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<span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_watermarking_life-cycle_phases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_watermarking_life-cycle_phases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Digital watermarking life-cycle phases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_watermarking_life-cycle_phases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Robustness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Robustness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Robustness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Robustness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perceptibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perceptibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Perceptibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perceptibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capacity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capacity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Capacity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capacity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Embedding_method" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Embedding_method"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Embedding method</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Embedding_method-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evaluation_and_benchmarking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evaluation_and_benchmarking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Evaluation and benchmarking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evaluation_and_benchmarking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cameras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cameras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Cameras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cameras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reversible_data_hiding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reversible_data_hiding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Reversible data hiding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reversible_data_hiding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Watermarking_for_relational_databases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Watermarking_for_relational_databases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Watermarking for relational databases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Watermarking_for_relational_databases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="علامة مائية رقمية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علامة مائية رقمية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filigrana_digital" title="Filigrana digital – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Filigrana digital" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digit%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_vodoznak" title="Digitální vodoznak – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Digitální vodoznak" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalt_vandm%C3%A6rke" title="Digitalt vandmærke – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Digitalt vandmærke" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitales_Wasserzeichen" title="Digitales Wasserzeichen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Digitales Wasserzeichen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A8%CE%B7%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF" title="Ψηφιακό υδατόσημο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ψηφιακό υδατόσημο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marca_de_agua_digital" title="Marca de agua digital – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Marca de agua digital" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="نهان‌نگاری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نهان‌نگاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatouage_num%C3%A9rique" title="Tatouage numérique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tatouage numérique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EC%9B%8C%ED%84%B0%EB%A7%88%ED%82%B9" title="디지털 워터마킹 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="디지털 워터마킹" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="डिजिटल वॉटरमार्किंग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="डिजिटल वॉटरमार्किंग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penandaairan_digital" title="Penandaairan digital – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penandaairan digital" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermark_(informatica)" title="Watermark (informatica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Watermark (informatica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86" title="ಅಂಕೀಯ ನೀರುಗುರುತು ಮಾಡುವಿಕೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಂಕೀಯ ನೀರುಗುರುತು ಮಾಡುವಿಕೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tera_air_digital" title="Tera air digital – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tera air digital" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitaal_watermerk" title="Digitaal watermerk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Digitaal watermerk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E9%80%8F%E3%81%8B%E3%81%97" title="電子透かし – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="電子透かし" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_vannmerking" title="Digital vannmerking – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Digital vannmerking" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyfrowy_znak_wodny" title="Cyfrowy znak wodny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cyfrowy znak wodny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marca_de_%C3%A1gua_digital" title="Marca de água digital – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Marca de água digital" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Цифровой водяной знак – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цифровой водяной знак" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_vattenst%C3%A4mpling" title="Digital vattenstämpling – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Digital vattenstämpling" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5" title="ลายน้ำดิจิทัล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลายน้ำดิจิทัล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Цифровий водяний знак – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Цифровий водяний знак" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%A7y_v%C3%A2n_s%E1%BB%91" title="Thủy vân số – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thủy vân số" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E4%BD%8D%E6%B5%AE%E6%B0%B4%E5%8D%B0" title="數位浮水印 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="數位浮水印" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q875932#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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<p>A <b>digital watermark</b> is a kind of marker covertly embedded in a noise-tolerant <a href="/wiki/Signal_(electrical_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal (electrical engineering)">signal</a> such as audio, video or image data.<sup id="cite_ref-SencarRemkumarAkansu_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SencarRemkumarAkansu-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is typically used to identify ownership of the copyright of such a signal. Digital watermarking is the process of hiding digital information in a <a href="/wiki/Carrier_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrier signal">carrier signal</a>; the hidden information should,<sup id="cite_ref-Cox_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cox-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but does not need to, contain a relation to the carrier signal. Digital watermarks may be used to verify the authenticity or integrity of the carrier signal or to show the identity of its owners. It is prominently used for tracing <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">copyright infringements</a> and for <a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">banknote</a> authentication. </p><p>Like traditional <a href="/wiki/Watermark" title="Watermark">physical watermarks</a>, digital watermarks are often only perceptible under certain conditions, e.g. after using some algorithm.<sup id="cite_ref-Shih_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shih-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a digital watermark distorts the carrier signal in a way that it becomes easily perceivable, it may be considered less effective depending on its purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-Shih_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shih-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional watermarks may be applied to visible media (like images or video), whereas in digital watermarking, the signal may be audio, pictures, video, texts or 3D models. A signal may carry several different watermarks at the same time. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Metadata_modeling" title="Metadata modeling">metadata</a> that is added to the carrier signal, a digital watermark does not change the size of the carrier signal. </p><p>The needed properties of a digital watermark depend on the <a href="/wiki/Use_case" title="Use case">use case</a> in which it is applied. For marking media files with copyright information, a digital watermark has to be rather robust against modifications that can be applied to the carrier signal. Instead, if integrity has to be ensured, a fragile watermark would be applied. </p><p>Both <a href="/wiki/Steganography" title="Steganography">steganography</a> and digital watermarking employ steganographic techniques to embed data covertly in noisy signals. While steganography aims for imperceptibility to human senses, digital watermarking tries to control the robustness as top priority. </p><p>Since a digital copy of data is the same as the original, digital watermarking is a passive protection tool. It just marks data, but does not degrade it or control access to the data. </p><p>One application of digital watermarking is <i>source tracking</i>. A watermark is embedded into a digital signal at each point of distribution. If a copy of the work is found later, then the watermark may be retrieved from the copy and the source of the distribution is known. This technique reportedly has been used to detect the source of illegally copied movies. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_watermarking&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>digital watermark</i> was coined by Andrew Tirkel and Charles Osborne in December 1992. The first successful embedding and extraction of a <a href="/wiki/Steganography" title="Steganography">steganographic</a> spread spectrum watermark was demonstrated in 1993 by Andrew Tirkel, Gerard Rankin, Ron Van Schyndel, Charles Osborne, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Watermarks are identification marks produced during the paper-making process. The first watermarks appeared in Italy during the 13th century, but their use rapidly spread across Europe. They were used as a means to identify the paper maker or the trade guild that manufactured the paper. The marks often were created by a wire sewn onto the paper mold. Watermarks continue to be used today as manufacturer's marks and to prevent forgery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_watermarking&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Digital watermarking may be used for a wide range of applications, such as: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copy_protection" title="Copy protection">Copyright protection</a> in some media like <a href="/wiki/Digital_artwork" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital artwork">digital artworks</a>.</li> <li>Source tracking (different recipients get differently watermarked content)</li> <li>Broadcast monitoring (television news often contains watermarked video from international agencies)</li> <li>Video authentication</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crippleware" title="Crippleware">Software crippling</a> on <a href="/wiki/Screencasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Screencasting">screencasting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video_editing_software" title="Video editing software">video editing software</a> programs, to encourage users to purchase the full version to remove it.</li> <li>ID card security</li> <li>Fraud and Tamper detection.</li> <li>Content management on <a href="/wiki/Social_network" title="Social network">social networks</a><sup id="cite_ref-ZigomitrosPapageorgiou2012_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZigomitrosPapageorgiou2012-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digital_watermarking_life-cycle_phases">Digital watermarking life-cycle phases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_watermarking&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Digital watermarking life-cycle phases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Watermark_life_cycle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Watermark_life_cycle.svg/600px-Watermark_life_cycle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Watermark_life_cycle.svg/900px-Watermark_life_cycle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Watermark_life_cycle.svg/1200px-Watermark_life_cycle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1196" data-file-height="348" /></a><figcaption>General digital watermark life-cycle phases with embedding-, attacking-, and detection and retrieval functions</figcaption></figure> <p>The information to be embedded in a signal is called a digital watermark, although in some contexts the phrase digital watermark means the difference between the watermarked signal and the cover signal. The signal where the watermark is to be embedded is called the <i>host</i> signal. A watermarking system is usually divided into three distinct steps, embedding, attack, and detection. In embedding, an algorithm accepts the host and the data to be embedded, and produces a watermarked signal. </p><p>Then the watermarked digital signal is transmitted or stored, usually transmitted to another person. If this person makes a modification, this is called an <i>attack</i>. While the modification may not be malicious, the term attack arises from copyright protection application, where third parties may attempt to remove the digital watermark through modification. There are many possible modifications, for example, lossy compression of the data (in which resolution is diminished), cropping an image or video, or intentionally adding noise. </p><p><i>Detection</i> (often called extraction) is an algorithm that is applied to the attacked signal to attempt to extract the watermark from it. If the signal was unmodified during transmission, then the watermark still is present and it may be extracted. In <i>robust</i> digital watermarking applications, the extraction algorithm should be able to produce the watermark correctly, even if the modifications were strong. In <i>fragile</i> digital watermarking, the extraction algorithm should fail if any change is made to the signal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_watermarking&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A digital watermark is called <i>robust</i> with respect to transformations if the embedded information may be detected reliably from the marked signal, even if degraded by any number of transformations. Typical image degradations are JPEG compression, rotation, cropping, additive noise, and <a href="/wiki/Quantization_(signal_processing)" title="Quantization (signal processing)">quantization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For video content, temporal modifications and MPEG compression often are added to this list. A digital watermark is called <i>imperceptible</i> if the watermarked content is perceptually equivalent to the original, unwatermarked content.<sup id="cite_ref-KhanMirza2007_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KhanMirza2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, it is easy to create either robust watermarks <em>or</em> imperceptible watermarks, but the creation of both robust <em>and</em> imperceptible watermarks has proven to be quite challenging.<sup id="cite_ref-Cox_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cox-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robust imperceptible watermarks have been proposed as a tool for the protection of digital content, for example as an embedded <i>no-copy-allowed</i> flag in professional video content.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Digital watermarking techniques may be classified in several ways. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Robustness">Robustness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_watermarking&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Robustness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A digital watermark is called <i>fragile</i> if it fails to be detectable after the slightest modification. Fragile watermarks are commonly used for tamper detection (integrity proof). Modifications to an original work that clearly are noticeable, commonly are not referred to as watermarks, but as generalized <a href="/wiki/Barcode" title="Barcode">barcodes</a>. </p><p>A digital watermark is called <i>semi-fragile</i> if it resists benign transformations, but fails detection after malignant transformations. Semi-fragile watermarks commonly are used to detect malignant transformations. </p><p>A digital watermark is called <i>robust</i> if it resists a designated class of transformations. Robust watermarks may be used in copy protection applications to carry copy and no access control information. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perceptibility">Perceptibility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_watermarking&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Perceptibility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A digital watermark is called <i>imperceptible</i> if the original cover signal and the marked signal are perceptually indistinguishable. </p><p>A digital watermark is called <i>perceptible</i> if its presence in the marked signal is noticeable (e.g. digital on-screen graphics like a network logo, content bug, codes, opaque images). On videos and images, some are made transparent/translucent for convenience for consumers due to the fact that they block portion of the view; therefore degrading it. </p><p>This should not be confused with <i>perceptual</i>, that is, watermarking which uses the limitations of human perception to be imperceptible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capacity">Capacity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_watermarking&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Capacity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The length of the embedded message determines two different main classes of digital watermarking schemes: </p> <ul><li>The message is conceptually zero-bit long and the system is designed in order to detect the presence or the absence of the watermark in the marked object. This kind of watermarking scheme is usually referred to as <i>zero-bit</i> or <i>presence watermarking schemes</i>.</li> <li>The message is an n-bit-long stream <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left(m=m_{1}\ldots m_{n},\;n\in \mathbb {N} \right.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>…</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mi>n</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left(m=m_{1}\ldots m_{n},\;n\in \mathbb {N} \right.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0619509b915041df03091e720e2c292e3383a062" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:23.487ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left(m=m_{1}\ldots m_{n},\;n\in \mathbb {N} \right.}"></span>, with <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left.n=|m|\right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow> <mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left.n=|m|\right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/017f166f880589bedc1d0db1a3cbbba5c2403b35" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.732ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left.n=|m|\right)}"></span> or <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M=\{0,1\}^{n}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>M</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <msup> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M=\{0,1\}^{n}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/93e2c93fafcaf07ec2592969297f828a3a846e9d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.443ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M=\{0,1\}^{n}}"></span> and is modulated in the watermark. These kinds of schemes usually are referred to as multiple-bit watermarking or non-zero-bit watermarking schemes.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Embedding_method">Embedding method</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_watermarking&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Embedding method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A digital watermarking method is referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Spread_Spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Spread Spectrum">spread-spectrum</a></i> if the marked signal is obtained by an additive modification. Spread-spectrum watermarks are known to be modestly robust, but also to have a low information capacity due to host <a href="/wiki/Interference_(communication)" title="Interference (communication)">interference</a>. </p><p>A digital watermarking method is said to be of <i>quantization type</i> if the marked signal is obtained by quantization. Quantization watermarks suffer from low robustness, but have a high information capacity due to rejection of host interference. </p><p>A digital watermarking method is referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Amplitude_Modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Amplitude Modulation">amplitude modulation</a></i> if the marked signal is embedded by additive modification which is similar to spread spectrum method, but is particularly embedded in the spatial domain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evaluation_and_benchmarking">Evaluation and benchmarking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_watermarking&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Evaluation and benchmarking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The evaluation of digital watermarking schemes may provide detailed information for a watermark designer or for end-users, therefore, different evaluation strategies exist. Often used by a watermark designer is the evaluation of single properties to show, for example, an improvement. Mostly, end-users are not interested in detailed information. They want to know if a given digital watermarking algorithm may be used for their application scenario, and if so, which parameter sets seems to be the best. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cameras">Cameras</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_watermarking&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cameras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Epson" title="Epson">Epson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kodak" title="Kodak">Kodak</a> have produced cameras with security features such as the Epson PhotoPC 3000Z and the Kodak DC-290. Both cameras added irremovable features to the pictures which distorted the original image, making them unacceptable for some applications such as <a href="/wiki/Forensic_Evidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Forensic Evidence">forensic evidence</a> in court. According to Blythe and Fridrich, "[n]either camera can provide an undisputable proof of the image origin or its author".<sup id="cite_ref-SDC_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SDC-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A secure digital camera (SDC) was proposed by Saraju Mohanty, et al. in 2003 and published in January 2004. This was not the first time this was proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-MohantyRanganathan2004_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MohantyRanganathan2004-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blythe and Fridrich also have worked on SDC in 2004 <sup id="cite_ref-SDC_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SDC-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for a <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital camera</a> that would use lossless watermarking to embed a <a href="/wiki/Biometric" class="mw-redirect" title="Biometric">biometric</a> identifier together with a <a href="/wiki/Cryptographic_hash" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptographic hash">cryptographic hash</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AIVT_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIVT-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reversible_data_hiding">Reversible data hiding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_watermarking&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Reversible data hiding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Reversible data hiding</i> is a technique which enables images to be authenticated and then restored to their original form by removing the digital watermark and replacing the image data that had been overwritten.<sup id="cite_ref-Uhh_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uhh-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Watermarking_for_relational_databases">Watermarking for relational databases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_watermarking&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Watermarking for relational databases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Digital watermarking for <a href="/wiki/Relational_database" title="Relational database">relational databases</a> has emerged as a candidate solution to provide copyright protection, tamper detection, traitor tracing, and maintaining integrity of relational data. Many watermarking techniques have been proposed in the literature to address these purposes. A survey of the current state-of-the-art and a classification of the different techniques according to their intent, the way they express the watermark, the cover type, granularity level, and verifiability was published in 2010 by Halder et al. in the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Universal_Computer_Science" title="Journal of Universal Computer Science">Journal of Universal Computer Science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Halder_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halder-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_watermarking&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chip_art" title="Chip art">Chip art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coded_Anti-Piracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Coded Anti-Piracy">Coded Anti-Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copy_attack" title="Copy attack">Copy attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EURion_constellation" title="EURion constellation">EURion constellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattern_Recognition_(novel)" title="Pattern Recognition (novel)">Pattern Recognition (novel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steganography" title="Steganography">Steganography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traitor_tracing" title="Traitor tracing">Traitor tracing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watermark_(data_file)" title="Watermark (data file)">Watermark (data file)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_watermark" title="Audio watermark">Audio watermark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_on-screen_graphic" title="Digital on-screen graphic">Digital on-screen graphic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_content_recognition" title="Automatic content recognition">Automatic content recognition</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_watermarking&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SencarRemkumarAkansu-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SencarRemkumarAkansu_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.T. Sencar, M. Ramkumar and A.N. Akansu: <i>Data Hiding Fundamentals and Applications: Content Security in Digital Multimedia</i>. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cox-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cox_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cox_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ingemar J. Cox: <i>Digital watermarking and steganography</i>. Morgan Kaufmann, Burlington, MA, USA, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shih-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shih_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shih_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank Y. Shih: <i>Digital watermarking and steganography: fundamentals and techniques</i>. Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.Z.Tirkel, G.A. Rankin, R.M. Van Schyndel, W.J.Ho, N.R.A.Mee, C.F.Osborne. “Electronic Water Mark”. DICTA 93, Macquarie University. p.666-673</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZigomitrosPapageorgiou2012-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ZigomitrosPapageorgiou2012_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZigomitrosPapageorgiouPatsakis2012" class="citation book cs1">Zigomitros, Athanasios; Papageorgiou, Achilleas; Patsakis, Constantinos (2012). "Social network content management through watermarking". <i>2012 IEEE 11th International Conference on Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications</i>. IEEE. pp. 1381–1386. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTrustCom.2012.264">10.1109/TrustCom.2012.264</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4673-2172-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4673-2172-3"><bdi>978-1-4673-2172-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17845019">17845019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Social+network+content+management+through+watermarking&rft.btitle=2012+IEEE+11th+International+Conference+on+Trust%2C+Security+and+Privacy+in+Computing+and+Communications&rft.pages=1381-1386&rft.pub=IEEE&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17845019%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FTrustCom.2012.264&rft.isbn=978-1-4673-2172-3&rft.aulast=Zigomitros&rft.aufirst=Athanasios&rft.au=Papageorgiou%2C+Achilleas&rft.au=Patsakis%2C+Constantinos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+watermarking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowayda2008" class="citation book cs1">Rowayda, A. 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(2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110319/http://www.cse.unt.edu/~smohanty/Publications_Conferences/2004/MohantyVLSID2004Chip.pdf">"VLSI implementation of visible watermarking for secure digital still camera design"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>17th International Conference on VLSI Design. Proceedings</i>. IEEE. pp. 1063–1068. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FICVD.2004.1261070">10.1109/ICVD.2004.1261070</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7695-2072-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7695-2072-3"><bdi>0-7695-2072-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1821349">1821349</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cse.unt.edu/~smohanty/Publications_Conferences/2004/MohantyVLSID2004Chip.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=VLSI+implementation+of+visible+watermarking+for+secure+digital+still+camera+design&rft.btitle=17th+International+Conference+on+VLSI+Design.+Proceedings&rft.pages=1063-1068&rft.pub=IEEE&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1821349%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FICVD.2004.1261070&rft.isbn=0-7695-2072-3&rft.aulast=Mohanty&rft.aufirst=Saraju+P.&rft.au=Ranganathan%2C+Nagarajan&rft.au=Namballa%2C+Ravi+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cse.unt.edu%2F~smohanty%2FPublications_Conferences%2F2004%2FMohantyVLSID2004Chip.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+watermarking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIVT-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AIVT_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToshikazu_WadaFay_Huang2009" class="citation cs2">Toshikazu Wada; Fay Huang (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zHGHCDLIg1oC&pg=PA340"><i>Advances in Image and Video Technology</i></a>, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 5414, pp. 340–341, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008LNCS.5414.....W">2008LNCS.5414.....W</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-92957-4">10.1007/978-3-540-92957-4</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-92956-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-92956-7"><bdi>978-3-540-92956-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advances+in+Image+and+Video+Technology&rft.series=Lecture+Notes+in+Computer+Science&rft.pages=340-341&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-540-92957-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008LNCS.5414.....W&rft.isbn=978-3-540-92956-7&rft.au=Toshikazu+Wada&rft.au=Fay+Huang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzHGHCDLIg1oC%26pg%3DPA340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+watermarking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Uhh-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Uhh_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/sciencetechnology/tq/displayStory.cfm?story_id=E1_TQSGSPP"><i>Unretouched by human hand</i></a>, The Economist, December 12, 2002</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unretouched+by+human+hand&rft.pub=The+Economist&rft.date=2002-12-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fsciencetechnology%2Ftq%2FdisplayStory.cfm%3Fstory_id%3DE1_TQSGSPP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+watermarking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Halder-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Halder_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalderPalCortesi2010" class="citation journal cs1">Halder, Raju; Pal, Shantanu; Cortesi, Agostino (2010). "Watermarking Techniques for Relational Databases: Survey, Classification and Comparison". <i>Journal of Universal Computer Science</i>. <b>16</b> (21): 3164–3190. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.368.1075">10.1.1.368.1075</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Universal+Computer+Science&rft.atitle=Watermarking+Techniques+for+Relational+Databases%3A+Survey%2C+Classification+and+Comparison&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=3164-3190&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.368.1075%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.aulast=Halder&rft.aufirst=Raju&rft.au=Pal%2C+Shantanu&rft.au=Cortesi%2C+Agostino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+watermarking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_watermarking&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://omen.cs.uni-magdeburg.de/ecrypt/deliverables/D.WVL.10-1.1.pdf">ECRYPT report: Audio Benchmarking Tools and Steganalysis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://omen.cs.uni-magdeburg.de/ecrypt/deliverables/DWVL16_final.pdf">ECRYPT report: Watermarking Benchmarking</a></li> <li>Jana Dittmann, David Megias, Andreas Lang, Jordi Herrera-Joancomarti; <i>Theoretical framework for a practical evaluation and comparison of audio watermarking schemes in the triangle of robustness, transparency and capacity</i>; In: Transaction on Data Hiding and Multimedia Security I; Springer LNCS 4300; Editor Yun Q. Shi; pp. 1–40; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-49071-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-49071-5">978-3-540-49071-5</a>, 2006 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081221074607/http://wwwiti.cs.uni-magdeburg.de/~alang/paper/dittmann_magias_lang_joan-eval_audio_WM_triangle-journal.pdf">PDF</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmirnov2005" class="citation journal cs1">Smirnov, M. V. (1 June 2005). "Holographic approach to embedding hidden watermarks in a photographic image". <i>Journal of Optical Technology</i>. <b>72</b> (6): 464–484. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JOptT..72..464S">2005JOptT..72..464S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2FJOT.72.000464">10.1364/JOT.72.000464</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1070-9762">1070-9762</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Optical+Technology&rft.atitle=Holographic+approach+to+embedding+hidden+watermarks+in+a+photographic+image&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=464-484&rft.date=2005-06-01&rft.issn=1070-9762&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1364%2FJOT.72.000464&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005JOptT..72..464S&rft.aulast=Smirnov&rft.aufirst=M.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+watermarking" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Patrick Bas, Teddy Furon, François Cayre, Gwenaël Doërr, Benjamin Mathon, "Watermarking Security, Fundamentals, Secure Designs and Attacks", Springer Briefs in Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2016, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9811005053" title="Special:BookSources/978-9811005053">978-9811005053</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_watermarking&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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