170px-Pars_Caf%C3%A9%2C_Lalezar%2C_Tehran.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Pars_Caf%C3%A9%2C_Lalezar%2C_Tehran.jpg/255px-Pars_Caf%C3%A9%2C_Lalezar%2C_Tehran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Pars_Caf%C3%A9%2C_Lalezar%2C_Tehran.jpg/340px-Pars_Caf%C3%A9%2C_Lalezar%2C_Tehran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="431" /></a><figcaption>Café Pars, <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> (1936)</figcaption></figure> <p>Iran's traditional <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a> (<i>qahve</i>, or <i>kāfe</i>) is served strong, sweet, and "booby-trapped with a sediment of grounds".<sup id="cite_ref-andrewbruke_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrewbruke-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid Iran</a>, coffee was initially used for medical purposes among the society.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional <a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">coffeehouses</a> were popular gatherings, in which people drank coffee, smoked tobacco, and recited poetry—especially the epic poems of <i><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In present-day Iran, cafés are trendy mostly in urban areas, where a variety of brews and desserts are served.<sup id="cite_ref-andrewbruke_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrewbruke-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_coffee" title="Turkish coffee">Turkish coffee</a> is also popular in Iran, more specifically among <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azeris" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Azeris">Iranian Azeris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Persian_wine" title="Persian wine">mey</a></i>) has also a significant presence in Iranian culture. <a href="/wiki/Shirazi_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Shirazi wine">Shirazi wine</a> is Iran's historically most famous wine production, originating from the city of <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OCW_Persia_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCW_Persia-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hugh_J_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hugh_J-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 9th century, the city of Shiraz had already established a reputation for producing the finest wine in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-OCW_Persia_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCW_Persia-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was Iran's wine capital. Since the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">1979 Revolution</a>, alcoholic beverages <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Iran" title="Alcohol in Iran">have been prohibited in Iran</a>; though non-Muslim recognized minorities (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iran" title="Christianity in Iran">Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Jews</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrians_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrians in Iran">Zoroastrians</a>) are allowed to produce alcoholic beverages for their own use.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While non-alcoholic <a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Iran" title="Beer in Iran">beer</a> (<i>ābjow</i>) is available from legal outlets, other citizens prepare their alcoholic beverages illegally through the minority groups<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and largely from <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aragh_Sagi" title="Aragh Sagi">Araq sagi</a>, literally meaning "doggy distillate", is a type of <a href="/wiki/Distilled_beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled beverage">distilled alcoholic beverage</a> in Iran which contains at least 65% pure ethanol. It is usually produced at homes from <a href="/wiki/Raisin" title="Raisin">raisins</a>, and is similar to Turkish <a href="/wiki/Rak%C4%B1" title="Rakı">rakı</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Skaljic_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skaljic-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the 1979 Revolution, it had been produced traditionally in several cities of Iran. Since it was outlawed following the 1979 Revolution, it has become a black market and underground business. </p><p>The following table lists several Iranian cold beverages. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 20%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tan-raffi_kojian-IMG_3584.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Tan-raffi_kojian-IMG_3584.JPG/60px-Tan-raffi_kojian-IMG_3584.JPG" decoding="async" width="60" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Tan-raffi_kojian-IMG_3584.JPG/90px-Tan-raffi_kojian-IMG_3584.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Tan-raffi_kojian-IMG_3584.JPG/120px-Tan-raffi_kojian-IMG_3584.JPG 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="856" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Doogh" title="Doogh">Doogh</a>: Cold <a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">yogurt</a> drink, often made with salt, pepper, and other spices. </td> <td style="width: 20%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pomegranate_Juice_(2019).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Pomegranate_Juice_%282019%29.jpg/160px-Pomegranate_Juice_%282019%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Pomegranate_Juice_%282019%29.jpg/240px-Pomegranate_Juice_%282019%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Pomegranate_Juice_%282019%29.jpg/320px-Pomegranate_Juice_%282019%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3020" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Pomegranate_juice" title="Pomegranate juice">Pomegranate Juice</a> </td> <td style="width: 20%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GlassOfJuice_and_carrots.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/GlassOfJuice_and_carrots.JPG/150px-GlassOfJuice_and_carrots.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/GlassOfJuice_and_carrots.JPG/225px-GlassOfJuice_and_carrots.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/GlassOfJuice_and_carrots.JPG/300px-GlassOfJuice_and_carrots.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Carrot_juice" title="Carrot juice">Carrot Juice</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sometimes mixed with <a href="/wiki/Bastani_Sonnati" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastani Sonnati">ice cream</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="width: 20%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khakshir_(sisymbrium_sophia_seeds_cold_drink).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Khakshir_%28sisymbrium_sophia_seeds_cold_drink%29.jpg/150px-Khakshir_%28sisymbrium_sophia_seeds_cold_drink%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Khakshir_%28sisymbrium_sophia_seeds_cold_drink%29.jpg/225px-Khakshir_%28sisymbrium_sophia_seeds_cold_drink%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Khakshir_%28sisymbrium_sophia_seeds_cold_drink%29.jpg/300px-Khakshir_%28sisymbrium_sophia_seeds_cold_drink%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="619" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Khakshir: Cold sweet drink with <i><a href="/wiki/Descurainia_sophia" title="Descurainia sophia">Descurainia sophia</a></i> seeds.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sekanjebin_(drink).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Sekanjebin_%28drink%29.jpg/160px-Sekanjebin_%28drink%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Sekanjebin_%28drink%29.jpg/240px-Sekanjebin_%28drink%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Sekanjebin_%28drink%29.jpg/320px-Sekanjebin_%28drink%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Sekanjabin" title="Sekanjabin">Sekanjebin</a>: Cold drink made of honey and <a href="/wiki/Vinegar" title="Vinegar">vinegar</a>. </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aragh_sagi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Aragh_sagi.jpg/50px-Aragh_sagi.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Aragh_sagi.jpg/75px-Aragh_sagi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Aragh_sagi.jpg/100px-Aragh_sagi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="244" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Aragh_sagi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aragh sagi">Aragh Sagi</a>: A type of <a href="/wiki/Distilled_beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled beverage">distilled alcoholic beverage</a>. </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orange_blossom_drink.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Orange_blossom_drink.jpg/100px-Orange_blossom_drink.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Orange_blossom_drink.jpg/150px-Orange_blossom_drink.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Orange_blossom_drink.jpg/200px-Orange_blossom_drink.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2586" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Sharbat_(beverage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharbat (beverage)">Sharbat</a>: Cold and sweet drink made of fruits or flower petals. </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shiraz_Grapes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Shiraz_Grapes.jpg/150px-Shiraz_Grapes.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Shiraz_Grapes.jpg/225px-Shiraz_Grapes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Shiraz_Grapes.jpg/300px-Shiraz_Grapes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Shiraz_wine" title="Shiraz wine">Shiraz Wine</a>: Wine produced from <a href="/wiki/Syrah" title="Syrah">Shiraz grapes</a> around the city of <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a> in Iran. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_Iranian_cuisine">Regional Iranian cuisine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_cuisine&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Regional Iranian cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Azerbaijani_cuisine">Azerbaijani cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_cuisine&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Azerbaijani cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_cuisine" title="Azerbaijani cuisine">Azerbaijani cuisine</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijani people</a>, living primarily in the region of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Azerbaijan</a> in northwestern Iran, have a number of local dishes that include <a href="/wiki/Bonab_kababi" title="Bonab kababi">Bonab kabab</a> (<i><span title="Azerbaijani-language text"><i lang="az">Binab kababı</i></span></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Dumpling" title="Dumpling">dumpling</a> dish of <a href="/wiki/Joshpara" title="Joshpara">joshpara</a> (<i><span title="Azerbaijani-language text"><i lang="az">düşbərə</i></span></i>), an offal-based dish named jaqul baqul typically containing liver and heart,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a variety of <a href="/wiki/%C4%80sh" class="mw-redirect" title="Āsh">āsh</a> called <i><span title="Azerbaijani-language text"><i lang="az"><a href="/wiki/Keledo%C5%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Keledoş">kələcoş</a></i></span></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a variation of <a href="/wiki/Gheimeh" title="Gheimeh">qeyme</a> that is called <i><span title="Azerbaijani-language text"><i lang="az"><a href="/wiki/Pichagh-gheimeh" title="Pichagh-gheimeh">pıçaq</a></i></span></i>, and a variation of <a href="/wiki/Kofta" title="Kofta">kufte</a> that is called <a href="/wiki/Tabriz_meatballs" title="Tabriz meatballs">Tabriz meatballs</a>. There is also the traditional pastry of <a href="/wiki/Shekerbura" class="mw-redirect" title="Shekerbura">shekerbura</a> (<i><span title="Azerbaijani-language text"><i lang="az">şəkərbura</i></span></i>), which is identical to <a href="/wiki/Khorasan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorasan Province">Khorasan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Shekarpareh" class="mw-redirect" title="Shekarpareh">shekarpare</a> (<span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">šekarpāre</i></span>). Despite the influences from Turkey, the food tastes noticeably Iranian, though also with its own unique features, such as using more lemon juice and butter than other groups of Iranians.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balochi_cuisine">Balochi cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_cuisine&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Balochi cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Balochi_cuisine" title="Balochi cuisine">Balochi cuisine</a></div> <p>Meat and dates are the main ingredients in the cuisine of Iran's southeastern region of <a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistan and Baluchestan Province">Baluchistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JamBaluch_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JamBaluch-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MehrBaluch_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MehrBaluch-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rice is primarily cultivated in the region of <a href="/wiki/Makran" title="Makran">Makran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JamBaluch_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JamBaluch-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MehrBaluch_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MehrBaluch-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foods that are specific to the Iranian region of Baluchistan include tanurche (<span title="Balochi-language romanization"><i lang="bal-Latn">tarōnča</i></span>; <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">tanurče</i></span>), a local variety of grilled meat that is prepared in a <a href="/wiki/Tandoor" title="Tandoor">tanur</a>, doogh-pa (<span title="Balochi-language romanization"><i lang="bal-Latn">dōq-pâ</i></span>), a type of <a href="/wiki/Khoresh" title="Khoresh">khoresh</a> that contains <a href="/wiki/Doogh" title="Doogh">doogh</a>, and tabahag (<span title="Balochi-language romanization"><i lang="bal-Latn">tabâhag</i></span>), that is meat prepared with pomegranate powder.<sup id="cite_ref-JamBaluch_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JamBaluch-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MehrBaluch_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MehrBaluch-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baluchi cuisine also includes several date-based dishes, as well as various types of bread.<sup id="cite_ref-JamBaluch_85-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JamBaluch-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MehrBaluch_86-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MehrBaluch-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caspian_cuisine">Caspian cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_cuisine&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Caspian cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Caspian_cuisine" title="Caspian cuisine">Caspian cuisine</a></div> <p>The southern coast of the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>, which consists of the Iranian provinces of <a href="/wiki/Gilan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilan Province">Gilan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazandaran_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazandaran Province">Mazanderan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alborz_province" title="Alborz province">Alborz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Golestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Golestan Province">Golestan</a>, has a fertile environment that is also reflected in its cuisine.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CasGuard_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CasGuard-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kateh" title="Kateh">Kateh</a> is a method of cooking rice that originates from this region.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type of rice dish is also eaten there as a breakfast meal, either heated with milk and jam or cold with cheese and garlic. <a href="/wiki/Caviar" title="Caviar">Caviar</a> fish roes also hail from this region, and are typically served with eggs in <a href="/wiki/Frittata" title="Frittata">frittatas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Omelette" title="Omelette">omelettesor</a> eaten simply with <a href="/wiki/Lavash" title="Lavash">lavash</a> and butter. Fish is commonly eaten in the <a href="/wiki/Gilan_province" title="Gilan province">Gilan province</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Caspian_kutum" title="Caspian kutum">Caspian Kutum</a> is a staple<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and usually served fried<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with rice. <a href="/wiki/Smoked_fish" title="Smoked fish">Smoked fish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: ماهی دودی, <a href="/wiki/Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanized">Romanized</a>: Mahi doodi) is also popular in Gilan<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and usually incorporated into rice by steaming the two together.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local <a href="/wiki/Cookie" title="Cookie">cookies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Koloocheh" title="Koloocheh"><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">koluče</i></span></a>) of the region are popular desert items,<sup id="cite_ref-CasGuard_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CasGuard-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly those from the region of <a href="/wiki/Fuman,_Iran" title="Fuman, Iran">Fuman.</a> Another notable dessert from this region is <a href="/wiki/Reshteh_khoshkar" title="Reshteh khoshkar">Reshteh Khoshkar</a> (Persian: رشته‌خشکار), consisting of fried <a href="/wiki/Rice_flour" title="Rice flour">rice flour</a> dough filled with sugar and nuts. <a href="/wiki/Mespilus_germanica" title="Mespilus germanica">Medlar</a> is also commonly eaten in Gilan<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and locally referred to as "Konos" (Persian: کونوس). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kurdish_cuisine">Kurdish cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_cuisine&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Kurdish cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_cuisine" title="Kurdish cuisine">Kurdish cuisine</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Iranian Kurdistan">region of Kurdistan in western Iran</a> is home to a variety of local <a href="/wiki/%C4%80sh" class="mw-redirect" title="Āsh">āsh</a>, pilaf, and stew dishes.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some local Kurdish dishes include a traditional grilled rib meat that is called <span title="Kurdish-language romanization"><i lang="ku-Latn">dande kabāb</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a type of <a href="/wiki/Khoresh" title="Khoresh">khoresh</a> made of <a href="/wiki/Chives" title="Chives">chives</a> that is called <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">xoreš-e tare</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a dish of rice and potatoes that is called <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">sib polow</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_Iranian_cuisine">Southern Iranian cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_cuisine&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Southern Iranian cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The food of southern Iran is typically spicy.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mahyawa" title="Mahyawa">Mahyawa</a> is a tangy sauce made of fermented fish in this region.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Being a coastal region, <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan Province">Khuzestan</a>'s cuisine includes especially seafood, as well as some unique local beverages.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In southern Khuzestan, there is also a variation of <a href="/wiki/Kofta" title="Kofta">kufte</a> that is known as <i><a href="/wiki/Kibbeh" title="Kibbeh">kibbeh</a></i> and is made of ground meat, cracked wheat, different types of herbs and vegetables and various spices. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkmen_cuisine">Turkmen cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_cuisine&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Turkmen cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_cuisine" title="Turkmen cuisine">Turkmen cuisine</a></div> <p>Iran's <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Turkmen">Turkmen people</a> are predominantly centered in the Iranian provinces of <a href="/wiki/Golestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Golestan Province">Golestan</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Khorasan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="North Khorasan Province">North Khorasan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chegdermeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Chegdermeh">Chegderme</a> (<span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">čekderme</i></span>) is a Turkmen dish made of rice, meat, and tomato paste.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_cuisine&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meals">Meals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_cuisine&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Meals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Breakfast">Breakfast</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_cuisine&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Breakfast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The basic traditional Iranian breakfast consists of a variety of flat breads, <a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">butter</a> cubes, white cheese, whipped heavy cream (<a href="/wiki/Kaymak" title="Kaymak">sarshir</a>; often sweetened with honey), nuts (especially walnuts) and a variety of fruit jams and spreads. </p><p>Many cities and towns across Iran feature their own distinct versions of breakfast dishes. <a href="/wiki/Khash_(dish)" title="Khash (dish)">Pache</a>, a popular traditional dish widely eaten in Iran and the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, is almost always only served from three in the morning until sometime after dawn, and specialty restaurants (serving only pache) are only open during those hours. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lunch_and_dinner">Lunch and dinner</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_cuisine&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Lunch and dinner"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditional Iranian cooking is done in stages, at times needing hours of preparation and attention. The outcome is a well-balanced mixture of herbs, meat, beans, dairy products, and vegetables. Major staples of Iranian food that are usually eaten with every meal include <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, various herbs, cheese, a variety of flat breads, and some type of meat (usually <a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">poultry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">beef</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">lamb</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Fish_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish (food)">fish</a>). Stew over rice is by far the most popular dish, and the constitution of these vary by region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_table_setting_and_etiquette">Traditional table setting and etiquette</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_cuisine&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Traditional table setting and etiquette"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditional Iranian table setting firstly involves the tablecloth, called <i>sofre</i>, and is spread out over either a table or a <a href="/wiki/Carpet" title="Carpet">rug</a>. Main dishes are concentrated in the middle, surrounded by smaller dishes containing appetizers, condiments, and side dishes, all of which are nearest to the diners. When the food is perfectly served, an invitation is made to seat at the <i>sofre</i> and start having the meal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_cuisine&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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.reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This issue is still debated today.<sup id="cite_ref-Majd2008a_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Majd2008a-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_cuisine&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Walker_1992_p._272-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Walker_1992_p._272_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWalker1992" class="citation book cs1">Walker, H. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FrWgDRkS90EC&pg=PA272"><i>Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 1991: Public Eating: Proceedings</i></a>. Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery. Prospect Books. p. 272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-907325-47-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-907325-47-5"><bdi>978-0-907325-47-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Symposium+on+Food+and+Cookery+1991%3A+Public+Eating%3A+Proceedings&rft.series=Proceedings+of+the+Oxford+Symposium+on+Food+and+Cookery&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=Prospect+Books&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-907325-47-5&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFrWgDRkS90EC%26pg%3DPA272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Tehran/Cultural-life">"Cultural Life"</a>. <i>Tehrān</i>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2018</span>. <q>Persian cuisine is characterized by the use of lime and saffron, the blend of meats with fruits and nuts, a unique way of cooking rice, and Iranian hospitality. Food is subtly spiced, delicate in flavour and appearance, and not typically hot or spicy. Many recipes date back to ancient times; Iran's historical contacts have assisted in the exchange of ingredients, flavours, textures, and styles with various cultures ranging from the Mediterranean Sea region to China, some of whom retain these influences today.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tehr%C4%81n&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FTehran%2FCultural-life&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2016" class="citation news cs1">Clark, Melissa (19 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/20/dining/persian-food-recipes-nowruz.html">"Persian Cuisine, Fragrant and Rich With Symbolism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Persian+Cuisine%2C+Fragrant+and+Rich+With+Symbolism&rft.date=2016-04-19&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F04%2F20%2Fdining%2Fpersian-food-recipes-nowruz.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yarshater1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yarshater1_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yarshater, Ehsan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iran-heritage.org/interestgroups/language-article5.htm">Persia or Iran, Persian or Farsi</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101024033230/http://www.iran-heritage.org/interestgroups/language-article5.htm">Archived</a> 2010-10-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Iranian Studies</i>, vol. 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Culture of IRAN<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifood.tv/network/iranian">the original</a> on 14 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iranian+Food&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifood.tv%2Fnetwork%2Firanian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cultureofiran.com/persian_cuisine.html">"Culture of IRAN"</a>. <i>Cultureofiran.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Pavilion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-909815-15-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-909815-15-5"><bdi>978-1-909815-15-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kebab-e-Chenjeh&rft.btitle=Snackistan&rft.pub=Pavilion+Books&rft.date=2013-10-10&rft.isbn=978-1-909815-15-5&rft.au=Sally+Butcher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dse-_CAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dchenjeh%2Bkebab%26pg%3DPT93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAashpazi.com" class="citation web cs1">Aashpazi.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aashpazi.com/kababtabei">"KABAB TABEI"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=KABAB+TABEI&rft.au=Aashpazi.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aashpazi.com%2Fkababtabei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVatandoust,_Soraya.2015" class="citation book cs1">Vatandoust, Soraya. (13 March 2015). "Khoresh-e Karafs". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eut7BwAAQBAJ"><i>Authentic Iran: Modern Presentation of Ancient Recipes</i></a>. Xlibris Corporation. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4990-4061-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4990-4061-6"><bdi>978-1-4990-4061-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Khoresh-e+Karafs&rft.btitle=Authentic+Iran%3A+Modern+Presentation+of+Ancient+Recipes&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Xlibris+Corporation&rft.date=2015-03-13&rft.isbn=978-1-4990-4061-6&rft.au=Vatandoust%2C+Soraya.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Deut7BwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamazani,_Nesta.1997" class="citation book cs1">Ramazani, Nesta. (1997). "Khoresht-e aloo". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GOidnQOUco0C"><i>Persian Cooking: A Table of Exotic Delights</i></a>. Iranbooks. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-936347-77-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-936347-77-6"><bdi>978-0-936347-77-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Khoresht-e+aloo&rft.btitle=Persian+Cooking%3A+A+Table+of+Exotic+Delights&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Iranbooks&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-936347-77-6&rft.au=Ramazani%2C+Nesta.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGOidnQOUco0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDana-Haeri,_JilaLowe,_JasonGhorashian,_Shahrzad2011" class="citation book cs1">Dana-Haeri, Jila; Lowe, Jason; Ghorashian, Shahrzad (28 February 2011). "Glossary". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oIkAAwAAQBAJ"><i>New Persian Cooking: A Fresh Approach to the Classic Cuisine of Iran</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. p. 221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85771-955-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85771-955-3"><bdi>978-0-85771-955-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Glossary&rft.btitle=New+Persian+Cooking%3A+A+Fresh+Approach+to+the+Classic+Cuisine+of+Iran&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2011-02-28&rft.isbn=978-0-85771-955-3&rft.au=Dana-Haeri%2C+Jila&rft.au=Lowe%2C+Jason&rft.au=Ghorashian%2C+Shahrzad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoIkAAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Goldstein" title="Joyce Goldstein">Goldstein, Joyce</a> (12 April 2016). "Persian Stew with Lamb or Beef, Spinach, and Prunes". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WYmTCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA319"><i>The New Mediterranean Jewish Table: Old World Recipes for the Modern Home</i></a>. Illustrated by Hugh D'Andrade. (1st, ebook ed.). Oakland: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 319. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-96061-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-96061-9"><bdi>978-0-520-96061-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2020757338">2020757338</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL27204905M">27204905M</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114657881" class="extiw" title="d:Q114657881">Q114657881</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Persian+Stew+with+Lamb+or+Beef%2C+Spinach%2C+and+Prunes&rft.btitle=The+New+Mediterranean+Jewish+Table%3A+Old+World+Recipes+for+the+Modern+Home&rft.place=Oakland&rft.pages=319&rft.edition=1st%2C+ebook&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2016-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL27204905M%23id-name%3DOL&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2020757338&rft.isbn=978-0-520-96061-9&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Joyce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWYmTCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamazani,_Nesta.1997" class="citation book cs1">Ramazani, Nesta. 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Iranbooks. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-936347-77-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-936347-77-6"><bdi>978-0-936347-77-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persian+Cooking%3A+A+Table+of+Exotic+Delights&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Iranbooks&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-936347-77-6&rft.au=Ramazani%2C+Nesta.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGOidnQOUco0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDana-Haeri,_JilaGhorashian,_ShahrzadLowe,_Jason2011" class="citation book cs1">Dana-Haeri, Jila; Ghorashian, Shahrzad; Lowe, Jason (28 February 2011). 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I.B.Tauris. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85771-955-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85771-955-3"><bdi>978-0-85771-955-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Khoresht-e+gharch&rft.btitle=New+Persian+Cooking%3A+A+Fresh+Approach+to+the+Classic+Cuisine+of+Iran&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2011-02-28&rft.isbn=978-0-85771-955-3&rft.au=Dana-Haeri%2C+Jila&rft.au=Ghorashian%2C+Shahrzad&rft.au=Lowe%2C+Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoIkAAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IranicaAS-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IranicaAS_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElāhī" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Elāhī, ʿE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/as-2">"ĀŠ (thick soup), the general term for a traditional Iranian dish comparable to the French potage."</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Iranica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C4%80%C5%A0+%28thick+soup%29%2C+the+general+term+for+a+traditional+Iranian+dish+comparable+to+the+French+potage.&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Iranica&rft.aulast=El%C4%81h%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=%CA%BFE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fas-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrost,_AlexKravetsky,_Vadim2014" class="citation book cs1">Trost, Alex; Kravetsky, Vadim (13 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qmzLAwAAQBAJ&q=Ash+e+showle+qalamkar&pg=PA8"><i>100 of the Most Delicious Iranian Dishes</i></a>. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4944-9809-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4944-9809-2"><bdi>978-1-4944-9809-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=100+of+the+Most+Delicious+Iranian+Dishes&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2014-06-13&rft.isbn=978-1-4944-9809-2&rft.au=Trost%2C+Alex&rft.au=Kravetsky%2C+Vadim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqmzLAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DAsh%2Be%2Bshowle%2Bqalamkar%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamazani,_Nesta.1997" class="citation book cs1">Ramazani, Nesta. 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Iranbooks. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-936347-77-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-936347-77-6"><bdi>978-0-936347-77-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chicken+Soup+%28Soup-e+Morgh%29&rft.btitle=Persian+Cooking%3A+A+Table+of+Exotic+Delights&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Iranbooks&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-936347-77-6&rft.au=Ramazani%2C+Nesta.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGOidnQOUco0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVatandoust,_Soraya.2015" class="citation book cs1">Vatandoust, Soraya. 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Routledge. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-62062-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-62062-4"><bdi>978-1-317-62062-4</bdi></a>. <q>sirabi-va-shirdun</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+and+Dance+in+Modern+Iran%3A+Biopolitics+on+Stage&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017-07-14&rft.isbn=978-1-317-62062-4&rft.au=Meftahi%2C+Ida.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do6rDCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShafia,_Louisa.2013" class="citation book cs1">Shafia, Louisa. (16 April 2013). "Morasa polo". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QzqXzbAbsB8C"><i>The New Persian Kitchen</i></a>. Clarkson Potter/Ten Speed. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60774-357-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60774-357-6"><bdi>978-1-60774-357-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Morasa+polo&rft.btitle=The+New+Persian+Kitchen&rft.pub=Clarkson+Potter%2FTen+Speed&rft.date=2013-04-16&rft.isbn=978-1-60774-357-6&rft.au=Shafia%2C+Louisa.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQzqXzbAbsB8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parisaskitchen.com/2014/10/09/jeweled-rice-morasa-polow/">"Jeweled Rice (Morasa Polo)"</a>. <i>Parisa's Kitchen</i>. 9 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parisa%27s+Kitchen&rft.atitle=Jeweled+Rice+%28Morasa+Polo%29&rft.date=2014-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fparisaskitchen.com%2F2014%2F10%2F09%2Fjeweled-rice-morasa-polow%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel,_Elton_L.Mahdī,_ʻAlī_Akbar2006" class="citation book cs1">Daniel, Elton L.; Mahdī, ʻAlī Akbar (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FkAXHQKE6MkC"><i>Culture and Customs of Iran</i></a>. Bloomsbury. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32053-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32053-8"><bdi>978-0-313-32053-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+Iran&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32053-8&rft.au=Daniel%2C+Elton+L.&rft.au=Mahd%C4%AB%2C+%CA%BBAl%C4%AB+Akbar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFkAXHQKE6MkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatmanglij,_Najmieh.2007" class="citation book cs1">Batmanglij, Najmieh. (2007). "Adas polow". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=19C3DnJyWE0C"><i>A Taste of Persia: An Introduction to Persian Cooking</i></a>. I. B. Tauris, Limited. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-437-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-437-4"><bdi>978-1-84511-437-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Adas+polow&rft.btitle=A+Taste+of+Persia%3A+An+Introduction+to+Persian+Cooking&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris%2C+Limited&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-437-4&rft.au=Batmanglij%2C+Najmieh.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D19C3DnJyWE0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatmanglij,_Najmieh.2007" class="citation book cs1">Batmanglij, Najmieh. (2007). "Baqala polow". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=19C3DnJyWE0C"><i>A Taste of Persia: An Introduction to Persian Cooking</i></a>. I. B. Tauris, Limited. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-437-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-437-4"><bdi>978-1-84511-437-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baqala+polow&rft.btitle=A+Taste+of+Persia%3A+An+Introduction+to+Persian+Cooking&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris%2C+Limited&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-437-4&rft.au=Batmanglij%2C+Najmieh.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D19C3DnJyWE0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatmanglij,_Najmieh.1990" class="citation book cs1">Batmanglij, Najmieh. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2dPgAAAAMAAJ"><i>Food of Life: A Book of Ancient Persian and Modern Iranian Cooking and Ceremonies</i></a>. Mage Publishers. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-934211-27-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-934211-27-7"><bdi>978-0-934211-27-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+of+Life%3A+A+Book+of+Ancient+Persian+and+Modern+Iranian+Cooking+and+Ceremonies&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Mage+Publishers&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-934211-27-7&rft.au=Batmanglij%2C+Najmieh.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2dPgAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVatandoust,_Soraya.2015" class="citation book cs1">Vatandoust, Soraya. (13 March 2015). "Zeytoon Parvardeh". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eut7BwAAQBAJ"><i>Authentic Iran: Modern Presentation of Ancient Recipes</i></a>. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4990-4061-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4990-4061-6"><bdi>978-1-4990-4061-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zeytoon+Parvardeh&rft.btitle=Authentic+Iran%3A+Modern+Presentation+of+Ancient+Recipes&rft.pages=44&rft.date=2015-03-13&rft.isbn=978-1-4990-4061-6&rft.au=Vatandoust%2C+Soraya.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Deut7BwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenibble.com/reviews/main/desserts/the-history-of-ice-cream.asp">"History of Ice Cream"</a>. <i>thenibble.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thenibble.com&rft.atitle=History+of+Ice+Cream&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenibble.com%2Freviews%2Fmain%2Fdesserts%2Fthe-history-of-ice-cream.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ShirazSights-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ShirazSights_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bestirantravel.com/sights/shiraz/shiraz.html">"Shiraz Sights"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160718185616/http://www.bestirantravel.com/sights/shiraz/shiraz.html">Archived</a> 2016-07-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, at <i>BestIranTravel.com</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarks2010" class="citation book cs1">Marks, Gil (17 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ojc4Uker_V0C"><i>Encyclopedia of Jewish Food</i></a>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-94354-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-94354-0"><bdi>978-0-470-94354-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Jewish+Food&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2010-11-17&rft.isbn=978-0-470-94354-0&rft.aulast=Marks&rft.aufirst=Gil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dojc4Uker_V0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVatandoust,_Soraya.2015" class="citation book cs1">Vatandoust, Soraya. (13 March 2015). "Chapter 8". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eut7BwAAQBAJ"><i>Authentic Iran: Modern Presentation of Ancient Recipes</i></a>. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4990-4061-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4990-4061-6"><bdi>978-1-4990-4061-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+8&rft.btitle=Authentic+Iran%3A+Modern+Presentation+of+Ancient+Recipes&rft.pages=186&rft.date=2015-03-13&rft.isbn=978-1-4990-4061-6&rft.au=Vatandoust%2C+Soraya.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Deut7BwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whatscookingamerica.net/History/CookieHistory.htm">"History of Cookies - Cookie History"</a>. Whatscookingamerica.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Cookies+-+Cookie+History&rft.pub=Whatscookingamerica.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhatscookingamerica.net%2FHistory%2FCookieHistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamazani,_Nesta.1997" class="citation book cs1">Ramazani, Nesta. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GOidnQOUco0C&q=Nan+berenji&pg=PA227">"Rice Flour Cookies (Nan-e Berenji)"</a>. <i>Persian Cooking: A Table of Exotic Delights</i>. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-936347-77-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-936347-77-6"><bdi>978-0-936347-77-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rice+Flour+Cookies+%28Nan-e+Berenji%29&rft.btitle=Persian+Cooking%3A+A+Table+of+Exotic+Delights&rft.pages=227&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-936347-77-6&rft.au=Ramazani%2C+Nesta.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGOidnQOUco0C%26q%3DNan%2Bberenji%26pg%3DPA227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarks,_Gil.2010" class="citation book cs1">Marks, Gil. (17 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gFK_yx7Ps7cC&q=Nokhodchi&pg=PT1088">"Shirini"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Jewish Food</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-544-18631-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-544-18631-6"><bdi>978-0-544-18631-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shirini&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Jewish+Food&rft.date=2010-11-17&rft.isbn=978-0-544-18631-6&rft.au=Marks%2C+Gil.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgFK_yx7Ps7cC%26q%3DNokhodchi%26pg%3DPT1088&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButcher,_Sally.2012" class="citation book cs1">Butcher, Sally. (18 November 2012). "Peckham Delight". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5JG_CAAAQBAJ"><i>Veggiestan: A Vegetable Lover's Tour of the Middle East</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-909108-22-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-909108-22-6"><bdi>978-1-909108-22-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Peckham+Delight&rft.btitle=Veggiestan%3A+A+Vegetable+Lover%27s+Tour+of+the+Middle+East&rft.date=2012-11-18&rft.isbn=978-1-909108-22-6&rft.au=Butcher%2C+Sally.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5JG_CAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAOSTAT-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FAOSTAT_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations—Production <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faostat.fao.org/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567&lang=en">FAOSTAT</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111115042315/http://faostat.fao.org/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567&lang=en">Archived</a> 15 November 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 30 April 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams,_Stuart.2008" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Stuart. (October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YXYFAQAAQBAJ&q=%22Iranians+are+obsessive+tea+drinkers%22&pg=PT109">"DRINKING"</a>. <i>Iran - Culture Smart!: The Essential Guide to Customs & Culture</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85733-598-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85733-598-9"><bdi>978-1-85733-598-9</bdi></a>. <q>Iranians are obsessive tea drinkers</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=DRINKING&rft.btitle=Iran+-+Culture+Smart%21%3A+The+Essential+Guide+to+Customs+%26+Culture&rft.date=2008-10&rft.isbn=978-1-85733-598-9&rft.au=Williams%2C+Stuart.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYXYFAQAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Iranians%2Bare%2Bobsessive%2Btea%2Bdrinkers%2522%26pg%3DPT109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaslin,_Jamie.2009" class="citation book cs1">Maslin, Jamie. (13 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=36Xx7ChXJiAC"><i>Iranian Rappers and Persian Porn: A Hitchhiker's Adventures in the New Iran</i></a>. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-791-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-791-0"><bdi>978-1-60239-791-0</bdi></a>. <q>Iran is a nation of obsessive tea drinkers</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iranian+Rappers+and+Persian+Porn%3A+A+Hitchhiker%27s+Adventures+in+the+New+Iran&rft.pages=58&rft.date=2009-10-13&rft.isbn=978-1-60239-791-0&rft.au=Maslin%2C+Jamie.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D36Xx7ChXJiAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke,_AndrewElliott,_MarkMohammadi,_KaminYale,_Pat2004" class="citation book cs1">Burke, Andrew; Elliott, Mark; Mohammadi, Kamin & Yale, Pat (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iran00burk_0"><i>Iran</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Lonely_Planet" title="Lonely Planet">Lonely Planet</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iran00burk_0/page/75">75</a>–76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-74059-425-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-74059-425-8"><bdi>1-74059-425-8</bdi></a>. <q>Iranian guest tea.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran&rft.pages=75-76&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-74059-425-8&rft.au=Burke%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Elliott%2C+Mark&rft.au=Mohammadi%2C+Kamin&rft.au=Yale%2C+Pat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Firan00burk_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdelstein,_Sari.2011" class="citation book cs1">Edelstein, Sari. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lj0CeaIIETkC"><i>Food, Cuisine, and Cultural Competency for Culinary, Hospitality, and Nutrition Professionals</i></a>. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 595. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-5965-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-5965-0"><bdi>978-0-7637-5965-0</bdi></a>. <q>Tea is usually sweetened with lumps of sugar. Most Iranians sip their tea through these lumps of sugar by placing the lump inside their cheek</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food%2C+Cuisine%2C+and+Cultural+Competency+for+Culinary%2C+Hospitality%2C+and+Nutrition+Professionals&rft.pages=595&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Learning&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7637-5965-0&rft.au=Edelstein%2C+Sari.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlj0CeaIIETkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-andrewbruke-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-andrewbruke_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrewbruke_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke,_AndrewElliott,_Mark2010" class="citation book cs1">Burke, Andrew; Elliott, Mark (15 September 2010). "Coffee". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gEca_4iSNCUC"><i>Iran. Ediz. Inglese</i></a>. Lonely Planet. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74220-349-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74220-349-2"><bdi>978-1-74220-349-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Coffee&rft.btitle=Iran.+Ediz.+Inglese&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2010-09-15&rft.isbn=978-1-74220-349-2&rft.au=Burke%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Elliott%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgEca_4iSNCUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthee,_Rudolph_P.2005" class="citation book cs1">Matthee, Rudolph P. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kf0XfDMLndsC"><i>The Pursuit of Pleasure: Drugs and Stimulants in Iranian History, 1500-1900</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-11855-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-11855-8"><bdi>0-691-11855-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pursuit+of+Pleasure%3A+Drugs+and+Stimulants+in+Iranian+History%2C+1500-1900&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-691-11855-8&rft.au=Matthee%2C+Rudolph+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKf0XfDMLndsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman,_Andrew_J.2006" class="citation book cs1">Newman, Andrew J. (31 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=afsYCq1XOewC"><i>Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-667-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-667-6"><bdi>978-1-86064-667-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Safavid+Iran%3A+Rebirth+of+a+Persian+Empire&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2006-03-31&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-667-6&rft.au=Newman%2C+Andrew+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DafsYCq1XOewC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ricksteves.com/watch-read-listen/read/articles/getting-your-buzz-with-turkish-coffee">"Getting Your Buzz with Turkish coffee"</a>. <i>ricksteves.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ricksteves.com&rft.atitle=Getting+Your+Buzz+with+Turkish+coffee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ricksteves.com%2Fwatch-read-listen%2Fread%2Farticles%2Fgetting-your-buzz-with-turkish-coffee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrad_Cohen" class="citation web cs1">Brad Cohen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20140707-the-complicated-culture-of-bosnian-coffee">"BBC - Travel - The complicated culture of Bosnian coffee"</a>. <i>bbc.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bbc.com&rft.atitle=BBC+-+Travel+-+The+complicated+culture+of+Bosnian+coffee&rft.au=Brad+Cohen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ftravel%2Fstory%2F20140707-the-complicated-culture-of-bosnian-coffee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarjolein_Muys2010" class="citation book cs1">Marjolein Muys (1 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eYGiNAuxc68C&pg=PA78"><i>Substance Use Among Migrants: The Case of Iranians in Belgium</i></a>. Asp / Vubpress / Upa. pp. 78–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5487-564-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5487-564-2"><bdi>978-90-5487-564-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Substance+Use+Among+Migrants%3A+The+Case+of+Iranians+in+Belgium&rft.pages=78-&rft.pub=Asp+%2F+Vubpress+%2F+Upa&rft.date=2010-04-01&rft.isbn=978-90-5487-564-2&rft.au=Marjolein+Muys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeYGiNAuxc68C%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OCW_Persia-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OCW_Persia_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCW_Persia_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Entry on <i>"Persia"</i> in J. Robinson (ed), <i>"The Oxford Companion to Wine"</i>, Third Edition, p. 512-513, Oxford University Press 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6">0-19-860990-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hugh_J-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hugh_J_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hugh Johnson, <i>"The Story of Wine"</i>, New Illustrated Edition, p. 58 & p. 131, Mitchell Beazley 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84000-972-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-84000-972-1">1-84000-972-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdelstein,_Sari.2011" class="citation book cs1">Edelstein, Sari. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lj0CeaIIETkC"><i>Food, Cuisine, and Cultural Competency for Culinary, Hospitality, and Nutrition Professionals</i></a>. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 595. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-5965-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-5965-0"><bdi>978-0-7637-5965-0</bdi></a>. <q>Since the Islamic Revolution of 1979, alcoholic beverages have been strictly banned...non-Muslim minority groups...are entitled to produce wine for their own consumption.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food%2C+Cuisine%2C+and+Cultural+Competency+for+Culinary%2C+Hospitality%2C+and+Nutrition+Professionals&rft.pages=595&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Learning&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7637-5965-0&rft.au=Edelstein%2C+Sari.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlj0CeaIIETkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfshin_Molavi2010" class="citation book cs1">Afshin Molavi (12 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Za59PAytkFwC&pg=PA95"><i>The Soul of Iran: A Nation's Struggle for Freedom</i></a>. W. W. Norton. pp. 95–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-07875-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-07875-6"><bdi>978-0-393-07875-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soul+of+Iran%3A+A+Nation%27s+Struggle+for+Freedom&rft.pages=95-&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2010-07-12&rft.isbn=978-0-393-07875-6&rft.au=Afshin+Molavi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZa59PAytkFwC%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Christian_Van_Gorder2010" class="citation book cs1">A. Christian Van Gorder (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FeHAxxEpe-cC&pg=PA195"><i>Christianity in Persia and the Status of Non-muslims in Iran</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 195–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-3609-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-3609-6"><bdi>978-0-7391-3609-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+in+Persia+and+the+Status+of+Non-muslims+in+Iran&rft.pages=195-&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-3609-6&rft.au=A.+Christian+Van+Gorder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFeHAxxEpe-cC%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_BoyleJuliet_Sheen2013" class="citation book cs1">Kevin Boyle; Juliet Sheen (7 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JxgFWwK8dXwC&pg=PA423"><i>Freedom of Religion and Belief: A World Report</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 423–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-72229-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-72229-7"><bdi>978-1-134-72229-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+of+Religion+and+Belief%3A+A+World+Report&rft.pages=423-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-03-07&rft.isbn=978-1-134-72229-7&rft.au=Kevin+Boyle&rft.au=Juliet+Sheen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJxgFWwK8dXwC%26pg%3DPA423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaeed_Kamali_Dehghan2012" class="citation news cs1">Saeed Kamali Dehghan (25 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jun/25/iranian-pair-death-penalty-alcohol">"Iranian pair face death penalty after third alcohol offence | World news"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Iranian+pair+face+death+penalty+after+third+alcohol+offence+%26%23124%3B+World+news&rft.date=2012-06-25&rft.au=Saeed+Kamali+Dehghan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2012%2Fjun%2F25%2Firanian-pair-death-penalty-alcohol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skaljic-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Skaljic_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdulah_Skaljic1985" class="citation book cs1">Abdulah Skaljic (1985). <i>Turcizmi u srpskohrvatskom-hrvatskosrpskom jeziku</i>. Sarajevo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turcizmi+u+srpskohrvatskom-hrvatskosrpskom+jeziku&rft.place=Sarajevo&rft.date=1985&rft.au=Abdulah+Skaljic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdelstein,_Sari.2011" class="citation book cs1">Edelstein, Sari. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lj0CeaIIETkC"><i>Food, Cuisine, and Cultural Competency for Culinary, Hospitality, and Nutrition Professionals</i></a>. p. 595. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-5965-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-5965-0"><bdi>978-0-7637-5965-0</bdi></a>. <q>aab-e havij, a carrot juice</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food%2C+Cuisine%2C+and+Cultural+Competency+for+Culinary%2C+Hospitality%2C+and+Nutrition+Professionals&rft.pages=595&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7637-5965-0&rft.au=Edelstein%2C+Sari.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlj0CeaIIETkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuguid,_Naomi.2016" class="citation book cs1">Duguid, Naomi. (6 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v-GACwAAQBAJ"><i>Taste of Persia: A Cook's Travels Through Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran, and Kurdistan</i></a>. p. 353. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57965-727-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57965-727-7"><bdi>978-1-57965-727-7</bdi></a>. <q>...havij bastani, a kind of ice cream float, made with Persian ice cream and carrot juice</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taste+of+Persia%3A+A+Cook%27s+Travels+Through+Armenia%2C+Azerbaijan%2C+Georgia%2C+Iran%2C+and+Kurdistan&rft.pages=353&rft.date=2016-09-06&rft.isbn=978-1-57965-727-7&rft.au=Duguid%2C+Naomi.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv-GACwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._&_A._Churchill.1878" class="citation book cs1">J. & A. Churchill. (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=30w-AQAAMAAJ"><i>The Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions, Volume 37</i></a>. p. 385. <q>Khakshir is imported from Persia...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pharmaceutical+Journal+and+Transactions%2C+Volume+37&rft.pages=385&rft.date=1878&rft.au=J.+%26+A.+Churchill.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D30w-AQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khabaronline.ir/detail/134734/society/tourism">"کباب بناب از کجا آمده است؟"</a> [Where has Bonab kebab come from?]. <i>Khabaronline News Agency</i> (in Persian). 5 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Khabaronline+News+Agency&rft.atitle=%DA%A9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D8%B2+%DA%A9%D8%AC%D8%A7+%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%87+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%9F&rft.date=2011-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.khabaronline.ir%2Fdetail%2F134734%2Fsociety%2Ftourism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tabnak.ir/fa/news/774270/طرز-تهیه-جغول-بغول">"طرز تهیه جغول بغول"</a> [Method of preparing Jaqul Baqul]. <i>Tabnak News</i> (in Persian). 14 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tabnak+News&rft.atitle=%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%B2+%D8%AA%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%87+%D8%AC%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84+%D8%A8%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84&rft.date=2018-02-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tabnak.ir%2Ffa%2Fnews%2F774270%2F%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%B2-%D8%AA%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%87-%D8%AC%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A8%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hamshahrionline.ir/details/206378">"آشنایی با غذاهای خوشمزه چهار گوشه ایران"</a> [Getting to know delicious foods from the four corners of Iran]. <i>Hamshahri</i> (in Persian). 27 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hamshahri&rft.atitle=%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C+%D8%A8%D8%A7+%D8%BA%D8%B0%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C+%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%87+%DA%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1+%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%87+%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86&rft.date=2013-03-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhamshahrionline.ir%2Fdetails%2F206378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollinsonMacbeth2014" class="citation book cs1">Collinson, Paul; Macbeth, Helen (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zzuiAwAAQBAJ"><i>Food in Zones of Conflict: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives</i></a>. Berghahn Books. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78238-403-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78238-403-8"><bdi>978-1-78238-403-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+in+Zones+of+Conflict%3A+Cross-Disciplinary+Perspectives&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78238-403-8&rft.aulast=Collinson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Macbeth%2C+Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzzuiAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JamBaluch-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JamBaluch_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JamBaluch_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JamBaluch_85-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JamBaluch_85-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jamejamonline.ir/sara/1048167109780914374/بفرمایید-غذاهای-بلوچی">"بفرمایید غذاهای بلوچی"</a> [Check out Baluchi foods]. <i>Jam-e-Jam Online</i> (in Persian). 18 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jam-e-Jam+Online&rft.atitle=%D8%A8%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%AF+%D8%BA%D8%B0%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C+%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%DA%86%DB%8C&rft.date=2013-05-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjamejamonline.ir%2Fsara%2F1048167109780914374%2F%D8%A8%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%BA%D8%B0%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%DA%86%DB%8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MehrBaluch-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MehrBaluch_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MehrBaluch_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MehrBaluch_86-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MehrBaluch_86-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mehrnews.com/news/3579631/غذاهای-سنتی-سیستان-و-بلوچستان-ریشه-در-باور-و-طبیعت-دارد">"غذاهای سنتی سیستان و بلوچستان ریشه در باور و طبیعت دارد"</a> [The traditional foods of Sistan and Baluchistan are rooted in belief and nature]. <i>Mehr News</i> (in Persian). 14 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mehr+News&rft.atitle=%D8%BA%D8%B0%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C+%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C+%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86+%D9%88+%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%DA%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%87+%D8%AF%D8%B1+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1+%D9%88+%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%D8%AA+%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF&rft.date=2016-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mehrnews.com%2Fnews%2F3579631%2F%D8%BA%D8%B0%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C-%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%DA%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1-%D9%88-%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%D8%AA-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkeMaxwell2012" class="citation book cs1">Burke, Andrew; Maxwell, Virginia (2012). <i>Lonely Planet Iran</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74321-320-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74321-320-9"><bdi>978-1-74321-320-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lonely+Planet+Iran&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-74321-320-9&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Maxwell%2C+Virginia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CasGuard-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CasGuard_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CasGuard_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2016/oct/29/iran-food-tour-yasmin-khan-stews-kebabs-desserts">"A foodie tour of Iran: it's poetry on a plate"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 29 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=A+foodie+tour+of+Iran%3A+it%27s+poetry+on+a+plate&rft.date=2016-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftravel%2F2016%2Foct%2F29%2Firan-food-tour-yasmin-khan-stews-kebabs-desserts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatmanglij2007" class="citation book cs1">Batmanglij, Najmieh (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=19C3DnJyWE0C"><i>A Taste of Persia: An Introduction to Persian Cooking</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iranicaonline.org&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.aulast=Foundation&rft.aufirst=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilna.ir/بخش-%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%A7-10/1156765-%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%B2-%D8%AA%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%87-%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%87-%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B5-%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86">"طرز تهیه ماهی دودی خوشمزه مخصوص گیلان"</a>. <i>خبرگزاری ایلنا</i> (in Persian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C+%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7&rft.atitle=%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%B2+%D8%AA%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%87+%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C+%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C+%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%87+%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B5+%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilna.ir%2F%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25D8%25B1-%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%2587-%25D9%2587%25D8%25A7-10%2F1156765-%25D8%25B7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B2-%25D8%25AA%25D9%2587%25DB%258C%25D9%2587-%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2587%25DB%258C-%25D8%25AF%25D9%2588%25D8%25AF%25DB%258C-%25D8%25AE%25D9%2588%25D8%25B4%25D9%2585%25D8%25B2%25D9%2587-%25D9%2585%25D8%25AE%25D8%25B5%25D9%2588%25D8%25B5-%25DA%25AF%25DB%258C%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=J.+Med.+Plants+Res.&title=Medicinal+benefits+and+usage+of+medlar+(Mespilus+germanica)+in+Gilan+Province+(Roudsar+District),+Iran&author=G.H.+Bibalani&author=F.+Mosazadeh-Sayadmahaleh&volume=6&publication_year=2012&pages=1155-1159&">"Bibalani G.H., Mosazadeh-Sayadmahaleh F. Medicinal benefits and usage of medlar (Mespilus germanica) in Gilan Province (Roudsar District), Iran"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bibalani+G.H.%2C+Mosazadeh-Sayadmahaleh+F.+Medicinal+benefits+and+usage+of+medlar+%28Mespilus+germanica%29+in+Gilan+Province+%28Roudsar+District%29%2C+Iran.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar_lookup%3Fjournal%3DJ.%2BMed.%2BPlants%2BRes.%26title%3DMedicinal%2Bbenefits%2Band%2Busage%2Bof%2Bmedlar%2B%28Mespilus%2Bgermanica%29%2Bin%2BGilan%2BProvince%2B%28Roudsar%2BDistrict%29%2C%2BIran%26author%3DG.H.%2BBibalani%26author%3DF.%2BMosazadeh-Sayadmahaleh%26volume%3D6%26publication_year%3D2012%26pages%3D1155-1159%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ostani.hamshahrilinks.org/addition/Contents-(1)/خوراک-جشن-دندان">"خوراک جشن دندان"</a> [Tooth celebration food]. <i>Hamshahri</i> (in Persian). 20 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hamshahri&rft.atitle=%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9+%D8%AC%D8%B4%D9%86+%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86&rft.date=2017-08-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fostani.hamshahrilinks.org%2Faddition%2FContents-%281%29%2F%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9-%D8%AC%D8%B4%D9%86-%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isna.ir/news/95072413347/دنده-کباب-کرمانشاه-ثبت-ملی-می-شود">"دنده کباب' کرمانشاه ثبت ملی می‌شود'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> ["Kermanshah's 'dande kebab' gets national registration"]. <i>ISNA</i> (in Persian). 15 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ISNA&rft.atitle=%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87+%DA%A9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%27+%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87+%D8%AB%D8%A8%D8%AA+%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C+%D9%85%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%AF%27&rft.date=2016-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isna.ir%2Fnews%2F95072413347%2F%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87-%DA%A9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8-%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87-%D8%AB%D8%A8%D8%AA-%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C-%D9%85%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%AF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hamshahrionline.ir/details/218886">"آشنایی با روش تهیه خورش تره، غذای کردی"</a> [Introduction to the method of preparing chives khoresh, a Kurdish food]. <i>Hamshahri</i> (in Persian). 15 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hamshahri&rft.atitle=%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C+%D8%A8%D8%A7+%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4+%D8%AA%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%87+%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4+%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%8C+%D8%BA%D8%B0%D8%A7%DB%8C+%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C&rft.date=2013-06-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhamshahrionline.ir%2Fdetails%2F218886&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isfahan.irib.ir/-/سیب-پلو">"سیب پلو"</a> [Apple Pilaf]. <i>IRIB - Isfahan</i> (in Persian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IRIB+-+Isfahan&rft.atitle=%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A8+%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%88&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisfahan.irib.ir%2F-%2F%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A8-%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/tours/10-foodie-ways-to-see-iran-">"Taste of Persia: 10 foodie ways to see Iran"</a></span>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. 6 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/tours/10-foodie-ways-to-see-iran-">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022. <q>The food of southern Iran is hot and spicy, just like its climate (...)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Taste+of+Persia%3A+10+foodie+ways+to+see+Iran&rft.date=2016-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftravel%2Ftours%2F10-foodie-ways-to-see-iran-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iran-daily.com/News/132130.html">"Khuzestan boasts assortment in cuisine"</a>. <i>Iran Daily (IRNA)</i>. 4 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iran+Daily+%28IRNA%29&rft.atitle=Khuzestan+boasts+assortment+in+cuisine&rft.date=2015-12-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Firan-daily.com%2FNews%2F132130.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jamejamonline.ir/sara/986860564985054410/چکدرمه-،-غذای-محلی-ترکمنها">"چکدرمه'، غذای محلی ترکمنها'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> ["Chekderme", local food of the Turkmen]. <i>Jam-e-Jam Online</i> (in Persian). 30 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jam-e-Jam+Online&rft.atitle=%DA%86%DA%A9%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%87%27%D8%8C+%D8%BA%D8%B0%D8%A7%DB%8C+%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%84%DB%8C+%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%27&rft.date=2013-03-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjamejamonline.ir%2Fsara%2F986860564985054410%2F%DA%86%DA%A9%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%87-%D8%8C-%D8%BA%D8%B0%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%84%DB%8C-%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_cuisine&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cuisine_of_Iran" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cuisine of Iran">Cuisine of Iran</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a> has a recipe/module on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1.6em;"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Iranian_cuisine" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Iranian cuisine"> Iranian cuisine</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanielMahdi,_Ali_Akbar2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elton_L._Daniel" title="Elton L. Daniel">Daniel, Elton L.</a>; Mahdi, Ali Akbar (2006). <i>Culture and Customs of Iran</i>. Greenwood Press. pp. 149–155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32053-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32053-8"><bdi>978-0-313-32053-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+Iran&rft.pages=149-155&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32053-8&rft.aulast=Daniel&rft.aufirst=Elton+L.&rft.au=Mahdi%2C+Ali+Akbar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/spazi-cookery">"ĀŠPAZĪ"</a> [cooking]. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>. 15 December 1987.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C4%80%C5%A0PAZ%C4%AA&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.date=1987-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fspazi-cookery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthee2016" class="citation book cs1">Matthee, Rudolph (11 February 2016). "Patterns of Food Consumption in Early Modern Iran". <i>Oxford Handbook Topics in History</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199935369.013.13">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935369.013.13</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993536-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993536-9"><bdi>978-0-19-993536-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Patterns+of+Food+Consumption+in+Early+Modern+Iran&rft.btitle=Oxford+Handbook+Topics+in+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016-02-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199935369.013.13&rft.isbn=978-0-19-993536-9&rft.aulast=Matthee&rft.aufirst=Rudolph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeybodiEbrahimiMortazavian2016" class="citation book cs1">Meybodi, Neda Mollakhalili; Ebrahimi, Maryam Tajabadi; Mortazavian, Amir Mohammad (2016). "Ethnic Fermented Foods and Beverage of Iran". <i>Ethnic Fermented Foods and Alcoholic Beverages of Asia</i>. New Delhi: Springer India. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-81-322-2800-4_12">10.1007/978-81-322-2800-4_12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-322-2798-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-322-2798-4"><bdi>978-81-322-2798-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Fermented+Foods+and+Beverage+of+Iran&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Fermented+Foods+and+Alcoholic+Beverages+of+Asia&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Springer+India&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-81-322-2800-4_12&rft.isbn=978-81-322-2798-4&rft.aulast=Meybodi&rft.aufirst=Neda+Mollakhalili&rft.au=Ebrahimi%2C+Maryam+Tajabadi&rft.au=Mortazavian%2C+Amir+Mohammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iranian_cuisine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iranian_cuisine" title="Template:Iranian cuisine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iranian_cuisine" title="Template talk:Iranian cuisine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iranian_cuisine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iranian cuisine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iranian_cuisine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iranian cuisine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ingredients</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vegetables</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">Beans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_pepper" title="Bell pepper">Bell pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabbage" title="Cabbage">Cabbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickpea" title="Chickpea">Chickpea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowpea" title="Cowpea">Cowpea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggplant" title="Eggplant">Eggplant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">Lentil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">Pomegranate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_pea" title="Split pea">Split pea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinach" title="Spinach">Spinach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">Tomato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarhana" title="Tarhana">Tarkhineh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Herbs and spices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advieh" title="Advieh">Advieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberis" title="Berberis">Barberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">Black pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgur" title="Bulgur">Balgur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">Chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">Cinnamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumin" title="Cumin">Cumin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">Garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracleum_persicum" title="Heracleum persicum">Golpar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">Hazelnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leek" title="Leek">Leek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peppermint" title="Peppermint">Mint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">Onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregano" title="Oregano">Oregano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paprika" title="Paprika">Paprika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsley" title="Parsley">Parsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistachio" title="Pistachio">Pistachio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayenne_pepper" title="Cayenne pepper">Red pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">Saffron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walnut" title="Walnut">Walnut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Breads and nans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbari_bread" title="Barbari bread">Barbari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dushabi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dushabi (page does not exist)">Dushabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghandi_Bread" title="Ghandi Bread">Ghandi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gisu_bread&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gisu bread (page does not exist)">Gisu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khuske-shirin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khuske-shirin (page does not exist)">khuske-shirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandoor_bread" title="Tandoor bread">khuske-e-tanour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavash" title="Lavash">Lavash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naan" title="Naan">Naan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangak" title="Sangak">Sangak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheermal" title="Sheermal">Shirmal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taftan_(bread)" title="Taftan (bread)">Taftan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Salads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meze" title="Meze">Mazeh</a> (main article)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirazi_salad" title="Shirazi salad">Shirazi salad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salad_Shoor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salad Shoor (page does not exist)">Salad Shoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">Yogurt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cheeses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lighvan_cheese" title="Lighvan cheese">Lighvan cheese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feta" title="Feta">Feta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beyaz_Peynir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beyaz Peynir (page does not exist)">Beyaz Peynir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soups and āshes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abgoosht" title="Abgoosht">Abgoosht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aush" title="Aush">Aush</a> (main article)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aush_reshteh" title="Aush reshteh">Aush reshteh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomegranate_soup" title="Pomegranate soup">Ash-e-Anar (Pomegranate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash-e_doogh" title="Ash-e doogh">Aush-e-doogh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aush-e-Shalqham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aush-e-Shalqham (page does not exist)">Aush-e-Shalqham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aush-e-Sholeh-Ghalam-Kar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aush-e-Sholeh-Ghalam-Kar (page does not exist)">Aush-e-Sholeh-Ghalam-Kar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bozbash" title="Bozbash">Bozbash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorba" title="Chorba">Chorba</a> (main article)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haleem" title="Haleem">Haleem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piti_(food)" title="Piti (food)">Dizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirabi">Sirabi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_kebabs#Iran" title="List of kebabs">Kabab</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chelow_kabab" title="Chelow kabab">Chelow kabab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jujeh_kabab" title="Jujeh kabab">Jujeh kabab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kabab_chenjeh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kabab chenjeh (page does not exist)">Kabab chenjeh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kabab_bakhtiari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kabab bakhtiari (page does not exist)">Kabab bakhtiari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabab_barg" title="Kabab barg">Kabab barg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabab_koobideh" title="Kabab koobideh">Kabab koobideh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kabab_mahi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kabab mahi (page does not exist)">Kabab mahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabab_torsh" title="Kabab torsh">Kabab torsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashlik" title="Shashlik">Shashlik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pilaf" title="Pilaf">Polo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albaloo_polo" title="Albaloo polo">Albaloo polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghali_polo" title="Baghali polo">Baghali polo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalam_polo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalam polo (page does not exist)">Kalam polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kateh" title="Kateh">Kateh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loobia_polo" title="Loobia polo">Loobia polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morasa_polo" class="mw-redirect" title="Morasa polo">Morasa polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabzi_polo" title="Sabzi polo">Sabzi polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirin_polo" title="Shirin polo">Shirin polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isfahan_Beryani" class="mw-redirect" title="Isfahan Beryani">Isfahan Beryani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahdig" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahdig">Tahdig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahchin" title="Tahchin">Tahchin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zereshk_polo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zereshk polo (page does not exist)">Zereshk polo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khoresh" title="Khoresh">Khoresh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghala_ghatogh" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghala ghatogh">Baghala ghatogh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoresh_bademjan" title="Khoresh bademjan">Khoresh bademjan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khoresh_b%C4%81denj%C4%81n_lapeh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khoresh bādenjān lapeh (page does not exist)">Khoresh bādenjān lapeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoresh_b%C4%81mieh" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoresh bāmieh">Khoresh bāmieh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khoresh_b%C4%81mieh_lapeh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khoresh bāmieh lapeh (page does not exist)">Khoresh bāmieh lapeh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khoresh_Beh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khoresh Beh (page does not exist)">Khoresh Beh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khoresh_alou_esfenaj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khoresh alou esfenaj (page does not exist)">Khoresh alou esfenaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fesenj%C4%81n" title="Fesenjān">Fesenjān</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khoresh_havij&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khoresh havij (page does not exist)">Khoresh havij</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khoresh_kadu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khoresh kadu (page does not exist)">Khoresh kadu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khoresh_q%C4%81rch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khoresh qārch (page does not exist)">Khoresh qārch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghalieh_mahi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghalieh mahi (page does not exist)">Ghalieh mahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheimeh" title="Gheimeh">Khoresh gheimeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghormeh_sabzi" title="Ghormeh sabzi">Khoresh ghormeh sabzi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khoresh_kangar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khoresh kangar (page does not exist)">Khoresh kangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoresh_karafs" title="Khoresh karafs">Khoresh karafs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khoresh_lubia-sabz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khoresh lubia-sabz (page does not exist)">Khoresh lubia-sabz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khoresh_reevaas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khoresh reevaas (page does not exist)">Khoresh reevaas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khash_(dish)" title="Khash (dish)">Kale pache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ke%C5%9Fkek" title="Keşkek">Kashkak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nargesi_(food)" title="Nargesi (food)">Nargesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofta" title="Kofta">Kofta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabriz_meatballs" title="Tabriz meatballs">Tabriz meatballs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roe#Iran" title="Roe">Ashpal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omelette" title="Omelette">Omelette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_sausage" class="mw-redirect" title="Port sausage">Port sausage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesme" title="Kesme">Reshteh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samosa" title="Samosa">Samosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarhana" title="Tarhana">Tarhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tas_kebab" title="Tas kebab">Tas kebab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahni" title="Yahni">Yakhni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sauces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delal_sauce" title="Delal sauce">Delal sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahyawa" title="Mahyawa">Mahyawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hors d'oeuvre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zeytoon_Parvardeh" title="Zeytoon Parvardeh">Zeytoon Parvardeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolma" title="Dolma">Dolma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strained_yogurt" title="Strained yogurt">Labne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashk_e_bademjan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashk e bademjan">Kashk e bademjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuku_(food)" title="Kuku (food)">Kuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzatziki" title="Tzatziki">Mast-o-Khiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghassemi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirza Ghassemi">Mirza Ghassemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torshi" title="Torshi">Torshi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sweets and desserts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baklava" title="Baklava">Baklava</a> (<a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_pakhlava" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani pakhlava">Azerbaijani pakhlava</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamiyeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamiyeh">Bamiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastani" title="Bastani">Bastani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nan-e_berenji" title="Nan-e berenji">Berenji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cookie" title="Cookie">Cookie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faloodeh" title="Faloodeh">Faloodeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaz_(candy)" title="Gaz (candy)">Gaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosh-e_Fil" class="mw-redirect" title="Gosh-e Fil">Gosh-e Fil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halva" title="Halva">Halva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaymak#The_Middle_East" title="Kaymak">Sarshir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koloocheh" title="Koloocheh">Koloocheh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolompeh" title="Kolompeh">Kolompeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavashak" title="Lavashak">Lavashak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murabba" title="Murabba">Murabba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noghl" title="Noghl">Noghl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nan-e_Nokhodchi" title="Nan-e Nokhodchi">Nokhodchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masghati" title="Masghati">Masghati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashmak" title="Pashmak">Pashmak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poolaki" title="Poolaki">Poolaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qottab" title="Qottab">Qottab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qurabiya" title="Qurabiya">Qurabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanu" title="Samanu">Samanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekarbura" title="Shekarbura">Shekarbura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sholezard" title="Sholezard">Sholezard</a> (Shole-zard)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohan_(confectionery)" title="Sohan (confectionery)">Sohān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohan_asali" title="Sohan asali">Sohan asali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbet" title="Sorbet">Sorbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabrizi_Lovuez" title="Tabrizi Lovuez">Tabrizi Lovuez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalebi#Geographic_distribution" title="Jalebi">Zoolbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazdi_cake" title="Yazdi cake">Yazdi cake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beverages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragh_sagi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aragh sagi">Aragh sagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_wine" title="Persian wine">Mey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doogh" title="Doogh">Doogh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharbat_(beverage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharbat (beverage)">Sharbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_coffee" title="Turkish coffee">Turkish coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kefir" title="Kefir">Kefir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cezve" title="Cezve">Jezve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_(barbecue)" title="Mangal (barbecue)">Mangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_pin" title="Rolling pin">Oklava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tava" title="Tava">Taveh/Sac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samovar" title="Samovar">Samovar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandoor" title="Tandoor">Tanoor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related cuisines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Iranian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_cuisine" title="Caspian cuisine">Caspian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandari_cuisine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bandari cuisine (page does not exist)">Southern Iranian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_cuisine" title="Afghan cuisine">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_cuisine" title="Balochi cuisine">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dishes_from_the_Caucasus" title="List of dishes from the Caucasus">Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_cuisine" title="Armenian cuisine">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_cuisine" title="Azerbaijani cuisine">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_cuisine" title="Georgian cuisine">Georgian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuisine" title="Assyrian cuisine">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_cuisine" title="Kurdish cuisine">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Levantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_cuisine" title="Tajik cuisine">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_cuisine" title="Uzbek cuisine">Uzbek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/16px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/24px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Iran portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/16px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/24px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Middle_Eastern_cuisine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Template:Middle Eastern cuisine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Template talk:Middle Eastern cuisine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle Eastern cuisine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Middle_Eastern_cuisine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Middle Eastern cuisine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arab_cuisine" title="Arab cuisine">Arab</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_cuisine" title="Bahraini cuisine">Bahraini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_cuisine" title="Jordanian cuisine">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_cuisine" title="Kuwaiti cuisine">Kuwaiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_cuisine" title="Lebanese cuisine">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_cuisine" title="Omani cuisine">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_cuisine" title="Palestinian cuisine">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_cuisine" title="Qatari cuisine">Qatari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_cuisine" title="Saudi Arabian cuisine">Saudi Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_cuisine" title="Syrian cuisine">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_cuisine" title="Emirati cuisine">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_cuisine" title="Yemeni cuisine">Yemeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Arab</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_cuisine" title="Cypriot cuisine">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic and religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuisine" title="Assyrian cuisine">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_cuisine" title="Azerbaijani cuisine">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_cuisine" title="Balochi cuisine">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_cuisine" title="Caspian cuisine">Caspian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabian_cuisine" title="Eastern Arabian cuisine">Eastern Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_cuisine" title="Kurdish cuisine">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Levantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_cuisine" title="Pontic Greek cuisine">Pontic Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_cuisine" title="Turkmen cuisine">Turkmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related cuisines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_cuisine" title="Afghan cuisine">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_cuisine" title="Armenian cuisine">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_cuisine" title="Balkan cuisine">Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian cuisine">Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_cuisine" title="Central Asian cuisine">Central Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_cuisine" title="Georgian cuisine">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_cuisine" title="Maghrebi cuisine">Maghrebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine" title="Pakistani cuisine">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_cuisine" title="Pashtun cuisine">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_cuisine" title="Sudanese cuisine">Sudanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Asian_cuisine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asian_topic" title="Template:Asian topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asian_topic" title="Template talk:Asian topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asian_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asian topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Asian_cuisine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Asian_cuisine" title="Asian cuisine">Asian cuisine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_cuisine" title="Afghan cuisine">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_cuisine" title="Armenian cuisine">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_cuisine" title="Azerbaijani cuisine">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_cuisine" title="Bahraini cuisine">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_cuisine" title="Bangladeshi cuisine">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_cuisine" title="Bhutanese cuisine">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_cuisine" title="Bruneian cuisine">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_cuisine" title="Burmese cuisine">Burma (Myanmar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_cuisine" title="Cambodian cuisine">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_cuisine" title="Cypriot cuisine">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timorese_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timorese cuisine">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_cuisine" title="Georgian cuisine">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indonesian cuisine">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_cuisine" title="Jordanian cuisine">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_cuisine" title="Kazakh cuisine">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_cuisine" title="North Korean cuisine">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_cuisine" title="South Korean cuisine">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_cuisine" title="Kuwaiti cuisine">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_cuisine" title="Kyrgyz cuisine">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Laotian cuisine">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_cuisine" title="Lebanese cuisine">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_cuisine" title="Malaysian cuisine">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_cuisine" title="Maldivian cuisine">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_cuisine" title="Mongolian cuisine">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_cuisine" title="Nepalese cuisine">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_cuisine" title="Omani cuisine">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine" title="Pakistani cuisine">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine cuisine">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_cuisine" title="Qatari cuisine">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_cuisine" title="Saudi Arabian cuisine">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_cuisine" title="Singaporean cuisine">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_cuisine" title="Sri Lankan cuisine">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_cuisine" title="Syrian cuisine">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_cuisine" title="Tajik cuisine">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_cuisine" title="Turkmen cuisine">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_cuisine" title="Emirati cuisine">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_cuisine" title="Uzbek cuisine">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine" title="Vietnamese cuisine">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_cuisine" title="Yemeni cuisine">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz cuisine">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Cypriot cuisine">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_cuisine" title="Palestinian cuisine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="South Ossetian cuisine">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_cuisine" title="Taiwanese cuisine">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Indian_Ocean_Territory_cuisine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British Indian Ocean Territory cuisine (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island_cuisine" title="Christmas Island cuisine">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands_cuisine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands cuisine (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_cuisine" title="Hong Kong cuisine">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_cuisine" title="Macanese cuisine">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cuisines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cuisines" title="Template:Cuisines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cuisines" title="Template talk:Cuisines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cuisines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cuisines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cuisines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">Cuisines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_cuisine" title="African cuisine">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_cuisine" title="Maghrebi cuisine">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_cuisine" title="West African cuisine">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_cuisines" title="List of African cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Cuisine of the Americas">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_cuisine" title="Caribbean cuisine">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_cuisine" title="North American cuisine">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_cuisine" title="South American cuisine">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cuisines_of_the_Americas" title="List of cuisines of the Americas">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_cuisine" title="Asian cuisine">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dishes_from_the_Caucasus" title="List of dishes from the Caucasus">Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_cuisine" title="Central Asian cuisine">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Levantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cuisine" title="South Asian cuisine">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_cuisines" title="List of Asian cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_cuisine" title="Balkan cuisine">Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_cuisine" title="Central European cuisine">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_cuisine" title="Eastern European cuisine">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_cuisines" title="List of European cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_cuisine" title="Oceanian cuisine">Oceanian</a></li> <li>Intercontinental <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_cuisine" title="Global cuisine">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_cuisine" title="Latin American cuisine">Latin American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Middle Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_dish" title="National dish">National</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Regional_cuisine" title="Regional cuisine">regional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_cuisine" title="Afghan cuisine">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_cuisine" title="Albanian cuisine">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_cuisine" title="Algerian cuisine">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_cuisine" title="California cuisine">Californian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floribbean_cuisine" title="Floribbean cuisine">Floribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Cuisine of Hawaii">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowcountry_cuisine" title="Lowcountry cuisine">Lowcountry (South Carolina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Midwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Midwestern United States">Midwestern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_New_England" title="Cuisine of New England">New English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_cuisine" title="New Mexican cuisine">New Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_cuisine" title="Pacific Northwest cuisine">Pacific Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_cuisine" title="Puerto Rican cuisine">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southern United States">Southern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southwestern United States">Southwestern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_cuisine" title="Texan cuisine">Texan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_cuisine" title="Angolan cuisine">Angolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_cuisine" title="Argentine cuisine">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_cuisine" title="Armenian cuisine">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_cuisine" title="Australian cuisine">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_cuisine" title="Austrian cuisine">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_cuisine" title="Azerbaijani cuisine">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_cuisine" title="Bahraini cuisine">Bahraini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_cuisine" title="Bangladeshi cuisine">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_cuisine" title="Barbadian cuisine">Barbadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_cuisine" title="Belarusian cuisine">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_cuisine" title="Belgian cuisine">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_cuisine" title="Belizean cuisine">Belizean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_cuisine" title="Benin cuisine">Beninese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_cuisine" title="Bhutanese cuisine">Bhutanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_cuisine" title="Bolivian cuisine">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_cuisine" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina cuisine">Bosnian-Herzegovinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_cuisine" title="Botswana cuisine">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_cuisine" title="Brazilian cuisine">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguillian_cuisine" title="Anguillian cuisine">Anguillia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_cuisine" title="Channel Islands cuisine">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_cuisine" title="Gibraltarian cuisine">Gibraltarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Irish_cuisine" title="Northern Irish cuisine">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Saint_Helena" title="Cuisine of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_cuisine" title="Scottish cuisine">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_cuisine" title="Welsh cuisine">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_cuisine" title="Bruneian cuisine">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_cuisine" title="Bulgarian cuisine">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkinabe_cuisine" title="Burkinabe cuisine">Burkinabé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_cuisine" title="Burmese cuisine">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_cuisine" title="Burundian cuisine">Burundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_cuisine" title="Cambodian cuisine">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_cuisine" title="Cameroonian cuisine">Cameroonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_cuisine" title="Acadian cuisine">Acadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Quebec" title="Cuisine of Quebec">Québécois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Cuisine of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_cuisine" title="Chadian cuisine">Chadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_cuisine" title="Chilean cuisine">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_cuisine" title="Beijing cuisine">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine" title="Cantonese cuisine">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_cuisine" title="Hong Kong cuisine">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_cuisine" title="Macanese cuisine">Macanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandong_cuisine" title="Shandong cuisine">Shandong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_cuisine" title="Sichuan cuisine">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_cuisine" title="Tibetan cuisine">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_cuisine" title="Uyghur cuisine">Xinjiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_cuisine" title="Colombian cuisine">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_cuisine" title="Congolese cuisine">Congolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_cuisine" title="Croatian cuisine">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_cuisine" title="Cuban cuisine">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_cuisine" title="Cypriot cuisine">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_cuisine" title="Czech cuisine">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_cuisine" title="Danish cuisine">Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_cuisine" title="Faroese cuisine">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_cuisine" title="Greenlandic cuisine">Greenlandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_cuisine" title="Djiboutian cuisine">Djiboutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica_cuisine" title="Dominica cuisine">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic_cuisine" title="Dominican Republic cuisine">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_cuisine" title="Dutch cuisine">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_East_Timor" title="Cuisine of East Timor">East Timorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_cuisine" title="Ecuadorian cuisine">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_cuisine" title="Emirati cuisine">Emirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Cuisine of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_cuisine" title="Eritrean cuisine">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_cuisine" title="Estonian cuisine">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_cuisine" title="Ethiopian cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_cuisine" title="Fijian cuisine">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Filipino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_cuisine" title="Kapampangan cuisine">Kapampangan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_cuisine" title="Finnish cuisine">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Corsica" title="Cuisine of Corsica">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Cuisine of Réunion">La Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guianan_cuisine" title="French Guianan cuisine">French Guianan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_cuisine" title="Occitan cuisine">Occitan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabonese_cuisine" title="Gabonese cuisine">Gabonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_cuisine" title="Gambian cuisine">Gambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_cuisine" title="Georgian cuisine">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_cuisine" title="Ghanaian cuisine">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_cuisine" title="Cretan cuisine">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirotic_cuisine" title="Epirotic cuisine">Epirotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Macedonian_cuisine" title="Greek Macedonian cuisine">Greek Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="Cuisine of the Ionian Islands">Heptanesean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_cuisine" title="Guatemalan cuisine">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissauan_cuisine" title="Guinea-Bissauan cuisine">Guinea-Bissauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Guinea" title="Cuisine of Guinea">Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_cuisine" title="Haitian cuisine">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_cuisine" title="Honduran cuisine">Honduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_cuisine" title="Hungarian cuisine">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_cuisine" title="Icelandic cuisine">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_cuisine" title="Andhra cuisine">Andhra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachali_cuisine" title="Arunachali cuisine">Arunachali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_cuisine" title="Assamese cuisine">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihari_cuisine" title="Bihari cuisine">Bihari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_cuisine" title="Chhattisgarhi cuisine">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goan_cuisine" title="Goan cuisine">Goan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_cuisine" title="Gujarati cuisine">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Haryanvi cuisine">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_cuisine" title="Kashmiri cuisine">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhandi_cuisine" title="Jharkhandi cuisine">Jharkhandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_cuisine" title="Karnataka cuisine">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_cuisine" title="Kerala cuisine">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_cuisine" title="Maharashtrian cuisine">Maharashtrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_cuisine" title="Manipuri cuisine">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghalayan_cuisine" title="Meghalayan cuisine">Meghalayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_cuisine" title="Mizo cuisine">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_cuisine" title="Naga cuisine">Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Odia cuisine">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cuisine" title="Punjabi cuisine">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_cuisine" title="Rajasthani cuisine">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_cuisine" title="Sikkimese cuisine">Sikkimese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cuisine" title="Sindhi cuisine">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cuisine" title="Tamil cuisine">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana_cuisine" title="Telangana cuisine">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_cuisine" title="Tripuri cuisine">Tripuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_cuisine" title="Uttar Pradesh cuisine">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhandi_cuisine" title="Uttarakhandi cuisine">Uttarakhandi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_cuisine" title="Acehnese cuisine">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_cuisine" title="Balinese cuisine">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_cuisine" title="Banjar cuisine">Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_cuisine" title="Batak cuisine">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betawi_cuisine" title="Betawi cuisine">Betawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorontalo_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorontalo cuisine">Gorontalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo_cuisine" title="Indo cuisine">Indo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_cuisine" title="Javanese cuisine">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_cuisine" title="Madurese cuisine">Madurese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_cuisine" title="Makassar cuisine">Makassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_cuisine" title="Minahasan cuisine">Minahasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang_cuisine" title="Padang cuisine">Minangkabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang_cuisine" title="Palembang cuisine">Palembangese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_cuisine" title="Sundanese cuisine">Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Abruzzo" title="Cuisine of Abruzzo">Abruzzese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apulian_cuisine" title="Apulian cuisine">Apulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Liguria" title="Cuisine of Liguria">Ligurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_cuisine" title="Lombard cuisine">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Basilicata" title="Cuisine of Basilicata">Lucanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_cuisine" title="Neapolitan cuisine">Neapolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_cuisine" title="Piedmontese cuisine">Piedmontese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_cuisine" title="Roman cuisine">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Sardinia" title="Cuisine of Sardinia">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_cuisine" title="Sicilian cuisine">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_food" title="Tuscan food">Tuscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Veneto" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Veneto">Venetian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_cuisine" title="Ivorian cuisine">Ivorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_cuisine" title="Jamaican cuisine">Jamaican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_cuisine" title="Okinawan cuisine">Okinawan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_cuisine" title="Jordanian cuisine">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_cuisine" title="Kazakh cuisine">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenyan cuisine">Kenyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_cuisine" title="North Korean cuisine">North Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_cuisine" title="South Korean cuisine">South Korean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovan cuisine">Kosovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_cuisine" title="Kuwaiti cuisine">Kuwaiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_cuisine" title="Kyrgyz cuisine">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_cuisine" title="Lao cuisine">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_cuisine" title="Latvian cuisine">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_cuisine" title="Lebanese cuisine">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Lesotho" title="Cuisine of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_cuisine" title="Liberian cuisine">Liberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_cuisine" title="Libyan cuisine">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_cuisine" title="Liechtenstein cuisine">Liechtensteiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_cuisine" title="Lithuanian cuisine">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Luxembourg" title="Cuisine of Luxembourg">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_cuisine" title="Macedonian cuisine">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_cuisine" title="Malagasy cuisine">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_cuisine" title="Malawian cuisine">Malawian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_cuisine" title="Malaysian cuisine">Malaysian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabahan_cuisine" title="Sabahan cuisine">Sabahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawakian_cuisine" title="Sarawakian cuisine">Sarawakian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_cuisine" title="Maldivian cuisine">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malian_cuisine" title="Malian cuisine">Malian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_cuisine" title="Maltese cuisine">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_cuisine" title="Marshallese cuisine">Marshallese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritanian_cuisine" title="Mauritanian cuisine">Mauritanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_cuisine" title="Mauritian cuisine">Mauritian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_cuisine" title="Mexican cuisine">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_cuisine" title="Moldovan cuisine">Moldovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_cuisine" title="Monégasque cuisine">Monégasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_cuisine" title="Mongolian cuisine">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_cuisine" title="Montenegrin cuisine">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_cuisine" title="Moroccan cuisine">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_cuisine" title="Mozambican cuisine">Mozambican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_cuisine" title="Namibian cuisine">Namibian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_cuisine" title="Nauruan cuisine">Nauruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_cuisine" title="Nepalese cuisine">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_cuisine" title="New Zealand cuisine">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_cuisine" title="Nicaraguan cuisine">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Niger" title="Cuisine of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_cuisine" title="Nigerian cuisine">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuean_cuisine" title="Niuean cuisine">Niuean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_cuisine" title="Norwegian cuisine">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_cuisine" title="Omani cuisine">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine" title="Pakistani cuisine">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_cuisine" title="Palestinian cuisine">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_cuisine" title="Panamanian cuisine">Panamanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_cuisine" title="Papua New Guinean cuisine">Papua New Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_cuisine" title="Paraguayan cuisine">Paraguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_cuisine" title="Peruvian cuisine">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cuisine" title="Polish cuisine">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine" title="Portuguese cuisine">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_cuisine" title="Qatari cuisine">Qatari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_cuisine" title="Romanian cuisine">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_cuisine" title="Bashkir cuisine">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_cuisine" title="Chechen cuisine">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_cuisine" title="Circassian cuisine">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_cuisine" title="Cossack cuisine">Cossack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_cuisine" title="Komi cuisine">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordovian_cuisine" title="Mordovian cuisine">Mordovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakha_cuisine" title="Sakha cuisine">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_cuisine" title="Tatar cuisine">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_cuisine" title="Udmurt cuisine">Udmurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamal_cuisine" title="Yamal cuisine">Yamal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_cuisine" title="Rwandan cuisine">Rwandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_cuisine" title="Saint Lucian cuisine">Saint Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_cuisine" title="Salvadoran cuisine">Salvadoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_cuisine" title="Sammarinese cuisine">Sammarinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Cuisine of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_cuisine" title="Saudi Arabian cuisine">Saudi Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_cuisine" title="Senegalese cuisine">Senegalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_cuisine" title="Serbian cuisine">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychellois_cuisine" title="Seychellois cuisine">Seychellois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_cuisine" title="Sierra Leonean cuisine">Sierra Leonean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_cuisine" title="Singaporean cuisine">Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_cuisine" title="Slovak cuisine">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_cuisine" title="Slovenian cuisine">Slovenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_cuisine" title="Somali cuisine">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_cuisine" title="South African cuisine">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_cuisine" title="Andalusian cuisine">Andalusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_cuisine" title="Asturian cuisine">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_cuisine" title="Balearic cuisine">Balearic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_cuisine" title="Basque cuisine">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_cuisine" title="Canarian cuisine">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_cuisine" title="Cantabrian cuisine">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_cuisine" title="Catalan cuisine">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_cuisine" title="Extremaduran cuisine">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_cuisine" title="Galician cuisine">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchego_cuisine" title="Manchego cuisine">Manchegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_cuisine" title="Valencian cuisine">Valencian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_cuisine" title="Sri Lankan cuisine">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_cuisine" title="Sudanese cuisine">Sudanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Eswatini" title="Cuisine of Eswatini">Swazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_cuisine" title="Swedish cuisine">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_cuisine" title="Swiss cuisine">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_cuisine" title="Syrian cuisine">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_cuisine" title="Taiwanese cuisine">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_cuisine" title="Tajik cuisine">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanzanian cuisine">Tanzanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibari_cuisine" title="Zanzibari cuisine">Zanzibari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_cuisine" title="Togolese cuisine">Togolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_cuisine" title="Tunisian cuisine">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_cuisine" title="Turkmen cuisine">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_cuisine" title="Tuvaluan cuisine">Tuvaluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_cuisine" title="Trinidad and Tobago cuisine">Trinidadian and Tobagonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_cuisine" title="Ugandan cuisine">Ugandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cuisine" title="Ukrainian cuisine">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_cuisine" title="Uruguayan cuisine">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_cuisine" title="Uzbek cuisine">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatuan_cuisine" title="Vanuatuan cuisine">Vanuatuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_cuisine" title="Venezuelan cuisine">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine" title="Vietnamese cuisine">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Saharan_cuisine" title="Western Saharan cuisine">Western Saharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_cuisine" title="Yemeni cuisine">Yemeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_cuisine" title="Zambian cuisine">Zambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean cuisine">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_cuisine" title="Ainu cuisine">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_cuisine" title="Arab cuisine">Arab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Arab Indonesian cuisine">Arab-Indonesian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_cuisine" title="Aromanian cuisine">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuisine" title="Assyrian cuisine">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_cuisine" title="Balochi cuisine">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_cuisine" title="Berber cuisine">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryat_cuisine" title="Buryat cuisine">Buryat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_cuisine" title="Cajun cuisine">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Chinese_cuisine" title="American Chinese cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Australian Chinese cuisine">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Chinese_cuisine" title="British Chinese cuisine">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Cambodian Chinese cuisine">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Canadian Chinese cuisine">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Chinese_cuisine" title="Filipino Chinese cuisine">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Chinese_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Chinese cuisine">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Chinese Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Malaysian Chinese cuisine">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Chinese_cuisine" title="Pakistani Chinese cuisine">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chifa" title="Chifa">Peruvian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_cuisine" title="Crimean Tatar cuisine">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_cuisine" title="Gagauz cuisine">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek-American_cuisine" title="Greek-American cuisine">Greek-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazaragi cuisine">Hazaragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_cuisine" title="Hmong cuisine">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_cuisine" title="Anglo-Indian cuisine">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indian Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indian_cuisine" title="Malaysian Indian cuisine">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Indian_cuisine" title="North Indian cuisine">North Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Indian_cuisine" title="South Indian cuisine">South Indian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous cuisine of the Americas">Indigenous American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_tucker" title="Bush tucker">Indigenous Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_cuisine" title="Inuit cuisine">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian-American_cuisine" title="Italian-American cuisine">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Bukharan Jewish cuisine">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ethiopian Jewish cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Mizrahi Jewish cuisine">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Moroccan Jewish cuisine">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Syrian Jewish cuisine">Syrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_cuisine" title="Kurdish cuisine">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_cuisine" title="Livonian cuisine">Livonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_cuisine" title="Louisiana Creole cuisine">Louisiana Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_cuisine" title="Malay cuisine">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_cuisine" title="Ossetian cuisine">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsi_cuisine" title="Parsi cuisine">Parsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_cuisine" title="Pashtun cuisine">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakan_cuisine" title="Peranakan cuisine">Peranakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_cuisine" title="Pontic Greek cuisine">Pontic Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_cuisine" title="Romani cuisine">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_cuisine" title="Sámi cuisine">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tex-Mex" title="Tex-Mex">Tejano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_cuisine" title="Transylvanian Saxon cuisine">Transylvanian Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yup%27ik_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Yup'ik cuisine">Yup'ik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_dietary_laws" title="Christian dietary laws">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goan_Catholic_cuisine" title="Goan Catholic cuisine">Goan Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalorean_Catholic_cuisine" title="Mangalorean Catholic cuisine">Mangalorean Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonite_cuisine" title="Mennonite cuisine">Mennonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_cuisine" title="Chinese Islamic cuisine">Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ital" title="Ital">Ital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher food">Kosher food</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_slaughter" title="Ritual slaughter">Ritual slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_cuisines" title="List of historical cuisines">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_cuisine" title="Ancient Egyptian cuisine">Ancient Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Ancient Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Ancient Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">Ancient Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Antebellum_America" title="Cuisine of Antebellum America">Antebellum America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_cuisine" title="Aztec cuisine">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_cuisine" title="Byzantine cuisine">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_European_cuisine" title="Early modern European cuisine">Early modern European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Argentine_cuisine" title="History of Argentine cuisine">Historical Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_cuisine" title="History of Chinese cuisine">Historical Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_cuisine" title="History of Indian cuisine">Historical Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_cuisine" title="History of Japanese cuisine">Historical Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_North_Indian_and_Pakistani_foods" title="Origins of North Indian and Pakistani foods">Historical North Indian and Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_alcoholic_drinks" title="History of alcoholic drinks">History of alcoholic drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_bread" title="History of bread">History of bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_seafood" title="History of seafood">History of seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_vegetarianism" title="History of vegetarianism">History of vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuisine" title="Hittite cuisine">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_cuisine" title="Inca cuisine">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_cuisine" title="Ancient Maya cuisine">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_cuisine" title="Muisca cuisine">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughlai_cuisine" title="Mughlai cuisine">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_cuisine" title="Medieval cuisine">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_foods" title="Peasant foods">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Native cuisine of Hawaii">Pre-contact Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_royal_court_cuisine" title="Korean royal court cuisine">Korean royal court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_the_Scottish_royal_household" title="Food and the Scottish royal household">Scottish royal household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_cuisine" title="Soviet cuisine">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Thirteen_Colonies" title="Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_classique" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine classique">Classique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">Fast food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_cuisine" title="Fusion cuisine">Fusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_American_cuisine" title="New American cuisine">New American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_cuisine_of_Singapore_and_Malaysia" title="Eurasian cuisine of Singapore and Malaysia">Eurasian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haute_cuisine" title="Haute cuisine">Haute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_gastronomy" title="Molecular gastronomy">Molecular gastronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Note_by_Note_cuisine" title="Note by Note cuisine">Note by Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_cuisine" title="Nouvelle cuisine">Nouvelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_cuisine" title="Vegetarian cuisine">Vegetarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cuisines" title="List of cuisines">List of cuisines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_cuisines" title="List of historical cuisines">List of historical cuisines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_foods" title="Lists of foods">Lists of foods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_prepared_foods" title="Lists of prepared foods">Prepared</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cookbook" title="Cookbook">Cookbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culinary_arts" title="Culinary arts">Culinary arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drink" title="Drink">Drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">Food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_history" title="Food history">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_food" title="Sociology of food">sociology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">Diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meal" title="Meal">Meal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meal_preparation" title="Meal preparation">Meal preparation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cuisine" title="Category:Cuisine">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_cuisines" title="Outline of cuisines">Outline</a></li></ul> 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