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3 Modern period </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_period-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Modern period subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Portuguese_efforts_to_Catholicize_Saint_Thomas_Christians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese_efforts_to_Catholicize_Saint_Thomas_Christians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Portuguese efforts to Catholicize Saint Thomas Christians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese_efforts_to_Catholicize_Saint_Thomas_Christians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrival_of_Europeans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrival_of_Europeans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Arrival of Europeans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrival_of_Europeans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrival_of_Protestant_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrival_of_Protestant_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Arrival of Protestant missions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrival_of_Protestant_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-German_Lutherans_and_Basel_mission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_Lutherans_and_Basel_mission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 German Lutherans and Basel mission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_Lutherans_and_Basel_mission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-William_Carey_and_the_Baptists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#William_Carey_and_the_Baptists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 William Carey and the Baptists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-William_Carey_and_the_Baptists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.3 Other missions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_the_Indian_independence_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_the_Indian_independence_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Role in the Indian independence movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_the_Indian_independence_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_and_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Art and architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population_by_denomination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_by_denomination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Population by denomination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_by_denomination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_by_region_and_group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_by_region_and_group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Population by region and group </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_by_region_and_group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflicts_and_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflicts_and_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Conflicts and controversies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conflicts_and_controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Conflicts and controversies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Conflicts_and_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hindu–Christian_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindu–Christian_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Hindu–Christian conflict </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hindu–Christian_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muslim–Christian_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muslim–Christian_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Muslim–Christian conflict </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muslim–Christian_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_Christian_communities_in_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Christian_communities_in_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 List of Christian communities in India </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_Christian_communities_in_India-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle List of Christian communities in India subsection </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_Christian_communities_in_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christian_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Christian communities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity_by_state/_territory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity_by_state/_territory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Christianity by state/ territory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity_by_state/_territory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_Christians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_Christians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Indian Christians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_Christians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" > 24 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="المسيحية في الهند – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المسيحية في الهند" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="ভারতে খ্রিস্টধর্ম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভারতে খ্রিস্টধর্ম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Християнство в Индия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Християнство в Индия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christentum_in_Indien" title="Christentum in Indien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Christentum in Indien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%99%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Χριστιανισμός στην Ινδία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χριστιανισμός στην Ινδία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianismo_en_la_India" title="Cristianismo en la India – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cristianismo en la India" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristanismo_en_Barato" title="Kristanismo en Barato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kristanismo en Barato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianisme_en_Inde" title="Christianisme en Inde – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Christianisme en Inde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84%EC%9D%98_%EA%B8%B0%EB%8F%85%EA%B5%90" title="인도의 기독교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인도의 기독교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiristanci_a_Indiya" title="Kiristanci a Indiya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kiristanci a Indiya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="भारत में ईसाई धर्म – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भारत में ईसाई धर्म" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekristenan_di_India" title="Kekristenan di India – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekristenan di India" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianesimo_in_India" title="Cristianesimo in India – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cristianesimo in India" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianismus_in_India" title="Christianismus in India – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Christianismus in India" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kereszt%C3%A9nys%C3%A9g_Indi%C3%A1ban" title="Kereszténység Indiában – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kereszténység Indiában" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%88%DA%86_%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="بھارت وچ مسیحیت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بھارت وچ مسیحیت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrze%C5%9Bcija%C5%84stwo_w_Indiach" title="Chrześcijaństwo w Indiach – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chrześcijaństwo w Indiach" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Христианство в Индии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Христианство в Индии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristinusko_Intiassa" title="Kristinusko Intiassa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kristinusko Intiassa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiyanismo_sa_India" title="Kristiyanismo sa India – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kristiyanismo sa India" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இந்தியாவில் கிறிஸ்தவம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இந்தியாவில் கிறிஸ்தவம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindistan%27da_Hristiyanl%C4%B1k" title="Hindistan'da Hristiyanlık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hindistan'da Hristiyanlık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Christians in India</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Nasrani_cross.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Nasrani_cross.jpg/189px-Nasrani_cross.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Nasrani_cross.jpg/284px-Nasrani_cross.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Nasrani_cross.jpg/379px-Nasrani_cross.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1117" data-file-height="1473" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christian_cross" title="Saint Thomas Christian cross">Saint Thomas Christian cross</a> from the 9th century <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Church,_Kadamattom" title="St. George's Church, Kadamattom">St George's Church, Kadamattom, Kerala</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">26 million<a href="#cite_note-Reporter-1">[1]</a> (2.3%) (2011)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Largest Christian population in <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kerala" title="Christianity in Kerala">Kerala</a> at 6.14 million (18.4% of state population). Majority in <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nagaland" title="Christianity in Nagaland">Nagaland</a> at 87.92%, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Mizoram" title="Christianity in Mizoram">Mizoram</a> at 87.16% and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Meghalaya" title="Christianity in Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a> at 74.59%. Plurality in <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Manipur" title="Christianity in Manipur">Manipur</a> at 41.29% and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Christianity in Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a> at 30%. Significant populations in <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Goa" title="Christianity in Goa">Goa</a> at 25.10%, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Puducherry" title="Christianity in Puducherry">Pondicherry</a> at 6.3%, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Christianity in Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> at 6.1% & <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay Metropolitan Area">Bombay (Mumbai)</a> at 3.45%.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Religions</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_India" title="Protestantism in India">Protestant</a> (59.22%), <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_India" title="Catholic Church in India">Roman Catholic</a> (33.19%), <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_India" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in India">Oriental Orthodox</a> (7.44%), others (0.15%) etc.<a href="#cite_note-Pew1-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, English, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindi-Urdu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi-Urdu">Hindi-Urdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bodo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodo language">Bodo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khasi_language" title="Khasi language">Khasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karbi_language" title="Karbi language">Karbi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mizo_language" title="Mizo language">Mizo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabha_language" title="Rabha language">Rabha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mishing_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mishing language">Mushing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naga_languages" title="Naga languages">Naga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kukish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kukish languages">Kuki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garo_language" title="Garo language">Garo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hmar_language" title="Hmar language">Hmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kokborok" title="Kokborok">Kokborok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kadodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadodi">Kadodi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity_in_India" title="Category:Christianity in India">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccccff;padding-top:0.15em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christianity in India</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/File:India_with_Gold_Cross.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Christianity in India"><img alt="Christianity in India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/India_with_Gold_Cross.png/170px-India_with_Gold_Cross.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/India_with_Gold_Cross.png/255px-India_with_Gold_Cross.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/India_with_Gold_Cross.png/340px-India_with_Gold_Cross.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="600" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Communities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Christians" title="Bengali Christians">Bengali Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettiah_Christians" title="Bettiah Christians">Bettiah Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_East_Indians" title="Bombay East Indians">Bombay East Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Christians" title="Marathi Christians">Marathi Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Meitei Christians">Meitei Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Mizoram" title="History of Christianity in Mizoram">Mizo Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nagaland" title="Christianity in Nagaland">Naga Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Christians" title="Punjabi Christians">Punjabi Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Christians">Tamil Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Christians" title="Telugu Christians">Telugu Christians</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Saint Thomas the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsa_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Alphonsa of the Immaculate Conception">Saint Alphonsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Saint Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonsalo_Garcia" title="Gonsalo Garcia">Saint Gonsalo Garcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrasia_Eluvathingal" title="Euphrasia Eluvathingal">Saint Euphrasia Eluvathingal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuriakose_Elias_Chavara" title="Kuriakose Elias Chavara">Saint Kuriakose Elias Chavara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Saint Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devasahayam_Pillai" title="Devasahayam Pillai">Bl.Devasahayam Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Sabor_and_Mar_Proth" title="Mar Sabor and Mar Proth">Mar Sabor and Mar Proth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldho_Mor_Baselios" class="mw-redirect" title="Eldho Mor Baselios">Mar Baselios Eldho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paremmakkal_Thoma_Kathanar" title="Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar">Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Cana" title="Thomas of Cana">Thomas of Cana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Elias_III" title="Ignatius Elias III">Ignatius Elias III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parumala_Thirumeni" class="mw-redirect" title="Parumala Thirumeni">Mar Gregorios of Parumala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varghese_Payyappilly_Palakkappilly" class="mw-redirect" title="Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly">Mar Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_C._Panjikaran" title="Joseph C. Panjikaran">Mar Joseph C. Panjikaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathews_Mar_Athanasius_Metropolitan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathews Mar Athanasius Metropolitan">Mathews Mar Athanasius Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geevarghese_Mar_Dionysius_of_Vattasseril" class="mw-redirect" title="Geevarghese Mar Dionysius of Vattasseril">Mar Geevarghese Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geevarghese_Ivanios" title="Geevarghese Ivanios">Mar Geevarghese Ivanios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Malpan" title="Abraham Malpan">Abraham Malpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Maria_Bernini" title="Giuseppe Maria Bernini">Giuseppe Maria Bernini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu_Sundar_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadhu Sundar Singh">Sadhu Sundar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palackal_Thoma_Malpan" class="mw-redirect" title="Palackal Thoma Malpan">Palackal Thoma Malpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Augustine_Kandathil" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar Augustine Kandathil">Mar Augustine Kandathil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Carey_(missionary)" title="William Carey (missionary)">William Carey</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Denominations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist" style="padding-top:0.3em;"> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christian_denominations" title="Saint Thomas Christian denominations">Saint Thomas Christian denominations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_India" title="Catholic Church in India">Catholic</a> </li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Catholic Church">Latin Catholic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a> </li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Syrian_Christian_Church" title="Jacobite Syrian Christian Church">Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</a> <dl><dd>Independent Oriential Orthodox </dd></dl> <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Independent_Syrian_Church" title="Malabar Independent Syrian Church">Malabar Independent Syrian Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> </li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Syrian_Church" title="Chaldean Syrian Church">Chaldean Syrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Oriental Protestant Christian</a> </li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church" title="Mar Thoma Syrian Church">Mar Thoma Syrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Evangelical_Church_of_India" title="St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India">St. Thomas Evangelical</a> <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_India" title="Protestantism in India">Protestant denominations</a> <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Evangelical_Lutheran_Church" title="Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church">Andhra Evangelical Lutheran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assemblies_Jehovah_Shammah" title="Assemblies Jehovah Shammah">Assemblies Jehovah Shammah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Revival_Church" title="Christian Revival Church">Christian Revival Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_North_India" title="Church of North India">Church of North India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_South_India" title="Church of South India">Church of South India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garo_Baptist_Convention" title="Garo Baptist Convention">Garo Baptist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Brethren" title="Indian Brethren">Indian Brethren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Pentecostal_Church_of_God" title="Indian Pentecostal Church of God">Indian Pentecostal Church of God</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Full_Gospel)_in_India" title="Church of God (Full Gospel) in India">Church of God (Full Gospel)</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Bank_Baptist_Christian_Association" title="North Bank Baptist Christian Association">North Bank Baptist Christian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Evangelical_Lutheran_Church" title="Northern Evangelical Lutheran Church">Northern Evangelical Lutheran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_in_India" title="Methodist Church in India">Methodist Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_India" title="Presbyterian Church of India">Presbyterian</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Pentecostal_Mission" title="The Pentecostal Mission">The Pentecostal Mission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Evangelical_Lutheran_Churches_in_India" title="United Evangelical Lutheran Churches in India">United Evangelical Lutheran</a> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Churches_in_India" title="National Council of Churches in India">National Council of Churches in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Conference_of_Indian_Christians" title="All India Conference of Indian Christians">All India Conference of Indian Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Catholic_Union" title="All India Catholic Union">All India Catholic Union</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a 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class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Africa" title="Christianity in Africa">Africa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Algeria" title="Christianity in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Angola" title="Christianity in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Benin" title="Christianity in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Botswana" title="Christianity in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Christianity in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Burundi" title="Christianity in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Cape_Verde" title="Christianity in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Central_African_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Chad" title="Christianity in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Comoros" title="Christianity in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Christianity in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Djibouti" title="Christianity in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Egypt" title="Christianity in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Christianity in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Eritrea" title="Christianity in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Eswatini" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Ethiopia" title="Christianity in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Gabon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Gambia" title="Christianity in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Ghana" title="Christianity in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Christianity in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Christianity in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Lesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Liberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Libya" title="Christianity in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Madagascar" title="Christianity in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Malawi" title="Christianity in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Mauritania" title="Christianity in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Mauritius" title="Christianity in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Morocco" title="Christianity in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Mozambique" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Namibia" title="Christianity in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Niger" title="Christianity in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nigeria" title="Christianity in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Seychelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Christianity in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Somalia" title="Christianity in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_South_Africa" title="Christianity in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sudan" title="Christianity in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Tanzania" title="Christianity in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Togo" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Zambia" title="Christianity in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Zimbabwe" title="Christianity in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Asia" title="Christianity in Asia">Asia</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Afghanistan" title="Christianity in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bangladesh" title="Christianity in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bhutan" title="Christianity in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Brunei" title="Christianity in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_China" title="Christianity in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Hong_Kong" title="Christianity in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Indonesia" title="Christianity in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Japan" title="Christianity in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kazakhstan" title="Christianity in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Korea" title="Christianity in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Christianity in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Laos" title="Christianity in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Malaysia" title="Christianity in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Maldives" title="Christianity in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Mongolia" title="Christianity in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Myanmar" title="Christianity in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nepal" title="Christianity in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Pakistan" title="Christianity in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Philippines" title="Christianity in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Singapore" title="Christianity in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Christianity in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Taiwan" title="Christianity in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Tajikistan" title="Christianity in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Thailand" title="Christianity in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Turkmenistan" title="Christianity in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Uzbekistan" title="Christianity in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Vietnam" title="Christianity in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_East" title="Christianity in the Middle East">Middle East</a></li></ul></li></ul></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Azerbaijan" title="Christianity in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bahrain" title="Christianity in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Cyprus" title="Christianity in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Christianity in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iran" title="Christianity in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq" title="Christianity in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Israel" title="Christianity in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Jordan" title="Christianity in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a 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</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Europe" title="Christianity in Europe">Europe</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Albania" title="Christianity in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Denmark" title="Christianity in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_France" title="Christianity in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in 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title="Christianity in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Russia" title="Christianity in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_San_Marino" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Serbia" title="Christianity in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Wales" title="Christianity in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity_in_North_America" title="Category:Christianity in North America">North America</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Belize" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Canada" title="Christianity in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Costa_Rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Cuba" title="Christianity in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Dominica" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Haiti" title="Christianity in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Jamaica" title="Christianity in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nicaragua" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Panama" title="Christianity in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_United_States" title="Christianity in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity_in_Oceania" title="Category:Christianity in Oceania">Oceania</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Australia" title="Christianity in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Fiji" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kiribati" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Marshall_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nauru" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_New_Zealand" title="Christianity in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Palau" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Tonga" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Vanuatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity_in_South_America" title="Category:Christianity in South America">South America</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Colombia" title="Christianity in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Ecuador" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Guyana" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Suriname" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_by_country" title="Template:Christianity by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_by_country" title="Template talk:Christianity by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> is <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">India's third-largest religion</a> with about 26 million adherents, making up 2.3 percent of the population as of the <a href="/wiki/2011_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Census of India">2011 census.</a><a href="#cite_note-Reporter-1">[1]</a> The written records of <a href="/wiki/St_Thomas_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="St Thomas Christians">St Thomas Christians</a> mention that Christianity was introduced to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas the Apostle</a>, who sailed to the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar region">Malabar region</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>) in 52 AD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahlbuschBromileyLochman2008285-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-india-180958117-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Thomas" title="Acts of Thomas">Acts of Thomas</a> say that the early Christians were <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar Jews">Malabar Jews</a> who had settled in what is present-day Kerala before the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">birth of Christ</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Puthiakunnel-9">[9]</a> St Thomas, an <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>-speaking Jew<a href="#cite_note-Allen_Myers-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-11">[11]</a> from <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> (present-day Israel) and one of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Apostles">disciples</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>, came to India<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> in search of <a href="/wiki/Indian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Jews">Indian Jews</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Puthiakunnel-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> After years of <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelism</a>, Thomas was <a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">martyred</a> and then buried at <a href="/wiki/San_Thome" class="mw-redirect" title="San Thome">St Thomas Mount</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Mylapore" title="Mylapore">Mylapore</a> neighbourhood of <a href="/wiki/Madras_(Chennai)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras (Chennai)">Madras (Chennai)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahlbuschBromileyLochman2008285-4">[4]</a> There is the <a href="/wiki/Scholarly_consensus" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholarly consensus">scholarly consensus</a> that a Christian community had firmly established in the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar region">Malabar region</a> by <a href="/wiki/600_AD" class="mw-redirect" title="600 AD">600 AD</a> at the latest; the community was composed of <a href="/wiki/Nestorians" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorians">Nestorians</a> belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East_in_India" title="Church of the East in India">Church of the East in India</a>, who used the <a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac Rite</a> of worship.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese discoveries">discovery of the sea route to India</a>, by the Portuguese explorer <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> in the 15th century AD, <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a> was established in the European colonies of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Goa_and_Damaon" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Goa and Damaon">Goa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tranquebar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tranquebar">Tranquebar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Bombay">Bombay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pondicherry" title="Pondicherry">Pondicherry</a>; as in <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> (of <a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Catholics_of_Malabar" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Catholics of Malabar">Syriac Rites</a>) and various forms of <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-india-180958117-6">[6]</a> Conversions also took place through the <a href="/wiki/Goan_Inquisition" class="mw-redirect" title="Goan Inquisition">Goan Inquisition</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">oppression of Hindus</a> and the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Mandirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandirs">mandirs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-rediff.com-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> is <a href="/wiki/Talk:Christianity_in_India" title="Talk:Christianity in India">disputed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Christian_missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian missionaries">Christian missionaries</a> introduced the <a href="/wiki/Western_education" title="Western education">western educational</a> system to the Indian subcontinent, to preach Christianity and campaign for <a href="/wiki/Hindu_social_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu social reform">Hindu social reforms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/Convent" title="Convent">convents</a> & <a href="/wiki/Charities" class="mw-redirect" title="Charities">charities</a> of missionaries are being targeted these days, specifically by banning them from getting <a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign aid">foreign aid</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Modi_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Modi administration">Modi administration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Nearly two-thirds (65 percent) of India's Christians are found in <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>, Goa & Bombay.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The oldest known Christian group in <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Bettiah_Christians" title="Bettiah Christians">Bettiah Christians</a> of Bihar, formed in the early 1700s.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_North_India" title="Church of North India">Church of North India</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_South_India" title="Church of South India">Church of South India</a> are a <a href="/wiki/United_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="United Protestant">United Protestant</a> denomination; which resulted from the evangelism and ecumenism of <a href="/wiki/Anglicans_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicans in India">Anglicans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodists</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Protestants_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants in India">Protestant groups</a> who flourished in <a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">colonial India</a>. Consequently, these churches are part of the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Communion_of_Reformed_Churches" title="World Communion of Reformed Churches">World Communion of Reformed Churches</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Methodist_Council" title="World Methodist Council">World Methodist Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CSI2010-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Watkins-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-WMC2020-39">[39]</a> Christianity is the largest religion in parts of <a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast India</a>, specifically in <a href="/wiki/Nagaland" title="Nagaland">Nagaland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a> & <a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> It also is a significant religion in <a href="/wiki/Arunachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Arunachal">Arunachal</a>, where about 30 percent of the state is Christian.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Along with native Christians, small numbers of mixed Eurasian peoples such as <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_people" title="Anglo-Indian people">Anglo-Indians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luso-Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Luso-Indians">Luso-Indians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_India" title="Armenians in India">Armenian Indians</a> also existed in the subcontinent. Christians were involved in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(INC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian National Congress (INC)">Indian National Congress (INC)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Conference_of_Indian_Christians" title="All India Conference of Indian Christians">All India Conference of Indian Christians</a> advocated for <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_Swaraj_Party" title="Maharashtra Swaraj Party">swaraj</a> (self rule) & <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_partition_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to the partition of India">opposed the partition of India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOddie2001357,_361–363,_365-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1974106–110-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pinto2017-44">[44]</a> There are reports of <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-Christian">crypto-Christians</a> who keep their faith in secret or hiding, due to the <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Christians_in_India" title="Violence against Christians in India">fear of persecution</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hindu_extremist" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu extremist">Hindu extremists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Some Christians have gone through <a href="/wiki/Ghar_Wapsi#Reception" title="Ghar Wapsi">forced conversion to Hinduism by political parties</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Shiv_Sena_(1966%E2%80%932022)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiv Sena (1966–2022)">Shiv Sena</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vishva_Hindu_Parishad_(VHP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP)">VHP</a> & the <a href="/wiki/BJP" class="mw-redirect" title="BJP">BJP</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Various groups of Hindu militants have also caused the demolitions of <a href="/wiki/Church_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Church building">churches</a> in certain <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="States and territories of India">states and territories of India</a>,<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> except in Kerala (the Malabar region).<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_period">Ancient period</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_India&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ancient period">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East_in_India" title="Church of the East in India">Church of the East in India</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="St._Bartholomew">St. Bartholomew</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_India&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: St. Bartholomew">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saint_Bartholomew" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Bartholomew">Saint Bartholomew</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius of Caesarea</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church History (Eusebius)">Ecclesiastical History</a> (5:10) states that Bartholomew, a disciple of Jesus, went on a <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a> tour to India, where he left behind a copy of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a>. One tradition holds that he preached the Gospel in India, prior to his travels to <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButlerBurns1998232-66">[66]</a> while others hold that Bartholomew travelled as a missionary in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lycaonia" title="Lycaonia">Lycaonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EB-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="St._Thomas">St. Thomas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_India&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: St. Thomas">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg/300px-Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg/450px-Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg/600px-Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="903" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Indo-Roman_trade_and_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Roman trade and relations">Roman trade with India</a> originated in Ancient Egypt according to the <a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a> (1st century).</figcaption></figure> According to the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas the Apostle</a> landed in <a href="/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur">Kodungallur</a> in the present day Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> in AD 52,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahlbuschBromileyLochman2008285-4">[4]</a> and established the <a href="/wiki/Ezharappallikal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezharappallikal">Ezharappallikal</a> in or near ancient Jewish colonies<a href="#cite_note-Puthiakunnel-9">[9]</a> by preaching among local Jews and <a href="/wiki/Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmins">Brahmins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> After years of evangelization in South India, Saint Thomas was killed at <a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Mount" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Thomas Mount">St. Thomas Mount</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a> in AD 72.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahlbuschBromileyLochman2008285-4">[4]</a> The neo-Gothic <a href="/wiki/San_Thome_Cathedral_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="San Thome Cathedral Basilica">Cathedral Basilica of San Thome</a> now stands on the site of his martyrdom and burial.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahlbuschBromileyLochman2008285-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeill200429-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-missick-72">[72]</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVadakkekara2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-73">[73]</a> A historically more likely claim by <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius of Caesarea</a> is that <a href="/wiki/Pantaenus" title="Pantaenus">Pantaenus</a>, the head of the Christian <a href="/wiki/Exegetical" class="mw-redirect" title="Exegetical">exegetical</a> school in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandria, Egypt">Alexandria, Egypt</a> went to India in AD 190 and found Christians already living in India using a version of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a> with "Hebrew letters, a mixture of culture."<a href="#cite_note-Eusebius-74">[74]</a> This is a plausible reference to the earliest Indian churches which are known to have used the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_versions_of_the_Bible" title="Syriac versions of the Bible">Syriac New Testament</a>; <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> being a dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic language</a> spoken by Jesus and his disciples.<a href="#cite_note-Allen_Myers-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-missick-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pantaenus" title="Pantaenus">Pantaenus</a>' evidence thus indicates that early Christians from the Middle East had already evangelised parts of India by the late 2nd century AD.<a href="#cite_note-missick-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eusebius-74">[74]</a> Another church tradition concerning the birth of Jesus holds that <a href="/wiki/Caspar_(magus)" title="Caspar (magus)">Gaspar</a>, one of the three <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Biblical Magi</a>, travelled from India to find the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">infant Jesus</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Melchior_(magus)" title="Melchior (magus)">Melchior of Persia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balthazar_(magus)" title="Balthazar (magus)">Balthazar of Arabia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> An early 3rd-century AD <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> work known as the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Thomas" title="Acts of Thomas">Acts of Thomas</a><a href="#cite_note-AFM-77">[77]</a> connects the tradition of the Apostle Thomas' Indian ministry with two kings, one in the north and the other in the south. The year of his arrival is widely disputed due to lack of credible records.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedlycott2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-78">[78]</a> According to one of the legends in the Acts of Thomas, Thomas was at first reluctant to accept this mission, but Jesus over-ruled him by ordering circumstances so compelling that he was forced to accompany an Indian merchant, Abbanes, to his native place in northwest India, where he found himself in the service of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian</a> king, <a href="/wiki/Gondophares" title="Gondophares">Gondophares</a>. The apostle's ministry reputedly resulted in many conversions throughout this northern kingdom, including the king and his brother.<a href="#cite_note-AFM-77">[77]</a> The Acts of Thomas identifies his second mission in India with a kingdom ruled by a certain King named Mahadwa belonging to a 1st-century dynasty in southern India. <a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Church,_Niranam" title="St. Mary's Church, Niranam">Niranam Pally</a> also known as St Mary's Orthodox Syrian Church is believed to be one of the oldest churches in India. The church was founded by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">St. Thomas</a> in AD 54. On his way from <a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a> in the northeast direction, he arrived at Niranam "Thrikpapaleswaram" by sea. The church was reconstructed several times with some parts dating back to a reconstruction in 1259. The architecture of the church bears a striking similarity to ancient <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">temple architecture</a>. Another ancient church is <a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Syro-Malabar_Church,_Palayoor" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Church, Palayoor">St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Church</a>, located at <a href="/wiki/Palayoor" class="mw-redirect" title="Palayoor">Palayur</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thrissur_district" title="Thrissur district">Thrissur district</a> in Kerala. According to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Thomas christian">Saint Thomas christian</a> tradition, the Syrian church was established between 52 and 54 AD by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">St Thomas</a>, where he performed the first baptism in India. This church is therefore considered an <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_See" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic See">Apostolic See</a> credited to the apostolate of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">St. Thomas</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Although little is known of the immediate growth of the church in the northwestern regions of India, <a href="/wiki/Bardesanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Bardesanes">Bar-Daisan</a> (154–223 AD) reports that in his time there were Christian tribes in North India that claimed to have been converted by Thomas and had books and relics to prove it.<a href="#cite_note-AFM-77">[77]</a> It is believed that by the time of the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid Empire</a> around 226 AD, there were bishops of the Church of the East in northwest India, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balochistan_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balochistan (region)">Baluchistan</a>, with laymen and clergy alike engaging in missionary activity.<a href="#cite_note-AFM-77">[77]</a> The existence of <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christian">Early Christians</a> in India is further substantiated by the records acknowledging the work of <a href="/wiki/Severus_of_Vienne" title="Severus of Vienne">Saint Severus of Vienne</a>, a 5th-century missionary of Indian origin who evangelised in <a href="/wiki/Vienne,_Is%C3%A8re" title="Vienne, Isère">Vienne</a>, France.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Malabar_Christians_of_19th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Thomas Christians or Syrian Christians of ancient days from an old painting."><img alt="Saint Thomas Christians or Syrian Christians of ancient days from an old painting." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Malabar_Christians_of_19th_century.jpg/200px-Malabar_Christians_of_19th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Malabar_Christians_of_19th_century.jpg/300px-Malabar_Christians_of_19th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Malabar_Christians_of_19th_century.jpg/400px-Malabar_Christians_of_19th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="400" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a> or Syrian Christians of ancient days from an old painting.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kodungaloor_Mar_Thoma_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mar Thoma Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, in Muziris present-day Kodungaloor, is believed to be the first Christian church built in India, circa 52 A. D."><img alt="Mar Thoma Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, in Muziris present-day Kodungaloor, is believed to be the first Christian church built in India, circa 52 A. D." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Kodungaloor_Mar_Thoma_Church.jpg/200px-Kodungaloor_Mar_Thoma_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Kodungaloor_Mar_Thoma_Church.jpg/300px-Kodungaloor_Mar_Thoma_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Kodungaloor_Mar_Thoma_Church.jpg/400px-Kodungaloor_Mar_Thoma_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%C4%92%E1%B8%BBarappa%E1%B8%B7%E1%B8%B7ika%E1%B8%B7" title="Ēḻarappaḷḷikaḷ">Mar Thoma Syro-Malabar Catholic Church</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Muziris" title="Muziris">Muziris present-day Kodungaloor</a>, is believed to be the first Christian church built in India, circa 52 A. D.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:St.Thomas_Cathedral_-_Mumbai.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stained glass window of Saint Thomas the Apostle, the traditional founder of Indian Christianity, in his namesake St. Thomas CNI church, the 300-year-old Cathedral of Mumbai[81]"><img alt="Stained glass window of Saint Thomas the Apostle, the traditional founder of Indian Christianity, in his namesake St. Thomas CNI church, the 300-year-old Cathedral of Mumbai[81]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/St.Thomas_Cathedral_-_Mumbai.jpg/200px-St.Thomas_Cathedral_-_Mumbai.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/St.Thomas_Cathedral_-_Mumbai.jpg/300px-St.Thomas_Cathedral_-_Mumbai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/St.Thomas_Cathedral_-_Mumbai.jpg/400px-St.Thomas_Cathedral_-_Mumbai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stained glass window of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_the_Apostle" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Thomas the Apostle">Saint Thomas the Apostle</a>, the traditional founder of Indian Christianity, in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Cathedral,_Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Thomas Cathedral, Bombay">his namesake St. Thomas CNI church</a>, the 300-year-old Cathedral of <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Santhome_Basilica.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Thomas Cathedral Basilica, Chennai built over the tomb of Saint Thomas the Apostle"><img alt="St. Thomas Cathedral Basilica, Chennai built over the tomb of Saint Thomas the Apostle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Santhome_Basilica.jpg/173px-Santhome_Basilica.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Santhome_Basilica.jpg/260px-Santhome_Basilica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Santhome_Basilica.jpg/346px-Santhome_Basilica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2370" data-file-height="2736" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Cathedral_Basilica,_Chennai" title="St. Thomas Cathedral Basilica, Chennai">St. Thomas Cathedral Basilica, Chennai</a> built over the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_the_Apostle" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Thomas the Apostle">Saint Thomas the Apostle</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kottayam_Valiapally.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Altar of the St. Mary's Church in Kottayam flanked by two Saint Thomas crosses from the 7th century AD on either side. The crosses pre-date the church which was built in 1550 AD."><img alt="Altar of the St. Mary's Church in Kottayam flanked by two Saint Thomas crosses from the 7th century AD on either side. The crosses pre-date the church which was built in 1550 AD." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Kottayam_Valiapally.jpg/200px-Kottayam_Valiapally.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Kottayam_Valiapally.jpg/300px-Kottayam_Valiapally.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Kottayam_Valiapally.jpg/400px-Kottayam_Valiapally.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Altar of the St. Mary's Church in <a href="/wiki/Kottayam" title="Kottayam">Kottayam</a> flanked by two <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christian_cross" title="Saint Thomas Christian cross">Saint Thomas crosses</a> from the 7th century AD on either side. The crosses pre-date the church which was built in 1550 AD.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Thiruvithamkode_Arappaly.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Mary's Thiruvithamcode Arappally of Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church in Kanniyakumari, Tamil Nadu is believed to have been founded by St. Thomas the Apostle in 63 AD."><img alt="St. Mary's Thiruvithamcode Arappally of Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church in Kanniyakumari, Tamil Nadu is believed to have been founded by St. Thomas the Apostle in 63 AD." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Thiruvithamkode_Arappaly.jpg/200px-Thiruvithamkode_Arappaly.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Thiruvithamkode_Arappaly.jpg/300px-Thiruvithamkode_Arappaly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Thiruvithamkode_Arappaly.jpg/400px-Thiruvithamkode_Arappaly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="360" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">St. Mary's <a href="/wiki/Thiruvithamcode_Arappally" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruvithamcode Arappally">Thiruvithamcode Arappally</a> of <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari_district" title="Kanyakumari district">Kanniyakumari</a>, Tamil Nadu is believed to have been founded by St. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas the Apostle</a> in 63 AD.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Arakuzha_Syrian_Catholic_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marth Mariam Syro-Malabar Major Archiepiscopal Church at Arakuzha, Kerala is an ancient Nasrani church established in 999 AD."><img alt="Marth Mariam Syro-Malabar Major Archiepiscopal Church at Arakuzha, Kerala is an ancient Nasrani church established in 999 AD." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Arakuzha_Syrian_Catholic_Church.jpg/200px-Arakuzha_Syrian_Catholic_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Arakuzha_Syrian_Catholic_Church.jpg/300px-Arakuzha_Syrian_Catholic_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Arakuzha_Syrian_Catholic_Church.jpg/400px-Arakuzha_Syrian_Catholic_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Marth_Mariam_Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Forane_Church,_Arakuzha" class="mw-redirect" title="Marth Mariam Syro-Malabar Catholic Forane Church, Arakuzha">Marth Mariam Syro-Malabar Major Archiepiscopal Church</a> at <a href="/wiki/Arakuzha" title="Arakuzha">Arakuzha</a>, Kerala is an ancient <a href="/wiki/Nasrani_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasrani (India)">Nasrani</a> church established in 999 AD.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Parumala_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Peter and St. Paul's Church, Parumala, the shrine of St Geevargeese Mar Gregorios, an Oriental Orthodox Saint, in Kerala."><img alt="St. Peter and St. Paul's Church, Parumala, the shrine of St Geevargeese Mar Gregorios, an Oriental Orthodox Saint, in Kerala." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Parumala_Church.jpg/200px-Parumala_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Parumala_Church.jpg/300px-Parumala_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Parumala_Church.jpg/400px-Parumala_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3098" data-file-height="2065" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/St._Peter_and_St._Paul%27s_Church,_Parumala" title="St. Peter and St. Paul's Church, Parumala">St. Peter and St. Paul's Church, Parumala</a>, the shrine of <a href="/wiki/Geevarghese_Mar_Gregorios_of_Parumala" class="mw-redirect" title="Geevarghese Mar Gregorios of Parumala">St Geevargeese Mar Gregorios</a>, an Oriental Orthodox Saint, in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Eliasthirdtomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tomb of the Saint Moran Mor Ignatius Elias Third (the only Universal Syrian Orthodox Patriarch to be buried in India) at Manjinikara, Kerala."><img alt="Tomb of the Saint Moran Mor Ignatius Elias Third (the only Universal Syrian Orthodox Patriarch to be buried in India) at Manjinikara, Kerala." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Eliasthirdtomb.jpg/150px-Eliasthirdtomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Eliasthirdtomb.jpg/225px-Eliasthirdtomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Eliasthirdtomb.jpg/300px-Eliasthirdtomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tomb of the <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Elias_III" title="Ignatius Elias III">Saint Moran Mor Ignatius Elias Third</a> (the only Universal Syrian Orthodox Patriarch to be buried in India) at Manjinikara, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="4th-century_missions">4th-century missions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_India&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 4th-century missions">edit</a>]</div> India had a flourishing trade with Central Asia, the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>, and the Middle East, both along mountain passes in the north and sea routes down the western and southern coast, well before the advent of the Christian era, and it is likely that Christian merchants from these lands settled in Indian cities along these trading routes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeill200429-69">[69]</a> The colony of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Syrian Christians</a> established at <a href="/wiki/Muziris" title="Muziris">Muziris</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur">Kodungallur</a>) may be the first Christian community in South India for which there is a continuous written record.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chronicle_of_Seert" title="Chronicle of Seert">Chronicle of Seert</a> describes an evangelical mission to India by Bishop <a href="/wiki/David_of_Basra" title="David of Basra">David of Basra</a> around the year 300,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler200353-83">[83]</a> who reportedly made many conversions,<a href="#cite_note-missick-72">[72]</a> and it has been speculated that his mission took in areas of southern India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeill200441-84">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/Knai_Thoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Knai Thoma">Knai Thoma</a>, a Syriac Christian merchant, brought a group of 72 Christian families from <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> to Kerala in the 4th century.<a href="#cite_note-missick-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrykenberg2010113-85">[85]</a> He was granted <a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Cana_copper_plates" title="Thomas of Cana copper plates">copper-plates</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Chera_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Dynasty">Chera Dynasty</a>, which gave his party and all native Christians socio-economic privileges.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The community of Christians that came along with Knai Thoma is called <a href="/wiki/Knanaya" title="Knanaya">Knanaya</a> Christians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrykenberg2010113-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahlbuschBromileyLochman2008286-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medieval_period">Medieval period</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_India&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Medieval period">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Thomas Christian">Saint Thomas Christian</a> community in Kerala was further strengthened by the arrival of various waves of Syriac Christians from the Middle East. This also resulted in the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Knanaya" title="Knanaya">Knanaya</a> colonies in Kerala during the 4th century. Babylonian Christians settled on the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar coast">Malabar coast</a> in the 4th century. <a href="/wiki/Mar_Sabor_and_Mar_Proth" title="Mar Sabor and Mar Proth">Mar Sabor and Mar Proth</a> arrived in <a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a> in the 9th century.<a href="#cite_note-Malekandathil2010-88">[88]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quilon_Syrian_copper_plates_(849_CE)_plates_1_and_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Quilon_Syrian_copper_plates_%28849_CE%29_plates_1_and_4.jpg/220px-Quilon_Syrian_copper_plates_%28849_CE%29_plates_1_and_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Quilon_Syrian_copper_plates_%28849_CE%29_plates_1_and_4.jpg/330px-Quilon_Syrian_copper_plates_%28849_CE%29_plates_1_and_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Quilon_Syrian_copper_plates_%28849_CE%29_plates_1_and_4.jpg/440px-Quilon_Syrian_copper_plates_%28849_CE%29_plates_1_and_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2888" data-file-height="2188" /></a><figcaption>Kollam Tharisappalli or Quilon copper plates (849 CE) commissioned during the reign of Sthanu Ravi Varma, and given to the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Syrian Christian</a> leader Maruvan Sapir Iso, granting land for the construction of a Syrian Church near Kollam in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a> seem to have enjoyed various rights and privileges as well as a high status as recorded on copper plates, also known as Cheppeds, Royal Grants, Sasanam, etc.<a href="#cite_note-SG_Pothen-89">[89]</a> There are a number of such documents in the possession of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christian_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Thomas Christian churches">Syrian churches</a> of Kerala which include the Thazhekad Sasanam, the <a href="/wiki/Quilon" class="mw-redirect" title="Quilon">Quilon</a> Plates (or the <a href="/wiki/Tharisapalli_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tharisapalli plates">Tharisappalli Cheppeds</a>), Mampally Sasanam and Iraviikothan Chepped, etc. Some of these plates have been dated to around 774 AD. Scholars have studied the inscriptions and produced varying translations. The language used is Old Malayalam in <a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vattezhuthu</a> script intermingled with some <a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahlavi script">Pahlavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> scripts. The ruler of Venad (<a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a>) granted the Saint Thomas Christians seventy-two rights and privileges which were usually granted only to high dignitaries. These rights included exemption from import duties, sales tax and the slave tax. A copper plate[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] grant dated 1225 AD further enhanced the rights and privileges of <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Malabar_Nasrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Malabar Nasrani">Nasranis</a>. Other references to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a> include the South Indian epic of <a href="/wiki/Manimekalai" title="Manimekalai">Manimekalai</a>, written between 2nd and 3rd century AD, which mentions the <a href="/wiki/Nasrani_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasrani (India)">Nasrani</a> people by referring to them by the name Essanis.<a href="#cite_note-Shattan-90">[90]</a> The embassy of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">King Alfred</a> in 883 AD sent presents to St. Thomas Christians.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> who visited in 1292, mentioned that there were Christians in the Malabar coast.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The French or Catalan <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> missionary <a href="/wiki/Jordanus_Catalani" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordanus Catalani">Jordanus Catalani</a> was the first <a href="/wiki/Latin_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Christian">Catholic</a> European missionary to arrive in India. He landed in <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a> in around 1320. By a separate bull, that reads Venerabili Fratri Jordano, he was appointed the first Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Quilon" class="mw-redirect" title="Quilon">Quilon</a> on 21 August 1329 AD.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-JOR-94">[94]</a> In 1321, Jordanus Catalani also arrived in <a href="/wiki/Bhatkal" title="Bhatkal">Bhatkal</a>, a place near Mangalore, and established a missionary station there converting many locals.<a href="#cite_note-JOR-94">[94]</a> He also evangelised in <a href="/wiki/Thana_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Thana district">Thana district</a> (Trombay) near <a href="/wiki/Bombay_(Mumbai)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay (Mumbai)">Bombay</a>; the descendants of these converts would later become part of the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_East_Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay East Indian">Bombay East Indian</a> community.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_period">Modern period</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_India&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern period">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_the_East_in_the_Middle_Ages.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Church_of_the_East_in_the_Middle_Ages.svg/300px-Church_of_the_East_in_the_Middle_Ages.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Church_of_the_East_in_the_Middle_Ages.svg/450px-Church_of_the_East_in_the_Middle_Ages.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Church_of_the_East_in_the_Middle_Ages.svg/600px-Church_of_the_East_in_the_Middle_Ages.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="934" data-file-height="645" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East,_1318%E2%80%931552" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East, 1318–1552">dioceses</a> and missions throughout Asia, including <a href="/wiki/India_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="India (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">India</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese_efforts_to_Catholicize_Saint_Thomas_Christians">Portuguese efforts to Catholicize Saint Thomas Christians</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_India&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Portuguese efforts to Catholicize Saint Thomas Christians">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas the Apostle</a> is credited by tradition for founding the Indian Church in 52 AD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahlbuschBromileyLochman2008285-4">[4]</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVadakkekara2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> This church developed contacts with the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> religious authorities based in <a href="/wiki/Edessa,_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Edessa, Mesopotamia">Edessa, Mesopotamia</a> at the time. Historically, this community was organised as the <a href="/wiki/India_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="India (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Province of India</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> by <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_the_Church_of_the_East" title="Patriarch of the Church of the East">Patriarch of Babylon</a> <a href="/wiki/Timothy_I_(Nestorian_patriarch)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy I (Nestorian patriarch)">Timothy I</a> (780–823 AD) in the eighth century, served by bishops and a local dynastic <a href="/wiki/Archdeacon" title="Archdeacon">archdeacon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler200352-98">[98]</a> In the 14th century, the Church of the East declined due to <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians#By_Tamerlane" title="Persecution of Christians">persecution</a> from <a href="/wiki/Tamerlane" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamerlane">Tamerlane</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> The 16th century witnessed the colonial overtures of the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Padroado" title="Padroado">Padroado</a> aiming to bring St Thomas Christians into the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Catholic Church</a>, administered by the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Padroado" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Padroado">Portuguese Padroado</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Goa_and_Daman" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Goa and Daman">Archdiocese of Goa</a>, leading to the first of several rifts in the community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrykenberg2010111-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-BritannicaIndia-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrykenberg2010134–136-103">[103]</a> The efforts of the Portuguese culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Diamper" title="Synod of Diamper">Synod of Diamper</a>, formally subjugating them and their whole <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Angamaly" title="Archdiocese of Angamaly">Archdiocese of Angamaly</a> as a suffragan see to the <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Goa">Archdiocese of Goa</a> administered by <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Padroado" title="Padroado">Padroado</a> missionaries. The death of the last <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">metropolitan bishop</a> – Archbishop Abraham of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a>, an ancient body formerly part of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrykenberg200893-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000343-105">[105]</a> in 1597 gave the then Archbishop of Goa <a href="/wiki/Aleixo_de_Menezes" title="Aleixo de Menezes">Menezes</a> an opportunity to bring the native church under the authority of the Roman Catholic Church. He was able to secure the submission of <a href="/wiki/Givargis_of_the_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Givargis of the Cross">Archdeacon George</a>, the highest remaining representative of the native church hierarchy. Menezes convened the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Diamper" title="Synod of Diamper">Synod of Diamper</a> between 20 and 26 June 1599,<a href="#cite_note-synod-106">[106]</a> which introduced a number of reforms to the church and brought it fully into the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> of the Catholic Church. Following the Synod, Menezes consecrated Francis Ros, S. J. as Archbishop of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Angamaly" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Angamaly">Archdiocese of Angamalé</a> for the Saint Thomas Christians; thus created another suffragan see to Archdiocese of Goa and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latinisation</a> of St Thomas Christians started. The <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a> were pressured to acknowledge the authority of the Pope and most of them eventually accepted the Catholic faith, but a part of them switched to <a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-synod-106">[106]</a> Resentment of these measures led to some part of the community to join the <a href="/wiki/Archdeacon" title="Archdeacon">Archdeacon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thoma_I" title="Thoma I">Thomas</a>, in swearing never to submit to the Portuguese Jesuits in the <a href="/wiki/Coonan_Cross_Oath" title="Coonan Cross Oath">Coonan Cross Oath</a> in 1653. Those who accepted the West Syriac theological and liturgical tradition of Gregorios became known as <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Syrian_Christian_Church" title="Jacobite Syrian Christian Church">Jacobites</a>. The others who continued with East Syriac theological and liturgical tradition stayed faithful to the Catholic Church and later became autonomous eastern catholic church named Syro Malabar Church (suriyani malabar sabha). Following the synod, the Indian Church was governed by Portuguese prelates. They were generally unwilling to respect the integrity of the local church. This resulted in disaffection which led to a general revolt in 1653 known as the "<a href="/wiki/Coonan_Cross_Oath" title="Coonan Cross Oath">Coonan Cross Oath</a>". Under the leadership of Archdeacon <a href="/wiki/Thoma_I" title="Thoma I">Thomas</a>, Nazranis around Cochin gathered at Mattancherry church on Friday, 24 January 1653 (M.E. 828 Makaram 3) and made an oath that is known as the Great Oath of Bent Cross. There are various versions about the wording of oath, one version being that the oath was directed against the Portuguese, another that it was directed against Jesuits, yet another version that it was directed against the authority of <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Church of Rome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gazette-107">[107]</a> Those who were not able to touch the cross tied ropes on the cross, held the rope in their hands and made the oath. Because of the weight it is believed by the followers that the cross bent a little and so it is known as "Oath of the bent cross" (Coonen Kurisu Sathyam). This demanded administrative autonomy for the local church. A few months, later Archdeacon Thomas was ordained as bishop by twelve priests with the title <a href="/wiki/Thoma_I" title="Thoma I">Thoma I</a>. At this time, Rome intervened and Carmelite Missionaries were sent to win the Thomas Christians back. Carmelites could convince the majority that the local church needs bishops and the consecration of the Archdeacon Thomas was invalid because the consecration was conducted not by a bishop, but by priests. Many leaders of the community rejoined the missionaries. But in 1663, Dutch conquered Cochin supplanting the Portuguese on the Malabar coast. Portuguese Missionaries had to leave the country and they consecrated <a href="/wiki/Palliveettil_Chandy" title="Palliveettil Chandy">Palliveettil Chandy</a> kathanaar as the bishop for the Catholic Thomas Christians on 1 February 1663. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Thoma_I" title="Thoma I">Thoma I</a> appealed to several eastern Christian churches for regularizing his consecration. The <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Orthodox">Syriac Orthodox</a> Patriarch responded and sent metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Gregorios_Abdul_Jaleel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregorios Abdul Jaleel">Gregorios Abdul Jaleel</a> of <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Archbishop_of_Jerusalem" title="Syriac Orthodox Archbishop of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> to India in 1665. He confirmed Thoma I as a bishop and worked together with him to organize the Church. These events led to the gradual and lasting schism among the Saint Thomas Christians of India, leading to the formation of Puthenkūr (New allegiance) and Pazhayakūr (Old allegiance) factions. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Branches_%26_Denominations_of_Saint_Thomas_Christians.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Branches_%26_Denominations_of_Saint_Thomas_Christians.svg/400px-Branches_%26_Denominations_of_Saint_Thomas_Christians.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Branches_%26_Denominations_of_Saint_Thomas_Christians.svg/600px-Branches_%26_Denominations_of_Saint_Thomas_Christians.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Branches_%26_Denominations_of_Saint_Thomas_Christians.svg/800px-Branches_%26_Denominations_of_Saint_Thomas_Christians.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>Historic divisions among Saint Thomas Christians</figcaption></figure> The Pazhayakūr comprise the present day <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar Catholic Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Syrian_Church" title="Chaldean Syrian Church">Chaldean Syrian Church</a> which continue to employ the East Syriac Rite.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-ODCC-110">[110]</a> The Puthenkūr, who entered into a new communion with the Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch, an <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a> church, inherited from them the West Syriac Rite, replacing the old East Syriac Rite liturgy. Puthenkūr is the body from which present day <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Syrian_Christian_Church" title="Jacobite Syrian Christian Church">Jacobite Syrian Christian Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/CSI_Syrian_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="CSI Syrian Christians">CSI Syrian Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church" title="Mar Thoma Syrian Church">Mar Thoma Syrian Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Evangelical_Church_of_India" title="St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India">St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara Catholic Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Independent_Syrian_Church" title="Malabar Independent Syrian Church">Malabar Independent Syrian Church</a> originate.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrival_of_Europeans">Arrival of Europeans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_India&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Arrival of Europeans">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Francis_Church_Fort_Kochi_DSC_1048.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/St_Francis_Church_Fort_Kochi_DSC_1048.JPG/300px-St_Francis_Church_Fort_Kochi_DSC_1048.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/St_Francis_Church_Fort_Kochi_DSC_1048.JPG/450px-St_Francis_Church_Fort_Kochi_DSC_1048.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/St_Francis_Church_Fort_Kochi_DSC_1048.JPG/600px-St_Francis_Church_Fort_Kochi_DSC_1048.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Francis,_Kochi" title="Church of Saint Francis, Kochi">St. Francis Church, Kochi</a>, originally built in 1503, is the first European colonial church built in India. The Portuguese explorer <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> died at <a href="/wiki/Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin">Cochin</a> in 1524 and was originally buried in this church</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese discoveries">Portuguese discoveries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Church in India">Latin Church in India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisation of Goa">Christianisation of Goa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_Goa_and_Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese in Goa and Bombay">Portuguese in Goa and Bombay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primate_of_the_East_Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="Primate of the East Indies">Primate of the East Indies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Fishery_Coast" title="Pearl Fishery Coast">Pearl Fishery Coast</a></div> In 1453, the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall of Constantinople</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islamic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman Caliphate</a> marked the end of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine (Eastern Roman Empire)</a>, and severed European trade links by land with Asia. This massive blow to <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a> spurred the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a> as Europeans started seeking alternative routes east by sea along with the goal of forging alliances with pre-existing Christian nations.<a href="#cite_note-GT-DEX-1453-09-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-GT-DEX-1453-10-115">[115]</a> Along with Portuguese long-distance maritime travelers that reached the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a> in the late 15th century, came Portuguese missionaries who made contact with the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">St Thomas Christians</a> in Kerala. These Christians were following <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christian</a> practices and under the jurisdiction of <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>. The missionaries sought to introduce the <a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin liturgical rites</a> among them and unify <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East#India" title="Church of the East">East Syriac Christians in India</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>. This group, which existed in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> relatively peacefully for more than a millennium, faced considerable persecution from Portuguese evangelists in the 16th century.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1956[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-Podipara-117">[117]</a> This later wave of evangelism spread Catholicism more widely along the <a href="/wiki/Konkan" title="Konkan">Konkan</a> coast.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> The South Indian coastal areas around Kanyakumari were known for pearl fisheries ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Paravar" title="Paravar">Paravars</a>. From 1527, the Paravars, being threatened by Arab fleets offshore who were supported <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin</a> of Calicut,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings2000166–168-120">[120]</a> sought the protection of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese</a> who had moved into the area. The protection was granted on the condition that the leaders were immediately baptised as Christians and that they would encourage their people also to convert to Christianity. The Portuguese in turn wanted to gain a strategic foothold and control of the pearl fisheries. The deal was agreed and some months later 20,000 Paravars were baptised en masse, and by 1537 the entire community had declared itself to be Christian. The Portuguese navy destroyed the Arab fleet at <a href="/wiki/Vedalai" title="Vedalai">Vedalai</a> on 27 June 1538.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrykenberg2008137–138-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings2000166–168-120">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/St_Francis_Xavier" class="mw-redirect" title="St Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a>, a Jesuit, began a mission to the lower classes of Tamil society in 1542.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrykenberg2008139-122">[122]</a> A further 30,000 Paravars were baptised. Xavier appointed catechists in the Paravar villages up and down the 100 miles (160 km) coastline to spread and reinforce his teachings.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchurhammerCostelloe1980[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-123">[123]</a> Paravar Christianity, with its own identity based on a mixture of Christian religious belief and Hindu caste culture, remains a defining part of the Paravar life today.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings2000166–168-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayly1989326-124">[124]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luso_Tamil_Catechism_Lisbon_1554.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Luso_Tamil_Catechism_Lisbon_1554.JPG/220px-Luso_Tamil_Catechism_Lisbon_1554.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Luso_Tamil_Catechism_Lisbon_1554.JPG/330px-Luso_Tamil_Catechism_Lisbon_1554.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Luso_Tamil_Catechism_Lisbon_1554.JPG/440px-Luso_Tamil_Catechism_Lisbon_1554.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2376" data-file-height="1665" /></a><figcaption>Portuguese-Tamil Primer (1554). One of the earliest known Christian books in an Indian language</figcaption></figure> In the 16th century, the proselytisation of Asia was linked to the <a href="/wiki/Portugal#Religion" title="Portugal">Portuguese colonial policy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Missionaries of the different orders including <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a> arrived with the Portuguese colonisers. The history of Portuguese missionaries in India starts with the Portuguese clergy who reached <a href="/wiki/Kappad" title="Kappad">Kappad</a> near Kozhikode on 20 May 1498, along with the Portuguese explorer <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> who was seeking to form anti-Islamic alliances with pre-existing Christian nations.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC-127">[127]</a> The lucrative spice trade was further temptation for the Portuguese crown.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> When he and the Portuguese missionaries arrived, they found Christians in the country in Malabar known as St. Thomas Christians who belonged to the then-largest Christian church within India.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-127">[127]</a> The Christians were friendly to Portuguese missionaries at first; there was an exchange of gifts between them, and these groups were delighted at their common faith.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jesuits_at_Akbar%27s_court.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Jesuits_at_Akbar%27s_court.jpg/180px-Jesuits_at_Akbar%27s_court.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Jesuits_at_Akbar%27s_court.jpg/270px-Jesuits_at_Akbar%27s_court.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Jesuits_at_Akbar%27s_court.jpg/360px-Jesuits_at_Akbar%27s_court.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2275" data-file-height="4123" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Akbar_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar the Great">Akbar the Great</a> holds a religious assembly in the Ibadat Khana; the two men dressed in black are <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> missionaries, ca. 1605</figcaption></figure> During the second expedition, the Portuguese fleet comprising 13 ships and 18 priests, under Captain <a href="/wiki/Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral" title="Pedro Álvares Cabral">Pedro Álvares Cabral</a>, anchored at Cochin on 26 November 1500. Cabral soon won the goodwill of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Raja of Cochin</a>. He allowed four priests to do apostolic work among the early Christian communities scattered in and around Cochin. Thus Portuguese missionaries established Portuguese Mission in 1500. Dom <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Almeida" title="Francisco de Almeida">Francisco de Almeida</a>, the first Portuguese Viceroy got permission from the Kochi Raja to build two churches – namely <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Cruz Basilica">Santa Cruz Basilica</a> (1505) and <a href="/wiki/St._Francis_Church,_Kochi" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Francis Church, Kochi">St. Francis Church</a> (1506) using stones and mortar, which was unheard of at that time, as the local prejudices were against such a structure for any purpose other than a royal palace or a temple.<a href="#cite_note-Paul-130">[130]</a> In the beginning of the 16th century, the whole of the east was under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Lisbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Lisbon">Archdiocese of Lisbon</a>. On 12 June 1514, Cochin and Goa became two prominent mission stations under the newly created <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Funchal" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Funchal">Diocese of Funchal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a>. In 1534, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Pope Paul III</a> by the Bull Quequem Reputamus, raised Funchal as an <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese">archdiocese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Goa">Goa</a> as its <a href="/wiki/Suffragan" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffragan">suffragan</a>, deputing the whole of India under the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Goa">diocese of Goa</a>. This created an <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">episcopal see</a> – <a href="/wiki/Suffragan" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffragan">suffragan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Funchal" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Funchal">Funchal</a>, with a jurisdiction extending potentially over all past and future conquests from the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a> to China. The first converts to Christianity in Goa were native Goan women who married Portuguese men that arrived with <a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_Goa" title="Portuguese conquest of Goa">Portuguese conquest of Goa</a> in 1510.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Due to the <a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisation of Goa">Christianisation of Goa</a>, over 90% of the <a href="/wiki/Goans" title="Goans">Goans</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Velhas_Conquistas" title="Velhas Conquistas">Velhas Conquistas</a> became Catholic by the 1700s.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Codice_Casanatense_Portuguese_Nobleman_and_Christian_Indian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Codice_Casanatense_Portuguese_Nobleman_and_Christian_Indian.jpg/220px-Codice_Casanatense_Portuguese_Nobleman_and_Christian_Indian.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Codice_Casanatense_Portuguese_Nobleman_and_Christian_Indian.jpg/330px-Codice_Casanatense_Portuguese_Nobleman_and_Christian_Indian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Codice_Casanatense_Portuguese_Nobleman_and_Christian_Indian.jpg/440px-Codice_Casanatense_Portuguese_Nobleman_and_Christian_Indian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1896" data-file-height="1342" /></a><figcaption>Christian maidens of Goa meeting a Portuguese nobleman seeking a wife, from the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3dice_Casanatense" title="Códice Casanatense">Códice Casanatense</a> (c. 1540)</figcaption></figure> The Portuguese government supported the missionaries. At the same time many <a href="/wiki/New_Christian" title="New Christian">New Christians</a> from Portugal emigrated to India as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Inquisition" title="Portuguese Inquisition">Portuguese Inquisition</a>. Many of them were suspected of being <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-Jew">Crypto-Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Islam" title="Crypto-Islam">Crypto-Muslims</a>, converted Jews and Muslims who were secretly practising their old religions. Both were considered a threat to the solidarity of Christian belief.<a href="#cite_note-Paul-130">[130]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Maria_Aurora_Couto" title="Maria Aurora Couto">Maria Aurora Couto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> missionary <a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a> requested the installation of the <a href="/wiki/Goa_Inquisition" title="Goa Inquisition">Goa Inquisition</a> in a letter dated 16 May 1546 to <a href="/wiki/King_John_III_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="King John III of Portugal">King John III of Portugal</a>, but the tribunal commenced only in 1560.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> The Inquisition office persecuted <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israels</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Christian" title="New Christian">New Christians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Judaizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaizing">Judaizing</a> <a href="/wiki/Nasranis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasranis">Nasranis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Hinduism" title="Crypto-Hinduism">Crypto-Hindus</a> were the primary target of the 250 years of persecution and punishment for their faith by the Catholic prosecutors.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Most affected were the <a href="/wiki/Shudras" class="mw-redirect" title="Shudras">Shudras</a> (12.5%) and farmers (35.5%).<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> In 1557, <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Goa">Goa</a> was made an independent archbishopric, and its first suffragan sees were erected at <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Cochin">Cochin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Malacca" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Malacca">Malacca</a>. The whole of the East came under the jurisdiction of <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Goa">Goa</a> and its boundaries extended to almost half of the world: from the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa, to Burma, China and Japan in East Asia. In 1576, the suffragan See of Macao (China) was added; and in 1588, that of Funai in Japan. The <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Angamaly" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Angamaly">Diocese of Angamaly</a> was transferred to Diocese of Craganore in 1605, while, in 1606 a sixth suffragan see to Goa was established at San Thome, Mylapore, near the modern Madras, and the site of the National Shrine of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">St. Thomas</a> Basilica. The suffragan sees added later to Goa. were the prelacy of Mozambique (1612), Peking (1609) and Nanking (1609) in China. A significant portion of the crew on Portuguese ships were Indian Christians.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> were however unable to establish their presence in Mangalore as a result of the conquests of the <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Krishnadevaraya" title="Krishnadevaraya">Krishnadevaraya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abbakka_Rani" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbakka Rani">Abbakka Rani</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ullal" title="Ullal">Ullal</a>, the Bednore Queen of Mangalore. Most of <a href="/wiki/Mangalorean_Catholics" title="Mangalorean Catholics">Mangalorean Catholics</a> were not originally from <a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a> but from <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, which they fled during the <a href="/wiki/Sackings_of_Goa_and_Bombay-Bassein" class="mw-redirect" title="Sackings of Goa and Bombay-Bassein">Sackings of Goa and Bombay-Bassein</a> and to escape the persecution of the <a href="/wiki/Goan_Inquisition" class="mw-redirect" title="Goan Inquisition">Goan Inquisition</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a> spearheaded the <a href="/wiki/Evangelisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelisation">evangelisation</a> of the "Province of the North" (Província do Norte)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMachado1999104-138">[138]</a> headquartered at <a href="/wiki/Fort_San_Sebastian_of_Bassein" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort San Sebastian of Bassein">Fort San Sebastian of Bassein</a> (close to present day <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>), but the fort's officials were subordinate to the viceroy in the capital of <a href="/wiki/Velha_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Velha Goa">Velha Goa</a>. From 1534 to 1552, a priest by the name António do Porto converted over 10,000 people, built a dozen churches, convents, and a number of orphanages hospitals and seminaries. Prominent among the converts were two yogis from the <a href="/wiki/Kanheri_Caves" title="Kanheri Caves">Kanheri Caves</a> who became known as Paulo Raposo and Francisco de Santa Maria. They introduced Christianity to their fellow yogis, converting many in the process.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMachado1999104-138">[138]</a> The descendants of these Christians are today known as the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_East_Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay East Indian">Bombay East Indian</a> Christians who are predominantly Roman Catholics and inhabitants of the north Konkan region. In <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Bombay_and_Bassein" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Bombay and Bassein">Portuguese Bombay and Bassein</a> missionary work progressed on a large scale and with great success along the western coasts, chiefly at Chaul, Bombay, Salsette, Bassein, Damao, and Diu; and on the eastern coasts at San Thome of Mylapore, and as far as Bengal etc. In the southern districts the Jesuit mission in Madura was the most famous. It extended to the Krishna river, with a number of outlying stations beyond it. The mission of Cochin, on the Malabar Coast, was also one of the most fruitful. Several missions were also established in the interior northwards that of Agra and Lahore in 1570 and that of Tibet in 1624. Still, even with these efforts, and many vast tracts of the interior northwards were practically unreached. With the decline of the Portuguese power, other colonial powers namely the Dutch and British gained influence, paving the way for the arrival of Protestantism. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrival_of_Protestant_missions">Arrival of Protestant missions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_India&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Arrival of Protestant missions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Danish_Church,_Tranquebar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Danish_Church%2C_Tranquebar.jpg/220px-Danish_Church%2C_Tranquebar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Danish_Church%2C_Tranquebar.jpg/330px-Danish_Church%2C_Tranquebar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Danish_Church%2C_Tranquebar.jpg/440px-Danish_Church%2C_Tranquebar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem_Church,_Tranquebar" title="New Jerusalem Church, Tranquebar">New Jerusalem Church, Tranquebar</a>, built in 1718, is one of the oldest Protestant churches in India</figcaption></figure> Beginning in about 1700, Protestant missionaries began working throughout India; this led to the establishment of different Christian communities across the Indian Subcontinent. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="German_Lutherans_and_Basel_mission">German Lutherans and Basel mission</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_India&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: German Lutherans and Basel mission">edit</a>]</div> The first Protestant missionaries to set foot in India were two <a href="/wiki/Lutherans" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutherans">Lutherans</a> from Germany, <a href="/wiki/Bartholomaeus_Ziegenbalg" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg">Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Pl%C3%BCtschau" title="Heinrich Plütschau">Heinrich Plütschau</a>, who began work in 1705 in the Danish settlement of Tranquebar.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-139">[139]</a> They translated the Bible into the local <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil language</a>, and afterwards into <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a>. They made little progress at first, but gradually the mission spread to <a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuddalore" title="Cuddalore">Cuddalore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanjore" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanjore">Tanjore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-139">[139]</a> The Bishop of Tranquebar is still the official title of the bishop of the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Evangelical_Lutheran_Church" title="Tamil Evangelical Lutheran Church">Tamil Evangelical Lutheran Church</a> in Tamil Nadu which was founded in 1919 as a result of the German Lutheran Leipzig Mission and <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Sweden" title="Church of Sweden">Church of Sweden</a> Mission, the successors of <a href="/wiki/Bartholomaeus_Ziegenbalg" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg">Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Pl%C3%BCtschau" title="Heinrich Plütschau">Heinrich Plütschau</a>. The seat of the bishop, the cathedral and its church house, the Tranquebar House are in <a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli" title="Tiruchirappalli">Tiruchirappalli</a>. German missionary <a href="/wiki/Johann_Phillip_Fabricius" title="Johann Phillip Fabricius">Johann Phillip Fabricius</a>, who arrived in South India in 1740, published the first Tamil to English dictionary and refined the Tamil Bible translation.<a href="#cite_note-fryk-140">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_Friedrich_Schwarz" title="Christian Friedrich Schwarz">Christian Friedrich Schwarz</a> was a prominent German Lutheran missionary who arrived in India in 1750. His mission was instrumental in the conversion of many people from <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> to Lutheranism. He died in Tamil Nadu and was buried in St.Peter's Church at Thanjavur, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fryk-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-142">[142]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Gundert" title="Hermann Gundert">Hermann Gundert</a> a German missionary, scholar, and linguist, as well as the maternal grandfather of German novelist and Nobel laureate <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a> was a missionary in the <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South Indian</a> state of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> and was instrumental in compiling a Malayalam grammar book, Malayalabhaasha Vyakaranam (1859), in which he developed and constructed the grammar currently spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Malayalis" title="Malayalis">Malayalis</a>, published a Malayalam-English dictionary (1872), and contributed to work on <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Malayalam" title="Bible translations into Malayalam">Bible translations into Malayalam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Liebend%C3%B6rfer" title="Eugen Liebendörfer">Eugen Liebendörfer</a> was the first German missionary doctor in India as part of the <a href="/wiki/Basel_Mission" title="Basel Mission">Basel Mission</a>. He built hospitals in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Another Basel Missionary <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Kittel" title="Ferdinand Kittel">Ferdinand Kittel</a> worked in <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South Indian</a> state of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> in places such as Mangalore, Madikeri and Dharwad in Karnataka. He is renowned for his studies of the Kannada language and for producing a Kannada-English dictionary of about 70,000 words in 1894. He also composed numerous Kannada poems.<a href="#cite_note-Manjulakshi-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hermann_M%C3%B6gling" title="Hermann Mögling">Hermann Mögling</a> was a German missionary to Karnataka, he is credited as the publisher of the first ever newspaper in the Kannada language called as <a href="/wiki/Mangalooru_Samachara" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangalooru Samachara">Mangalooru Samachara</a> in 1843.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> He was awarded a doctorate for his literary work in Kannada called as Bibliotheca Carnataca. He also translated Kannada literature into German. Another Lutheran German missionary to <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South Indian</a> state of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> was <a href="/wiki/Volbrecht_Nagel" title="Volbrecht Nagel">Volbrecht Nagel</a>, he was a missionary to the Malabar coast of India. Initially associated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church, he later joined the <a href="/wiki/Open_Brethren" title="Open Brethren">Open Brethren</a>, and is remembered now as a pioneer of the <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Brethren" title="Kerala Brethren">Kerala Brethren</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="William_Carey_and_the_Baptists">William Carey and the Baptists</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_India&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: William Carey and the Baptists">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Carey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/William_Carey.jpg/180px-William_Carey.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/William_Carey.jpg/270px-William_Carey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/William_Carey.jpg/360px-William_Carey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="1523" /></a><figcaption>William Carey, 1761–1834.</figcaption></figure> In 1793, <a href="/wiki/William_Carey_(missionary)" title="William Carey (missionary)">William Carey</a>, an English <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> Minister, came to India as a missionary but also as a man of learning in economics, medicine and <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> He worked in <a href="/wiki/Serampore" title="Serampore">Serampore</a>, Calcutta, and other places. He translated the Bible into Bengali, Sanskrit, and numerous other languages and dialects. He worked in India despite the hostility of the British East India Company until his death in 1834. Carey and his colleagues, Joshua Marshman and William Ward, blended science, Christianity, and constructive Orientalism in their work at the Danish settlement of Serampore, near Calcutta. Carey saw the dissemination of European science and Christianity as mutually supportive and equally important civilizing missions. He also supported a revival of Sanskrit science. Carey played a key role in the establishment of the Agricultural Society of India. Ward, beginning in 1806, published important commentaries on ancient Hindu medical and astronomy texts. In 1818, Carey and his fellow missionaries founded <a href="/wiki/Serampore_College" title="Serampore College">Serampore College</a> to nurture a uniquely Indian variety of European science.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Serampore_College_-_Hooghly_2017-07-06_0840-0860.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Serampore_College_-_Hooghly_2017-07-06_0840-0860.tif/lossy-page1-300px-Serampore_College_-_Hooghly_2017-07-06_0840-0860.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Serampore_College_-_Hooghly_2017-07-06_0840-0860.tif/lossy-page1-450px-Serampore_College_-_Hooghly_2017-07-06_0840-0860.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Serampore_College_-_Hooghly_2017-07-06_0840-0860.tif/lossy-page1-600px-Serampore_College_-_Hooghly_2017-07-06_0840-0860.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="18974" data-file-height="11036" /></a><figcaption>Established in 1818, <a href="/wiki/Serampore_College" title="Serampore College">Serampore College</a> is one of the oldest continuously operating educational institutions in India</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_missions">Other missions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_India&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other missions">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/London_Missionary_Society" title="London Missionary Society">London Missionary Society</a> was the first Protestant mission in <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> which established its station at <a href="/wiki/Visakhapatnam" title="Visakhapatnam">Visakhapatnam</a> in 1805.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Norris_Groves" title="Anthony Norris Groves">Anthony Norris Groves</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a> missionary arrived in 1833. He worked in the <a href="/wiki/Godavari_River" title="Godavari River">Godavari</a> delta area until his death in 1852. <a href="/wiki/John_Christian_Frederick_Heyer" title="John Christian Frederick Heyer">John Christian Frederick Heyer</a> was the first Lutheran missionary in the region of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>. He founded the Guntur Mission in 1842. Supported initially by the Pennsylvania Ministerium, and later by the Foreign Mission Board of the General Synod, Heyer was also encouraged and assisted by British government officials. He established a number of hospitals and a network of schools throughout the Guntur region.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Church_Mission_Society" title="Church Mission Society">Church Missionary Society</a> (CMS), a mission society working with the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CMS-RK-155">[155]</a> began sending missionaries to India and established mission stations at <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a> (Madras) and <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, then in 1816 at <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CMSatlasHind-156">[156]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Church_Missionary_Society_in_India" title="Church Missionary Society in India">CMS Mission to India</a> expanded in the following years. The successors of the Protestant church missions are the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_South_India" title="Church of South India">Church of South India</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_North_India" title="Church of North India">Church of North India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CMS-RK-155">[155]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marathi_Christians" title="Marathi Christians">Marathi Christians</a> can be found in the areas of <a href="/wiki/Ahmednagar" title="Ahmednagar">Ahmednagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solapur" title="Solapur">Solapur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Poona</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aurangabad,_Maharashtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurangabad, Maharashtra">Aurangabad</a>. They were converted through the efforts of the <a href="/wiki/American_Missionary_Association" title="American Missionary Association">American Marathi Mission</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Society_for_the_Propagation_of_the_Gospel" class="mw-redirect" title="United Society for the Propagation of the Gospel">The SPG Mission</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Church_Mission_Society" title="Church Mission Society">Church Mission Society</a> of <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> in the early 18th century. British missionary <a href="/wiki/William_Carey_(missionary)" title="William Carey (missionary)">William Carey</a> was instrumental in translating the Bible into the <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Bettiah_Raj" title="Bettiah Raj">Bettiah Raj</a> of Bihar, the ethnoreligious community of <a href="/wiki/Bettiah_Christians" title="Bettiah Christians">Bettiah Christians</a> was established in India in the 17th century by Christian missionaries belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin" title="Order of Friars Minor Capuchin">Order of Friars Minor Capuchin</a>, a Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Religious_order" title="Religious order">religious order</a>.<a href="#cite_note-John2000-158">[158]</a> The Capuchins were personally invited to establish the Bettiah Christian Mission by Maharaja Dhurup Singh after the Italian Capuchin priest Joseph Mary Bernini treated his ill wife. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a>, on 1 May 1742, approved the appointment of the Capuchins at the Bettiah Fort in a letter to Maharaja Dhurup Singh.<a href="#cite_note-UCA2020-159">[159]</a> Many upper-class Bengalis converted to Christianity during the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Renaissance">Bengali Renaissance</a> under <a href="/wiki/British_Rule_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British Rule of India">British Rule</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Krishna_Mohan_Banerjee" title="Krishna Mohan Banerjee">Krishna Mohan Banerjee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt" title="Michael Madhusudan Dutt">Michael Madhusudan Dutt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anil_Kumar_Gain" title="Anil Kumar Gain">Anil Kumar Gain</a>, and Gnanendramohan Tagore, <a href="/wiki/Aurobindo_Nath_Mukherjee" title="Aurobindo Nath Mukherjee">Aurobindo Nath Mukherjee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> During the 19th century, several American Baptist missionaries evangelised in the northeastern parts of India. In 1876, Dr. E. W. Clark first went to live in a <a href="/wiki/Naga_people" title="Naga people">Naga</a> village, four years after his Assamese helper, Godhula, baptised the first <a href="/wiki/Naga_people" title="Naga people">Naga</a> converts. Rev. and Mrs. A.F. Merrill arrived in India in 1928 and worked in the southeast section of the <a href="/wiki/Garo_Hills" title="Garo Hills">Garo Hills</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Rev. and Mrs. M.J. Chance spent most of the years between 1950 and 1956 at Golaghat working with the Naga and Garo tribes.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Even today, the heaviest concentrations of Christians in India continue to be in the Northeast among the <a href="/wiki/Naga_people" title="Naga people">Nagas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khasi_people" title="Khasi people">Khasis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuki_people" title="Kuki people">Kukis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mizo_people" title="Mizo people">Mizos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_in_the_Indian_independence_movement">Role in the Indian independence movement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_India&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Role in the Indian independence movement">edit</a>]</div> Indian Christians were involved even at early stages of the nationalist movement in colonial India, both in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> and the wider <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a>:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOddie2001357,_361–363,_365-42">[42]</a> Indian Christian involvement in the early stages of the nationalist movement is also reflected in the high levels of participation in the activities of the Indian National Congress. During the period from its inception up until about 1892 all the evidence suggests that Indian Christians enthusiastically supported the National Congress and attended its annual meetings. For example, according to the official Congress report, there were 607 registered delegates at the Madras meeting of 1887; thirty-five were Christians and, of these, seven were Eurasians and fifteen were Indian Christians. Indian Christians alone made up 2.5 per cent of the total attendance, in spite of the fact that Christians accounted for less than 0.79 per cent of the population. The Indian Christian community was also well represented at the next four sessions of the Congress. The proportion of Indian Christian delegates remained very much higher than their proportion in the population, in spite of the fact that meetings were sometimes held in cities such as Allahabad and Nagpur, far removed from the main centres of Christian population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOddie2001357,_361–363,_365-42">[42]</a> The <a href="/wiki/All_India_Conference_of_Indian_Christians" title="All India Conference of Indian Christians">All India Conference of Indian Christians</a> (AICIC) played an important role in the Indian independence movement, advocating for <a href="/wiki/Swaraj" title="Swaraj">swaraj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_partition_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to the partition of India">opposing the partition of India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1974106–110-43">[43]</a> The AICIC also was opposed to separate electorates for Christians, believing that the faithful "should participate as common citizens in one common, national political system".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOddie2001357,_361–363,_365-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1974106–110-43">[43]</a> The All India Conference of Indian Christians and the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Catholic_Union" title="All India Catholic Union">All India Catholic Union</a> formed a working committee with M. Rahnasamy of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_University" title="Andhra University">Andhra University</a> serving as president and B.L. Rallia Ram of <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> serving as general secretary; in its meeting on 16 April 1947 and 17 April 1947, the joint committee prepared a 13-point memorandum that was sent to the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_India" title="Constituent Assembly of India">Constituent Assembly of India</a>, which asked for <a href="/wiki/Religious_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious freedom">religious freedom</a> for both organisations and individuals; this came to be reflected in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1974106–110-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art_and_architecture">Art and architecture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_India&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Art and architecture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomasreliquiar_Kondungallur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Thomasreliquiar_Kondungallur.jpg/220px-Thomasreliquiar_Kondungallur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Thomasreliquiar_Kondungallur.jpg/330px-Thomasreliquiar_Kondungallur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Thomasreliquiar_Kondungallur.jpg/440px-Thomasreliquiar_Kondungallur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1664" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>Reliquiary of St. Thomas kept at Kodungallur church, Kerala</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_India" title="List of cathedrals in India">List of cathedrals in India</a></div> There are a large number of items of artistic and architectural significance in the religious and domestic life of Indian Christians.<a href="#cite_note-scribd.com-164">[164]</a> <a href="/wiki/Altar" title="Altar">Altars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statue" title="Statue">statues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulpit" title="Pulpit">pulpits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Christian cross">crosses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_bell" title="Church bell">bells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bell_tower" title="Bell tower">belfries</a> of churches along with other household items are among the many things that form part of the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred art">sacred art</a> of the Indian Christians.<a href="#cite_note-scribd.com-164">[164]</a> The following artistic elements predate European Christianity and form an integral part of the religious art and architecture of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a>: <ul><li>The open-air granite (rock) cross called the Nasrani Sthamba</li> <li>Kodimaram (Dwajasthamba) or flag-staff made of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>'s famed teak wood and often enclosed in copper hoses or paras</li> <li>The rock Deepasthamba or lampstand.<a href="#cite_note-scribd.com-164">[164]</a></li></ul> After the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> and more especially after the commencement of Portuguese rule in India, distinct patterns of Christian art developed within the areas of Portuguese influence, mostly along the coasts of the peninsula. The Portuguese commissioned monumental buildings and promoted architecture more than any other form of fine art. <a href="/wiki/St._Francis_Church,_Kochi" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Francis Church, Kochi">St. Francis Church, Kochi</a> is the first European place of worship in India and incidentally also the place where <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> was first buried. The Christian art of Goa reached its climax in church building, laying the foundations of Indian Baroque.<a href="#cite_note-scribd.com-164">[164]</a> Indian Christian architecture during the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> has expanded into several different styles as a result of extensive church building in different parts of the country. The style that was most patronised is generally referred to as the <a href="/wiki/British_Regency" class="mw-redirect" title="British Regency">British Regency</a> style followed by <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Neo-Gothic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival architecture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh_et_al200769-165">[165]</a> Most Protestant cathedrals and churches in India conform to the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Neo-Gothic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival architecture</a> styles. The adaptation of European architectural elements to the tropical climate in India has resulted in the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_architecture" title="Indo-Saracenic architecture">Indo-Gothic</a> style.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDas201498-166">[166]</a> <a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Cathedral,_Kolkata" title="St. Paul's Cathedral, Kolkata">St. Paul's Cathedral, Kolkata</a> is a typical example of this style. <a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Church_(Fort_St._George)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Mary's Church (Fort St. George)">St. Mary's church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>, the first Anglican Church built east of the <a href="/wiki/Suez" title="Suez">Suez</a> is one of the first examples of British colonial architecture in India.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> French and <a href="/wiki/Danish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish people">Danish</a> influences on Christian art and architecture in India can be seen in their respective colonies.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Manarcad_Marthamariam_Cathedral_DSW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Manarcad Church is one of the oldest churches as well as a popular pilgrim site in India."><img alt="Manarcad Church is one of the oldest churches as well as a popular pilgrim site in India." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Manarcad_Marthamariam_Cathedral_DSW.jpg/124px-Manarcad_Marthamariam_Cathedral_DSW.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Manarcad_Marthamariam_Cathedral_DSW.jpg/186px-Manarcad_Marthamariam_Cathedral_DSW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Manarcad_Marthamariam_Cathedral_DSW.jpg/248px-Manarcad_Marthamariam_Cathedral_DSW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3222" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Manarcad_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Manarcad Church">Manarcad Church</a> is one of the oldest churches as well as a popular pilgrim site in India.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:AloysiusChapel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of the St. Aloysius Chapel in Mangalore, an example of Indo-Baroque."><img alt="Interior of the St. Aloysius Chapel in Mangalore, an example of Indo-Baroque." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/AloysiusChapel.jpg/200px-AloysiusChapel.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/AloysiusChapel.jpg/300px-AloysiusChapel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/AloysiusChapel.jpg/400px-AloysiusChapel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="581" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of the <a href="/wiki/St._Aloysius_Chapel" title="St. Aloysius Chapel">St. Aloysius Chapel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a>, an example of Indo-Baroque.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cathedral_Church_of_the_Redemption.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of the CNI Cathedral Church of Redemption, New Delhi, a fine example of the Indo-Saracenic architectureal style."><img alt="Interior of the CNI Cathedral Church of Redemption, New Delhi, a fine example of the Indo-Saracenic architectureal style." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Cathedral_Church_of_the_Redemption.jpg/133px-Cathedral_Church_of_the_Redemption.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Cathedral_Church_of_the_Redemption.jpg/200px-Cathedral_Church_of_the_Redemption.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Cathedral_Church_of_the_Redemption.jpg/266px-Cathedral_Church_of_the_Redemption.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="800" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Church_of_the_Redemption" title="Cathedral Church of the Redemption">CNI Cathedral Church of Redemption</a>, New Delhi, a fine example of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_architecture" title="Indo-Saracenic architecture">Indo-Saracenic architectureal</a> style.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Se%E2%80%99_Cathedral,_Goa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Built in 1562, Se Cathedral is an example of the Portuguese-Manueline style of architecture.[169][170]"><img alt="Built in 1562, Se Cathedral is an example of the Portuguese-Manueline style of architecture.[169][170]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Se%E2%80%99_Cathedral%2C_Goa.jpg/200px-Se%E2%80%99_Cathedral%2C_Goa.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Se%E2%80%99_Cathedral%2C_Goa.jpg/300px-Se%E2%80%99_Cathedral%2C_Goa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Se%E2%80%99_Cathedral%2C_Goa.jpg/400px-Se%E2%80%99_Cathedral%2C_Goa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Built in 1562, <a href="/wiki/Se_Cathedral" title="Se Cathedral">Se Cathedral</a> is an example of the Portuguese-Manueline style of architecture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIssar199727-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPereira2000190-170">[170]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Paul%27s_Cathedral,_Kolkata.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Paul's CNI Cathedral, Calcutta is one of the finest examples of Gothic Revival architecture in India.[171]"><img alt="St. Paul's CNI Cathedral, Calcutta is one of the finest examples of Gothic Revival architecture in India.[171]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral%2C_Kolkata.jpg/200px-St_Paul%27s_Cathedral%2C_Kolkata.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral%2C_Kolkata.jpg/300px-St_Paul%27s_Cathedral%2C_Kolkata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral%2C_Kolkata.jpg/400px-St_Paul%27s_Cathedral%2C_Kolkata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Cathedral,_Kolkata" title="St. Paul's Cathedral, Kolkata">St. Paul's CNI Cathedral, Calcutta</a> is one of the finest examples of <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival architecture</a> in India.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Infant_Jesus_Cathedral_Kollam,_Mar_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Infant Jesus Cathedral in Kollam city is an example of modern church architecture in India."><img alt="Infant Jesus Cathedral in Kollam city is an example of modern church architecture in India." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Infant_Jesus_Cathedral_Kollam%2C_Mar_2016.jpg/200px-Infant_Jesus_Cathedral_Kollam%2C_Mar_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Infant_Jesus_Cathedral_Kollam%2C_Mar_2016.jpg/300px-Infant_Jesus_Cathedral_Kollam%2C_Mar_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Infant_Jesus_Cathedral_Kollam%2C_Mar_2016.jpg/400px-Infant_Jesus_Cathedral_Kollam%2C_Mar_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Infant_Jesus_Cathedral" title="Infant Jesus Cathedral">Infant Jesus Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a> city is an example of modern church architecture in India.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Marks_Cathedral,_Bangalore._(Old_Postcard_Re-print),_India_Post_(2014).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Mark's Cathedral, Bangalore is an example of the English Baroque style in India.[172][173]"><img alt="St. Mark's Cathedral, Bangalore is an example of the English Baroque style in India.[172][173]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/St._Marks_Cathedral%2C_Bangalore._%28Old_Postcard_Re-print%29%2C_India_Post_%282014%29.jpg/200px-St._Marks_Cathedral%2C_Bangalore._%28Old_Postcard_Re-print%29%2C_India_Post_%282014%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/St._Marks_Cathedral%2C_Bangalore._%28Old_Postcard_Re-print%29%2C_India_Post_%282014%29.jpg/300px-St._Marks_Cathedral%2C_Bangalore._%28Old_Postcard_Re-print%29%2C_India_Post_%282014%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/St._Marks_Cathedral%2C_Bangalore._%28Old_Postcard_Re-print%29%2C_India_Post_%282014%29.jpg/400px-St._Marks_Cathedral%2C_Bangalore._%28Old_Postcard_Re-print%29%2C_India_Post_%282014%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="894" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/St._Mark%27s_Cathedral,_Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Mark's Cathedral, Bangalore">St. Mark's Cathedral, Bangalore</a> is an example of the <a href="/wiki/English_Baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="English Baroque">English Baroque</a> style in India.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:George%27sCathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of South India Cathedral of St. George, Chennai is an example of the Neoclassical style .[174]"><img alt="Church of South India Cathedral of St. George, Chennai is an example of the Neoclassical style .[174]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/George%27sCathedral.jpg/200px-George%27sCathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/George%27sCathedral.jpg/300px-George%27sCathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/George%27sCathedral.jpg/400px-George%27sCathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="1488" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Cathedral,_Chennai" title="St. George's Cathedral, Chennai">Church of South India Cathedral of St. George, Chennai</a> is an example of the <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a> style .<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Medak_Cathedral_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Gothic Revival style Medak Cathedral is one of the largest churches in Asia.[175]"><img alt="The Gothic Revival style Medak Cathedral is one of the largest churches in Asia.[175]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Medak_Cathedral_%281%29.jpg/200px-Medak_Cathedral_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Medak_Cathedral_%281%29.jpg/300px-Medak_Cathedral_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Medak_Cathedral_%281%29.jpg/400px-Medak_Cathedral_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival</a> style <a href="/wiki/Medak_Cathedral" title="Medak Cathedral">Medak Cathedral</a> is one of the largest churches in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:All_Saints_Cathedral,_Allahabad_in_the_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Gothic Revival style All Saints Cathedral, Allahabad illuminated at night.[176]"><img alt="The Gothic Revival style All Saints Cathedral, Allahabad illuminated at night.[176]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/All_Saints_Cathedral%2C_Allahabad_in_the_night.jpg/200px-All_Saints_Cathedral%2C_Allahabad_in_the_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/All_Saints_Cathedral%2C_Allahabad_in_the_night.jpg/300px-All_Saints_Cathedral%2C_Allahabad_in_the_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/All_Saints_Cathedral%2C_Allahabad_in_the_night.jpg/400px-All_Saints_Cathedral%2C_Allahabad_in_the_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival</a> style <a href="/wiki/All_Saints_Cathedral,_Allahabad" class="mw-redirect" title="All Saints Cathedral, Allahabad">All Saints Cathedral, Allahabad</a> illuminated at night.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghan_Church_-_Doorway.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Buff-coloured basalt and limestone doorway to the CNI Afghan Church.[177]"><img alt="Buff-coloured basalt and limestone doorway to the CNI Afghan Church.[177]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Afghan_Church_-_Doorway.jpg/200px-Afghan_Church_-_Doorway.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Afghan_Church_-_Doorway.jpg/300px-Afghan_Church_-_Doorway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Afghan_Church_-_Doorway.jpg/400px-Afghan_Church_-_Doorway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3882" data-file-height="3324" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Buff-coloured <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> doorway to the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Church" title="Afghan Church">CNI Afghan Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:A_traditional_Malankara_Church_-_Vadayaparambu_Mar_Bahanas_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vadayaparambu Mar Bahanans Church, built in the traditional style of the Malankara Orthodox Church."><img alt="Vadayaparambu Mar Bahanans Church, built in the traditional style of the Malankara Orthodox Church." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/A_traditional_Malankara_Church_-_Vadayaparambu_Mar_Bahanas_Church.jpg/200px-A_traditional_Malankara_Church_-_Vadayaparambu_Mar_Bahanas_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/A_traditional_Malankara_Church_-_Vadayaparambu_Mar_Bahanas_Church.jpg/300px-A_traditional_Malankara_Church_-_Vadayaparambu_Mar_Bahanas_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/A_traditional_Malankara_Church_-_Vadayaparambu_Mar_Bahanas_Church.jpg/400px-A_traditional_Malankara_Church_-_Vadayaparambu_Mar_Bahanas_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vadayaparambu Mar Bahanans Church, built in the traditional style of the Malankara Orthodox Church.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:St._James_Church_9.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. James' Church, Delhi, built on a Greek cruciform plan is an example of the Renaissance Revival style in India.[178]"><img alt="St. James' Church, Delhi, built on a Greek cruciform plan is an example of the Renaissance Revival style in India.[178]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/St._James_Church_9.jpg/200px-St._James_Church_9.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/St._James_Church_9.jpg/300px-St._James_Church_9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/St._James_Church_9.jpg/400px-St._James_Church_9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5321" data-file-height="3756" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/St._James%27_Church,_Delhi" title="St. James' Church, Delhi">St. James' Church, Delhi</a>, built on a <a href="/wiki/Greek_cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek cross">Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Cruciform" title="Cruciform">cruciform</a> plan is an example of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance Revival">Renaissance Revival</a> style in India.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a></div> </li> </ul> Kerala Christians have a unique tradition of photographing funerals.<a href="#cite_note-photo-179">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_India&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knajewfood.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Knajewfood.jpg/220px-Knajewfood.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Knajewfood.jpg/330px-Knajewfood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Knajewfood.jpg/440px-Knajewfood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption>Pesaha Appam is an unleavened Passover bread made by the Saint Thomas Christians of Kerala to be served on Passover night</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goan_Ros_Ceremony.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Goan_Ros_Ceremony.jpg/220px-Goan_Ros_Ceremony.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Goan_Ros_Ceremony.jpg/330px-Goan_Ros_Ceremony.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Goan_Ros_Ceremony.jpg/440px-Goan_Ros_Ceremony.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5744" data-file-height="3829" /></a><figcaption>Traditional pre-wedding <a href="/wiki/Goan_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Goan Catholic">Goan Catholic</a> Ros ceremony</figcaption></figure> While Christians in India do not share one common culture, their cultures for the most part tend to be a blend of Indian, Syrian and European cultures. It differs from one region to another depending on several factors such as the prevailing <a href="/wiki/Ritual_family" title="Ritual family">liturgical rite</a> and tradition and the extent of time for which Christianity has existed in those regions. The ancient <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> have a distinctively different culture when compared to Christians in other parts of the country.<a href="#cite_note-malayalamresourcecentre.org-180">[180]</a> Historical ties with the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> and assimilation of Indian culture have contributed to the development of a unique subculture among these traditional Syrian Christians or Nasranis of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>.<a href="#cite_note-malayalamresourcecentre.org-180">[180]</a> The use of ornamental umbrellas for Christian religious festivities illustrates an example of the indigenous character of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>'s Syriac Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Nasrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Malankara Nasrani">Malankara Nasranis</a> (Thomasine Christians) have a unique Syro-<a href="/wiki/Malyali" class="mw-redirect" title="Malyali">Malabarese</a> culture which includes <a href="/wiki/Christianised" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianised">Christianised</a> Jewish elements, along with some Hindu customs. As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisation of Goa">Christianisation of Goa</a> by the Portuguese in the 16th century AD, <a href="/wiki/Goan_Catholics" title="Goan Catholics">Goan Catholics</a> have adopted a more Western culture.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> The dance, song and cuisine of <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> has been greatly influenced by the Portuguese.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Goan_Catholics" title="Culture of Goan Catholics">culture of Goan Catholics</a> is a blend of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Konkani_people" title="Konkani people">Konkani</a> cultures, with the former having a more dominant role because the Portuguese ruled Goa directly from 1510 to 1961.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mangalorean_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangalorean Catholic">Mangalorean Catholics</a> mainly migrants from the <a href="/wiki/Konkan_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Konkan region">Konkan region</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Canara" class="mw-redirect" title="Canara">Canara</a> subregion of <a href="/wiki/Carnataca" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnataca">Carnataca</a>, have developed a distinct <a href="/wiki/Mangalorean_Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangalorean Catholic culture">Mangalorean Catholic culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> Christianity in other parts of India spread under the colonial regimes of the Dutch, Danish, French and most importantly the English from the early 17th century to the time of the Indian Independence in 1947. <a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Christian culture</a> in these colonial territories has been influenced by the religion and culture of their respective colonisers.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> Contemporary <a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Christian culture</a> in India draws greatly from the <a href="/wiki/English_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="English culture">English culture</a> as a result of the influence and dominance of former <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Indian</a> rule, this is evident in the culture of <a href="/wiki/Bombay_East_Indian_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay East Indian Christian">Bombay East Indian Christians</a>, who were the first subjects of English rule, in the erstwhile <a href="/wiki/Seven_islands_of_Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven islands of Bombay">seven islands of Bombay</a> and the adjacent areas of north Konkan. The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a> is a widely used supplement for worship in the two major <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> Protestant denominations: <a href="/wiki/Church_of_South_India" title="Church of South India">Church of South India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Church_of_North_India" title="Church of North India">Church of North India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> Today Christians are considered to be one of the most progressive communities in India.<a href="#cite_note-medindia.net-188">[188]</a> Urban Christians are to a greater extent influenced by European traditions which is considered an advantage in the business environment of urban India; this is given as an explanation for the large number of Christian professionals in India's corporate sector.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> The Christian church runs thousands of <a href="/wiki/Educational_institution" title="Educational institution">educational institutions</a> which have contributed to the strengthening of Christian culture in India. Religion plays a significant role in the daily life of Indian Christians, India ranks 15 among countries with based on <a href="/wiki/Church_attendance" title="Church attendance">church attendance</a>. <a href="/wiki/Religious_procession" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious procession">Religious processions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">carnivals</a> are often celebrated by <a href="/wiki/Indian_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Catholics">Indian Catholics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> Cities with significant Christian populations celebrate <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a> days. As in other parts of the world, Christmas is the most important festival for Indian Christians. <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Indian">Anglo-Indian</a> Christmas <a href="/wiki/Ball_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ball (dance)">balls</a> held in most major cities form a distinctive part of Indian Christian culture.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> <a href="/wiki/Great_Friday" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Friday">Great Friday</a> is a national holiday, <a href="/wiki/All_Souls_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="All Souls Day">All Souls Day</a> is another holiday that is observed by most Christians in India.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> Most Protestant churches celebrate harvest festivals, usually in late October or early November.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> Easter and <a href="/wiki/All_Saints_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="All Saints Day">All Saints Day</a> are also observed by many. Christian weddings in India conform to the traditional <a href="/wiki/White_wedding" title="White wedding">white wedding</a>. However it is not uncommon for Christian brides particularly in the south to wear a white <a href="/wiki/Sari" title="Sari">sari</a> instead of a white dress (gown).<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> Prior to the 1960s, the <a href="/wiki/Dhoti" title="Dhoti">dhothi</a> was worn by <a href="/wiki/South_Canarese_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="South Canarese Christian">South Canarese Christian</a> men to <a href="/wiki/Church_wedding" class="mw-redirect" title="Church wedding">Church weddings</a> and other festivities and on certain occasions, it has almost completely been replaced by the black <a href="/wiki/Suit_and_tie" class="mw-redirect" title="Suit and tie">suit and tie</a> nowadays.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_India&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_India" title="Protestantism in India">Protestantism in India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_India" title="Catholic Church in India">Catholic Church in India</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy_in_India_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Orthodoxy in India (disambiguation)">Orthodoxy in India</a></div> The 2001 census of India recorded 24,080,016 Christians in the country, representing 2.34 per cent of the population.<a href="#cite_note-census-196">[196]</a> A majority of Indian Christians are <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a> etc. <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:white; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 10610.015378333px; border-left-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 193.54748669442px; border-left-color:yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:54.744638381675px 83.684075955104px 0 0; border-top-color:green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:green"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Relative size of Christian traditions in India, according to <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>'s analysis of <a href="/wiki/2011_Indian_census" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Indian census">2011 Indian census</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pew1-3">[3]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> (59.22%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> (33.19%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a> (7.44%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Others (0.15%)</div> </div> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_by_denomination">Population by denomination</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_India&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Population by denomination">edit</a>]</div> In 2011, Pew reported 18,860,000 <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a>, 10,570,000 <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a>, 2,370,000 <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox</a> and 50,000 other Christians in India.<a href="#cite_note-Pew1-3">[3]</a> Other sources estimate the total number of <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_India" title="Protestantism in India">Protestants</a> throughout the country in several hundreds of denominations at 45 million (45 million).<a href="#cite_note-Melton1-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lausanne1-198">[198]</a> Several sources estimate Catholic population in India at over 17 million (1.7 crore)<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> The largest single denomination is the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_India" title="Catholic Church in India">Catholic Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicans</a> within the united <a href="/wiki/Church_of_North_India" title="Church of North India">Church of North India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Church_of_South_India" title="Church of South India">Church of South India</a>, constitute the second largest group at over 5 million (5 million).<a href="#cite_note-Cummings1-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-Davies1-203">[203]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syro_Malabar_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro Malabar Church">Syro Malabar Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Syrian_Christian_Church" title="Jacobite Syrian Christian Church">Jacobite Syrian Christian Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Syrian_Church" title="Chaldean Syrian Church">Chaldean Syrian Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/CSI_Syrian_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="CSI Syrian Christians">CSI Syrian Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church" title="Mar Thoma Syrian Church">Mar Thoma Syrian Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Syrian_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal Syrian Christians">Pentecostal Syrian Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Evangelical_Church_of_India" title="St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India">St. Thomas Evangelical Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Independent_Syrian_Church" title="Malabar Independent Syrian Church">Malabar Independent Syrian Church</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> form 18.75% of the Christians in India with 4.5 million of them.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> 310,000 were members of the <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara Church</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] and 4,000,000 of the <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Church" title="Syro-Malabar Church">Syro-Malabar Church</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] In January 1993, the Syro-Malabar Church and in February 2005, the Syro-Malankara Church were raised to the status of <a href="/wiki/Major_archbishop" title="Major archbishop">major archiepiscopal churches</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>. The Syro-Malabar Church is the second largest among the 23 Eastern Catholic Churches who accept the Pope as the visible head of the whole church.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> The Oriental Orthodox churches in India include the <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</a> with 1120,000 members, the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Syrian_Christian_Church" title="Jacobite Syrian Christian Church">Jacobite Syrian Christian Church</a> with 800,000 members and the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Independent_Syrian_Church" title="Malabar Independent Syrian Church">Malabar Independent Syrian Church</a> with 30,000 members. The <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church">Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Eastern Protestant</a> denomination with 1,100,000 members.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahlbuschBromileyLochman2008285-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mar_Thoma-208">[208]</a> Most Protestant denominations are represented in India, as a result of missionary activities throughout the country, such as the <a href="/wiki/American_Missionary_Association" title="American Missionary Association">American Missionary Association</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Society_for_the_Propagation_of_the_Gospel" class="mw-redirect" title="United Society for the Propagation of the Gospel">the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel Mission</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Church_Mission_Society" title="Church Mission Society">Church Mission Society</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> and many other missions from Europe, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">America</a> and Australia. In 1961, an evangelical wing of the Mar Thoma Church split and formed the St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India which has 35,000 members.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-209">[209]</a> There are about 1,267,786 <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a>,<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated8-210">[210]</a> 648,000 Methodists,<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-211">[211]</a> 2,392,694 Baptists,<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated9-212">[212]</a> and 823,456 Presbyterians in India.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-213">[213]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Open_Brethren" title="Open Brethren">Open Brethren</a> movement is also significantly represented in India. The main Brethren grouping is known as the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Brethren" title="Indian Brethren">Indian Brethren</a> (with a following estimated at somewhere between 449,550<a href="#cite_note-Mandryk_2010_408-214">[214]</a> and 1,000,000), of which the <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Brethren" title="Kerala Brethren">Kerala Brethren</a> are a significant subset. The closely related <a href="/wiki/Assemblies_Jehovah_Shammah" title="Assemblies Jehovah Shammah">Assemblies Jehovah Shammah</a> have around 310,000 adults and children in fellowship as of 2010.<a href="#cite_note-Mandryk_2010_408-214">[214]</a> They are often considered part of the wider Brethren movement, although they were founded by an indigenous evangelist (<a href="/wiki/Bakht_Singh" title="Bakht Singh">Bakht Singh</a>) and developed independently of the older Indian Brethren movement, which originated from missionary endeavours. <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a> is also a rapidly growing movement in India. The major Pentecostal churches in India are the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Pentecostal_Church_of_God" title="Indian Pentecostal Church of God">Indian Pentecostal Church of God</a>,<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-215">[215]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God" title="Assemblies of God">Assemblies of God</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Pentecostal_Mission" title="The Pentecostal Mission">The Pentecostal Mission</a>,<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> the New Apostolic Church with 1,448,209 members,<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-215">[215]</a> the <a href="/wiki/New_Life_Fellowship_Association" title="New Life Fellowship Association">New Life Fellowship Association</a> with 480,000 members, the <a href="/wiki/Manna_Full_Gospel_Churches" title="Manna Full Gospel Churches">Manna Full Gospel Churches</a> with 275,000 members,<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-215">[215]</a> and the Evangelical Church of India with 250,000 members.<a href="#cite_note-adherents-218">[218]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:A_view_of_the_Saint_Francis_Xavier_church_Old_Goa_during_the_feast_of_Saint_Francis_Xavier_on_December_02,_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Goan Catholics celebrating the feast of Saint Francis Xavier"><img alt="Goan Catholics celebrating the feast of Saint Francis Xavier" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/A_view_of_the_Saint_Francis_Xavier_church_Old_Goa_during_the_feast_of_Saint_Francis_Xavier_on_December_02%2C_2009.jpg/200px-A_view_of_the_Saint_Francis_Xavier_church_Old_Goa_during_the_feast_of_Saint_Francis_Xavier_on_December_02%2C_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/A_view_of_the_Saint_Francis_Xavier_church_Old_Goa_during_the_feast_of_Saint_Francis_Xavier_on_December_02%2C_2009.jpg/300px-A_view_of_the_Saint_Francis_Xavier_church_Old_Goa_during_the_feast_of_Saint_Francis_Xavier_on_December_02%2C_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/A_view_of_the_Saint_Francis_Xavier_church_Old_Goa_during_the_feast_of_Saint_Francis_Xavier_on_December_02%2C_2009.jpg/400px-A_view_of_the_Saint_Francis_Xavier_church_Old_Goa_during_the_feast_of_Saint_Francis_Xavier_on_December_02%2C_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1305" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Goan_Catholics" title="Goan Catholics">Goan Catholics</a> celebrating the feast of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Francis_Xavier" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Francis Xavier">Saint Francis Xavier</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Crucession_in_CNI_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marathi Anglicans in Mumbai"><img alt="Marathi Anglicans in Mumbai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Crucession_in_CNI_Church.jpg/200px-Crucession_in_CNI_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Crucession_in_CNI_Church.jpg/300px-Crucession_in_CNI_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Crucession_in_CNI_Church.jpg/400px-Crucession_in_CNI_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3201" data-file-height="1816" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Christians" title="Marathi Christians">Marathi Anglicans</a> in Mumbai</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Oriental_Orthodox_church_in_India_collects_palm_fronds_for_the_Palm_Sunday.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oriental Orthodox Christians celebrating Palm Sunday"><img alt="Oriental Orthodox Christians celebrating Palm Sunday" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Oriental_Orthodox_church_in_India_collects_palm_fronds_for_the_Palm_Sunday.jpg/200px-Oriental_Orthodox_church_in_India_collects_palm_fronds_for_the_Palm_Sunday.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Oriental_Orthodox_church_in_India_collects_palm_fronds_for_the_Palm_Sunday.jpg/300px-Oriental_Orthodox_church_in_India_collects_palm_fronds_for_the_Palm_Sunday.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Oriental_Orthodox_church_in_India_collects_palm_fronds_for_the_Palm_Sunday.jpg/400px-Oriental_Orthodox_church_in_India_collects_palm_fronds_for_the_Palm_Sunday.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1512" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_India" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in India">Oriental Orthodox Christians</a> celebrating <a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Devotees_light_candles_and_pray_outside_the_Sacred_Heart_Cathedral_Church_on_the_occasion_of_Christmas,_at_Gol_Dak_Khana,_in_New_Delhi_on_December_25,_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Devotees light candles and pray outside the Sacred Heart Cathedral, New Delhi on the occasion of Christmas"><img alt="Devotees light candles and pray outside the Sacred Heart Cathedral, New Delhi on the occasion of Christmas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Devotees_light_candles_and_pray_outside_the_Sacred_Heart_Cathedral_Church_on_the_occasion_of_Christmas%2C_at_Gol_Dak_Khana%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_December_25%2C_2013.jpg/200px-Devotees_light_candles_and_pray_outside_the_Sacred_Heart_Cathedral_Church_on_the_occasion_of_Christmas%2C_at_Gol_Dak_Khana%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_December_25%2C_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Devotees_light_candles_and_pray_outside_the_Sacred_Heart_Cathedral_Church_on_the_occasion_of_Christmas%2C_at_Gol_Dak_Khana%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_December_25%2C_2013.jpg/300px-Devotees_light_candles_and_pray_outside_the_Sacred_Heart_Cathedral_Church_on_the_occasion_of_Christmas%2C_at_Gol_Dak_Khana%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_December_25%2C_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Devotees_light_candles_and_pray_outside_the_Sacred_Heart_Cathedral_Church_on_the_occasion_of_Christmas%2C_at_Gol_Dak_Khana%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_December_25%2C_2013.jpg/400px-Devotees_light_candles_and_pray_outside_the_Sacred_Heart_Cathedral_Church_on_the_occasion_of_Christmas%2C_at_Gol_Dak_Khana%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_December_25%2C_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1505" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Devotees light candles and pray outside the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Cathedral,_New_Delhi" title="Sacred Heart Cathedral, New Delhi">Sacred Heart Cathedral, New Delhi</a> on the occasion of Christmas</div> </li> </ul> See main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_in_India" title="List of Christian denominations in India">List of Christian denominations in India</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1253789634">@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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<caption>Christian denominations in India </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Church name </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Population </th> <th width="50%">Orientation </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> ("Roman Catholic" Church) </td> <td>11,800,000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>, Latin Church </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</a> </td> <td>1,600,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahlbuschBromileyLochman2008285-4">[4]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a>, West Syriac Rite </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Syrian_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church">Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church</a> </td> <td>1,200,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahlbuschBromileyLochman2008285-4">[4]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a>, West Syriac Rite </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church">Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church</a> </td> <td>1,100,000<a href="#cite_note-Mar_Thoma-208">[208]</a> </td> <td>Independent and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Eastern Protestant Christian</a>, Protestant West Syriac Rite </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar Catholic Church</a> </td> <td>4,000,000<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> </td> <td>Catholic, <a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac Rite</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara Catholic Church</a> </td> <td>410,000<a href="#cite_note-statistics-220">[220]</a> </td> <td>Catholic, <a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Independent_Syrian_Church" title="Malabar Independent Syrian Church">Malabar Independent Syrian Church</a> </td> <td>20,000 </td> <td>Independent, West Syriac Rite (follows Oriental Orthodox faith) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Syrian_Church" title="Chaldean Syrian Church">Chaldean Syrian Church</a> </td> <td>35,000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>, East Syriac </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nagaland_Baptist_Church_Council" title="Nagaland Baptist Church Council">Nagaland Baptist Church Council</a> </td> <td>687,442 </td> <td>Protestant (Baptist) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Evangelical_Church_of_India" title="St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India">St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India</a> </td> <td>35,000 </td> <td>Episcopalian Protestant </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Church_of_South_India" title="Church of South India">Church of South India</a> </td> <td>4,000,000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">United and uniting</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Church_of_North_India" title="Church of North India">Church of North India</a> </td> <td>2,100,000+ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">United and uniting</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_in_India" title="Methodist Church in India">Methodist Church in India</a> </td> <td>648,000 </td> <td>Protestant </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/India_Pentecostal_Church_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="India Pentecostal Church of God">India Pentecostal Church of God</a> </td> <td>2,600,000 </td> <td>Protestant Evangelical Pentecostal </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Assemblies of God in India">Assemblies of God in India</a> </td> <td>5,000,000[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td> <td>Protestant Evangelical Pentecostal </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Pentecostal_Church_in_India" title="United Pentecostal Church in India">United Pentecostal Church in India</a> </td> <td>105,000<a href="#cite_note-Global_Mission_Statistics_Report-221">[221]</a> </td> <td>Protestant Evangelical Pentecostal </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Pentecostal_Mission" title="The Pentecostal Mission">The Pentecostal Mission</a> </td> <td>700,000 </td> <td>Protestant </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> </td> <td>2,991,276<a href="#cite_note-BWAInd-222">[222]</a> </td> <td>Protestant (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Baptist_denominations_in_India" title="List of Baptist denominations in India">List of Baptist denominations in India</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Assemblies_Jehovah_Shammah" title="Assemblies Jehovah Shammah">Assemblies Jehovah Shammah</a> </td> <td>310,000<a href="#cite_note-Mandryk_2010_408-214">[214]</a> </td> <td>Protestant (<a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> </td> <td>4,220,178<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated8-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> </td> <td>Protestant (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Lutheran_denominations" title="List of Lutheran denominations">List of Lutheran Denominations Worldwide</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jeypore_Evangelical_Lutheran_Church" title="Jeypore Evangelical Lutheran Church">Jeypore Evangelical Lutheran Church (JELC)</a> </td> <td>250,000 </td> <td>Protestant Lutheran </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Orissa_Baptist_Evangelistic_Crusade" title="Orissa Baptist Evangelistic Crusade">Orissa Baptist Evangelistic Crusade (OBEC)</a> </td> <td>650,000 </td> <td>Protestant Baptist </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_Brethren" title="Indian Brethren">Indian Brethren</a> </td> <td>449,550<a href="#cite_note-Mandryk_2010_408-214">[214]</a> to 1,000,000 </td> <td>Protestant (<a href="/wiki/Kerala_Brethren" title="Kerala Brethren">Kerala Brethren</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_India" title="Presbyterian Church of India">Presbyterian Church of India</a> </td> <td>1,452,780<a href="#cite_note-Presbyind-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> </td> <td>Protestant (Reformed) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Presbyterian_Church_North_East_India" title="Reformed Presbyterian Church North East India">Reformed Presbyterian Church North East India</a> </td> <td>15,000 </td> <td>Protestant (Reformed) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Presbyterian_Church_of_India" title="Reformed Presbyterian Church of India">Reformed Presbyterian Church of India</a> </td> <td>10,000 </td> <td>Protestant (Reformed) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_Maraland" title="Evangelical Church of Maraland">Evangelical Church of Maraland</a> </td> <td>30,000 </td> <td>Protestant (Reformed) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Congregational_Church_in_India" title="Congregational Church in India">Congregational Church in India</a> </td> <td>5,500 </td> <td>Protestant (Reformed) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Council of Reformed Churches of India </td> <td>200,000 </td> <td>Protestant (Reformed) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_Covenant_Church" title="Hindustani Covenant Church">Hindustani Covenant Church</a> </td> <td>16,600 </td> <td>Protestant </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_India" title="Evangelical Church of India">Evangelical Church</a> </td> <td>250,000 </td> <td>Protestant </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Apostolic_Church" title="New Apostolic Church">New Apostolic Church</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-215">[215]</a> </td> <td>1,448,209 </td> <td>Protestant </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Maranatha_Gospel_Church" title="Pentecostal Maranatha Gospel Church">Pentecostal Maranatha Gospel Church</a> </td> <td>12,000 </td> <td>Protestant </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Life_Fellowship_Association" title="New Life Fellowship Association">New Life Fellowship Association</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-215">[215]</a> </td> <td>480,000 </td> <td>Protestant </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sharon Fellowship Church<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-215">[215]</a> </td> <td>50,000 </td> <td>Protestant </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manna_Full_Gospel_Churches" title="Manna Full Gospel Churches">Manna Full Gospel Churches</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-215">[215]</a> </td> <td>275,000 </td> <td>Protestant </td></tr> <tr> <td>Philadelphia Fellowship Church of India<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-215">[215]</a> </td> <td>200,000 </td> <td>Protestant </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a> </td> <td>1,560,000<a href="#cite_note-7dai-226">[226]</a> </td> <td>Protestant (Restorationism) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Unitarian Union of Northeast India </td> <td>10,000 </td> <td>Unitarian </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> </td> <td>42,566<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> </td> <td>Jehovah's Witnesses (Restorationism) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_India" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in India">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> </td> <td>14,528<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> </td> <td>Latter Day Saints (Restorationism) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Revival_Church" title="Christian Revival Church">Christian Revival Church</a> </td> <td>21,447<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> </td> <td>Protestant (Pentecostal) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mennonite Brethren Church </td> <td>103,000<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> </td> <td>Protestant (Reformed) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Christ" title="Community of Christ">Community of Christ</a> </td> <td>15,000+ </td> <td>Latter Day Saints (Restorationism) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_by_region_and_group">Population by region and group</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_India&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Population by region and group">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2001_Census_India_religion_distribution_map,_percent_Christian_in_states_and_union_territories.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/2001_Census_India_religion_distribution_map%2C_percent_Christian_in_states_and_union_territories.svg/330px-2001_Census_India_religion_distribution_map%2C_percent_Christian_in_states_and_union_territories.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="363" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/2001_Census_India_religion_distribution_map%2C_percent_Christian_in_states_and_union_territories.svg/495px-2001_Census_India_religion_distribution_map%2C_percent_Christian_in_states_and_union_territories.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/2001_Census_India_religion_distribution_map%2C_percent_Christian_in_states_and_union_territories.svg/660px-2001_Census_India_religion_distribution_map%2C_percent_Christian_in_states_and_union_territories.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1578" data-file-height="1738" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of Christian population in different Indian states<a href="#cite_note-census-196">[196]</a></figcaption></figure> Christianity is the predominant religion in the northeastern states of <a href="/wiki/Nagaland" title="Nagaland">Nagaland</a>, Mizoram <a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a>. There are substantial Christian populations, in the regions of <a href="/wiki/Arunachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Arunachal">Arunachal</a>, Assam, <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a>, Andhra Pradesh, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, Kerala, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, Goa & the <a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> The Christian population of <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay Metropolitan Area">Bombay (Mumbai)</a> area, is above the national average of 2.3 percent & found to be at 3.45 percent according to the 2011 census.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> A 2015 study estimates some 40,000 Christian believers from a Muslim background in the country, most of them belonging to Protestantism.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> The census of India provides us with the official numbers for Christian population in India. The Indian census has been recorded every ten years since 1871 and has always included religion (along with population, race, rural distribution, and occupation, among others).<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> The most recently published census is from 2011.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> Subsequent estimates from 2013, 2015, 2017 and 2019 are also considered reliable.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1253789634"> <table class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"> <caption>Regions with Christian majority or plurality in India as per 2011 census<a href="#cite_note-censusindia.gov.in-237">[237]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>States </th> <th>Christian population </th> <th>Percentage (%) </th> <th>Status </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kerala" title="Christianity in Kerala">Kerala</a> </td> <td>6,141,269 </td> <td>18.38 </td> <td>"Significant" </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Meghalaya" title="Christianity in Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a> </td> <td>2,213,027 </td> <td>74.59 </td> <td>"Majority" </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nagaland" title="Christianity in Nagaland">Nagaland</a> </td> <td>1,739,651 </td> <td>87.93 </td> <td>"Majority" </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Manipur" title="Christianity in Manipur">Manipur</a> </td> <td>1,179,043 </td> <td>41.29 </td> <td>"Plurality" </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Mizoram" title="Christianity in Mizoram">Mizoram</a> </td> <td>956,331 </td> <td>87.16 </td> <td>"Majority" </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Christianity in Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a> </td> <td>418,732 </td> <td>30.26 </td> <td>"Plurality" </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Goa" title="Christianity in Goa">Goa</a> </td> <td>366,130 </td> <td>25.10 </td> <td>"Significant" </td></tr></tbody></table> The native majority of <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> is Christian. According to the 1909 statistics in the Catholic Encyclopedia, the total Christian population in Portuguese controlled Goa was 293,628 out of a total population of 365,291 (80.33%).<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> Due to emigration of natives (mostly Goan Catholics) from Goa to cosmopolitan cities in India (Mumbai, Bangalore, etc.) and to foreign countries, as well as mass migration of non-Christians to Goa from other states of India since the 20th century, the demographics of Goa have been severely altered. Less than 50% of Indian residents in Goa are ethnic <a href="/wiki/Goans" title="Goans">Goans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:India_Christian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/India_Christian.png/330px-India_Christian.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/India_Christian.png/495px-India_Christian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/India_Christian.png/660px-India_Christian.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="883" /></a><figcaption>Percentage Christian population, India census 2011</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1253789634"> <table class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"> <caption>Christian population per state/ territory as per the 2011 census of India<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>State/territory </th> <th>Total population </th> <th>Christian (%) </th> <th>Christian population </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:silver"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> India</td> <td style="background:silver">1,210,854,977</td> <td style="background:silver">2.30</td> <td style="background:silver">27,819,588 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kerala" title="Christianity in Kerala">Kerala</a> </td> <td>33,406,061 </td> <td>18.38 </td> <td>6,141,269 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Christianity in Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> </td> <td>72,147,030 </td> <td>6.12 </td> <td>4,418,331 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Meghalaya" title="Christianity in Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a> </td> <td>2,966,889 </td> <td>74.59 </td> <td>2,213,027 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nagaland" title="Christianity in Nagaland">Nagaland</a> </td> <td>1,978,502 </td> <td>87.93 </td> <td>1,739,651 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Jharkhand" title="Christianity in Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a> </td> <td>32,988,134 </td> <td>4.30 </td> <td>1,418,608 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Manipur" title="Christianity in Manipur">Manipur</a> </td> <td>2,855,794 </td> <td>41.29 </td> <td>1,179,043 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Assam" title="Christianity in Assam">Assam</a> </td> <td>31,205,576 </td> <td>3.74 </td> <td>1,165,867 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Odisha" title="Christianity in Odisha">Odisha</a> </td> <td>41,974,218 </td> <td>2.77 </td> <td>1,161,708 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Karnataka" title="Christianity in Karnataka">Karnataka</a> </td> <td>61,095,297 </td> <td>1.87 </td> <td>1,142,647 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Andhra_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> </td> <td>84,580,777 </td> <td>1.34 </td> <td>1,129,784 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Maharashtra" title="Christianity in Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> </td> <td>112,374,333 </td> <td>0.96 </td> <td>1,080,073 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Mizoram" title="Christianity in Mizoram">Mizoram</a> </td> <td>1,097,206 </td> <td>87.16 </td> <td>956,331 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_West_Bengal" title="Christianity in West Bengal">West Bengal</a> </td> <td>91,276,115 </td> <td>0.72 </td> <td>658,618 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Chhattisgarh" title="Christianity in Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a> </td> <td>25,545,198 </td> <td>1.92 </td> <td>490,542 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Christianity in Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a> </td> <td>1,383,727 </td> <td>30.26 </td> <td>418,732 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Goa" title="Christianity in Goa">Goa</a> </td> <td>1,458,545 </td> <td>25.10 </td> <td>366,130 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Christianity in Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> </td> <td>199,812,341 </td> <td>0.18 </td> <td>356,448 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Punjab,_India" title="Christianity in Punjab, India">Punjab</a> </td> <td>27,743,338 </td> <td>1.26 </td> <td>348,230 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Gujarat" title="Christianity in Gujarat">Gujarat</a> </td> <td>60,439,692 </td> <td>0.52 </td> <td>316,178 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Christianity in Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> </td> <td>72,626,809 </td> <td>0.29 </td> <td>213,282 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Tripura" title="Christianity in Tripura">Tripura</a> </td> <td>3,673,917 </td> <td>4.35 </td> <td>159,882 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Delhi" title="Christianity in Delhi">Delhi</a> </td> <td>16,787,941 </td> <td>0.87 </td> <td>146,093 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bihar" title="Christianity in Bihar">Bihar</a> </td> <td>104,099,452 </td> <td>0.12 </td> <td>129,247 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> </td> <td>68,548,437 </td> <td>0.14 </td> <td>96,430 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a> </td> <td>380,581 </td> <td>21.28 </td> <td>80,984 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Puducherry" title="Christianity in Puducherry">Puducherry</a> </td> <td>1,247,953 </td> <td>6.29 </td> <td>78,550 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sikkim" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Sikkim">Sikkim</a> </td> <td>610,577 </td> <td>9.91 </td> <td>60,522 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a> </td> <td>25,351,462 </td> <td>0.20 </td> <td>50,353 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Uttarakhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a> </td> <td>10,086,292 </td> <td>0.37 </td> <td>37,781 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> </td> <td>12,541,302 </td> <td>0.28 </td> <td>35,631 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a> </td> <td>6,864,602 </td> <td>0.18 </td> <td>12,646 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a> </td> <td>1,055,450 </td> <td>0.83 </td> <td>8,720 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli">Dadra and Nagar Haveli</a> </td> <td>343,709 </td> <td>1.49 </td> <td>5,113 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Daman_and_Diu" title="Daman and Diu">Daman and Diu</a> </td> <td>243,247 </td> <td>1.16 </td> <td>2,820 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a> </td> <td>64,473 </td> <td>0.49 </td> <td>317 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Caste demographic data reported by the <a href="/wiki/Sachar_Committee" title="Sachar Committee">Sachar Committee</a> on Muslim Affairs in 2006<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Religion</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_castes_and_scheduled_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes">Scheduled caste</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_castes_and_scheduled_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes">Scheduled tribe</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Other_Backward_Class" title="Other Backward Class">Other Backward Class</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Forward_caste" title="Forward caste">Forward caste</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></td> <td>89.50%</td> <td>7.40%</td> <td>0.4%</td> <td>2.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></td> <td>30.70%</td> <td>0.90%</td> <td>22.4%</td> <td>46.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></td> <td>22.20%</td> <td>9.10%</td> <td>42.8%</td> <td>26% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:silver">Christianity</td> <td style="background:silver">9.00%</td> <td style="background:silver">32.80%</td> <td style="background:silver">24.8%</td> <td style="background:silver">33.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Islam</td> <td>0.80%</td> <td>0.50%</td> <td>39.2%</td> <td>59.5% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conflicts_and_controversies">Conflicts and controversies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_India&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Conflicts and controversies">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hindu–Christian_conflict">Hindu–Christian conflict</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_India&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Hindu–Christian conflict">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Christians_in_India" title="Violence against Christians in India">Violence against Christians in India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beef_bans_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Beef bans in India">Beef bans in India</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anti-conversion_laws_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-conversion laws in India">anti-conversion laws in India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adoration_Mangalore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Adoration_Mangalore.jpg/200px-Adoration_Mangalore.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Adoration_Mangalore.jpg/300px-Adoration_Mangalore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Adoration_Mangalore.jpg/400px-Adoration_Mangalore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Adoration Monastery, <a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a>, after it was vandalized by the <a href="/wiki/Bajrang_Dal" title="Bajrang Dal">Bajrang Dal</a> during the <a href="/wiki/September_2008_attacks_on_Christians_in_Mangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="September 2008 attacks on Christians in Mangalore">September 2008 attacks on Christians in Mangalore</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orissa_violence_destroyedbuilding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Orissa_violence_destroyedbuilding.jpg/250px-Orissa_violence_destroyedbuilding.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Orissa_violence_destroyedbuilding.jpg/375px-Orissa_violence_destroyedbuilding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Orissa_violence_destroyedbuilding.jpg/500px-Orissa_violence_destroyedbuilding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/House_church" title="House church">house church</a> burnt during the <a href="/wiki/2008_anti-Christian_attacks_in_Orissa" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 anti-Christian attacks in Orissa">2008 anti-Christian attacks in Orissa</a></figcaption></figure> The arrival of European colonialists brought about large-scale missionary activity in <a href="/wiki/Coastal_India" title="Coastal India">coastal India</a> and <a href="/wiki/North-East_India" class="mw-redirect" title="North-East India">North-East India</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cuncolim_Massacre" title="Cuncolim Massacre">Cuncolim Massacre</a><a href="#cite_note-CE-242">[242]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Invasion_of_Goa_(1683)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Invasion of Goa (1683)">Mahratta invasion of Goa-Anjediva and Bombay-Bassein</a> are among the first known clashes.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/1998_attacks_on_Christians_in_southeastern_Gujarat" title="1998 attacks on Christians in southeastern Gujarat">1998 attacks on Christians in southeastern Gujarat</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> reported that from 25 December 1988 to 3 January 1999, at least 20 prayer halls were damaged or burnt down and Christian institutions were attacked in the <a href="/wiki/Dang_district,_India" title="Dang district, India">Dangs district</a>, and its surrounding districts and at least 25 villages had reported incidents of burning and damages to prayer halls all over Gujarat.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> On 22 January 1999, an Australian missionary <a href="/wiki/Graham_Staines" title="Graham Staines">Graham Staines</a> and his two sons were burnt to death by <a href="/wiki/Dara_Singh_(Bajrang_Dal)" title="Dara Singh (Bajrang Dal)">Dara Singh (Bajrang Dal)</a> while sleeping in his station wagon at <a href="/wiki/Manoharpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Manoharpur">Manoharpur</a> village in <a href="/wiki/Keonjhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Keonjhar">Keonjhar</a> district in Odisha, India.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> In the annual human rights reports for 1999, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> also criticized India for "increasing societal violence against Christians."<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> The report on anti-Christian violence listed over 90 incidents of anti-Christian violence, ranging from damage of religious property to violence against Christians pilgrims. The states of <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, Madhya Pradesh, <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> passed laws placing restrictions on forced religious conversions as a result of communal tension between Christians and Hindus.<a href="#cite_note-:1-249">[249]</a> The legislation passed in Tamil Nadu was later repealed.<a href="#cite_note-:1-249">[249]</a> In 2007, 19 churches were burned by Hindu right-wingers in Odisha following conflicts between Hindus and Christians regarding Christmas celebrations in the <a href="/wiki/Kandhamal_district" title="Kandhamal district">Kandhamal district</a>.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> In 2008, there was again violence against Christians, particularly in the state of <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>,<a href="#cite_note-HRW-251">[251]</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Swami_Lakshmanananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Murder of Swami Lakshmanananda">murder of Swami Lakshmanananda</a> by <a href="/wiki/Indian_Maoists" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Maoists">Indian Maoists</a> (communist insurgents), tensions flared between the two communities in 2008. Christians were blamed and attacked in Orissa with 38 killed and over 250 churches damaged while several thousands of Christians were displaced. Sitting <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> (BJP) MLA <a href="/wiki/Manoj_Pradhan" title="Manoj Pradhan">Manoj Pradhan</a> was sentenced to rigorous imprisonment for six years by a fast track court for a murder during the 2008 communal riots in Odisha's <a href="/wiki/Kandhamal_district" title="Kandhamal district">Kandhamal district</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-252">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-hindu-odisha-253">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2008_anti-Christian_attacks_in_Orissa" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 anti-Christian attacks in Orissa">2008 anti-Christian attacks in Orissa</a> spilled over and escalated into the <a href="/wiki/2008_attacks_on_Christians_in_southern_Karnataka" title="2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka">2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka</a> state. The acts of violence include arson and vandalism of churches, forced conversion of Christians to <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> by threats of physical violence, distribution of threatening literature, burning of Bibles, raping of nuns, murder of Christian priests, and destruction of Christian schools, colleges and cemeteries.<a href="#cite_note-HRW-251">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-MANAS-255">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> A program or movement with its roots in <a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a> ideology, known as <a href="/wiki/Ghar_wapasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghar wapasi">Ghar wapasi</a> ('returning home'), sponsored by a number of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu nationalist">Hindu nationalist</a> groups, facilitates the mass conversion of Christians– and, especially, Muslims –"back" to their supposedly "inherent" or "natural" religion of Hinduism. Organisations which promote Ghar wapasi include the far-right <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a>, and the right-wing groups <a href="/wiki/Vishva_Hindu_Parishad" title="Vishva Hindu Parishad">Vishva Hindu Parishad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dharm_Jagaran_Samiti" title="Dharm Jagaran Samiti">Dharm Jagaran Samiti</a>. Its support by influential officials within the BJP, the governing party, has led to criticism such that support threatens the secularism and freedom of religion enshrined in India's constitution.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> India is number 10 on Open Doors' 2022 World Watch List, an annual ranking of the fifty countries where Christians face the most extreme persecution.<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> However, a faction of the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kerala" title="Christianity in Kerala">Syrian Christians of Kerala</a> do support the <a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a> ideology & extremist groups like the <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">RSS</a>; which was involved in the violent and forceful demolition of the <a href="/wiki/Babri_Masjid" title="Babri Masjid">Babri Masjid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muslim–Christian_conflict">Muslim–Christian conflict</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_India&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Muslim–Christian conflict">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Captivity_of_Mangalorean_Catholics_at_Seringapatam" title="Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam">captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JamalabadFortPassage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/JamalabadFortPassage.jpg/180px-JamalabadFortPassage.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/JamalabadFortPassage.jpg/270px-JamalabadFortPassage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/JamalabadFortPassage.jpg/360px-JamalabadFortPassage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2472" data-file-height="3296" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Jamalabad" title="Jamalabad">Jamalabad</a> fort route. <a href="/wiki/Mangalorean_Catholics" title="Mangalorean Catholics">Mangalorean Catholics</a> travelled through this route on their way to <a href="/wiki/Seringapatam" class="mw-redirect" title="Seringapatam">Seringapatam</a></figcaption></figure> The relationship between Muslims and Christians in India has also been occasionally turbulent. With the advent of European colonialism in India throughout the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, Christians were systematically persecuted in certain Muslim-ruled kingdoms in India, particularly the actions by <a href="/wiki/Tippu_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tippu Sultan">Tippu Sultan</a>, the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Mangalorean_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangalorean Catholic">Mangalorean Catholics</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_Canara" title="South Canara">South Canara</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Captivity_of_Mangalorean_Catholics_at_Seringapatam" title="Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam">captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam</a>, which began on 24 February 1784 and ended 15 years later on 4 May 1799, remains the most disconsolate memory in that community's history.<a href="#cite_note-dajser-262">[262]</a> The Bakur Manuscript reports Tippu Sultan as having said:<a href="#cite_note-Lobo-263">[263]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">All Musalmans should unite together, considering the annihilation of infidels as a sacred duty, and labour to the utmost of their power, to accomplish that subject.</blockquote> Soon after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Mangalore" title="Treaty of Mangalore">Treaty of Mangalore</a> in 1784, Tipu gained control of <a href="/wiki/South_Canara" title="South Canara">South Canara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForrest1887314–316-264">[264]</a> He issued orders to seize the Christians in Canara, confiscate their estates,<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> and deport them to Seringapatam, the capital of his empire, via the <a href="/wiki/Jamalabad" title="Jamalabad">Jamalabad</a>-fort route.<a href="#cite_note-dm-266">[266]</a> However, there were no priests among the captives. Together with Fr Miranda, all the 21 arrested priests were issued orders of expulsion to Goa, fined Rs 200,000, and threatened with death by hanging if they ever returned.<a href="#cite_note-Lobo-263">[263]</a> Tipu ordered the destruction of twenty-seven Catholic churches[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] all intricately carved with statues depicting various saints. Among them were Nossa Senhora de Rosario Milagres at <a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a>, Jesu Marie Jose at <a href="/wiki/Omzoor" title="Omzoor">Omzoor</a>, the Chapel at <a href="/wiki/Bolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolar">Bolar</a>, the Church of Merces at <a href="/wiki/Ullal" title="Ullal">Ullal</a>, Imaculata Conceiciao at <a href="/wiki/Mulki,_Karnataka" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulki, Karnataka">Mulki</a>, Sao Lawrence at <a href="/wiki/Karkal" class="mw-redirect" title="Karkal">Karkal</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and Immaculata Conceciao at Baidnur.<a href="#cite_note-Lobo-263">[263]</a> All were razed to the ground, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Hospet_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Hospet Church">Church of Holy Cross</a> at <a href="/wiki/Hospet" title="Hospet">Hospet</a>, owing to the friendly offices of the Chauta Raja of <a href="/wiki/Moodbidri" class="mw-redirect" title="Moodbidri">Moodbidri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-escdemo-267">[267]</a> An instigating factor that helped spark the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a> was, for Muslims sepoys, resistance to the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>'s introduction of the new <a href="/wiki/Pattern_1853_Enfield" title="Pattern 1853 Enfield">Enfield Rifle-Musket</a>—abhorrent to them due to a belief that the weapon's cartridges, which they would be required to handle and even to bite open the encasing papers, were greased with pig fat, a religiously unacceptable agent for Muslim soldiers. Sepoys interpreted the rumours of grease constituents as a deliberate ploy by the company to defile Muslim soldiers so that they would convert to Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> In combination with a corresponding idea that cow fat was included to defile Hindu soldiers, this was perceived as an attempt to impose <a href="/wiki/Christian_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian law">Christian law</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hindustan" title="Hindustan">Hindustan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalrymple200922–23-269">[269]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/William_Dalrymple_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Dalrymple (historian)">William Dalrymple</a> notes the religiously imbued rhetoric employed, in contrast to nationalistic sentiment. For instance, when <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah Zafar</a> met the sepoys on 11 May 1857, he was told: "We have joined hands to protect our religion and our faith." They later stood in <a href="/wiki/Chandni_Chowk" title="Chandni Chowk">Chandni Chowk</a>, the main square, and asked the people gathered there, "Brothers, are you with those of the faith?"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalrymple200922–23-269">[269]</a> Those British men and women who had previously converted to Islam such as the defectors, Sergeant-Major Gordon, and Abdullah Beg, a former Company soldier, were spared.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalrymple2009153-270">[270]</a> In contrast, foreign Christians such as the Rev Midgeley John Jennings, as well as Indian converts to Christianity such as one of Zafar's personal physicians, Chaman Lal, were killed outright.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalrymple2009153-270">[270]</a> Dalrymple recounts that as late as 6 September, when calling the inhabitants of Delhi to rally against the upcoming British assault, Zafar issued a proclamation stating that this was a religious war being prosecuted on behalf of "the faith", and that all Muslim and Hindu residents of the imperial city, or of the countryside were encouraged to stay true to their faith and creeds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalrymple200922–23-269">[269]</a> He observes that the Urdu sources of the pre- and post-rebellion periods usually refer to the British not as angrez ('the English'), goras ('whites') or firangis ('foreigners'), but as <a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">kafir</a> ('infidels') and nasrani ('Christians').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalrymple200922–23-269">[269]</a> Muslims in India who convert to Christianity are considered apostates and subject to harassment, intimidation, and attacks by Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-arson-271">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a>, a Christian convert and missionary named Bashir Tantray was killed, allegedly by militant Islamists in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_Christian_communities_in_India">List of Christian communities in India</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_India&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: List of Christian communities in India">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_communities">Christian communities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_India&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Christian communities">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_people" title="Anglo-Indian people">Anglo-Indian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Christians" title="Bengali Christians">Bengali Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettiah_Christians" title="Bettiah Christians">Bettiah Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_East_Indian_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay East Indian Catholics">Bombay East Indian Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Revival_Church" title="Christian Revival Church">Christian Revival Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalit Christians">Dalit Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goan_Catholics" title="Goan Catholics">Goan Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karwari_Catholics" title="Karwari Catholics">Karwari Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knanaya_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Knanaya Christians">Knanaya Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Catholics_of_Malabar" title="Latin Catholics of Malabar">Latin Catholics of Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalorean_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangalorean Christians">Mangalorean Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Christians" title="Marathi Christians">Marathi Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Meitei Christians">Meitei Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestants_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants in India">Protestants in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Christians" title="Punjabi Christians">Punjabi Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reddy_Catholics" title="Reddy Catholics">Reddy Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Thomas_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="St Thomas Christians">St Thomas Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Christians">Tamil Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Telugu Christian">Telugu Christian</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity_by_state/_territory">Christianity by state/ territory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_India&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Christianity by state/ territory">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Christianity in Arunachal Pradesh">Christianity in Arunachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Assam" title="Christianity in Assam">Christianity in Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bihar" title="Christianity in Bihar">Christianity in Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Chhattisgarh" title="Christianity in Chhattisgarh">Christianity in Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Delhi" title="Christianity in Delhi">Christianity in Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Goa" title="Christianity in Goa">Christianity in Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Gujarat" title="Christianity in Gujarat">Christianity in Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Jharkhand" title="Christianity in Jharkhand">Christianity in Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Karnataka" title="Christianity in Karnataka">Christianity in Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kerala" title="Christianity in Kerala">Christianity in Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Christianity in Madhya Pradesh">Christianity in Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Maharashtra" title="Christianity in Maharashtra">Christianity in Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Manipur" title="Christianity in Manipur">Christianity in Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Meghalaya" title="Christianity in Meghalaya">Christianity in Meghalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Mizoram" title="Christianity in Mizoram">Christianity in Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nagaland" title="Christianity in Nagaland">Christianity in Nagaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Odisha" title="Christianity in Odisha">Christianity in Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Punjab,_India" title="Christianity in Punjab, India">Christianity in Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Christianity in Tamil Nadu">Christianity in Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Tripura" title="Christianity in Tripura">Christianity in Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Christianity in Uttar Pradesh">Christianity in Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_West_Bengal" title="Christianity in West Bengal">Christianity in West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indian_Christians">Indian Christians</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_India&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Indian Christians">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_Christians" title="List of Indian Christians">List of Indian Christians</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_India&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_violence_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Christian violence in India">Anti-Christian violence in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_violence_in_Karnataka" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Christian violence in Karnataka">Anti-Christian violence in Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in India">Buddhism in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_India" title="Catholic Church in India">Catholic Church in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_among_Indian_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Caste system among Indian Christians">Caste system among Indian Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_seminaries_and_theological_colleges_in_India" title="Christian seminaries and theological colleges in India">Christian seminaries and theological colleges in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bangladesh" title="Christianity in Bangladesh">Christianity in Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Pakistan" title="Christianity in Pakistan">Christianity in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nepal" title="Christianity in Nepal">Christianity in Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Christianity in Sri Lanka">Christianity in Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_India,_Burma_and_Ceylon" title="Church of India, Burma and Ceylon">Church of India, Burma and Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_Christian_churches_into_Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Conversion of Christian churches into Hindu temples">Conversion of Christian churches into Hindu temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_India" title="Freedom of religion in India">Freedom of religion in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Staines" title="Graham Staines">Graham Staines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pentecostalism_in_India" title="History of Pentecostalism in India">History of Pentecostalism in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Christian_Day" title="Indian Christian Day">Indian Christian Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Christian_Front" title="Indian Christian Front">Indian Christian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Christian_Marriage_Act_of_1872" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Christian Marriage Act of 1872">Indian Christian Marriage Act of 1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Christian_Weddings" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Christian Weddings">Indian Christian Weddings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religion in India">Indigenous religion in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_India" title="Irreligion in India">Irreligion in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus in India">Jesus in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koswad" class="mw-redirect" title="Koswad">Koswad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_notable_Indian_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="List of notable Indian Christians">List of notable Indian Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_India" title="List of cathedrals in India">List of cathedrals in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Saints_from_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Saints from India">List of Saints from India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_basilicas_in_India" title="List of basilicas in India">List of basilicas in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_missionaries_in_India" title="List of Catholic missionaries in India">List of Catholic missionaries in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Protestant_missionaries_in_India" title="List of Protestant missionaries in India">List of Protestant missionaries in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monti_Fest" title="Monti Fest">St Mary's Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_India" title="Sikhism in India">Sikhism in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Teresa of Calcutta">Teresa of Calcutta</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_India&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_India&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output 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.citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-s-population-at-1-21-billion-hindus-79-8-muslims-14-2-115082600038_1.html">"India's population at 1.21 billion; Hindus 79.8%, Muslims 14.2%"</a>. Business Standard India. 26 August 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210424101619/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-s-population-at-1-21-billion-hindus-79-8-muslims-14-2-115082600038_1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Standard+India&rft.atitle=India%27s+population+at+1.21+billion%3B+Hindus+79.8%25%2C+Muslims+14.2%25&rft.date=2015-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Farticle%2Fcurrent-affairs%2Findia-s-population-at-1-21-billion-hindus-79-8-muslims-14-2-115082600038_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160415232228/https://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/district/356-mumbai-suburban.html">"Mumbai Suburban District Religion Data – Census 2011"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/district/356-mumbai-suburban.html">the original</a> on 15 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mumbai+Suburban+District+Religion+Data+%E2%80%93+Census+2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census2011.co.in%2Fdata%2Freligion%2Fdistrict%2F356-mumbai-suburban.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pew1-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pew1_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pew1_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pew1_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHackett2011" class="citation web cs1">Hackett, Conrad (December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf">"Global Christianity A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population"</a> (PDF). Pew–Templeton global religious futures project. pp. 19, 27, 57, 60, 75, 83, 90, 119. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210201151952/https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2021. <q>Estimated 2010 Christian Population 31,850,000 (pages 19, 60, 75) Protestant 18,860,000 Catholic 10,570,000 Orthodox 2,370,000 Others 50,000 (pp. 27, 83)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Christianity+A+Report+on+the+Size+and+Distribution+of+the+World%27s+Christian+Population&rft.pages=19%2C+27%2C+57%2C+60%2C+75%2C+83%2C+90%2C+119&rft.pub=Pew%E2%80%93Templeton+global+religious+futures+project&rft.date=2011-12&rft.aulast=Hackett&rft.aufirst=Conrad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.pewresearch.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F11%2F2011%2F12%2FChristianity-fullreport-web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahlbuschBromileyLochman2008285-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFahlbuschBromileyLochman2008285_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFahlbuschBromileyLochman2008285_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFahlbuschBromileyLochman2008285_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFahlbuschBromileyLochman2008285_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFahlbuschBromileyLochman2008285_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFahlbuschBromileyLochman2008285_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFahlbuschBromileyLochman2008285_4-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFahlbuschBromileyLochman2008285_4-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFahlbuschBromileyLochman2008285_4-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFFahlbuschBromileyLochman2008">Fahlbusch, Bromiley & Lochman 2008</a>, p. 285. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarmanRao2014" class="citation book cs1">Carman, John B.; Rao, Chilkuri Vasantha (2014). Christians in South Indian Villages, 1959–2009: Decline and Revival in Telangana. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4674-4205-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4674-4205-3"><bdi>978-1-4674-4205-3</bdi></a>. <q>Most Indian Christians believe that the apostle Thomas arrived in southwest India (the present state of Kerala) in 52 C.E. and several years later was martyred outside the city of Mailapur (now part of metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>), on a hill now called <a href="/wiki/San_Thome" class="mw-redirect" title="San Thome">St Thomas Mount</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christians+in+South+Indian+Villages%2C+1959%E2%80%932009%3A+Decline+and+Revival+in+Telangana&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4674-4205-3&rft.aulast=Carman&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rft.au=Rao%2C+Chilkuri+Vasantha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-india-180958117-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-india-180958117_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-india-180958117_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZacharia2016" class="citation web cs1">Zacharia, Paul (19 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/how-christianity-came-to-india-kerala-180958117/">"The Surprisingly Early History of Christianity in India"</a>. Smithsonian Journeys Travel Quarterly: India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160220035012/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/how-christianity-came-to-india-kerala-180958117/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Journeys+Travel+Quarterly%3A+India&rft.atitle=The+Surprisingly+Early+History+of+Christianity+in+India&rft.date=2016-02-19&rft.aulast=Zacharia&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Ftravel%2Fhow-christianity-came-to-india-kerala-180958117%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110208073816/http://stthoma.com/">"About Thomas The Apostle"</a>. sthhoma.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stthoma.com/">the original</a> on 8 February 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Thomas+The+Apostle&rft.pub=sthhoma.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstthoma.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtinJames2018" class="citation book cs1">Curtin, D. P.; James, M.R. (June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8yvTEAAAQBAJ">The Acts of St. Thomas in India</a>. Dalcassian Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781087965710" title="Special:BookSources/9781087965710"><bdi>9781087965710</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Acts+of+St.+Thomas+in+India&rft.pub=Dalcassian+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2018-06&rft.isbn=9781087965710&rft.aulast=Curtin&rft.aufirst=D.+P.&rft.au=James%2C+M.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8yvTEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Puthiakunnel-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Puthiakunnel_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Puthiakunnel_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Puthiakunnel_9-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuthiakunnel1973" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Puthiakunnel, Thomas (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stthomaschristia0000unse_e8v5/page/26/mode/2up?view=theater&q=Puthiakunnel">"Jewish colonies of India paved the way for St Thomas"</a>. In Menachery, George (ed.). The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India. Vol. 2. Madras: BNK Press. pp. 26–27. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1237836">1237836</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jewish+colonies+of+India+paved+the+way+for+St+Thomas&rft.btitle=The+St.+Thomas+Christian+Encyclopaedia+of+India&rft.place=Madras&rft.pages=26-27&rft.pub=BNK+Press&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1237836&rft.aulast=Puthiakunnel&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstthomaschristia0000unse_e8v5%2Fpage%2F26%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater%26q%3DPuthiakunnel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allen_Myers-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_Myers_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_Myers_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen_C._Myers1987" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Allen C. Myers, ed. (1987). "Aramaic". The Eerdmans Bible Dictionary. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-2402-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-2402-1"><bdi>0-8028-2402-1</bdi></a>. <q>It is generally agreed that Aramaic was the common language of Israel in the first century AD. Jesus and his disciples spoke the Galilean dialect, which was distinguished from that of Jerusalem (Matt. 26:73)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aramaic&rft.btitle=The+Eerdmans+Bible+Dictionary&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-8028-2402-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Aramaic-language">"Aramaic language"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 5 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aramaic+language&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FAramaic-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://w2.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/audiences/2006/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20060927.html">"Benedict XVI, General Audience, St Peter's Square: Thomas the twin"</a>. w2.vatican.va. 27 September 2006. Retrieved 5 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=w2.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Benedict+XVI%2C+General+Audience%2C+St+Peter%27s+Square%3A+Thomas+the+twin&rft.date=2006-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fw2.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fbenedict-xvi%2Fen%2Faudiences%2F2006%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_ben-xvi_aud_20060927.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlapak2003" class="citation book cs1">Slapak, Orpa, ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qhKGPprbQaYC&q=St.+Thomas">The Jews of India: A Story of Three Communities</a>. The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-278-179-7" title="Special:BookSources/965-278-179-7"><bdi>965-278-179-7</bdi></a> – via University Press of New England.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+India%3A+A+Story+of+Three+Communities&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=The+Israel+Museum%2C+Jerusalem&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=965-278-179-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqhKGPprbQaYC%26q%3DSt.%2BThomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuresh_K_Sharma,_Usha_Sharma" class="citation book cs1">Suresh K Sharma, Usha Sharma. Cultural and Religious Heritage of India: Christianity. <q>The earliest historical evidence, however, regarding the existence of a Church in South India dates from the sixth century AD</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+and+Religious+Heritage+of+India%3A+Christianity&rft.au=Suresh+K+Sharma%2C+Usha+Sharma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Salomon, H. P. and Sassoon, I. S. D., in Saraiva, Antonio Jose. The Marrano Factory. The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians, 1536–1765 (Brill, 2001), pp. 345–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-rediff.com-16"><a href="#cite_ref-rediff.com_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/sep/14inter1.htm">"'Goa Inquisition was most merciless and cruel'"</a>. Rediff.com. 14 September 2005. Retrieved 17 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rediff.com&rft.atitle=%27Goa+Inquisition+was+most+merciless+and+cruel%27&rft.date=2005-09-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rediff.com%2Fnews%2F2005%2Fsep%2F14inter1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRao1963" class="citation book cs1">Rao, R. P. (1963). Portuguese Rule in Goa: 1510–1961. Asia Publishing House. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3296297">3296297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portuguese+Rule+in+Goa%3A+1510%E2%80%931961&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Asia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3296297&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=R.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151118130358/http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/student/Goa-Inquisition/2015/09/03/article2979630.ece">"Goa Inquisition"</a>. The New Indian Express. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/student/Goa-Inquisition/2015/09/03/article2979630.ece">the original</a> on 18 November 2015. Retrieved 17 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Goa+Inquisition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Feducation%2Fstudent%2FGoa-Inquisition%2F2015%2F09%2F03%2Farticle2979630.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP._Pm_Shirodkar1994" class="citation book cs1">P. Pm Shirodkar (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vtf1eRE8FC8C&q=persecution">Discoveries, Missionary Expansion, and Asian Cultures</a>. Concept Publishing Company. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170224976" title="Special:BookSources/9788170224976"><bdi>9788170224976</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discoveries%2C+Missionary+Expansion%2C+and+Asian+Cultures&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9788170224976&rft.au=P.+Pm+Shirodkar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvtf1eRE8FC8C%26q%3Dpersecution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangford_LouroSpodek2007" class="citation web cs1">Langford Louro, Michele; Spodek, Howard (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asianstudies.org/publications/eaa/archives/india-in-the-world-the-world-in-india-1450-1770/">"India in the World; the World in India 1450-1770"</a>. Association for Asian Studies. Retrieved 4 January 2024. <q>The Portuguese also sought to convert Indians to Roman Catholicism. Until 1540 the pace was slow and erratic. With the arrival in India of the Catholic Counter-Reformation and its Jesuit troops, however, 'intolerance became the theme.' The Portuguese destroyed all of the Hindu temples in Goa, their Indian Ocean capital, and many in other settlements as well. 'Most Hindu ceremonies were forbidden, including marriage and cremation.' In 1560, the Portuguese instituted the Inquisition, and by 1600 two-thirds of the population of the city of Goa were Christians. Many of the newly converted Christians nevertheless remained quite conscious of their caste position in the Hindu hierarchy. It was not unusual for a person to identify himself as a Goan Christian Saraswat Brahmin.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Association+for+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=India+in+the+World%3B+the+World+in+India+1450-1770&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Langford+Louro&rft.aufirst=Michele&rft.au=Spodek%2C+Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianstudies.org%2Fpublications%2Feaa%2Farchives%2Findia-in-the-world-the-world-in-india-1450-1770%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaraivaSalomonSassoon2001" class="citation book cs1">Saraiva, António José; Salomon, Herman Prins; Sassoon (28 September 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/title/7235">The Marrano Factory: The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians 1536–1765</a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789047400868_022">10.1163/9789047400868_022</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-0086-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-0086-8"><bdi>978-90-474-0086-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marrano+Factory%3A+The+Portuguese+Inquisition+and+Its+New+Christians+1536%E2%80%931765&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2001-09-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789047400868_022&rft.isbn=978-90-474-0086-8&rft.aulast=Saraiva&rft.aufirst=Ant%C3%B3nio+Jos%C3%A9&rft.au=Salomon%2C+Herman+Prins&rft.au=Sassoon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Ftitle%2F7235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126213953/https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/christian-impact-india-history">"Christian Impact on India, History of"</a>. www.encyclopedia.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/christian-impact-india-history">the original</a> on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Christian+Impact+on+India%2C+History+of&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Finternational%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fchristian-impact-india-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theprint.in/opinion/christianity-hasnt-failed-in-india-conversion-not-goal/501136/">"Christianity hasn't failed in India. Conversion isn't its only goal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ThePrint" title="ThePrint">ThePrint</a>. 12 September 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210926224530/https://theprint.in/opinion/christianity-hasnt-failed-in-india-conversion-not-goal/501136/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThePrint&rft.atitle=Christianity+hasn%27t+failed+in+India.+Conversion+isn%27t+its+only+goal&rft.date=2020-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheprint.in%2Fopinion%2Fchristianity-hasnt-failed-in-india-conversion-not-goal%2F501136%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/13999/11/11_chapter%204.pdf">"The Work of Pioneer Missionaries"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185553/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/13999/11/11_chapter%204.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Work+of+Pioneer+Missionaries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in%3A8080%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F10603%2F13999%2F11%2F11_chapter%25204.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.studocu.com/in/document/jamia-millia-islamia/history-and-philosophy-of-social-work/contribution-of-christian-missionaries-to-social-work-practice-in-india/21293292">"Contribution of Christian Missionaries to Social work Practice in India"</a>. Studocu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Studocu&rft.atitle=Contribution+of+Christian+Missionaries+to+Social+work+Practice+in+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.studocu.com%2Fin%2Fdocument%2Fjamia-millia-islamia%2Fhistory-and-philosophy-of-social-work%2Fcontribution-of-christian-missionaries-to-social-work-practice-in-india%2F21293292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240623120324/https://ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in/soc14/chapter/social-reform-movement-in-19th-century-india">"Social Reform Movement in 19th Century India"</a>. Social Movement. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in/soc14/chapter/social-reform-movement-in-19th-century-india">the original</a> on 23 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Social+Movement&rft.atitle=Social+Reform+Movement+in+19th+Century+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Febooks.inflibnet.ac.in%2Fsoc14%2Fchapter%2Fsocial-reform-movement-in-19th-century-india&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaube2005" class="citation book cs1">Chaube, Sarayu Prasad (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jf4RxehpiewC&dq=social+evils+devadasi+purdah+Christian+missionaries&pg=PA10">Recent Philosophies of Education in India</a>. Concept Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-216-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-216-1"><bdi>978-81-8069-216-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recent+Philosophies+of+Education+in+India&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-8069-216-1&rft.aulast=Chaube&rft.aufirst=Sarayu+Prasad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJf4RxehpiewC%26dq%3Dsocial%2Bevils%2Bdevadasi%2Bpurdah%2BChristian%2Bmissionaries%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240906184153/https://www.christianitytoday.com/2024/04/india-fcra-ngo-world-vision-foreign-funding-close">"The Regulation Suffocating Christian Ministries in India"</a>. 2 April 2024. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianitytoday.com/2024/04/india-fcra-ngo-world-vision-foreign-funding-close">the original</a> on 6 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Regulation+Suffocating+Christian+Ministries+in+India&rft.date=2024-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2F2024%2F04%2Findia-fcra-ngo-world-vision-foreign-funding-close&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240906183816/https://www.christianitytoday.com/2021/02/india-christian-charity-fcra-nationalist-modi-license">"Indian Government Regulation Squeezes Christian Charities"</a>. 16 February 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianitytoday.com/2021/02/india-christian-charity-fcra-nationalist-modi-license">the original</a> on 6 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indian+Government+Regulation+Squeezes+Christian+Charities&rft.date=2021-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2F2021%2F02%2Findia-christian-charity-fcra-nationalist-modi-license&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220102151632/https://www.voanews.com/a/india-s-foreign-funding-ban-on-missionaries-of-charity-comes-amid-pushback-against-religious-conversions-/6378682.html">"India's Foreign Funding Ban on Missionaries of Charity Fuels Controversy"</a>. 2 January 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/india-s-foreign-funding-ban-on-missionaries-of-charity-comes-amid-pushback-against-religious-conversions-/6378682.html">the original</a> on 2 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=India%27s+Foreign+Funding+Ban+on+Missionaries+of+Charity+Fuels+Controversy&rft.date=2022-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Findia-s-foreign-funding-ban-on-missionaries-of-charity-comes-amid-pushback-against-religious-conversions-%2F6378682.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2023" class="citation news cs1">Singh, Vijaita (14 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231014155841/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/mha-data-shows-nearly-half-of-fresh-fcra-registrations-under-the-religious-category-are-for-christian-ngos/article67420855.ece">"MHA data shows nearly half of fresh FCRA registrations under the religious category are for Christian NGOs"</a>. The Hindu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/mha-data-shows-nearly-half-of-fresh-fcra-registrations-under-the-religious-category-are-for-christian-ngos/article67420855.ece">the original</a> on 14 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=MHA+data+shows+nearly+half+of+fresh+FCRA+registrations+under+the+religious+category+are+for+Christian+NGOs&rft.date=2023-10-14&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Vijaita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fmha-data-shows-nearly-half-of-fresh-fcra-registrations-under-the-religious-category-are-for-christian-ngos%2Farticle67420855.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVempeny2003" class="citation book cs1">Vempeny, Sebastian (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NAmKAAAAMAAJ&q=dadra+nagar+haveli+caste+Christian">Minorities in Contemporary India</a>. Kanishka Publishers, Distributors. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7391-534-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7391-534-5"><bdi>978-81-7391-534-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minorities+in+Contemporary+India&rft.pub=Kanishka+Publishers%2C+Distributors&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-7391-534-5&rft.aulast=Vempeny&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNAmKAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Ddadra%2Bnagar%2Bhaveli%2Bcaste%2BChristian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalapura2015" class="citation journal cs1">Kalapura, Jose (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43953933">"Philanthropic Organizations and Community Development: The Case of the Bettiah Christians in India"</a>. Asian Journal of Social Science. 43 (4): 400–434. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15685314-04304005">10.1163/15685314-04304005</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43953933">43953933</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Journal+of+Social+Science&rft.atitle=Philanthropic+Organizations+and+Community+Development%3A+The+Case+of+the+Bettiah+Christians+in+India&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=400-434&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15685314-04304005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43953933%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kalapura&rft.aufirst=Jose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43953933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalapura2000" class="citation journal cs1">Kalapura, Jose (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44148177">"King, Fort, Zamindaris and Missionaries: The Founding of Bihar's Oldest Christian Community, 1745"</a>. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 61: 1011–1028. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44148177">44148177</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=King%2C+Fort%2C+Zamindaris+and+Missionaries%3A+The+Founding+of+Bihar%27s+Oldest+Christian+Community%2C+1745&rft.volume=61&rft.pages=1011-1028&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44148177%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kalapura&rft.aufirst=Jose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44148177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CSI2010-35"><a href="#cite_ref-CSI2010_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csisynod.com/aboutus.php">"History"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Church_of_South_India" title="Church of South India">Church of South India</a>. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200811022709/http://csisynod.com/aboutus.php">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. <q>Being the largest Protestant church in India, the CSI celebrates her life with Indian culture and spirituality and she also raises her voice for the voiceless on matters of justice, peace and integrity of creation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft.pub=Church+of+South+India&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csisynod.com%2Faboutus.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csisynod.com/history.php">"History"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Church_of_South_India" title="Church of South India">Church of South India</a>. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214005331/https://www.csisynod.com/history.php">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2020. <q>The Church of South India is the result of the union of churches of varying traditions Anglican, Methodist, Congregational, Presbyterian, and Reformed. It was inaugurated in September 1947, after protracted negotiation among the churches concerned. Organized into 22 dioceses, each under the spiritual supervision of a bishop, the church as a whole is governed by a synod, which elects a moderator (presiding bishop) every 2 years. Episcopacy is thus combined with Synodical government, and the church explicitly recognizes that Episcopal, Presbyterian, and congregational elements are all necessary for the church's life.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft.pub=Church+of+South+India&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csisynod.com%2Fhistory.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watkins-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Watkins_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatkins2014" class="citation book cs1">Watkins, Keith (2014). The American Church that Might Have Been: A History of the Consultation on Church Union. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 14–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63087-744-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63087-744-6"><bdi>978-1-63087-744-6</bdi></a>. <q>The Church of South India created a polity that recognized Episcopal, Presbyterian, and Congregational elements and developed a book of worship that bridged the liturgical traditions that came into this new church. It set up a plan by which existing ministries were accepted while including processes which would lead to the time, a generation later, when all ministers would have been ordained by bishops in apostolic succession. The Church of South India was important as a prototype for a new American church because two factors had come together: the cross-confessional nature of its constituent parts and the intention to be, in effect, the Protestant Christian presence in communities all across the southern territories of its nation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Church+that+Might+Have+Been%3A+A+History+of+the+Consultation+on+Church+Union&rft.pages=14-15&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-63087-744-6&rft.aulast=Watkins&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">IDOC International. IDOC-North America. 1971. p. 85. <q>...churches that would combine the episcopal, presbyterian and congregational forms of church polity, and would accept the historic episcopate without committing the church to any particular theological interpretation of episcopacy. This is essentially what has been done both in the Church of South India and the Church of North India.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IDOC+International&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=IDOC-North+America&rft.date=1971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WMC2020-39"><a href="#cite_ref-WMC2020_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldmethodistcouncil.org/asia/name/india-church-of-north-india/">"Church of North India"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Methodist_Council" title="World Methodist Council">World Methodist Council</a>. 9 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200627112920/https://worldmethodistcouncil.org/asia/name/india-church-of-north-india/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2020. <q>The Church of North India is a united church which came into being as the result of a union of six churches on 29th November 1970. The six churches were: The Council of the Baptist Churches in Northern India, The Church of the Brethren in India; The Disciples of Christ; The Church of India (formerly known as the Church of India, Pakistan, Burma and Ceylon); The Methodist Church (British and Australian Conferences); The United Church of Northern India. ... The Church of North India is a full member of the World Council of Churches, the Christian Conference of Asia, the Council for World Mission, the Anglican Consultative Council, the World Methodist Council and the World Alliance of Reformed Churches.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Church+of+North+India&rft.pub=World+Methodist+Council&rft.date=2019-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldmethodistcouncil.org%2Fasia%2Fname%2Findia-church-of-north-india%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhimomi2019" class="citation book cs1">Zhimomi, Kaholi (2019). "Northeast India". In Kenneth Ross; Daniel Jeyaraj; Todd Johnson (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474439824.003.0014">Christianity in South and Central Asia</a>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 156–167. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fedinburgh%2F9781474439824.003.0014">10.3366/edinburgh/9781474439824.003.0014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474439848" title="Special:BookSources/9781474439848"><bdi>9781474439848</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242239030">242239030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Northeast+India&rft.btitle=Christianity+in+South+and+Central+Asia&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=156-167&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A242239030%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fedinburgh%2F9781474439824.003.0014&rft.isbn=9781474439848&rft.aulast=Zhimomi&rft.aufirst=Kaholi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3366%2Fedinburgh%2F9781474439824.003.0014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCenter2021" class="citation web cs1">Center, Pew Research (21 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/09/21/religious-demography-of-indian-states-and-territories/">"3. Religious demography of Indian states and territories"</a>. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. Retrieved 4 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.atitle=3.+Religious+demography+of+Indian+states+and+territories&rft.date=2021-09-21&rft.aulast=Center&rft.aufirst=Pew+Research&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Freligion%2F2021%2F09%2F21%2Freligious-demography-of-indian-states-and-territories%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOddie2001357,_361–363,_365-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOddie2001357,_361–363,_365_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOddie2001357,_361–363,_365_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOddie2001357,_361–363,_365_42-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOddie2001357,_361–363,_365_42-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFOddie2001">Oddie 2001</a>, pp. 357, 361–363, 365. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1974106–110-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1974106–110_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1974106–110_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1974106–110_43-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1974106–110_43-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1974">Thomas 1974</a>, pp. 106–110. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pinto2017-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Pinto2017_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinto2017" class="citation journal cs1">Pinto, Ambrose (19 August 2017). "Christian Contribution to the Freedom Struggle". Mainstream. LV (35).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mainstream&rft.atitle=Christian+Contribution+to+the+Freedom+Struggle&rft.volume=LV&rft.issue=35&rft.date=2017-08-19&rft.aulast=Pinto&rft.aufirst=Ambrose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bpb.de/themen/asien/indien/190253/from-thomas-the-apostle-to-crypto-christians/">"From Thomas the Apostle to Crypto Christians"</a>. 11 April 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407131537/https://www.bpb.de/themen/asien/indien/190253/from-thomas-the-apostle-to-crypto-christians/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 7 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+Thomas+the+Apostle+to+Crypto+Christians&rft.date=2014-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bpb.de%2Fthemen%2Fasien%2Findien%2F190253%2Ffrom-thomas-the-apostle-to-crypto-christians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/22/world/asia/india-christians-attacked.amp.html?espv=1">"Arrests, Beatings and Secret Prayers: Inside the Persecution of India's Christians"</a>. The New York Times. 22 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Arrests%2C+Beatings+and+Secret+Prayers%3A+Inside+the+Persecution+of+India%27s+Christians&rft.date=2021-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F12%2F22%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Findia-christians-attacked.amp.html%3Fespv%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/national/arrests-beatings-and-secret-prayers-inside-the-persecution-of-india-s-christians-1064158.html?espv=1">"Arrests, beatings and secret prayers: Inside the persecution of India's Christians"</a>. 24 December 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407131850/https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/national/arrests-beatings-and-secret-prayers-inside-the-persecution-of-india-s-christians-1064158.html?espv=1">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 7 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arrests%2C+beatings+and+secret+prayers%3A+Inside+the+persecution+of+India%27s+Christians&rft.date=2021-12-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Famp%2Fnational%2Farrests-beatings-and-secret-prayers-inside-the-persecution-of-india-s-christians-1064158.html%3Fespv%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iirf.eu/news/archiv/india-attack-on-indian-revival-meeting-sends-christians-underground/">"India: Attack on Indian revival meeting sends Christians underground | IIRF"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201230015326/https://www.iirf.eu/news/archiv/india-attack-on-indian-revival-meeting-sends-christians-underground/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=India%3A+Attack+on+Indian+revival+meeting+sends+Christians+underground+%26%23124%3B+IIRF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iirf.eu%2Fnews%2Farchiv%2Findia-attack-on-indian-revival-meeting-sends-christians-underground%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220817104726/https://m.thewire.in/article/rights/the-bogey-of-forced-conversions-has-long-diverted-us-from-the-realities-of-indian-christians/">"The Bogey of 'Forced Conversions' Has Long Diverted Us from the Realities of Indian Christians"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.thewire.in/article/rights/the-bogey-of-forced-conversions-has-long-diverted-us-from-the-realities-of-indian-christians/">the original</a> on 17 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bogey+of+%27Forced+Conversions%27+Has+Long+Diverted+Us+from+the+Realities+of+Indian+Christians&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.thewire.in%2Farticle%2Frights%2Fthe-bogey-of-forced-conversions-has-long-diverted-us-from-the-realities-of-indian-christians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230718224601/https://m.thewire.in/article/communalism/islam-christianity-conversion-hindutva-violence/">"No Country for Religious Converts"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.thewire.in/article/communalism/islam-christianity-conversion-hindutva-violence/">the original</a> on 18 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=No+Country+for+Religious+Converts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.thewire.in%2Farticle%2Fcommunalism%2Fislam-christianity-conversion-hindutva-violence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240222204257/https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/464628/as-another-christmas-arrives-hindu-extremists-are-targeting-indian-christians/">"As another Christmas arrives, Hindu extremists are targeting Indian Christians – Washington Examiner"</a>. 25 December 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/464628/as-another-christmas-arrives-hindu-extremists-are-targeting-indian-christians/">the original</a> on 22 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=As+another+Christmas+arrives%2C+Hindu+extremists+are+targeting+Indian+Christians+%E2%80%93+Washington+Examiner&rft.date=2022-12-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonexaminer.com%2Fopinion%2F464628%2Fas-another-christmas-arrives-hindu-extremists-are-targeting-indian-christians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150902194718/https://www.christiantoday.com/article/hindu.extremists.threaten.to.kill.christians.in.india.if.they.utter.the.name.of.christ/63567.htm">"Hindu extremists threaten to kill Christians in India if they 'utter the name of Christ'"</a>. September 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christiantoday.com/article/hindu.extremists.threaten.to.kill.christians.in.india.if.they.utter.the.name.of.christ/63567.htm">the original</a> on 2 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hindu+extremists+threaten+to+kill+Christians+in+India+if+they+%27utter+the+name+of+Christ%27&rft.date=2015-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christiantoday.com%2Farticle%2Fhindu.extremists.threaten.to.kill.christians.in.india.if.they.utter.the.name.of.christ%2F63567.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240222204059/https://fsspx.news/en/news/india-accelerates-forced-conversions-42406">"India Accelerates Forced Conversions | FSSPX News"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fsspx.news/en/news/india-accelerates-forced-conversions-42406">the original</a> on 22 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=India+Accelerates+Forced+Conversions+%26%23124%3B+FSSPX+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffsspx.news%2Fen%2Fnews%2Findia-accelerates-forced-conversions-42406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230524053837/https://www.ucanews.com/amp/christians-face-conversion-threat-in-riot-hit-indian-state/101401">"Christians face conversion threat in riot-hit Indian state – UCA News"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucanews.com/amp/christians-face-conversion-threat-in-riot-hit-indian-state/101401">the original</a> on 24 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christians+face+conversion+threat+in+riot-hit+Indian+state+%E2%80%93+UCA+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucanews.com%2Famp%2Fchristians-face-conversion-threat-in-riot-hit-indian-state%2F101401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230222072516/https://www.newsclick.in/Misuse-PESA-Act-Ghar-Wapsi-Chhattisgarh-Tribal-Christians-Report">"'Misuse' of PESA Act in Ghar Wapsi of Chhattisgarh Tribal Christians: Report"</a>. 21 February 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsclick.in/Misuse-PESA-Act-Ghar-Wapsi-Chhattisgarh-Tribal-Christians-Report">the original</a> on 22 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Misuse%27+of+PESA+Act+in+Ghar+Wapsi+of+Chhattisgarh+Tribal+Christians%3A+Report&rft.date=2023-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsclick.in%2FMisuse-PESA-Act-Ghar-Wapsi-Chhattisgarh-Tribal-Christians-Report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160408003257/https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2008/oct/19/orissa-violence-india-christianity-hinduism">"Convert or we will kill you, Hindu lynch mobs tell fleeing Christians | India | the Guardian"</a>. 18 October 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2008/oct/19/orissa-violence-india-christianity-hinduism">the original</a> on 8 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Convert+or+we+will+kill+you%2C+Hindu+lynch+mobs+tell+fleeing+Christians+%26%23124%3B+India+%26%23124%3B+the+Guardian&rft.date=2008-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famp.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2008%2Foct%2F19%2Forissa-violence-india-christianity-hinduism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThakur2015" class="citation news cs1">Thakur, Udit (29 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170605031925/https://www.thedailybeast.com/are-indias-christians-and-muslims-forced-to-become-hindus">"Are India's Christians and Muslims Forced to Become Hindus?"</a>. The Daily Beast. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/are-indias-christians-and-muslims-forced-to-become-hindus">the original</a> on 5 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=Are+India%27s+Christians+and+Muslims+Forced+to+Become+Hindus%3F&rft.date=2015-01-29&rft.aulast=Thakur&rft.aufirst=Udit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Fare-indias-christians-and-muslims-forced-to-become-hindus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171030210925/https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Nationalist-party:-India-is-not-a-country-for-Christians-42188.html">"Nationalist party: India is not a country for Christians"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Nationalist-party:-India-is-not-a-country-for-Christians-42188.html">the original</a> on 30 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nationalist+party%3A+India+is+not+a+country+for+Christians&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianews.it%2Fnews-en%2FNationalist-party%3A-India-is-not-a-country-for-Christians-42188.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231224022213/https://qantara.de/en/article/conversion-christians-and-muslims-india-homecoming-or-forced-conversion">"Conversion of Christians and Muslims in India: Homecoming or forced conversion? | Qantara.de"</a>. 16 March 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qantara.de/en/article/conversion-christians-and-muslims-india-homecoming-or-forced-conversion">the original</a> on 24 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conversion+of+Christians+and+Muslims+in+India%3A+Homecoming+or+forced+conversion%3F+%26%23124%3B+Qantara.de&rft.date=2015-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqantara.de%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fconversion-christians-and-muslims-india-homecoming-or-forced-conversion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshallGilbertShea2013" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, Paul; Gilbert, Lela; Shea, Nina (11 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-U_5kftaoSsC&dq=Hindu+extremist+Church+demolished&pg=PA98">Persecuted: The Global Assault on Christians</a>. Thomas Nelson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4002-0442-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4002-0442-7"><bdi>978-1-4002-0442-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persecuted%3A+The+Global+Assault+on+Christians&rft.pub=Thomas+Nelson&rft.date=2013-03-11&rft.isbn=978-1-4002-0442-7&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+Lela&rft.au=Shea%2C+Nina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-U_5kftaoSsC%26dq%3DHindu%2Bextremist%2BChurch%2Bdemolished%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230714091722/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mizoram-bjp-vice-president-vanramchhuanga-resigns-protest-manipur-church-burnings-2406490-2023-07-14">"Mizoram BJP vice-president resigns in protest against church burnings in Manipur"</a>. 14 July 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mizoram-bjp-vice-president-vanramchhuanga-resigns-protest-manipur-church-burnings-2406490-2023-07-14">the original</a> on 14 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mizoram+BJP+vice-president+resigns+in+protest+against+church+burnings+in+Manipur&rft.date=2023-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Findia%2Fstory%2Fmizoram-bjp-vice-president-vanramchhuanga-resigns-protest-manipur-church-burnings-2406490-2023-07-14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210715195410/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/political-blame-game-continues-over-demolition-of-church/article35354266.ece">"Political blame game continues over demolition of church"</a>. The Hindu. 15 July 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/political-blame-game-continues-over-demolition-of-church/article35354266.ece">the original</a> on 15 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Political+blame+game+continues+over+demolition+of+church&rft.date=2021-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2FDelhi%2Fpolitical-blame-game-continues-over-demolition-of-church%2Farticle35354266.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923182015/https://sabrangindia.in/demolition-3-churches-bjp-ruled-manipur-illegal-construction-causes-social-media-uproar">"Demolition of 3 Churches in BJP-Ruled Manipur for 'Illegal Construction' causes social media uproar"</a>. 12 April 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sabrangindia.in/demolition-3-churches-bjp-ruled-manipur-illegal-construction-causes-social-media-uproar">the original</a> on 23 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Demolition+of+3+Churches+in+BJP-Ruled+Manipur+for+%27Illegal+Construction%27+causes+social+media+uproar&rft.date=2023-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsabrangindia.in%2Fdemolition-3-churches-bjp-ruled-manipur-illegal-construction-causes-social-media-uproar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230624144152/https://www2.cbn.com/news/cwn/hindu-charity-texas-reportedly-raising-cash-demolish-churches-india">"Hindu Charity in Texas Reportedly Raising Cash to Demolish Churches in India"</a>. 20 December 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.cbn.com/news/cwn/hindu-charity-texas-reportedly-raising-cash-demolish-churches-india">the original</a> on 24 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hindu+Charity+in+Texas+Reportedly+Raising+Cash+to+Demolish+Churches+in+India&rft.date=2022-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.cbn.com%2Fnews%2Fcwn%2Fhindu-charity-texas-reportedly-raising-cash-demolish-churches-india&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210306033902/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-church-backs-bjp-neta-for-saving-shrine-from-demolition/articleshow/81360207.cms">"Kerala church backs BJP neta for saving shrine from demolition"</a>. The Times of India. 6 March 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-church-backs-bjp-neta-for-saving-shrine-from-demolition/articleshow/81360207.cms">the original</a> on 6 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Kerala+church+backs+BJP+neta+for+saving+shrine+from+demolition&rft.date=2021-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fkochi%2Fkerala-church-backs-bjp-neta-for-saving-shrine-from-demolition%2Farticleshow%2F81360207.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButlerBurns1998232-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButlerBurns1998232_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFButlerBurns1998">Butler & Burns 1998</a>, p. 232. </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-67"><a href="#cite_ref-EB_67-0">^</a> Encyclopædia Britannica, Micropædia. vol. 1, p. 924. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85229-633-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85229-633-9">0-85229-633-9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtinNath2017" class="citation book cs1">Curtin, D. P.; Nath, Nithul (May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jtbYEAAAQBAJ">The Ramban Pattu</a>. Dalcassian Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781087913766" title="Special:BookSources/9781087913766"><bdi>9781087913766</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ramban+Pattu&rft.pub=Dalcassian+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2017-05&rft.isbn=9781087913766&rft.aulast=Curtin&rft.aufirst=D.+P.&rft.au=Nath%2C+Nithul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjtbYEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeill200429-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeill200429_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeill200429_69-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeill2004">Neill 2004</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenachery2000" class="citation book cs1">Menachery, George (2000). Thomapedia. Thomapedia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-87132-13-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-87132-13-2"><bdi>81-87132-13-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56405161">56405161</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomapedia&rft.pub=Thomapedia&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56405161&rft.isbn=81-87132-13-2&rft.aulast=Menachery&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarghese2004" class="citation book cs1">Varghese, Pathikulangara (2004). Mar Thomma Margam: a new catechism for the Saint Thomas Christians of India. Denha Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-904135-0-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-904135-0-3"><bdi>81-904135-0-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/255155413">255155413</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mar+Thomma+Margam%3A+a+new+catechism+for+the+Saint+Thomas+Christians+of+India&rft.pub=Denha+Services&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F255155413&rft.isbn=81-904135-0-3&rft.aulast=Varghese&rft.aufirst=Pathikulangara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-missick-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-missick_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-missick_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-missick_72-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-missick_72-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-missick_72-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMissick2000" class="citation journal cs1">Missick, Stephen Andrew (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aina.org/articles/missick.pdf">"Mar Thoma: The Apostolic Foundation of the Assyrian Church and the Christians of St. Thomas in India"</a> (PDF). Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies. XIV (2): 33–61. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090304164708/http://www.aina.org/articles/missick.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 2 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Assyrian+Academic+Studies&rft.atitle=Mar+Thoma%3A+The+Apostolic+Foundation+of+the+Assyrian+Church+and+the+Christians+of+St.+Thomas+in+India&rft.volume=XIV&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=33-61&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Missick&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aina.org%2Farticles%2Fmissick.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVadakkekara2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVadakkekara2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVadakkekara2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_73-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVadakkekara2007">Vadakkekara 2007</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-Eusebius-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eusebius_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eusebius_74-1">b</a> Eusebius of Caesarea, Historia Ecclesiastica5. 9–10. Pantaenus, who was known by Clement of Alexandria (Eusebius Historia Ecclesiastica 5.11.1–2; 6.13.2) and Origen (Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 6.14.8), was certainly a historical person. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontgomery2002" class="citation book cs1">Montgomery, Robert L. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RkeOLTrPDI0C&q=%22Aramaic+spoken+by+Jesus%22">The Lopsided Spread of Christianity: Toward an Understanding of the Diffusion of Religions</a>. Westport: Praeger Publishers. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275973612" title="Special:BookSources/9780275973612"><bdi>9780275973612</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lopsided+Spread+of+Christianity%3A+Toward+an+Understanding+of+the+Diffusion+of+Religions&rft.place=Westport&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780275973612&rft.aulast=Montgomery&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRkeOLTrPDI0C%26q%3D%2522Aramaic%2Bspoken%2Bby%2BJesus%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Magi">"Magi biblical figures"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 10 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Magi+biblical+figures&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FMagi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFM-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AFM_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFM_77-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFM_77-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFM_77-3">d</a> A. E. Medlycott, India and The Apostle Thomas, pp. 18–71; M. R. James, Apocryphal New Testament, pp. 364–436; A. E. Medlycott, India and The Apostle Thomas, pp. 1–17, 213–97; Eusebius, History, chapter 4:30; <a href="/wiki/J._N._Farquhar" title="J. N. Farquhar">J. N. Farquhar</a>, The Apostle Thomas in North India, chapter 4:30; V. A. Smith, Early History of India, p. 235; <a href="#CITEREFBrown1956">Brown 1956</a>, pp. 49–59 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedlycott2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedlycott2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMedlycott2005">Medlycott 2005</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurikilamkatt2005" class="citation book cs1">Kurikilamkatt, James (31 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7U7VDwAAQBAJ">First Voyage of the Apostle Thomas to India: Ancient Christianity in Bharuch and Taxila</a>. ISD LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-925612-63-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-925612-63-9"><bdi>978-1-925612-63-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Voyage+of+the+Apostle+Thomas+to+India%3A+Ancient+Christianity+in+Bharuch+and+Taxila&rft.pub=ISD+LLC&rft.date=2005-12-31&rft.isbn=978-1-925612-63-9&rft.aulast=Kurikilamkatt&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7U7VDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2020" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Paul (17 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8GsJEAAAQBAJ">Christians and Christianity in India and Pakistan: A General Survey of the Progress of Christianity in India from Apostolic Times to the Present Day</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-22821-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-22821-2"><bdi>978-1-000-22821-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christians+and+Christianity+in+India+and+Pakistan%3A+A+General+Survey+of+the+Progress+of+Christianity+in+India+from+Apostolic+Times+to+the+Present+Day&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020-12-17&rft.isbn=978-1-000-22821-2&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8GsJEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'Souza2018" class="citation web cs1">D'Souza, Ornella (23 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dnaindia.com/just-before-monday/report-mumbai-s-oldest-church-st-thomas-cathedral-to-celebrate-its-three-hundredth-anniversary-on-christmas-day-2699173">"Mumbai's oldest church – St Thomas Cathedral to celebrate its three-hundredth anniversary on Christmas Day"</a>. DNA India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423015127/https://www.dnaindia.com/just-before-monday/report-mumbai-s-oldest-church-st-thomas-cathedral-to-celebrate-its-three-hundredth-anniversary-on-christmas-day-2699173">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DNA+India&rft.atitle=Mumbai%27s+oldest+church+%E2%80%93+St+Thomas+Cathedral+to+celebrate+its+three-hundredth+anniversary+on+Christmas+Day&rft.date=2018-12-23&rft.aulast=D%27Souza&rft.aufirst=Ornella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Fjust-before-monday%2Freport-mumbai-s-oldest-church-st-thomas-cathedral-to-celebrate-its-three-hundredth-anniversary-on-christmas-day-2699173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> K.S. Latourette, A History of the Expansion of Christianity, 7 vols., London, 1940–1949.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler200353-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler200353_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaumWinkler2003">Baum & Winkler 2003</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeill200441-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeill200441_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeill2004">Neill 2004</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrykenberg2010113-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrykenberg2010113_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrykenberg2010113_85-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrykenberg2010">Frykenberg 2010</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2018" class="citation book cs1">King, Daniel (2018). The Syriac World. Routledge Press. pp. 663–670. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138899018" title="Special:BookSources/9781138899018"><bdi>9781138899018</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Syriac+World&rft.pages=663-670&rft.pub=Routledge+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781138899018&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahlbuschBromileyLochman2008286-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFahlbuschBromileyLochman2008286_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFahlbuschBromileyLochman2008">Fahlbusch, Bromiley & Lochman 2008</a>, p. 286. </li> <li id="cite_note-Malekandathil2010-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Malekandathil2010_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPius_Malekandathil2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pius_Malekandathil" title="Pius Malekandathil">Pius Malekandathil</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rN69iFj1PJoC">Maritime India: Trade, Religion and Polity in the Indian Ocean</a>. Primus Books. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-01-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-01-6"><bdi>978-93-80607-01-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maritime+India%3A+Trade%2C+Religion+and+Polity+in+the+Indian+Ocean&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Primus+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-93-80607-01-6&rft.au=Pius+Malekandathil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrN69iFj1PJoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SG_Pothen-89"><a href="#cite_ref-SG_Pothen_89-0">^</a> Syrian Christians of Kerala- SG Pothen- page 32-33 (1970) </li> <li id="cite_note-Shattan-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Shattan_90-0">^</a> Manimekalai, by Merchant Prince Shattan, Gatha 27 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Anglo Saxon Chronicle Part II, 750–919 AD </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Marco Polo. The Book of Travels. page 287. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quilondiocese.com/quilon.php?Pid=16&Mid=73">"Milestones in the History of the Diocese of Quilon"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170620025717/http://www.quilondiocese.com/quilon.php?Pid=16&Mid=73">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Milestones+in+the+History+of+the+Diocese+of+Quilon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quilondiocese.com%2Fquilon.php%3FPid%3D16%26Mid%3D73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JOR-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JOR_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JOR_94-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060618161814/http://quilondiocese.org/former%20prelates%20of%20diocese.htm">"The greate prelates who shaped the history of diocese of quilon"</a>. Quilon Diocese. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quilondiocese.org/former%20prelates%20of%20diocese.htm">the original</a> on 18 June 2006. Retrieved 17 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+greate+prelates+who+shaped+the+history+of+diocese+of+quilon&rft.pub=Quilon+Diocese&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quilondiocese.org%2Fformer%2520prelates%2520of%2520diocese.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Thane-I/population_christians.html#2">"Gazetteers Of The Bombay Presidency – Thana"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101110033730/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Thane-I/population_christians.html#2">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 23 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gazetteers+Of+The+Bombay+Presidency+%E2%80%93+Thana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maharashtra.gov.in%2Fpdf%2Fgazeetter_reprint%2FThane-I%2Fpopulation_christians.html%232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.east-indians.com/history.pdf">"East Indians (the indigenous Catholic inhabitants of Bombay, Salsette and Bassein)"</a> (PDF). The East Indian Community. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120210185336/http://www.east-indians.com/history.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 2 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=East+Indians+%28the+indigenous+Catholic+inhabitants+of+Bombay%2C+Salsette+and+Bassein%29&rft.pub=The+East+Indian+Community&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.east-indians.com%2Fhistory.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> N.M. Mathew. St. Thomas Christians of Malabar Through Ages. CSS Tiruvalla. (2003). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7821-008-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-7821-008-8">81-7821-008-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler200352-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler200352_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaumWinkler2003">Baum & Winkler 2003</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailyhistory.org/How_did_Timur_change_the_history_of_the_world">"How did Timur change the history of the world"</a>. DailyHistory.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220305053212/https://dailyhistory.org/How_did_Timur_change_the_history_of_the_world">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DailyHistory.org&rft.atitle=How+did+Timur+change+the+history+of+the+world&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailyhistory.org%2FHow_did_Timur_change_the_history_of_the_world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://listverse.com/2018/01/15/10-terrors-of-the-tyrant-tamerlane/">"10 Terrors of the Tyrant Tamerlane"</a>. 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Retrieved 8 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Listverse&rft.atitle=10+Terrors+of+the+Tyrant+Tamerlane&rft.date=2018-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flistverse.com%2F2018%2F01%2F15%2F10-terrors-of-the-tyrant-tamerlane%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrykenberg2010111-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrykenberg2010111_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrykenberg2010">Frykenberg 2010</a>, p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-BritannicaIndia-102"><a href="#cite_ref-BritannicaIndia_102-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/115623/Christians-of-Saint-Thomas">"Christians of Saint Thomas"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150328144941/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/115623/Christians-of-Saint-Thomas">Archived</a> 28 March 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Retrieved 9 February 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrykenberg2010134–136-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrykenberg2010134–136_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrykenberg2010">Frykenberg 2010</a>, pp. 134–136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrykenberg200893-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrykenberg200893_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrykenberg2008">Frykenberg 2008</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000343-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000343_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilmshurst2000">Wilmshurst 2000</a>, p. 343. </li> <li id="cite_note-synod-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-synod_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-synod_106-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.synodofdiamper.com/synod.php">Synod of Diamper</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112031723/http://www.synodofdiamper.com/synod.php">Archived</a> 12 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on Synod of Diamper Church website. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gazette-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Gazette_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0JCaAAAAIAAJ">Census of India (1961: Kerala</a>. Office of the Registrar General. 1965. p. 111. <q>There are various versions about the wording of swearing, one version being that it was directed against the Portuguese, another that it was directed against Jesuits, yet another that it was directed against the authority of church of Rome</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Census+of+India+%281961%3A+Kerala&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Registrar+General&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0JCaAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> "Synod of Diamper." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 23 December 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> For the Acts and Decrees of the Synod cf. Michael Geddes, "A Short History of the Church of Malabar Together with the Synod of Diamper &c." London, 1694; Repr. in George Menachery, Ed., Indian Church History Classics, Vol.1, Ollur 1998, pp. 33–112. </li> <li id="cite_note-ODCC-110"><a href="#cite_ref-ODCC_110-0">^</a> Addai and Mari, Liturgy of. Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press. 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Thomas Joseph, "Malankara Syriac Orthodox Church," in Malankara Syriac Orthodox Church, edited by Sebastian P. Brock, Aaron M. Butts, George A. Kiraz and Lucas Van Rompay, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Malankara-Syriac-Orthodox-Church">https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Malankara-Syriac-Orthodox-Church</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210801114619/https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Malankara-Syriac-Orthodox-Church">Archived</a> 1 August 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasrani.net/amp/2007/02/13/kerala-syrian-christian-the-tomb-of-the-apostle-persian-church-syond-of-diamper-coonan-cross-oath-divisions/">"Kerala Syrian Christian, Thomas the Apostle in India, the tomb of the Apostles, Persian Church, Syond of Diamper – Coonan Cross Oath, Subsequent divisions and the Nasrani People"</a>. 13 February 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210522022802/https://www.nasrani.net/amp/2007/02/13/kerala-syrian-christian-the-tomb-of-the-apostle-persian-church-syond-of-diamper-coonan-cross-oath-divisions/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2021. 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Kiraz and Lucas Van Rompay, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Thomas-Christians">https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Thomas-Christians</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220307151211/https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Thomas-Christians">Archived</a> 7 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-GT-DEX-1453-09-114"><a href="#cite_ref-GT-DEX-1453-09_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150604120350/http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/battleswars14011600/p/Byzantine-Ottoman-Wars-Fall-Of-Constantinople.htm">"Byzantine-Ottoman Wars: Fall of Constantinople and spurring "age of discovery""</a>. 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Retrieved 18 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overview+of+Age+of+Exploration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.learnerator.com%2Fap-european-history%2Fstudy-center%2Fsummaries%2Fage-of-exploration%2Foverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1956[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1956[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1956">Brown 1956</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-Podipara-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Podipara_117-0">^</a> Podipara, Placid J. (1970) "The Thomas Christians". London: Darton, Longman and Tidd, 1970. (is a readable and exhaustive study of the St. Thomas Christians.) </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080309035010/http://old.mbconf.ca/mb/mbh3509/christin.htm">"Christianity in India"</a>. M.B. Herald, Vol. 35, No. 9. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.mbconf.ca/mb/mbh3509/christin.htm">the original</a> on 9 March 2008. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.umich.edu/area/sasia/dagama.htm">the original</a> on 16 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Michigan+Library&rft.atitle=Vasco+da+Gama+collection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.umich.edu%2Farea%2Fsasia%2Fdagama.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMundadan1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mathias_Mundadan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathias Mundadan">Mundadan, Mathias</a> (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UqEhAAAAMAAJ">The Arrival of the Portuguese in India and the Thomas Christians Under Mar Jacob, 1498–1552</a>. Dharmārām studies. Vol. 2. Bangalore: Dharmaram College. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/554054">554054</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arrival+of+the+Portuguese+in+India+and+the+Thomas+Christians+Under+Mar+Jacob%2C+1498%E2%80%931552&rft.place=Bangalore&rft.series=Dharm%C4%81r%C4%81m+studies&rft.pub=Dharmaram+College&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F554054&rft.aulast=Mundadan&rft.aufirst=Mathias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUqEhAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Paul-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_130-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxelrodFuerch1996" class="citation journal cs1">Axelrod, Paul; Fuerch, Michelle A. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190820230125/https://www.jstor.org/stable/313013">"Flight of the Deities: Hindu Resistance in Portuguese Goa"</a>. Modern Asian Studies. 30 (2): 387–421. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X00016516">10.1017/S0026749X00016516</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/313013">313013</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145210059">145210059</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/313013">the original</a> on 20 August 2019. Retrieved 9 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Flight+of+the+Deities%3A+Hindu+Resistance+in+Portuguese+Goa&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=387-421&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145210059%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F313013%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0026749X00016516&rft.aulast=Axelrod&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Fuerch%2C+Michelle+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F313013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowley2015" class="citation book cs1">Crowley, Roger (2015). Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire. London: Faber & Faber.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conquerors%3A+How+Portugal+Forged+the+First+Global+Empire&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeotonio_R._de_Souza1990" class="citation book cs1">Teotonio R. de Souza (1990). Goa Through the Ages: An economic history. Concept Publishing Company. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-259-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-259-0"><bdi>978-81-7022-259-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goa+Through+the+Ages%3A+An+economic+history&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-81-7022-259-0&rft.au=Teotonio+R.+de+Souza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouto" class="citation book cs1">Couto, Maria Aurora. Goa. Penguin Books. pp. 109–121, 128–131.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goa&rft.pages=109-121%2C+128-131&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.aulast=Couto&rft.aufirst=Maria+Aurora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlen" class="citation book cs1">Glen, Ames. Portugal and its empire, 1250–1800. Trent University Press. pp. 12–15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portugal+and+its+empire%2C+1250%E2%80%931800&rft.pages=12-15&rft.pub=Trent+University+Press&rft.aulast=Glen&rft.aufirst=Ames&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaraiva2001" class="citation book cs1">Saraiva, Antony Jose (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marranofactorypo00sari">The Marrano Factory: The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians 1536–1765</a>. BRILL Academic. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marranofactorypo00sari/page/n408">352</a>–357. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004120808" title="Special:BookSources/9789004120808"><bdi>9789004120808</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marrano+Factory%3A+The+Portuguese+Inquisition+and+Its+New+Christians+1536%E2%80%931765&rft.pages=352-357&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9789004120808&rft.aulast=Saraiva&rft.aufirst=Antony+Jose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarranofactorypo00sari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaraiva2001" class="citation book cs1">Saraiva, Antonio Jose (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marranofactorypo00sari">The Marrano Factory: The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians 1536–1765</a>. BRILL. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marranofactorypo00sari/page/n460">409</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004120808" title="Special:BookSources/9789004120808"><bdi>9789004120808</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marrano+Factory%3A+The+Portuguese+Inquisition+and+Its+New+Christians+1536%E2%80%931765&rft.pages=409&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9789004120808&rft.aulast=Saraiva&rft.aufirst=Antonio+Jose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarranofactorypo00sari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeupp2003" class="citation book cs1">Leupp, Gary P. 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Interracial Intimacy in Japan. <a href="/wiki/Continuum_International_Publishing_Group" title="Continuum International Publishing Group">Continuum International Publishing Group</a>. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6074-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6074-5"><bdi>978-0-8264-6074-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interracial+Intimacy+in+Japan&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-6074-5&rft.aulast=Leupp&rft.aufirst=Gary+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMachado1999104-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMachado1999104_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMachado1999104_138-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMachado1999">Machado 1999</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_139-1">b</a> The Legacy that Ziegenbalg Left (by). S. Muthiah (The Hindu <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2006/07/02/stories/2006070200200500.htm">http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2006/07/02/stories/2006070200200500.htm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080407202513/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2006/07/02/stories/2006070200200500.htm">Archived</a> 7 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-fryk-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fryk_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fryk_140-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrykenberg,_R.E.1999" class="citation journal cs1">Frykenberg, R.E. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220223074422/http://www.internationalbulletin.org/issues/1999-03/1999-03-130-frykenberg.pdf">"The Legacy of Christian Friedrich Schwartz"</a> (PDF). International Bulletin of Missionary Research. 23 (3): 130–135. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F239693939902300307">10.1177/239693939902300307</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149285695">149285695</a>. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Bulletin+of+Missionary+Research&rft.atitle=The+Legacy+of+Christian+Friedrich+Schwartz&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=130-135&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F239693939902300307&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149285695%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Frykenberg%2C+R.E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internationalbulletin.org%2Fissues%2F1999-03%2F1999-03-130-frykenberg.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearson,_H.N.1855" class="citation book cs1">Pearson, H.N. (1855). The life of Christian F. Swartz: Missionary at Travancore. A.D. 1750–1798. London: Seeley, Jackon, Halliday and B. Seeley.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+life+of+Christian+F.+Swartz%3A+Missionary+at+Travancore.+A.D.+1750%E2%80%931798&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Seeley%2C+Jackon%2C+Halliday+and+B.+Seeley&rft.date=1855&rft.au=Pearson%2C+H.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-142"><a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_142-0">^</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Schwarz,_Christian_Friedrich" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Schwarz, Christian Friedrich">Schwarz, Christian Friedrich</a>". <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 389.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Schwarz%2C+Christian+Friedrich&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=389&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pressacademy.org/content/herman-gundert">Herman Gundert | Kerala Press Academy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130514003031/http://pressacademy.org/content/herman-gundert">Archived</a> 14 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Pressacademy.org. Retrieved 28 July 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._C._Bhatt_and_Gopal_K._Bhargava2005" class="citation book cs1">S. C. Bhatt and Gopal K. Bhargava (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TDCKdPpbFPAC">Land and people of Indian states and union territories</a>. Gyan Publishing House. p. 289. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7835-370-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7835-370-8"><bdi>978-81-7835-370-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160527102140/https://books.google.com/books?id=TDCKdPpbFPAC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015. <q>This Bungalow in Tellicherry ... was the residence of Dr. Herman Gundert. He lived here for 20 years.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+and+people+of+Indian+states+and+union+territories&rft.pages=289&rft.pub=Gyan+Publishing+House&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-7835-370-8&rft.au=S.+C.+Bhatt+and+Gopal+K.+Bhargava&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTDCKdPpbFPAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeena2012" class="citation thesis cs1">Veena, Maben (31 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/132374">"6"</a>. Missionary Narratives – Chapter 6: Healing Bodies and Saving Souls: The Medical Mission (Thesis). pp. 188–240. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10603%2F132374">10603/132374</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423141047/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/132374">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 26 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Missionary+Narratives+%E2%80%93+Chapter+6%3A+Healing+Bodies+and+Saving+Souls%3A+The+Medical+Mission&rft.date=2012-12-31&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10603%2F132374&rft.aulast=Veena&rft.aufirst=Maben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in%2Fhandle%2F10603%2F132374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manjulakshi-146"><a href="#cite_ref-Manjulakshi_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManjulakshiShripad_Bhat2005" class="citation journal cs1">Manjulakshi, L.; Shripad Bhat (9 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.languageinindia.com/sep2005/kannadadictionary1.html">"Kannada Dialect Dictionaries and Dictionaries in Subregional Languages of Karnataka"</a>. Language in India. 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120217132327/http://www.languageinindia.com/sep2005/kannadadictionary1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+in+India&rft.atitle=Kannada+Dialect+Dictionaries+and+Dictionaries+in+Subregional+Languages+of+Karnataka&rft.volume=5&rft.date=2005-09-09&rft.aulast=Manjulakshi&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Shripad+Bhat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.languageinindia.com%2Fsep2005%2Fkannadadictionary1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRizvi2015" class="citation news cs1">Rizvi, Aliyeh (9 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/columns/others/Resident-Rendezvoyeur-Against-all-odds/articleshow/48414461.cms">"Resident Rendezvoyeur: Against all odds"</a>. Bangalore Mirror. 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India Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200604101028/http://www.indianphilately.net/news0414.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Post&rft.atitle=Indian+Philately+Digest+%3A+News+%3A+April+2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianphilately.net%2Fnews0414.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/web-exclusive/story/200-years-of-bangalores-oldest-christian-landmark-36864-2009-01-09">"200 years of Bangalore's oldest Christian landmark"</a>. 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The Indian Express. 5 July 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423015136/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/afghan-church-gets-a-glass-makeover/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2021. 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Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indian+Christians+Treat+Their+Women+Better%2C+Sex+Ratio+Highest&rft.date=2007-12-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medindia.net%2Fnews%2Findiaspecial%2FIndian-Christians-Treat-Their-Women-Better-Sex-Ratio-Highest-31076-1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalcatholicreporter.org/globalpers/gp091703.htm">"Global Perspective: India's Christian identity"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053301/http://www.nationalcatholicreporter.org/globalpers/gp091703.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Perspective%3A+India%27s+Christian+identity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalcatholicreporter.org%2Fglobalpers%2Fgp091703.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goa.mapsofindia.com/goa-carnival/origin-of-goa-carnival.html">Origin of Goa Carnival</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100619080554/http://goa.mapsofindia.com/goa-carnival/origin-of-goa-carnival.html">Archived</a> 19 June 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Anglo-Indians-mark-Christmas-with-charity/articleshow/3892370.cms">"Anglo-Indians mark Christmas with charity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. India. 26 December 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811090246/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-12-26/bangalore/27908605_1_anglo-indians-army-officer-charity">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Anglo-Indians+mark+Christmas+with+charity&rft.date=2008-12-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fbangalore%2FAnglo-Indians-mark-Christmas-with-charity%2Farticleshow%2F3892370.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141208140301/http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=153159">"Mangalorean.com – Mangalore News"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=153159">the original</a> on 8 December 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mangalorean.com+%E2%80%93+Mangalore+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mangalorean.com%2Fnews.php%3Fnewstype%3Dbroadcast%26broadcastid%3D153159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202233909/http://www.stjohnschurchbangalore.com/?page_id=103">"Harvest Festival"</a>. St. John's Church, Bangalore. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stjohnschurchbangalore.com/?page_id=103">the original</a> on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St.+John%27s+Church%2C+Bangalore&rft.atitle=Harvest+Festival&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stjohnschurchbangalore.com%2F%3Fpage_id%3D103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.surfindia.com/matrimonials/christian-wedding.html">"Christian Wedding"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170704203809/http://www.surfindia.com/matrimonials/christian-wedding.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christian+Wedding&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.surfindia.com%2Fmatrimonials%2Fchristian-wedding.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilvaFuchs1965" class="citation journal cs1">Silva, Severine; Fuchs, Stephen (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1177555">"The Marriage Customs of the Christians in South Canara, India"</a>. Asian Folklore Studies. 24 (2): 1–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1177555">10.2307/1177555</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1177555">1177555</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220707220746/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1177555">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2022. 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Infobase Publishing. pp. 284–285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6983-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6983-5"><bdi>978-0-8160-6983-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Protestantism&rft.pages=284-285&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-6983-5&rft.aulast=Melton&rft.aufirst=J.+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbW3sXBjnokkC%26q%3Dnumber%2Bprotestantism%2Bin%2Bindia%2Bmillion%26pg%3DPA284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lausanne1-198"><a href="#cite_ref-Lausanne1_198-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lausanne.org/lgc-transfer/number-of-christians-in-china-and-india-2">"Number of Christians in China and India"</a>. 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Retrieved 13 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lausanne+Movement&rft.atitle=Number+of+Christians+in+China+and+India&rft.date=2011-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lausanne.org%2Flgc-transfer%2Fnumber-of-christians-in-china-and-india-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/4243727.stm">"Factfile: Roman Catholics around the world"</a>. 1 April 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180115191253/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/4243727.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Factfile%3A+Roman+Catholics+around+the+world&rft.date=2005-04-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2F4243727.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/country/sc3.html">"Statistics by Country, by Percentage Catholic [Catholic-Hierarchy]"</a>. catholic-hierarchy.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200701013539/http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/country/sc3.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=catholic-hierarchy.org&rft.atitle=Statistics+by+Country%2C+by+Percentage+Catholic+%5BCatholic-Hierarchy%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic-hierarchy.org%2Fcountry%2Fsc3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhagat2004" class="citation book cs1">Bhagat, Pamela (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a5FX2jyJ8yoC&q=India+an+oxfam+country+profile+pamela+bhagat">India</a>. Oxfam. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85598-495-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85598-495-3"><bdi>978-0-85598-495-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Oxfam&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-85598-495-3&rft.aulast=Bhagat&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da5FX2jyJ8yoC%26q%3DIndia%2Ban%2Boxfam%2Bcountry%2Bprofile%2Bpamela%2Bbhagat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cummings1-202"><a href="#cite_ref-Cummings1_202-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCummings2015" class="citation book cs1">Cummings, Owen F. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4AP1BgAAQBAJ">One Body in Christ: Ecumenical Snapshots</a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-0216-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-0216-9"><bdi>978-1-4982-0216-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Body+in+Christ%3A+Ecumenical+Snapshots&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4982-0216-9&rft.aulast=Cummings&rft.aufirst=Owen+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4AP1BgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies1-203"><a href="#cite_ref-Davies1_203-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesConway2008" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Noel; Conway, Martin (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=42hnPa3QsngC&q=World+Christianity+in+the+20th+Century">World Christianity in the 20th Century</a>. Hymns Ancient and Modern Ltd. pp. 135–136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-334-04043-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-334-04043-9"><bdi>978-0-334-04043-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Christianity+in+the+20th+Century&rft.pages=135-136&rft.pub=Hymns+Ancient+and+Modern+Ltd&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-334-04043-9&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Noel&rft.au=Conway%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D42hnPa3QsngC%26q%3DWorld%2BChristianity%2Bin%2Bthe%2B20th%2BCentury&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSudhi2021" class="citation news cs1">Sudhi, K. S. (25 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-has-164-forward-caste-communities/article34161509.ece">"Kerala has 164 forward caste communities"</a>. The Hindu. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210611132055/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-has-164-forward-caste-communities/article34161509.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Kerala+has+164+forward+caste+communities&rft.date=2021-03-25&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Sudhi&rft.aufirst=K.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fkerala%2Fkerala-has-164-forward-caste-communities%2Farticle34161509.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKochukudy2021" class="citation news cs1">Kochukudy, Anand (6 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/in-kerala-the-church-is-a-crucial-political-player/article34247853.ece">"In Kerala, the Church is a crucial political player"</a>. The Hindu. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420183211/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/in-kerala-the-church-is-a-crucial-political-player/article34247853.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2021. 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From July to December, 1833</a>. Vol. CIII. Part II. 1833. p. 388. Retrieved 15 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gentleman%27s+Magazine%2C+and+Historical+Chronicle.+From+July+to+December%2C+1833&rft.series=Vol.+CIII.+Part+II.&rft.pages=388&rft.date=1833&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCnSrSlq_ckcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dm-266"><a href="#cite_ref-dm_266-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100709104331/http://www.dioceseofmangalore.org/history.asp">"Christianity in Mangalore"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Mangalore" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Mangalore">Diocese of Mangalore</a>. Archived from the original on 9 July 2010. Retrieved 30 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christianity+in+Mangalore&rft.pub=Diocese+of+Mangalore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dioceseofmangalore.org%2Fhistory.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-escdemo-267"><a href="#cite_ref-escdemo_267-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_B._Monteiro" class="citation web cs1">John B. Monteiro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120208022642/http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=129">"Monti Fest Originated at Farangipet – 240 Years Ago!"</a>. Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=129">the original</a> on 8 February 2012. Retrieved 28 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monti+Fest+Originated+at+Farangipet+%E2%80%93+240+Years+Ago%21&rft.pub=Daijiworld+Media+Pvt+Ltd+Mangalore&rft.au=John+B.+Monteiro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daijiworld.com%2Fchan%2Fexclusive_arch.asp%3Fex_id%3D129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid2003" class="citation book cs1">David, Saul (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indianmutiny18570000davi/page/60/mode/2up">"The greased cartridges"</a>. The Indian Mutiny: 1857. London; New York: Penguin. pp. 52–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-100554-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-100554-6"><bdi>978-0-14-100554-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+greased+cartridges&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Mutiny%3A+1857&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pages=52-66&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-14-100554-6&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Saul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findianmutiny18570000davi%2Fpage%2F60%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalrymple200922–23-269">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalrymple200922–23_269-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalrymple200922–23_269-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalrymple200922–23_269-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalrymple200922–23_269-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFDalrymple2009">Dalrymple 2009</a>, pp. 22–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalrymple2009153-270">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalrymple2009153_270-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalrymple2009153_270-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDalrymple2009">Dalrymple 2009</a>, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-arson-271"><a href="#cite_ref-arson_271-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGheddo2012" class="citation news cs1">Gheddo, Piero (25 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Indian-Kashmir,-Muslims-set-fire-to-a-Catholic-church-24848.html">"Indian Kashmir, 'unknown arsonists' set fire to a Catholic church"</a>. Asia News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200221023818/http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Indian-Kashmir,-Muslims-set-fire-to-a-Catholic-church-24848.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2020. Retrieved 4 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+News&rft.atitle=Indian+Kashmir%2C+%27unknown+arsonists%27+set+fire+to+a+Catholic+church&rft.date=2012-05-25&rft.aulast=Gheddo&rft.aufirst=Piero&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianews.it%2Fnews-en%2FIndian-Kashmir%2C-Muslims-set-fire-to-a-Catholic-church-24848.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarvalho" class="citation news cs1">Carvalho, Nirmala. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Indian-Kashmir,-two-Christians-arrested-on-false-charges-of-forced-conversions-27639.html">"Indian Kashmir, two Christians arrested on false charges of forced conversions"</a>. Asia News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190621061433/http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Indian-Kashmir,-two-Christians-arrested-on-false-charges-of-forced-conversions-27639.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+News&rft.atitle=Indian+Kashmir%2C+two+Christians+arrested+on+false+charges+of+forced+conversions&rft.aulast=Carvalho&rft.aufirst=Nirmala&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianews.it%2Fnews-en%2FIndian-Kashmir%2C-two-Christians-arrested-on-false-charges-of-forced-conversions-27639.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.speroforum.com/site/article.asp?id=6705">Christian convert from Islam shot dead in Kashmir</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071017021324/http://speroforum.com/site/article.asp?id=6705">Archived</a> 17 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_India&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayly1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Bayly" title="Susan Bayly">Bayly, Susan</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fxqtx8SflEsC">Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700–1900</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521891035" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521891035"><bdi>978-0521891035</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saints%2C+Goddesses+and+Kings%3A+Muslims+and+Christians+in+South+Indian+Society%2C+1700%E2%80%931900&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0521891035&rft.aulast=Bayly&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFxqtx8SflEsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumWinkler2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Baum_(historian)" title="Wilhelm Baum (historian)">Baum, Wilhelm</a>; Winkler, Dietmar W. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CnSCAgAAQBAJ">The Church of the East: A Concise History</a>. London-New York: Routledge-Curzon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134430192" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134430192"><bdi>978-1134430192</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+of+the+East%3A+A+Concise+History&rft.place=London-New+York&rft.pub=Routledge-Curzon&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1134430192&rft.aulast=Baum&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft.au=Winkler%2C+Dietmar+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCnSCAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorgesFeldmann1997" class="citation book cs1">Borges, Charles J.; Feldmann, Helmut, eds. (1997). Goa and Portugal: Their Cultural Links. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goa+and+Portugal%3A+Their+Cultural+Links&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1956" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Leslie W. (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H9gYAAAAIAAJ">The Indian Christians of St Thomas: An Account of the Ancient Syrian Church of Malabar</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Christians+of+St+Thomas%3A+An+Account+of+the+Ancient+Syrian+Church+of+Malabar&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Leslie+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH9gYAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButlerBurns1998" class="citation book cs1">Butler, Alban; Burns, Paul (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O8O1_vnTS3QC&pg=PA232">Butler's Lives of the Saints: August</a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86012-257-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86012-257-9"><bdi>978-0-86012-257-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Butler%27s+Lives+of+the+Saints%3A+August&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-86012-257-9&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Alban&rft.au=Burns%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO8O1_vnTS3QC%26pg%3DPA232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalrymple2009" class="citation book cs1">Dalrymple, William (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wYW5J-jQn8QC">The Last Mughal: The Fall of Delhi, 1857</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-0688-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-0688-3"><bdi>978-1-4088-0688-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Mughal%3A+The+Fall+of+Delhi%2C+1857&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4088-0688-3&rft.aulast=Dalrymple&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwYW5J-jQn8QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDas2014" class="citation book cs1">Das, Pradip Kumar (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PK0WBAAAQBAJ">Henry Irwin and the Indo Saracenic Movement Reconsidered</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1482822695" title="Special:BookSources/1482822695"><bdi>1482822695</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+Irwin+and+the+Indo+Saracenic+Movement+Reconsidered&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=1482822695&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=Pradip+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPK0WBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFahlbuschBromileyLochman2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Fahlbusch" title="Erwin Fahlbusch">Fahlbusch, Erwin</a>; <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_W._Bromiley" title="Geoffrey W. 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Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2417-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2417-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-2417-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Syrian+Orthodox+Churches+in+India&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Christianity&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2417-2&rft.aulast=Fahlbusch&rft.aufirst=Erwin&rft.au=Bromiley%2C+Geoffrey+William&rft.au=Lochman%2C+Jan+Milic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlZUBZlth2qgC%26pg%3DPP315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForrest1887" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_William_Forrest" title="George William Forrest">Forrest, George W.</a> (1887). Selections from the Letters, Despatches, and Other State Papers Preserved in the Bombay Secretariat. Vol. 2. Government Central Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3337278663" title="Special:BookSources/3337278663"><bdi>3337278663</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selections+from+the+Letters%2C+Despatches%2C+and+Other+State+Papers+Preserved+in+the+Bombay+Secretariat&rft.pub=Government+Central+Press&rft.date=1887&rft.isbn=3337278663&rft.aulast=Forrest&rft.aufirst=George+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrykenberg2008" class="citation book cs1">Frykenberg, Robert E. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mXgSDAAAQBAJ">Christianity in India: From Beginnings to the Present</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198263777" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198263777"><bdi>978-0198263777</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+in+India%3A+From+Beginnings+to+the+Present&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0198263777&rft.aulast=Frykenberg&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmXgSDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrykenberg2010" class="citation book cs1">Frykenberg, Robert E. (2010). Christianity in India: From Beginnings to the Present. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199575831" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199575831"><bdi>978-0199575831</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+in+India%3A+From+Beginnings+to+the+Present&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0199575831&rft.aulast=Frykenberg&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHastings2000" class="citation book cs1">Hastings, Adrian (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kL5-5Z2QGFsC">A World History of Christianity</a>. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4875-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4875-8"><bdi>978-0-8028-4875-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+History+of+Christianity&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4875-8&rft.aulast=Hastings&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkL5-5Z2QGFsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIssar1997" class="citation book cs1">Issar, Tribhuvan Prakash (1997). Goa Dourada: the Indo-Portuguese bouquet. Bangalore: Issar. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-900719-0-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-900719-0-1"><bdi>978-81-900719-0-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goa+Dourada%3A+the+Indo-Portuguese+bouquet&rft.place=Bangalore&rft.pub=Issar&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-900719-0-1&rft.aulast=Issar&rft.aufirst=Tribhuvan+Prakash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMachado1999" class="citation book cs1">Machado, Alan (Prabhu) (1999). Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians (1st ed.). Bangalore: I.J.A. Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-867782-5-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-867782-5-8"><bdi>978-81-867782-5-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sarasvati%27s+Children%3A+A+History+of+the+Mangalorean+Christians&rft.place=Bangalore&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=I.J.A.+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-867782-5-8&rft.aulast=Machado&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedlycott2005" class="citation book cs1">Medlycott, A. E. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/26318934-india-and-the-apostle-thomas">India and the Apostle Thomas: An Inquiry, with a Critical Analysis of the Acta Thomae</a>. Gorgias Press LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-180-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-180-1"><bdi>978-1-59333-180-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+and+the+Apostle+Thomas%3A+An+Inquiry%2C+with+a+Critical+Analysis+of+the+Acta+Thomae&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press+LLC&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59333-180-1&rft.aulast=Medlycott&rft.aufirst=A.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodreads.com%2Fbook%2Fshow%2F26318934-india-and-the-apostle-thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeill2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Neill" title="Stephen Neill">Neill, Stephen</a> (2004) [1984]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4VPgB__GQC">A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521548854" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521548854"><bdi>978-0521548854</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Christianity+in+India%3A+The+Beginnings+to+AD+1707&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0521548854&rft.aulast=Neill&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRH4VPgB__GQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOddie2001" class="citation journal cs1">Oddie, Geoffrey A. (2001). "Indian Christians and National Identity 1870–1947". The Journal of Religious History. 25 (3): 346–366. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-9809.00138">10.1111/1467-9809.00138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Religious+History&rft.atitle=Indian+Christians+and+National+Identity+1870%E2%80%931947&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=346-366&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-9809.00138&rft.aulast=Oddie&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPereira2000" class="citation book cs1">Pereira, José (2000). Baroque India: the neo-roman religious architecture of South Asia: a global stylistic survey. New Delhi: Aryan Books Internat. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7305-161-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7305-161-6"><bdi>978-81-7305-161-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baroque+India%3A+the+neo-roman+religious+architecture+of+South+Asia%3A+a+global+stylistic+survey&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Aryan+Books+Internat&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-7305-161-6&rft.aulast=Pereira&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchurhammerCostelloe1980" class="citation book cs1">Schurhammer, Georg; Costelloe, M. Joseph (1980). Francis Xavier: His Life, His Times: Indonesia & India, 1545–1549. Vol. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Francis+Xavier%3A+His+Life%2C+His+Times%3A+Indonesia+%26+India%2C+1545%E2%80%931549&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Schurhammer&rft.aufirst=Georg&rft.au=Costelloe%2C+M.+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1974" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Abraham Vazhayil (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dcDhYz8vUKcC">Christians in Secular India</a>. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-1021-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-1021-3"><bdi>978-0-8386-1021-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christians+in+Secular+India&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+Univ+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-8386-1021-3&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Abraham+Vazhayil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdcDhYz8vUKcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh_et_al2007" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Sarina; Butler, Stuart; Jealous, Virginia; Karafin, Amy; Richmond, Simon; Wlodarski, Rafael (2007). South India (4th ed.). Lonely Planet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-704-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-704-2"><bdi>978-1-74104-704-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+India&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-74104-704-2&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Sarina&rft.au=Butler%2C+Stuart&rft.au=Jealous%2C+Virginia&rft.au=Karafin%2C+Amy&rft.au=Richmond%2C+Simon&rft.au=Wlodarski%2C+Rafael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVadakkekara2007" class="citation book cs1">Vadakkekara, Benedict (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7f3YAAAAMAAJ">Origin of Christianity in India: A Historiographical Critique</a>. Delhi: Media House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7495-258-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7495-258-5"><bdi>978-81-7495-258-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origin+of+Christianity+in+India%3A+A+Historiographical+Critique&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Media+House&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-7495-258-5&rft.aulast=Vadakkekara&rft.aufirst=Benedict&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7f3YAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilmshurst2000" class="citation book cs1">Wilmshurst, David (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jB8ir0ek8bgC">The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913</a>. Louvain: Peeters Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9042908765" title="Special:BookSources/978-9042908765"><bdi>978-9042908765</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ecclesiastical+Organisation+of+the+Church+of+the+East%2C+1318%E2%80%931913&rft.place=Louvain&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-9042908765&rft.aulast=Wilmshurst&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjB8ir0ek8bgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_India&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnand_AmaladassGudrun_Löwner2012" class="citation book cs1">Anand Amaladass; Gudrun Löwner (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RI_HtwAACAAJ">Christian Themes in Indian Art: From the Mogul Times Till Today</a>. Manohar Publishers & Distributors. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-945-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-945-3"><bdi>978-81-7304-945-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Themes+in+Indian+Art%3A+From+the+Mogul+Times+Till+Today&rft.pub=Manohar+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-81-7304-945-3&rft.au=Anand+Amaladass&rft.au=Gudrun+L%C3%B6wner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRI_HtwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckerlegge1997" class="citation book cs1">Beckerlegge, Gwilym (1997). "Professor Friedrich Max Müller and the Missionary Cause". In Wolfe, John (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VRkNAQAAIAAJ">Religion in Victorian Britain. Vol. V – Culture and Empire</a>. <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-5184-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-5184-3"><bdi>0-7190-5184-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Professor+Friedrich+Max+M%C3%BCller+and+the+Missionary+Cause&rft.btitle=Religion+in+Victorian+Britain.+Vol.+V+%E2%80%93+Culture+and+Empire&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7190-5184-3&rft.aulast=Beckerlegge&rft.aufirst=Gwilym&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVRkNAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard1995" class="citation book cs1">Bernard, K. L. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lf5qGwAACAAJ">Flashes of Kerala History</a>. Cochin: Victory Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flashes+of+Kerala+History&rft.place=Cochin&rft.pub=Victory+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Bernard&rft.aufirst=K.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLf5qGwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowring1974" class="citation book cs1">Bowring, Lewin (1974) [1893]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110817114702/http://greatest-battles.webs.com/MysoreWars/MysoreWars.htm">Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan and the struggle with the Musalman powers of the south</a>. Delhi: Adabiyat-I Delli. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://greatest-battles.webs.com/MysoreWars/MysoreWars.htm">the original</a> on 17 August 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haidar+Ali+and+Tipu+Sultan+and+the+struggle+with+the+Musalman+powers+of+the+south&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Adabiyat-I+Delli&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Bowring&rft.aufirst=Lewin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgreatest-battles.webs.com%2FMysoreWars%2FMysoreWars.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyd1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Boyd_(theologian)" title="Robin Boyd (theologian)">Boyd, Robin</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dW0cAAAAMAAJ">An Introduction to Indian Christian Theology</a> (Revised ed.). Madras: Christian Literature Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Indian+Christian+Theology&rft.place=Madras&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Christian+Literature+Society&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdW0cAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Dutta, Sutapa (2017). British Women Missionaries in Bengal, 1793–1861. 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New York: Doubleday & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-08563-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-08563-X"><bdi>0-385-08563-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Definitions%3A+A+Short+Encyclopedia+of+Religions+of+the+Orient&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday+%26+Co&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-385-08563-X&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feasterndefinitio00rice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2003" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Rowena (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HyFDnV9k2cYC">Christians of India</a>. Sage Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-9822-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-9822-8"><bdi>978-0-7619-9822-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christians+of+India&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-9822-8&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Rowena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHyFDnV9k2cYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchurhammer1982" class="citation book cs1">Schurhammer, Georg (1982). Francis Xavier; His Life, His Times: India, 1541–1544. Vol. 2. Jesuit Historical Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Francis+Xavier%3B+His+Life%2C+His+Times%3A+India%2C+1541%E2%80%931544&rft.pub=Jesuit+Historical+Institute&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Schurhammer&rft.aufirst=Georg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Shourie, Arun. (2006). Missionaries in India: Continuities, changes, dilemmas. New Delhi: Rupa.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8172232702" title="Special:BookSources/978-8172232702">978-8172232702</a></li> <li>Thoburn, James M. The Christian conquest of India (1906) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christianconque00thob/page/n11/mode/2up">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilmshurst2011" class="citation book cs1">Wilmshurst, David (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zfxNtwAACAAJ">The martyred Church: A History of the Church of the East</a>. London: East & West Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1907318047" title="Special:BookSources/978-1907318047"><bdi>978-1907318047</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+martyred+Church%3A+A+History+of+the+Church+of+the+East&rft.place=London&rft.pub=East+%26+West+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1907318047&rft.aulast=Wilmshurst&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzfxNtwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li>This article includes material from the 1995 <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies" title="Library of Congress Country Studies">Library of Congress Country Study</a> on India.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Centre&rft.atitle=8+key+findings+about+Christians+in+India&rft.date=2021-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2021%2F07%2F12%2F8-key-findings-about-christians-in-india%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianitytoday.com/history/issues/issue-87/christianity-in-india.html">"History of Christianity in India"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christianity_Today" title="Christianity Today">Christianity Today</a>. July 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christianity+Today&rft.atitle=History+of+Christianity+in+India&rft.date=2005-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fhistory%2Fissues%2Fissue-87%2Fchristianity-in-india.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+India" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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denominations in India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_India" title="Catholic Church in India">Catholic Church in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara Catholic Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Nestorian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Syrian_Church" title="Chaldean Syrian Church">Chaldean Syrian Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Eastern_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Eastern Christianity">Oriental Protestant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Believers_Eastern_Church" title="Believers Eastern Church">Believers Eastern Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church">Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Evangelical_Church_of_India" title="St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India">St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_India" title="Protestantism in India">Protestant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lutheran" 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href="/wiki/Gossner_Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_Chotanagpur_and_Assam" title="Gossner Evangelical Lutheran Church in Chotanagpur and Assam">Gossner Evangelical Lutheran Church in Chotanagpur and Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Evangelical_Lutheran_Church" title="India Evangelical Lutheran Church">India Evangelical Lutheran Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeypore_Evangelical_Lutheran_Church" title="Jeypore Evangelical Lutheran Church">Jeypore Evangelical Lutheran Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Evangelical_Lutheran_Church" title="Northern Evangelical Lutheran Church">Northern Evangelical Lutheran Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Andhra_Lutheran_Church" title="South Andhra Lutheran Church">South Andhra Lutheran Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Evangelical_Lutheran_Church" title="Tamil Evangelical Lutheran Church">Tamil Evangelical Lutheran Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Evangelical_Lutheran_Churches_in_India" title="United Evangelical Lutheran Churches in India">United Evangelical Lutheran Churches in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_Church_in_India" title="Congregational Church in India">Congregational Church in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_Maraland" title="Evangelical Church of Maraland">Evangelical Church of Maraland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Presbyterian_Church,_Kalimpong" title="Free Presbyterian Church, Kalimpong">Free Presbyterian Church, Kalimpong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_India" title="Presbyterian Church of India">Presbyterian Church of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Free_Church_of_Central_India" title="Presbyterian Free Church of Central India">Presbyterian Free Church of Central India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Presbyterian_Church_North_East_India" title="Reformed Presbyterian Church North East India">Reformed Presbyterian Church North East India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Presbyterian_Church_of_India" title="Reformed Presbyterian Church of India">Reformed Presbyterian Church of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_India_Reformed_Churches" title="South India Reformed Churches">South India Reformed Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Northern_India_%E2%80%93_Presbyterian_Synod" title="United Church of Northern India – Presbyterian Synod">United Church of Northern India – Presbyterian Synod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a>/United</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_North_India" title="Church of North India">Church of North India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_South_India" title="Church of South India">Church of South India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Baptist_denominations_in_India" title="List of Baptist denominations in India">Baptist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_Church_of_Mizoram" title="Baptist Church of Mizoram">Baptist Church of Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_Union_of_North_India" title="Baptist Union of North India">Baptist Union of North India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Orissa_Bihar_Baptist_Convention" title="Bengal Orissa Bihar Baptist Convention">Bengal Orissa Bihar Baptist Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boro_Baptist_Church_Association" title="Boro Baptist Church Association">Boro Baptist Church Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boro_Baptist_Convention" title="Boro Baptist Convention">Boro Baptist Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Baptist_Churches_of_Northern_Circars" title="Convention of Baptist Churches of Northern Circars">Convention of Baptist Churches of Northern Circars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Baptist_Churches_in_Northeast_India" title="Council of Baptist Churches in Northeast India">Council of Baptist Churches in Northeast India</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Baptist_Church_Council" title="Arunachal Baptist Church Council">Arunachal Baptist Church Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Baptist_Convention" title="Assam Baptist Convention">Assam Baptist Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garo_Baptist_Convention" title="Garo Baptist Convention">Garo Baptist Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbi-Anglong_Baptist_Convention" title="Karbi-Anglong Baptist Convention">Karbi-Anglong Baptist Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipur_Baptist_Convention" title="Manipur Baptist Convention">Manipur Baptist Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaland_Baptist_Church_Council" title="Nagaland Baptist Church Council">Nagaland Baptist Church Council</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Baptist_Convention" title="Evangelical Baptist Convention">Evangelical Baptist Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mising_Baptist_Kebang" title="Mising Baptist Kebang">Mising Baptist Kebang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bank_Baptist_Christian_Association" title="North Bank Baptist Christian Association">North Bank Baptist Christian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orissa_Baptist_Evangelistic_Crusade" title="Orissa Baptist Evangelistic Crusade">Orissa Baptist Evangelistic Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavesam_of_Telugu_Baptist_Churches" title="Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches">Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Baptist_Church_Council" title="Telugu Baptist Church Council">Telugu Baptist Church Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Baptist_Christian_Union" title="Tripura Baptist Christian Union">Tripura Baptist Christian Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Assemblies of God in India">Assemblies of God in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Congregation_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Congregation in India">Christian Congregation in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Revival_Church" title="Christian Revival Church">Christian Revival Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manna_Full_Gospel_Churches" title="Manna Full Gospel Churches">Manna Full Gospel Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pentecostal_Mission" title="The Pentecostal Mission">The Pentecostal Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Pentecostal_Church_of_God" title="Indian Pentecostal Church of God">Indian Pentecostal Church of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Maranatha_Gospel_Church" title="Pentecostal Maranatha Gospel Church">Pentecostal Maranatha Gospel Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adventist" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventist">Adventist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Asia_Division_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="Southern Asia Division of Seventh-day Adventists">Southern Asia Division of Seventh-day Adventists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_India" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in India">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interdenominational organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Christian_Council" title="All India Christian Council">All India Christian Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church%27s_Auxiliary_for_Social_Action" title="Church's Auxiliary for Social Action">Church's Auxiliary for Social Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Churches_in_India" title="National Council of Churches in India">National Council of Churches in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christianity in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Assam" title="Christianity in Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Jharkhand" title="Christianity in Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Karnataka" title="Christianity in Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Maharashtra" title="Christianity in Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Manipur" title="Christianity in Manipur">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Meghalaya" title="Christianity in Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Mizoram" title="Christianity in Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nagaland" title="Christianity in Nagaland">Nagaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Odisha" title="Christianity in Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Christianity in Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_in_Northeast_India" title="List of Christian denominations in Northeast India">List of Christian denominations in Northeast India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Church" title="Malankara Church">Malankara Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_denominations_in_India" title="Category:Christian denominations in India">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity_in_India_by_state_and_union_territory" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_State_topic" title="Template:Indian State topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_State_topic" title="Template talk:Indian State topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_State_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian State topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity_in_India_by_state_and_union_territory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christianity in India</a> by state and union territory</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Andhra_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Christianity in Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Assam" title="Christianity in Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bihar" title="Christianity in Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Chhattisgarh" title="Christianity in Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Goa" title="Christianity in Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Gujarat" title="Christianity in Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Haryana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in Haryana (page does not exist)">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Himachal_Pradesh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in Himachal Pradesh (page does not exist)">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Jharkhand" title="Christianity in Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Karnataka" title="Christianity in Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kerala" title="Christianity in Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Christianity in Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Maharashtra" title="Christianity in Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Manipur" title="Christianity in Manipur">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Meghalaya" title="Christianity in Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Mizoram" title="Christianity in Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nagaland" title="Christianity in Nagaland">Nagaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Odisha" title="Christianity in Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Punjab,_India" title="Christianity in Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Rajasthan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in Rajasthan (page does not exist)">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sikkim" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Christianity in Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Telangana" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Telangana">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Tripura" title="Christianity in Tripura">Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Christianity in Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Uttarakhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_West_Bengal" title="Christianity in West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">Union territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in Andaman and Nicobar Islands (page does not exist)">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Chandigarh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in Chandigarh (page does not exist)">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu (page does not exist)">Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Delhi" title="Christianity in Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in Jammu and Kashmir (page does not exist)">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Ladakh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in Ladakh (page does not exist)">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Lakshadweep&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in Lakshadweep (page does not exist)">Lakshadweep</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Puducherry_(union_territory)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in Puducherry (union territory) (page does not exist)">Puducherry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Asia" title="Christianity in Asia">Christianity in Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Afghanistan" title="Christianity in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Azerbaijan" title="Christianity in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bahrain" title="Christianity in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bangladesh" title="Christianity in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bhutan" title="Christianity in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Brunei" title="Christianity in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_China" title="Christianity in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Cyprus" title="Christianity in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Egypt" title="Christianity in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Christianity in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Indonesia" title="Christianity in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iran" title="Christianity in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq" title="Christianity in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Israel" title="Christianity in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Japan" title="Christianity in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Jordan" title="Christianity in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kazakhstan" title="Christianity in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kuwait" title="Christianity in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Christianity in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Laos" title="Christianity in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Lebanon" title="Christianity in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Malaysia" title="Christianity in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Maldives" title="Christianity in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Mongolia" title="Christianity in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Myanmar" title="Christianity in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nepal" title="Christianity in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Oman" title="Christianity in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Pakistan" title="Christianity in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Philippines" title="Christianity in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Qatar" title="Christianity in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Russia" title="Christianity in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Christianity in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Singapore" title="Christianity in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Christianity in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Syria" title="Christianity in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Tajikistan" title="Christianity in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Thailand" title="Christianity in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Turkey" title="Christianity in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Turkmenistan" title="Christianity in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Christianity in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Uzbekistan" title="Christianity in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Vietnam" title="Christianity in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Yemen" title="Christianity in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Abkhazia" title="Christianity in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Taiwan" title="Christianity in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Hong_Kong" title="Christianity in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" 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title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_India" title="Sikhism in India">Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_India" title="Islam in India">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Islam in India">Sunni Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in India">Shia Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism_in_India" title="Sufism in India">Sufism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_India" title="Catholic Church in India">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_India" 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title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li>Meena ethnic</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policy and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_India" title="Secularism in India">Secularism in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_India" title="Freedom of religion in India">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_India" title="Religious violence in India">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_harmony_in_India" title="Religious harmony in India">Religious harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_thinkers_of_India" title="Religious thinkers of India">Religious thinkers</a></li> <li><a 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1,\n [\"CITEREFChaube2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCouto\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrowley2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCummings2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurtinJames2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurtinNath2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD\u0026#039;Souza1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD\u0026#039;Souza2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalrymple2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDas2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaviesConway2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDueck2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErnest_Hull1909\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFahlbuschBromileyLochman2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForrest1887\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrykenberg,_R.E.1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrykenberg2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrykenberg2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrykenberg2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGheddo2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHackett2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHastings2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHedlund\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolm1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIssar1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_B._Monteiro\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnstoneMiller2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalapura2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalapura2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKapoor2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaufmann1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKochukudy2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrishnamurty1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurikilamkatt2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLangford_LouroSpodek2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLatourette1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeupp2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMachado1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMandryk2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManjulakshiShripad_Bhat2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshallGilbertShea2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMedlycott2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelton2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenachery1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenachery2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenezes2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMingana1926\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMissick2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontgomery2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMooken1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoraes1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMundadan1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMundadan1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMundadan1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeill1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeill2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeill2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOddie1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOddie2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFP._Pm_Shirodkar1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearson,_H.N.1855\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPereira2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinto2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPius_Malekandathil2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPuthiakunnel1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajeshwarAmore2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRao1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRice1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRizvi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS._C._Bhatt_and_Gopal_K._Bhargava2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaraiva2001\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSaraivaSalomonSassoon2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchurhammer1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchurhammerCostelloe1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSebastian2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSelva_J._Raj2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShirodkar1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilvaFuchs1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh_et_al2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlapak2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSudhi2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuresh_K_Sharma,_Usha_Sharma\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeotonio_R._de_Souza1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThakur2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVadakkekara2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVarghese2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVeena2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVempeny2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVinay_Lal\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatkins2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilmshurst2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilmshurst2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZacharia2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhimomi2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFda_Silva_Gracias1997\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 4,\n [\"Asia in topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"CathEncy\"] = 1,\n [\"Christianity by country\"] = 1,\n [\"Christianity in India by region\"] = 1,\n [\"Christianity in India sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Churches in India\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 85,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopaedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 26,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 120,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 3,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 3,\n [\"EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagu\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvc\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 6,\n [\"Infobox religious group\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 8,\n [\"POV statement\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 6,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Religion in India topics\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 54,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sticky header\"] = 3,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 7,\n [\"Unreliable source?\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 10,\n [\"When\"] = 3,\n [\"Which\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","380","14.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","360","14.0"],["?","240","9.3"],["dataWrapper 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