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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Latin Christian ethno-religious community in India</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Mangalorean Catholics Kōdiyālcheñ Kathōlikā</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Monti_Fest_Pune.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Monti_Fest_Pune.jpg" decoding="async" width="550" height="316" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="316" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Mangaloreans partaking in the occasion of <a href="/wiki/Monti_Fest" title="Monti Fest">Monti Fest</a> at <a href="/wiki/Poona_(Pune)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poona (Pune)">Poona (Pune)</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Mangalore" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Mangalore">Diocese of Mangalore</a></th><td class="infobox-data">360,000<a href="#cite_note-MD-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Udupi" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Udupi">Diocese of Udupi</a></th><td class="infobox-data">106,000 (approx)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindi-Urdu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi-Urdu">Hindi-Urdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">Indian English</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Mahratti" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay Mahratti">Bombay Mahratti</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Maharashtra#Kudali_Catholics" title="Christianity in Maharashtra">Kudali Catholics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goan_Catholics" title="Goan Catholics">Goan Catholics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karwari_Catholics" title="Karwari Catholics">Karwari Catholics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombay_East_Indian_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay East Indian Catholics">Bombay East Indian Catholics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damanese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Damanese people">Damanese Catholics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mangalorean_Protestants" title="Mangalorean Protestants">Mangalorean Protestants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_Catholics_of_Malabar" title="Latin Catholics of Malabar">Latin Catholics of Malabar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koli_Christians" title="Koli Christians">Koli Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kunbi" title="Kunbi">Kunbi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maratha_(caste)" title="Maratha (caste)">Maratha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gauda_and_Kunbi" title="Gauda and Kunbi">Gaodi Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Brahmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Brahmin">Christian Brahmins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Cxatria" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Cxatria">Christian Cxatrias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saraswat_Brahmin" title="Saraswat Brahmin">Saraswat Brahmins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daivadnya" title="Daivadnya">Daivadnyas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaishya_Vani" title="Vaishya Vani">Vaishya Vanis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Indians">Anglo-Indians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luso-Indian" title="Luso-Indian">Luso-Indians</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Mangalorean Catholics (<a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a>: Kōdiyālcheñ Kathōlikā) are an <a href="/wiki/Ethno-religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethno-religious">ethno-religious</a> community of <a href="/wiki/Latin_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Christians">Latin Christians</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Mangalore" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Mangalore">Diocese of Mangalore</a> and the erstwhile <a href="/wiki/South_Canara" title="South Canara">South Canara</a> area, by the southwestern coast of present-day <a href="/wiki/Karnataka,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Karnataka, India">Karnataka, India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-spo-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Contemporary Mangalorean Catholics descend mainly from the <a href="/wiki/New_Christian" title="New Christian">New Christians</a> of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Goa">Portuguese Goa</a>, who migrated to the <a href="/wiki/Keladi_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Keladi Kingdom">Keladi Kingdom</a> 1560-1763,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> throughout the courses of the <a href="/wiki/Goan_Inquisition" class="mw-redirect" title="Goan Inquisition">Goan Inquisition</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese%E2%80%93Adil_Shahi_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese–Adil Shahi War">Portuguese–Adil Shahi War</a> & the <a href="/wiki/Mahratta_Invasion_of_Goa_and_Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahratta Invasion of Goa and Bombay">Mahratta Invasion of Goa and Bombay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> They learned <a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kanarese" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanarese">Kanarese</a> whilst in <a href="/wiki/Canara" class="mw-redirect" title="Canara">Canara</a>, but retained the <a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani language</a> and preserved much of their <a href="/wiki/Konkani_people" title="Konkani people">Konkani way of life</a>, which had undergone <a href="/wiki/Christianisation_in_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisation in Goa">Christianisation in Goa</a>. The "Canara Christians" faced a <a href="/wiki/Captivity_of_Mangalorean_Catholics_at_Seringapatam" title="Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam">15-year-long captivity</a> at <a href="/wiki/Seringapatam" class="mw-redirect" title="Seringapatam">Seringapatam</a>, imposed by <a href="/wiki/Tippu_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tippu Sultan">Tippu Sultan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Following Tippu's defeat and death at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Seringapatam_(1799)" title="Siege of Seringapatam (1799)">Siege of Seringapatam (1799)</a> by the <a href="/wiki/English_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="English East India Company">English East India Company</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nizam_of_Hyderabad" title="Nizam of Hyderabad">Nizam of Hyderabad</a> & other allies; most of them resettled in and around South Canara; also areas such as <a href="/wiki/Chikmagalur_(Chickmangalore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chikmagalur (Chickmangalore)">Chikmagalur (Chickmangalore)</a> & <a href="/wiki/Coorg_(Kodagu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coorg (Kodagu)">Coorg (Kodagu)</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company rule in India</a>. A lesser number shipped to the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Islands_of_Bombay" title="Seven Islands of Bombay">Seven Islands of Bombay</a> & the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay metropolitan area">Bombay metropolitan area</a> in the northern <a href="/wiki/Konkan_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Konkan region">Konkan region</a>. In the early 20th century, there were more migrations of the educated and working classes to bigger cities such as the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_(Mumbai)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay (Mumbai)">Bombay (Mumbai)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poona_(Pune)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poona (Pune)">Poona (Pune)</a> & <a href="/wiki/Bangalore_(Bengaluru)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore (Bengaluru)">Bangalore (Bengaluru)</a>; this led to the formation of a <a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora" title="Indian diaspora">Mangalorean diaspora</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Gulf countries">Persian Gulf countries</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a>;<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a> thus the younger generation outside of South Canara, is mostly an English-speaking <a href="/wiki/Anglo-americanisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-americanisation">anglo-americanised</a> Konkani sub-culture. Also, intermarriages with non-<a href="/wiki/Mangalorean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangalorean">Mangaloreans</a> has caused a decline in "Mangalore stores" and the culture of <a href="/wiki/Mangalorean_Catholic_cuisine" title="Mangalorean Catholic cuisine">Mangalorean Catholic cuisine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnic_identity">Ethnic identity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangalorean_Catholics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ethnic identity">edit</a>]</div> The community gets its name from the <a href="/wiki/Mangalore_Diocese" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangalore Diocese">Mangalore Diocesean</a> adherents of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Church in India">Latin Church in India</a>,<a href="#cite_note-spo-2">[2]</a> located by the southwestern <a href="/wiki/Coast_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Coast of India">coast of India</a>. Most of their hometowns lie in present day civil districts of <a href="/wiki/Dakshina_Kannada" title="Dakshina Kannada">Dakshina Kannada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Udupi_district" title="Udupi district">Udupi districts</a> in Karnataka state and <a href="/wiki/Kassergode" class="mw-redirect" title="Kassergode">Kassergode</a> in the present-day Kerala state. This area was collectively referred to as South Canara in <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>, and then from the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition</a> until the <a href="/wiki/States_Reorganisation_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="States Reorganisation Act">reorganisation (1956)</a> of the <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="States and territories of India">states and territories of India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MD-1">[1]</a> In 1526, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_Goa_and_Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese in Goa and Bombay">Portuguese in Goa and Bombay</a> arrived in <a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a>, and the number of local converts to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> slowly increased. However, a sizeable Christian population did not exist there until the second half of the 16th century, when there was a large-scale immigration of Christians from <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Goa_and_Damaon" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Goa and Damaon">Goa</a> to South Canara. They were reluctant to learn the local languages of South Canara<a href="#cite_note-sf6-11">[11]</a> and continued to speak <a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a>, so that local Christians (<a href="/wiki/Padval" title="Padval">Padvals</a>) had to learn Konkani to converse with them.<a href="#cite_note-sf6-11">[11]</a> After this migration, these skilled agriculturists were offered various land grants by the native <a href="/wiki/Keladi_Nayaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Keladi Nayaka">Bednore</a> rulers of <a href="/wiki/South_Canara" title="South Canara">South Canara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sf6-11">[11]</a> They observed their Eastern cultural <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> customs in conjunction with the newfound <a href="/wiki/Western_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Catholic">Western Catholic</a> faith, and preserved their much of their Konkani lifestyle.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Most migrants were people from the lower economic strata who had been left out of government and economic jobs; their lands had been confiscated due to heavy taxation under the Portuguese in Goa. As a consequence of the wealth and privileges which these migrants enjoyed in Mangalore, they began feeling superior to their landless kindred in Goa. Their <a href="/wiki/Captivity_of_Mangalorean_Catholics_at_Seringapatam" title="Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam">captivity at Seringapatam</a> (1784–1799), where many died, were killed, or were converted to <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, led to the formation of a separate and common cultural identity among members of the group, who had previously considered themselves an extension of Goans. They no longer self-identified as Goan Catholics after the captivity.<a href="#cite_note-mloreans-13">[13]</a> Alan Machado Prabhu estimates that almost 95 per cent of Mangalorean Catholics have origins in Goa.<a href="#cite_note-jp0687-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangalorean_Catholics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Mangalorean_Catholics" title="History of Mangalorean Catholics">History of Mangalorean Catholics</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-migration_era">Pre-migration era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangalorean_Catholics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-migration era">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stmarys_udupi_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Stmarys_udupi_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="215" height="256" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="215" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>St Mary's Islands in <a href="/wiki/Udupi" title="Udupi">Udupi</a>, where the Portuguese explorer <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> landed in 1498</figcaption></figure> All records of an early existence of Christians in South Canara were lost at the time of their deportation by <a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a> in 1784. Hence, it is not known exactly when <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> was introduced in <a href="/wiki/South_Canara" title="South Canara">South Canara</a>, although it is possible that <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Syrian Christians</a> settled in <a href="/wiki/South_Canara" title="South Canara">South Canara</a>, just as they did in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, a state just south of Canara.<a href="#cite_note-sf4-15">[15]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italian</a> traveller <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> recorded that there were considerable trading activities between the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> and the Canara coast in the 13th century. It can be surmised that foreign Christian merchants were visiting the coastal towns of South Canara during that period for commerce; it is possible some Christian priests might have accompanied them for evangelistic work.<a href="#cite_note-sc101-16">[16]</a> In April 1321 the French <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> friar <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Catala" title="Jordan Catala">Jordanus Catalani</a> of Severac (in south-western <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>) landed at <a href="/wiki/Thane" title="Thane">Thana</a> with four other friars.<a href="#cite_note-mc3-17">[17]</a> He then travelled to <a href="/wiki/Bhatkal" title="Bhatkal">Bhatkal</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Canara" class="mw-redirect" title="North Canara">North Canara</a>, a port town on the coastal route from Thana to <a href="/wiki/Quilon" class="mw-redirect" title="Quilon">Quilon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jor-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-mc2-19">[19]</a> Being the first bishop of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Quilon" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon">Quilon Diocese</a>, he was entrusted the spiritual nourishment of Christian community in <a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a> and other parts of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXII" title="Pope John XXII">Pope John XXII</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> According to historian Severine Silva, no concrete evidence has yet been found that there were any permanent settlements of Christians in South Canara before the 16th century. It was only after the advent of the Portuguese in the region that Christianity began to spread.<a href="#cite_note-sc101-16">[16]</a> In 1498 the Portuguese explorer <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> landed on a group of islands in South Canara on his voyage from Portugal to India. He named the islands El Padron de Santa Maria; they later came to be known as <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Island,_Karnataka" class="mw-redirect" title="St Mary's Island, Karnataka">St Mary's Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In 1500 Portuguese explorer <a href="/wiki/Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral" title="Pedro Álvares Cabral">Pedro Álvares Cabral</a> arrived at <a href="/wiki/Anjadip_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Anjadip Island">Anjediva</a> in North Canara with eight Franciscan missionaries. Under the leadership of Frei Henrique Soares de Coimbra, the missionaries converted 22 or 23 natives to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-mc2-19">[19]</a> During the early part of the 16th century, <a href="/wiki/Krishnadevaraya" title="Krishnadevaraya">Krishnadevaraya</a> (1509–1529), the ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a> of <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan</a>, granted commercial privileges to the Portuguese on the Canara coast. There was complete freedom of worship, belief, and propagation of religious tenets in the Vijaynagara Empire.<a href="#cite_note-sc101-16">[16]</a> In 1526, under the viceroyship of <a href="/wiki/Lopo_Vaz_de_Sampaio" title="Lopo Vaz de Sampaio">Lopo Vaz de Sampaio</a>, the Portuguese took possession of Mangalore.<a href="#cite_note-sch52-22">[22]</a> The Portuguese Franciscans slowly started propagating Christianity in Mangalore.<a href="#cite_note-sch52-22">[22]</a> The most prominent local convert was the Brahmin <a href="/wiki/Mahant" title="Mahant">mahant</a> Shankarayya, who in 1751 travelled with his wife from <a href="/wiki/Kallianpur" title="Kallianpur">Kallianpur</a> to Goa and was baptised, with the Portuguese viceroy assuming the role of his godfather. The honoured mahant took the name of Francisco de Távora, after the Viceroy <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_T%C3%A1vora" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco de Távora">Marques de Távora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ft0687-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shankarayya-24">[24]</a> Their properties were subsequently taken over by their Hindu relatives, but the viceroy instructed his factor of Mangalore to get their property restored.<a href="#cite_note-Shankarayya-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In 1534 Canara was placed under the ecclesiastic jurisdiction of the Bishop of Goa, where the Portuguese had a strong presence. Missionaries soon arrived and gained converts. The number of local converts in South Canara continually increased until 1546.<a href="#cite_note-sf4-15">[15]</a> During the mid-16th century, the Portuguese faced resistance from <a href="/wiki/Abbakka_Rani" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbakka Rani">Abbakka Rani</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ullal" title="Ullal">Ullal</a>, the Queen of the Bednore dynasty. This put a halt to conversions. The first battle between Abbakka Rani and the Portuguese was fought in 1546; she emerged victorious and drove the Portuguese out of South Canara.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migration_era">Migration era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangalorean_Catholics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Migration era">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisation of Goa">Christianisation of Goa</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Francis_Xavier_taking_leave_of_King_John_III_(1635)_-_Jos%C3%A9_Avelar_Rebelo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Saint_Francis_Xavier_taking_leave_of_King_John_III_%281635%29_-_Jos%C3%A9_Avelar_Rebelo.png/250px-Saint_Francis_Xavier_taking_leave_of_King_John_III_%281635%29_-_Jos%C3%A9_Avelar_Rebelo.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Saint_Francis_Xavier_taking_leave_of_King_John_III_%281635%29_-_Jos%C3%A9_Avelar_Rebelo.png/375px-Saint_Francis_Xavier_taking_leave_of_King_John_III_%281635%29_-_Jos%C3%A9_Avelar_Rebelo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Saint_Francis_Xavier_taking_leave_of_King_John_III_%281635%29_-_Jos%C3%A9_Avelar_Rebelo.png/500px-Saint_Francis_Xavier_taking_leave_of_King_John_III_%281635%29_-_Jos%C3%A9_Avelar_Rebelo.png 2x" data-file-width="1340" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Jesuit missionary <a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a> taking leave of <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">John III of Portugal</a> before his departure to Goa in 1541, by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Avelar_Rebelo" title="José de Avelar Rebelo">Avelar Rebelo</a> (1635).</figcaption></figure> In 1510, a Portuguese fleet under <a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a>, sent by <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">King Manuel I of Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_Goa" title="Portuguese conquest of Goa">wrested the region of Goa</a> from Sultan <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Adil_Shah" title="Yusuf Adil Shah">Yusuf Adil Shah</a> of <a href="/wiki/Adil_Shahi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Adil Shahi dynasty">Bijapur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In 1534, the <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Goa">Diocese of Goa</a> was established. Soon missionaries were sent to Goa, which led to conversion of a sizeable population to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The bulk of Christian settlers came in three major migration waves towards South Canara. These migrations occurred in periods of great unrest: the <a href="/wiki/Goa_Inquisition" title="Goa Inquisition">Goa Inquisition</a> occurred from 1560 onwards; the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a>–Adil Shahi wars were between 1570 and 1579; and the Portuguese–<a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a> wars occurred between 1667–83 and 1737–40.<a href="#cite_note-amp16-29">[29]</a> Other factors that led to mass migrations were disease epidemics, famines, natural calamities, overpopulation, poor living conditions, heavy tax burdens, and social discrimination by the Portuguese.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> In 1542, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarrese</a> Jesuit Francis Xavier, co-founder of the Society of Jesus; arrived in Goa.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> He discovered that the newly converted Christians were practising their old Hindu customs and traditions. He requested the Portuguese king <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">João III</a> to install an <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a> in Goa in 1545.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Many of the Goan ancestors of the present Mangalorean Catholics fled Goa after the Inquisition began in 1560. <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian of Portugal">King Sebastião I</a> decreed that every trace of Hindu customs should be eradicated through the Inquisition. Many Goan Christians of upper-caste Hindu origins were attached to their caste practices, and did not want to abandon them.<a href="#cite_note-rod-33">[33]</a> Those converts who refused to comply were forced to leave Goa and to settle outside the Portuguese dominion,<a href="#cite_note-sf4-15">[15]</a> which resulted in the first major wave of migrations towards South Canara.<a href="#cite_note-migration-34">[34]</a> The Christians who left Goa were for the most part skilled agriculturists who abandoned their irrigated fields in Goa to achieve freedom.<a href="#cite_note-Mercury-35">[35]</a> The remainder were skilled carpenters, goldsmiths, artisans, and merchants.<a href="#cite_note-Pius-36">[36]</a> At the time of migration, Canara was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Keladi_Nayaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Keladi Nayaka">Keladi</a> king <a href="/wiki/Shivappa_Nayaka" title="Shivappa Nayaka">Shivappa Nayaka</a> (1540–60). He evinced great interest in the development of agriculture in his empire and welcomed these agriculturists to his kingdom, giving them fertile lands to cultivate.<a href="#cite_note-Mercury-35">[35]</a> They were recruited into the armies of the Bednore dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-sc102-37">[37]</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#endnote_anone">[a]</a> This was confirmed by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Buchanan-Hamilton" title="Francis Buchanan-Hamilton">Francis Buchanan</a>, a Scottish physician, when he visited Canara in 1801. In his book A Journey from Madras through the Countries of Mysore, Canara and Malabar (1807), he stated that "The princes of the house of Ikkeri had given great encouragement to the Christians, and had induced 80,000 of them to settle in <a href="/wiki/Tulu_Nadu" title="Tulu Nadu">Tuluva</a>."<a href="#cite_note-buc23-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-buc24-39">[39]</a> Later, this was identified as a probable mistake and should have read "8,000". This figure included the second emigration of Christians from Goa.<a href="#cite_note-Mercury-35">[35]</a> The taxation policies of the Keladi Nayakas during 1598–1763 enabled the Goan Catholic migrants to emerge as prominent landowning gentry in South Canara.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] These migrants usually brought their own capital from Goa, which they invested in their new lands, thereby indirectly contributing to the prosperity of the Keladi kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-Pius-36">[36]</a> Under the provisional treaties between the Portuguese and the Bednore rulers, and the <a href="/wiki/Padroado" title="Padroado">Padroado</a>, the Christians were allowed to build churches and help foster the growth of Christianity in South Canara.<a href="#cite_note-sc102-37">[37]</a> The arrival of the British and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch</a> halted the activity of the Portuguese, and they were gradually unable to send the required number of missionaries to Mangalore.<a href="#cite_note-dm-40">[40]</a> Shivappa Nayaka had previously expelled the Portuguese from their forts a little before 1660, which brought about considerable changes in the ecclesiastical situation.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The appointment of the <a href="/wiki/Vicar_Apostolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicar Apostolic">Vicar Apostolic</a> of Mangalore was felt by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> to be of critical importance. Nayaka pressured the church authorities to appoint a native priest as the Vicar Apostolic, which resulted in the appointment of Fr. Andrew Gomez to the post; however, he died before the nomination papers could reach <a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ver-42">[42]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aliadilshah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Aliadilshah.jpg/190px-Aliadilshah.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Aliadilshah.jpg/285px-Aliadilshah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Aliadilshah.jpg/380px-Aliadilshah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3047" data-file-height="3863" /></a><figcaption>Ali Adil Shah I's attack on <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> in 1571 precipitated the second wave of <a href="/wiki/Goan_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Goan Catholic">Goan Catholic</a> migrations towards <a href="/wiki/South_Canara" title="South Canara">South Canara</a>.</figcaption></figure> At the recommendation of the <a href="/wiki/Vicar_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicar General">Vicar General</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Verapoly" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Verapoly">Verapoly</a>, Mons. Joseph Sebastiani, Pope <a href="/wiki/Clement_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement X">Clement X</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Castro" title="Thomas de Castro">Bishop Thomas de Castro</a>, a Goan <a href="/wiki/Theatines" title="Theatines">Theatine</a> and Bishop of Fulsivelem, as the Vicar Apostolic of <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Evangelization_of_Peoples" title="Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples">Propaganda Fide</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_vicariate" title="Apostolic vicariate">Vicariate</a> of Canara on 30 August 1675, for the purpose of providing spiritual leadership to the Canara Christians.<a href="#cite_note-ver-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Propaganda-43">[43]</a> After his consecration, he first went to <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Calicut</a> and then moved to Mangalore, where he served from 1677 to 1684.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> In 1677, Bishop de Castro entered into a conflict with the Archbishop of Goa, Dom Frei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ant%C3%B3nio_Brand%C3%A3o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="António Brandão (page does not exist)">António Brandão</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Brand%C3%A3o,_Arcebispo_de_Goa_e_Primaz_das_%C3%8Dndias" class="extiw" title="pt:António Brandão, Arcebispo de Goa e Primaz das Índias">pt</a>] for disregarding the Padroado. Consequently, they did not cede the jurisdiction to him despite the Pope's letter of appointment.<a href="#cite_note-Vicar-45">[45]</a> The Padroado–Propaganda conflict which ensued divided the Catholics of Canara into two sides—those who recognised the authority of the Padroado Archbishop in Goa versus those who supported de Castro.<a href="#cite_note-Propaganda-43">[43]</a> The Portuguese refused to recognise Bishop de Castro's appointment and vigorously opposed his activities. Archbishop Brandão's sudden death on 6 July 1678 further complicated matters, and the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_chapter" title="Cathedral chapter">Cathedral chapter</a> administering the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Goa_and_Daman" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Goa and Daman">Archdiocese of Goa</a> following the vacancy created by his death, forbade the Canara Catholics from receiving the sacraments from the bishop or from priests appointed by him. In his turn, Bishop de Castro excommunicated those Catholics who were obedient to the Padroado authorities in Goa and their priests.<a href="#cite_note-Propaganda-43">[43]</a> In 1681, the Holy See appointed another Goan priest <a href="/wiki/Blessed_Joseph_Vaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Joseph Vaz">Fr. Joseph Vaz</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/Archpriest" title="Archpriest">Vicar Forane</a> of Canara; he was asked not to submit to Bishop de Castro unless he showed the letter of appointment.<a href="#cite_note-Vicar-45">[45]</a> However, after being convinced of its legitimacy, Fr. Vaz submitted to Bishop de Castro and brought about a truce. He further managed to persuade the bishop to delegate his jurisdiction to him while retaining the post.<a href="#cite_note-amp17-46">[46]</a> In 1700, the Catholics of Canara were again brought under the jurisdiction of the Padroado Archbishop of Goa.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Milagres_Church_(Mangalore)" title="Milagres Church (Mangalore)">Milagres Church</a>, one of the oldest churches in South Canara, was built in 1680 by Bishop Thomas de Castro.<a href="#cite_note-dm-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-sf_9-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In 1568, the Church of <a href="/wiki/Nossa_Senhora_do_Ros%C3%A1rio_de_Mangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Nossa Senhora do Rosário de Mangalore">Nossa Senhora do Rosário de Mangalore</a> (Our Lady of Rosary of Mangalore) was erected by the Portuguese at <a href="/wiki/Bolar_(Location)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolar (Location)">Bolar</a> in Mangalore. The Churches of <a href="/wiki/Nossa_Senhora_de_Merc%C3%AAs_de_Velala" class="mw-redirect" title="Nossa Senhora de Mercês de Velala">Nossa Senhora de Mercês de Velala</a> (Our Lady of Mercy of <a href="/wiki/Ullal" title="Ullal">Ullal</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Francis_of_Assisi,_Farangipet" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of St. Francis of Assisi, Farangipet">São Francisco de Assis</a> (St. Francis of Assisi) at Farangipet were erected by the Portuguese in South Canara at around the same time. These three churches were mentioned by the Italian traveller <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Della_Valle" title="Pietro Della Valle">Pietro Della Valle</a>, who visited Mangalore in 1623.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In 1570, the <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Adil_Shahi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Adil Shahi dynasty">Bijapur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Adil_Shah_I" title="Ali Adil Shah I">Ali Adil Shah I</a>, entered into an alliance with the Sultan of <a href="/wiki/Ahmadnagar_Sultanate" title="Ahmadnagar Sultanate">Ahmadnagar</a>, Murtaza Nizam Shah, and the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Calicut</a> for a simultaneous attack on the Portuguese territories of Goa, <a href="/wiki/Chaul" title="Chaul">Chaul</a>, and Mangalore.<a href="#cite_note-amp16-29">[29]</a> He <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_the_Indies" title="War of the League of the Indies">attacked Goa in 1571</a> and ended Portuguese influence in the region. The Bijapur Sultans were especially renowned for their loathing of Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-pra-51">[51]</a> Fearing persecution, many Goan Catholics fled to South Canara during this second wave of migrations, and settled in <a href="/wiki/Barkur" title="Barkur">Barcoor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kallianpur" title="Kallianpur">Kallianpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kundapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Kundapura">Cundapore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Basrur" title="Basrur">Basroor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-amp16-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-pra-51">[51]</a> For the next century, there was continual migration of Goan Catholics southwards, so that by 1650, a considerable number of Catholics were settled around Mangalore, <a href="/wiki/Mulki,_Karnataka" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulki, Karnataka">Moolki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shirva,_India" title="Shirva, India">Shirva</a>, Pezar, <a href="/wiki/Bantval" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantval">Bantval</a>, Cundapore, Kallianpur, and Kirem.<a href="#cite_note-amp16-29">[29]</a> The Christian Goud Saraswat Brahmins who came during this wave belonged mostly to the <a href="/wiki/Shenoy" title="Shenoy">Shenvi</a> subcaste.<a href="#cite_note-Mercury-35">[35]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sambhaji_painting_late_17th_century.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sambhaji_painting_late_17th_century.png/200px-Sambhaji_painting_late_17th_century.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sambhaji_painting_late_17th_century.png/300px-Sambhaji_painting_late_17th_century.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sambhaji_painting_late_17th_century.png/400px-Sambhaji_painting_late_17th_century.png 2x" data-file-width="1029" data-file-height="1584" /></a><figcaption>The Maratha ruler <a href="/wiki/Sambhaji" title="Sambhaji">Sambhaji</a>'s onslaught was responsible for the third and final great wave of migrations to South Canara.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Maratha_invasion_of_Goa_(1683)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha invasion of Goa (1683)">attacks of the Maratha Empire on Goa</a> during the mid-17th century precipitated the third major wave of migrations. In 1664 <a href="/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji">Shivaji</a>, the founder of the Maratha empire, attacked <a href="/wiki/Kudal" title="Kudal">Kudal</a>, a town north of Goa, and began his campaign for Goa. After Shivaji's death on 3 April 1680, his son <a href="/wiki/Sambhaji" title="Sambhaji">Sambhaji</a> ascended to the throne.<a href="#cite_note-pra-51">[51]</a> The onslaught of Sambhaji along the northern territories of Goa drove nearly all the Christians from their homelands, and most of them migrated to South Canara. Migration increased with the fall of the Portuguese "Province of the North" (which included <a href="/wiki/Vasai" title="Vasai">Bassein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaul" title="Chaul">Chaul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salsette" class="mw-redirect" title="Salsette">Salsette</a>) and a direct threat to the very existence of Goa in 1738–40.<a href="#cite_note-amp17-46">[46]</a> According to one estimate, emigrations from the <a href="/wiki/Salcete" class="mw-redirect" title="Salcete">Salcete</a> district of Goa were around the rate of 2,000 annually. Jesuit priests estimated that 12,000 Christians emigrated from the <a href="/wiki/Bardez" class="mw-redirect" title="Bardez">Bardez</a> district of Goa between 1710 and 1712, most of them going southward. A Goa government report of 1747 presently in the <a href="/wiki/Panjim" class="mw-redirect" title="Panjim">Panjim</a> archives records that around 5,000 Christians fled from the Bardez and <a href="/wiki/Tiswadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiswadi">Tiswadi</a> districts of Goa during the Maratha invasion.<a href="#cite_note-mc22-52">[52]</a> During the Maratha raids on Goa, about 60,000 Christians migrated to South Canara.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> These new migrants were given lands at <a href="/wiki/Shirva,_India" title="Shirva, India">Shirva</a>, Kirem, <a href="/wiki/Mundkur" title="Mundkur">Mundkur</a>, Pezar, and <a href="/wiki/Hosabettu" title="Hosabettu">Hosabettu</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Chowta" class="mw-redirect" title="Chowta">Chowta</a> kings of <a href="/wiki/Moodbidri" class="mw-redirect" title="Moodbidri">Moodbidri</a> and at Milagres, Bondel, and Cordel by the Banghel kings of Mangalore.<a href="#cite_note-amp17-46">[46]</a> During later years, migration slowed because of the Maratha–<a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> wars, and some 10,000 Christians returned to Goa.<a href="#cite_note-pra-51">[51]</a> According to Alan Machado Prabhu, Mangalorean Catholics numbered about 58,000 by 1765.<a href="#cite_note-mc65-54">[54]</a> Subsequent to this steady rise in South Canara's Catholic population, the Portuguese took advantage of every opportunity to extend their control over the Mangalorean Catholics, who came to be identified with Portuguese interests.<a href="#cite_note-D'Mello-55">[55]</a> The Portuguese sought to expand the power of the priests, as from the beginning of their empire, priests had accompanied Portuguese delegations on diplomatic missions and on occasion were the principal negotiators. Treaties they signed with the Keladi Nayakas progressively incorporated clauses which increased the authority of the priests over the local Catholic population, making them obedient to the priests in matters of Christian laws as well as granting priests the authority to punish violations.<a href="#cite_note-D'Mello-55">[55]</a> The Portuguese promised to refrain from slaughtering cows and to halt forcible conversions in their <a href="/wiki/Factory_(trading_post)" title="Factory (trading post)">factories</a>.<a href="#cite_note-D'Mello-55">[55]</a> The terms of these treaties were not always honoured by the Portuguese, with the result that whenever hostilities broke out between the Keladis and the Portuguese, the Catholic settlers were often harassed or arrested by the Nayakas.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-migration_era_and_captivity">Post-migration era and captivity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangalorean_Catholics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post-migration era and captivity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Captivity_of_Mangalorean_Catholics_at_Seringapatam" title="Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam">Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tipu_Sultan_BL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tipu_Sultan_BL.jpg/220px-Tipu_Sultan_BL.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tipu_Sultan_BL.jpg/330px-Tipu_Sultan_BL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tipu_Sultan_BL.jpg/440px-Tipu_Sultan_BL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a> (1750–1799), the architect of the Seringapatam captivity</figcaption></figure> In 1686, <a href="/wiki/Srirangapatna" title="Srirangapatna">Seringapatam</a>, the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a>, had a community of more than 400 Catholics. The community was severely harassed in the following two decades, with the churches destroyed and the priest's house confiscated. The destruction was undertaken under the name of the <a href="/wiki/Wodeyar" class="mw-redirect" title="Wodeyar">Wodeyar</a> king, <a href="/wiki/Kanthirava_Narasaraja_I" title="Kanthirava Narasaraja I">Kanthirava Narasaraja I</a>, by his finance minister. The priest's house was returned to the church in 1709.<a href="#cite_note-George-57">[57]</a> Relations between the Wodeyars and the Mangalorean Catholics improved until 1717, when there was an anti-Christian outburst. The resident priest was expelled and forbidden to preach. Several more anti-Christian outbursts followed. By 1736, there were better relations between the two groups.<a href="#cite_note-Shirvagar-58">[58]</a> From 1761 onwards, <a href="/wiki/Hyder_Ali" title="Hyder Ali">Hyder Ali</a>, a distinguished soldier in the Mysore army, took de facto control of the throne of the Kingdom of Mysore through the Wodeyar dynasty. Hyder occupied Mangalore in 1763.<a href="#cite_note-sch62-59">[59]</a> The Mangalorean Catholics numbered 80,000 in 1767.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> In February 1768 the British captured Mangalore from Hyder.<a href="#cite_note-sch62-59">[59]</a> Toward the end of 1768, Hyder and his son Tipu Sultan defeated the British and recaptured Mangalore fort. After the conquest, Hyder was informed that the Mangalorean Catholics had helped the British in their conquest of Mangalore. Hyder believed that this behaviour of the Christians amounted to treachery against the sovereign.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The Christians were alleged to have helped General Mathews with a sum of Rs. 3,30,000/-.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Hyder summoned a Portuguese officer and several Christian priests from Mangalore to suggest the punishment for the Mangalorean Catholics for treachery. The Portuguese officer suggested the death penalty for those Catholics who helped the British, because it was a fitting punishment for people who betrayed the sovereign. But Hyder exhibited a diplomatic stance and imprisoned the Christians, rather than killing them.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Later, he opened negotiations with the Portuguese. As a result of the agreement, the suspicion against the clergy and the Christians was removed.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> During Hyder's regime, the Mangalorean Catholic community continued to flourish.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> After Hyder's death in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second Anglo-Mysore War</a> on 7 December 1782, the British captured the fort again. Hyder was succeeded by his son Tipu Sultan.<a href="#cite_note-sch63-66">[66]</a> Tipu laid several assaults on the Mangalore fort until January 1784, all of which resulted in failure. The fort was finally delivered to Tipu when <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mangalore" title="Siege of Mangalore">the British capitulated</a> on 30 January 1784.<a href="#cite_note-sch64-67">[67]</a> Tipu received highly exaggerated reports about the role of the Mangalorean Catholics and their help to the British in the Second Anglo-Mysore War.<a href="#cite_note-s116-68">[68]</a> To minimise the British threat to his kingdom and in the Sultan-ul-Tawarikh, due to "the rage of Islam that began to boil in his breast",<a href="#cite_note-jnp1-69">[69]</a> Tipu banished the Mangalorean Catholic community from their lands, and imprisoned them at Seringapatam, the capital of his empire.<a href="#cite_note-s7-70">[70]</a> The captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam, which began on 24 February 1784 and ended on 4 May 1799, remains the most disconsolate memory in their history.<a href="#cite_note-dajser-71">[71]</a> Soon after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Mangalore" title="Treaty of Mangalore">Treaty of Mangalore</a> in 1784, Tipu gained control of Canara.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> He issued orders to seize the Christians in Canara, confiscate their estates,<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> and deport them to Seringapatam, through the Jamalabad fort route.<a href="#cite_note-dm-40">[40]</a> All this was accomplished in a secret and well-planned move on <a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday">Ash Wednesday</a> (24 February 1784).<a href="#cite_note-mc690-74">[74]</a> Accounts of the number of captives differ, ranging from 30,000 to 80,000.<a href="#cite_note-mc687-75">[75]</a> The generally accepted figure is 60,000, as per Tipu's own records.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> They were forced to climb nearly 4,000 feet (1,200 m) through the dense jungles and gorges of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghat</a> mountain ranges along two routes; one group travelled along the <a href="/wiki/Bantwal" title="Bantwal">Bantwal</a>-<a href="/wiki/Belthangadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Belthangadi">Belthangadi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kulshekar" title="Kulshekar">Kulshekar</a>-<a href="/wiki/Virajpet" title="Virajpet">Virajpet</a>-<a href="/wiki/Coorg" class="mw-redirect" title="Coorg">Coorg</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a> route,<a href="#cite_note-mloreans-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-ds48-78">[78]</a> and the other along the <a href="/wiki/Jog_Falls" title="Jog Falls">Gersoppa falls</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shimoga" title="Shimoga">Shimoga</a>) route.<a href="#cite_note-far73-79">[79]</a> It was 200 miles (320 km) from Mangalore to Seringapatam, and the journey took six weeks.<a href="#cite_note-s128-80">[80]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dungeon_dwelling_of_Seringapatam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Dungeon_dwelling_of_Seringapatam.jpg/220px-Dungeon_dwelling_of_Seringapatam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Dungeon_dwelling_of_Seringapatam.jpg/330px-Dungeon_dwelling_of_Seringapatam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Dungeon_dwelling_of_Seringapatam.jpg/440px-Dungeon_dwelling_of_Seringapatam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a><figcaption>A dungeon at Seringapatam. Many Mangalorean Catholics who refused to embrace Islam were imprisoned in such dungeons.</figcaption></figure> According to the Barcoor Manuscript, written in <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a> by a Mangalorean Catholic from <a href="/wiki/Barkur" title="Barkur">Barcoor</a> after his return from Seringapatam, 20,000 of them (one-third) died on the march to Seringapatam due to hunger, disease, and ill treatment by the soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-gyu-81">[81]</a> At the camp at Jamalabad fort, Mangalorean Catholic leaders were thrown down from the fort.<a href="#cite_note-ds48-78">[78]</a> All Christian churches in South Canara, except the <a href="/wiki/Hospet_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Hospet Church">Hospet Church</a> at Hospet and the <a href="/wiki/Monte_Mariano_Church" title="Monte Mariano Church">Monte Mariano Church</a> at Farangipet,<a href="#cite_note-escdemo-82">[82]</a> were razed to the ground and all land owned by the captured Christians was taken over by Tipu and distributed among his favourites.<a href="#cite_note-Farangipet-83">[83]</a> After they were freed, all their belongings had disappeared and their deserted lands were being cultivated by the <a href="/wiki/Bunt_(community)" title="Bunt (community)">Bunts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Farangipet-83">[83]</a> After arriving at Seringapatam, the Christian captives were made to forcibly embrace Islam, were tortured, or sentenced to death.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The young men who refused to embrace Islam were disfigured by cutting their noses, upper lips, and ears. They were seated on asses, paraded through the city, and thrown into the dungeons of Seringapatam.<a href="#cite_note-ds49-85">[85]</a> Historian Praxy Fernandes, author of Storm over Seringapatam: The Incredible Story of Hyder Ali & Tippu Sultan, states that contrary to popular belief, 40,000 Christians were not kept manacled in the dungeons of Seringapatam.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Pastor" title="Ludwig von Pastor">Ludwig von Pastor</a>, a German historian, claimed "countless" Mangalorean Catholics were hanged, including women with their children clinging around their necks. Others were trampled or dragged by elephants.<a href="#cite_note-p397-87">[87]</a> The able-bodied young men were drafted into the army after being circumcised and converted to Islam.<a href="#cite_note-mc0687-88">[88]</a> The young women and girls were distributed as wives to Muslim officers and favourites living in Seringapatam.<a href="#cite_note-gyu-81">[81]</a> According to Mr. Silva of <a href="/wiki/Gangolli" title="Gangolli">Gangollim</a>, a survivor of the captivity, if a person who had escaped from Seringapatam was found, Tipu had ordered the cutting off of the ears, nose, the feet, and one hand as punishment.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The persecutions continued until 1792.<a href="#cite_note-p397-87">[87]</a> This was followed by a brief relaxation period from 1792 to 1797, during which a few Catholic families managed to escape to Coorg, <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Cannanore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tellicherry" class="mw-redirect" title="Tellicherry">Tellicherry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The persecutions resumed in 1797.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_and_modern_eras">British and modern eras</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangalorean_Catholics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: British and modern eras">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Participation_of_Mangalorean_Catholics_in_the_Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Participation of Mangalorean Catholics in the Indian Independence Movement">Participation of Mangalorean Catholics in the Indian Independence Movement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tipu_death.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Tipu_death.jpg/220px-Tipu_death.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Tipu_death.jpg/330px-Tipu_death.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Tipu_death.jpg/440px-Tipu_death.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="722" /></a><figcaption>The Last Effort and Fall of Tippoo Sultan by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Singleton_(painter)" title="Henry Singleton (painter)">Henry Singleton</a></figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seringapatam" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Seringapatam">Battle of Seringapatam</a> on 4 May 1799, the British army, under officers <a href="/wiki/George_Harris,_1st_Baron_Harris" title="George Harris, 1st Baron Harris">George Harris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_David_Baird,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir David Baird, 1st Baronet">David Baird</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Seringapatam_(1799)" title="Siege of Seringapatam (1799)">stormed the fortress</a> and breached the town of Seringapatam, with Tipu being killed in action.<a href="#cite_note-dis39-92">[92]</a> After his death in the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth Anglo-Mysore War</a>, the Mangalorean Catholics were freed from his captivity.<a href="#cite_note-free-93">[93]</a> Of the 60,000–80,000 Mangalorean Catholics taken captive, only 15,000–20,000 made it out as Christians.<a href="#cite_note-mc33-94">[94]</a> Historian Alan Machado Prabhu mentions that only 11,000 survived the captivity as Christians.<a href="#cite_note-pra-51">[51]</a> British general Arthur Wellesley helped 10,000 of them return to South Canara and resettle on their lands.<a href="#cite_note-dis39-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-fe-95">[95]</a> Of the remaining Christians freed, about a thousand went to <a href="/wiki/Malabar_District" title="Malabar District">Malabar</a>, and some hundreds settled in Coorg.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Francis_Buchanan-Hamilton" title="Francis Buchanan-Hamilton">Francis Buchanan</a>, 15,000 of them returned to Mangalore and its vicinity, while 10,000 of them migrated to Malabar.<a href="#cite_note-buc24-39">[39]</a> The Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency (1883) mentions that 15,000 persons returned, of which 12,000 were from South Canara and 3,000 from <a href="/wiki/North_Canara" class="mw-redirect" title="North Canara">North Canara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> According to genealogist <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lobo" title="Michael Lobo">Michael Lobo</a>, the present Mangalorean Catholic community is descended almost entirely from this small group of survivors.<a href="#cite_note-lobo1-98">[98]</a> Later, the British took over South Canara. In 1800, they took a census of the region. Of the 396,672 people living in South Canara,<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> 10,877 were Christians.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Thomas Munro was appointed the first <a href="/wiki/District_collector" class="mw-redirect" title="District collector">collector</a> of Canara in June 1799.<a href="#cite_note-sch65-101">[101]</a> He passed three orders in respect of the estates of the Christians, which were taken over by non-Christians during the captivity.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Through the assistance of the church and with the support of Munro, the Christians were able to recover their lands and estates.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Fr. José Miguel Luis de Mendes, a Goan Catholic priest, was appointed Vicar of Our Lady of Rosary of Mangalore on 7 December 1799. He took interest in the re-establishment of the community from 1799 to 1808.<a href="#cite_note-si-104">[104]</a> Later, British general John Goldsborough Ravenshaw was appointed collector of <a href="/wiki/South_Canara" title="South Canara">South Canara</a>. He took an active part in the restoration of the Catholic community's former possessions and the recovery of its estates. He constructed a church for them, which was completed in 1806.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Thomas_Munro,_1st_Baronet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sir_Thomas_Munro%2C_1st_Baronet.jpg/220px-Sir_Thomas_Munro%2C_1st_Baronet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sir_Thomas_Munro%2C_1st_Baronet.jpg/330px-Sir_Thomas_Munro%2C_1st_Baronet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sir_Thomas_Munro%2C_1st_Baronet.jpg/440px-Sir_Thomas_Munro%2C_1st_Baronet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="842" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Munro,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Thomas Munro, 1st Baronet">Thomas Munro</a> helped the Mangalorean Catholics recover their lands after their return from captivity.</figcaption></figure> In 1800, there were 2,545 Catholic households with a population of 10,877.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Their population almost doubled by 1818. According to various parish books, Mangalorean Catholics numbered 19,068 in South Canara (12,877 in Mangalore and <a href="/wiki/Bantwal" title="Bantwal">Bantval</a>,<a href="#cite_note-orx-107">[107]</a> 3,918 in <a href="/wiki/Mulki,_India" title="Mulki, India">Moolki</a>, 2,273 in <a href="/wiki/Kundapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Kundapura">Cundapore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barkur" title="Barkur">Barcoor</a>).<a href="#cite_note-ory-108">[108]</a> Most of the churches which were earlier destroyed by Tipu were rebuilt<a href="#cite_note-or16-109">[109]</a> by 1815.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> The community prospered under the British, and the jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Goa recommenced.<a href="#cite_note-si-104">[104]</a> The opening of the Protestant German <a href="/wiki/Basel_Mission" title="Basel Mission">Basel Mission</a> of 1834 in Mangalore brought many handicraft industries, such as cotton weaving and tile-manufacturing, to the region and led to a large-scale rise in employment.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-sc103-112">[112]</a> In 1836–37, the political situation in <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> was in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1834%E2%80%931910)#Setembrismo_and_Cartismo" title="History of Portugal (1834–1910)">turmoil</a>. Antonio Feliciano de Santa Rita Carvalho, a Portuguese priest, was appointed Archbishop-elect of Goa in September 1836 without authorisation from the then Pope, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XVI" title="Pope Gregory XVI">Gregory XVI</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Many Mangalorean Catholics did not accept the leadership of Carvalho but instead submitted to the <a href="/wiki/Vicar_Apostolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicar Apostolic">Vicar Apostolic</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Verapoly" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Verapoly">Verapoly</a> in <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a>, while some of them continued to be under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Goa_and_Daman" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Goa and Daman">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Goa and Daman</a>. The parishes in South Canara were divided into two groups—one under Goa and the other under Verapoly.<a href="#cite_note-dm-40">[40]</a> Under the leadership of Joachim Pius Noronha, a Mangalorean Catholic priest, and John Joseph Saldanha, a Mangalorean Catholic judge, the Mangalorean Catholics sent a petition to the Holy See in 1840 to establish Mangalore as a separate Vicariate.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Conceding to their request, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XVI" title="Pope Gregory XVI">Pope Gregory XVI</a> established Mangalore as a separate Vicariate on 17 February 1845 under the Verapoly <a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelites</a>. The Mangalore Mission was transferred to the French Carmelites by a bull dated 3 January 1870.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> During the regime of Carmelites, the Mangalorean Catholics constantly sent memorandums to the Holy See to send Jesuits to Mangalore to start institutions for higher education, since students frequently had to go to Bombay and Madras for educational purposes.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a>, by the Brief of 27 September 1878, handed over the Mangalore mission to the Italian Jesuits of <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, who reached Mangalore on 31 December 1878.<a href="#cite_note-dm-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-i15-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The Italian Jesuits played an important role in education, health, and social welfare of the community.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> They built <a href="/wiki/St._Aloysius_College_(Mangalore)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Aloysius College (Mangalore)">St. Aloysius College</a> in 1880,<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/St_Aloysius_Chapel" class="mw-redirect" title="St Aloysius Chapel">St Aloysius Chapel</a> in 1884,<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Seminary_(Mangalore)" title="St. Joseph's Seminary (Mangalore)">St. Joseph's Seminary</a><a href="#cite_note-seminary-122">[122]</a> and many other institutions and churches. On 25 January 1887, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Mangalore" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Mangalore">Diocese of Mangalore</a>, which is considered to be an important landmark in the community's history.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] By the later half of the 19th century, many Mangalorean Catholics were involved in the <a href="/wiki/Mangalore_tile" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangalore tile">Mangalore tile</a> industry, coffee plantations, and trade in plantation products.<a href="#cite_note-rod-33">[33]</a> They prospered under the British and competed with the local Brahmins for offices in the service of the British.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.co.in-123">[123]</a> The overwhelming majority of Mangalorean Catholics continued to remain agriculturists.<a href="#cite_note-bobo-124">[124]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Aloysius_Church_Mangalore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/St._Aloysius_Church_Mangalore.jpg/220px-St._Aloysius_Church_Mangalore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/St._Aloysius_Church_Mangalore.jpg/330px-St._Aloysius_Church_Mangalore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/St._Aloysius_Church_Mangalore.jpg/440px-St._Aloysius_Church_Mangalore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The St. Aloysius Chapel in Mangalore was built by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Moscheni" title="Antonio Moscheni">Antonio Moscheni</a> in 1884, after Mangalore was transferred to the Italian Jesuits in 1878.</figcaption></figure> During the later 19th century, they started migrating to other urban areas, especially <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a>,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a>,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poona" class="mw-redirect" title="Poona">Poona</a>. The Mangalorean Catholics came to Bombay out of economic necessity.<a href="#cite_note-narain-125">[125]</a> The first permanent settlement of Mangalorean Catholics in Bombay was recorded in the 1890s.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> The first Mangalorean Catholic settlement in Madras was recorded in the 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Alva" title="Joachim Alva">Joachim Alva</a>, a Mangalorean Catholic politician, actively participated in uniting the Mangalorean Catholic community against the British during the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Independence Movement">Indian Independence Movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ja-128">[128]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mangalorean_Catholic_Doctors_in_a_elite_gathering_at_Milagres_Church_Complex_in_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mangalorean_Catholic_Doctors_in_a_elite_gathering_at_Milagres_Church_Complex_in_2023.jpg/220px-Mangalorean_Catholic_Doctors_in_a_elite_gathering_at_Milagres_Church_Complex_in_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mangalorean_Catholic_Doctors_in_a_elite_gathering_at_Milagres_Church_Complex_in_2023.jpg/330px-Mangalorean_Catholic_Doctors_in_a_elite_gathering_at_Milagres_Church_Complex_in_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mangalorean_Catholic_Doctors_in_a_elite_gathering_at_Milagres_Church_Complex_in_2023.jpg/440px-Mangalorean_Catholic_Doctors_in_a_elite_gathering_at_Milagres_Church_Complex_in_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6192" data-file-height="4128" /></a><figcaption>Mangalorean Catholic doctors in a gathering in 2023 at Milagres Church, Mangalore</figcaption></figure> In 1901, Mangalorean Catholics accounted for 76,000 of the total 84,103 Christians in South Canara.,<a href="#cite_note-i14-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> while in 1962, they numbered 186,741.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> During the mid-20th century, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_Victor_R._Fernandes" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop Victor R. Fernandes">Victor Fernandes</a>, Bishop of Mangalore from 1931 to 1955, erected a large <a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Christian cross">cross</a> at <a href="/wiki/Nanthoor" title="Nanthoor">Nanthoor</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Padav_hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Padav hills">Padav hills</a>, on the former outskirts of Mangalore, in honour of the memory of Mangalorean Catholic martyrs who died on the march and during their 15-year captivity at Seringapatam.<a href="#cite_note-mloreans-13">[13]</a> During the 1970s, coastal communication increased between Bombay and Mangalore with the introduction of ships by the London-based trade firm Shepherd. These ships facilitated the entry of Mangalorean Catholics to Bombay.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> In 1993, the Mangalore Diocese estimated the population of Mangalorean Catholics to be 325,510 out of a total South Canara population of 3,528,540. This amounts to 9.23 per cent of the population.<a href="#cite_note-dio159-133">[133]</a> A notable post-independence era event pertaining to the Mangalorean Catholics that occurred in southern Karnataka, and made national headlines, were the <a href="/wiki/2008_attacks_on_Christians_in_southern_Karnataka" title="2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka">attacks on Christian religious institutions in September 2008</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographical_distribution">Geographical distribution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangalorean_Catholics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geographical distribution">edit</a>]</div> The Roman Catholic Diocese of Mangalore estimates the population of Mangalorean Catholics in the areas that comprise historical South Canara to be 360,000 out of a total population of 3,957,071, or approximately 9.5 per cent of the population.<a href="#cite_note-MD-1">[1]</a> Other regions of India having a significant proportion of Mangalorean Catholics, characterised by the presence of Mangalorean Catholic organisations or celebration of the unique Mangalorean Catholic <a href="/wiki/Monti_Fest" title="Monti Fest">Monti Fest</a> festival, are <a href="/wiki/Bangalore_Urban_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore Urban district">Bangalore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai metropolitan area">Mumbai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_Andhra_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh">Hyderabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chikkamagaluru_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Chikkamagaluru district">Chikkamagaluru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hassan_district" title="Hassan district">Hassan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ranchi" title="Ranchi">Ranchi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dajworld-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-lobo-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-mad-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-calc-137">[137]</a> A few Mangalorean Catholics are found in <a href="/wiki/Kodagu_district" title="Kodagu district">Kodagu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, where there are tiny pockets concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kasargod_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasargod district">Kasargod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a>. They are mainly descended from those Catholics who fled the persecution and roundup by Tipu Sultan.<a href="#cite_note-knk0687-138">[138]</a> The Mangalorean Catholic diaspora is scattered across the globe.<a href="#cite_note-lobo1-98">[98]</a> Many Mangalorean Catholics are found in <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf Arab states</a> in the Middle East. The Mangalorean Catholic Association of Sydney (MCAS) has estimated that around 300 Mangalorean Catholic families live in Sydney, Australia, with a lot of second generation families. Many of these are multi-racial, being married into Anglo-Saxon, Spanish, Italian, Greek, and other ethnicities.<a href="#cite_note-SYD-139">[139]</a> Mangalorean <a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">genealogist</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lobo" title="Michael Lobo">Michael Lobo</a> has estimated that approximately half of the Mangalorean Catholics still reside in Mangalore and the other towns in the South Canara district. As for the remaining half, about 15 per cent reside in other parts of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> (mostly <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a>), 15 per cent reside in <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> and its neighbouring areas, 10 per cent reside in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf countries</a>, 5 per cent reside in other parts of India, and the remaining 5 per cent reside in other parts of the world.<a href="#cite_note-lobo-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangalorean_Catholics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mangalorean_Catholics" title="Culture of Mangalorean Catholics">Culture of Mangalorean Catholics</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangalorean_Catholics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Mangalorean_Catholics" title="Architecture of Mangalorean Catholics">Architecture of Mangalorean Catholics</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mangalorean_Catholic_house.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Mangalorean_Catholic_house.jpg/200px-Mangalorean_Catholic_house.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Mangalorean_Catholic_house.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="226" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>A traditional Mangalorean Catholic house</figcaption></figure> The German missionary <a href="/wiki/Georg_Plebst" title="Georg Plebst">Georg Plebst</a> set up the first tile factory at Mangalore in 1860. It was called the <a href="/wiki/Basel_Mission_tile_factory" title="Basel Mission tile factory">Basel Mission tile factory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tile-140">[140]</a> Mangalorean Catholics learnt the technique of preparing <a href="/wiki/Mangalore_tiles" title="Mangalore tiles">Mangalore tiles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rod-33">[33]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Albuquerque_tile_factory" title="Albuquerque tile factory">Albuquerque tile factory</a>, the first Indian Mangalore tile factory, was started in South Canara by Pascal Albuquerque at <a href="/wiki/Panemangalore,_Karnataka" title="Panemangalore, Karnataka">Panemangalore</a> in 1868. Since then, Mangalorean Catholics have been actively involved in manufacturing the tiles. The <a href="/wiki/Alvares_tile_factory" title="Alvares tile factory">Alvares tile factory</a> was established in Mangalore by Simon Alvares, a Mangalorean Catholic from Bombay, in 1878.<a href="#cite_note-sm2-141">[141]</a> In 1991–1992, out of twelve Mangalore tile manufacturing factories in Mangalore, six were owned by Christians.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> These tiles, prepared from hard clay, were in great demand throughout India, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka, and were even shipped to East Africa, the Middle East, Europe, and Australia. These were the only tiles to be recommended for Government buildings in India,<a href="#cite_note-sm1-143">[143]</a> and still define Mangalore's skyline and characterise its urban setting.<a href="#cite_note-tile-140">[140]</a> Urban and rural housing follows the traditional variety of <a href="/wiki/Laterite" title="Laterite">laterite</a> brick structures with Mangalore tile roofing on steeply sloped roofs. Inside the house, a spacious hall is present while a large verandah is present in front of the house.<a href="#cite_note-sc118-144">[144]</a> The traditional houses tend to have spacious porticos, red cement or <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> floors, and have fruit trees outside the house.<a href="#cite_note-Panikkar-145">[145]</a> The old Catholic houses of South Canara bear traces of Portuguese influence. The tall windows, pointed roofs, and verandahs are some of the <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Portugal">Portuguese influenced architectural features</a> of the century-old houses.<a href="#cite_note-Panikkar-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangalorean_Catholics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mangalorean_Catholic_cuisine" title="Mangalorean Catholic cuisine">Mangalorean Catholic cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuswar_(Bombay).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Kuswar_%28Bombay%29.jpg/220px-Kuswar_%28Bombay%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Kuswar_%28Bombay%29.jpg/330px-Kuswar_%28Bombay%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Kuswar_%28Bombay%29.jpg/440px-Kuswar_%28Bombay%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kuswar" title="Kuswar">Kuswar</a> are sweet delicacies prepared at Christmas, and include around 22 varieties of sweets.</figcaption></figure> Coconut and curry leaves are common ingredients to most curries.<a href="#cite_note-food-146">[146]</a> Sanna-Dukra Maas (<a href="/wiki/Sanna_(dish)" title="Sanna (dish)">Sanna</a> is <a href="/wiki/Idli" title="Idli">idli</a> fluffed with toddy or yeast; Dukra Maas is pork) is one of the most popular dishes of the Mangalorean Catholic community.<a href="#cite_note-DAJ-147">[147]</a> Rosachi Kadi (Ros Curry), a fish curry made with coconut milk (ros), is a traditional curry served during the Ros ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-foodkadi-148">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Patrode" title="Patrode">Patrode</a>, a dish of colocasia leaves stuffed with rice, <a href="/wiki/Dal" title="Dal">dal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaggery" title="Jaggery">jaggery</a>, coconut, and spices is popular.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kuswar" title="Kuswar">Kuswar</a> are sweet delicacies prepared during Christmas and include around 22 varieties of sweets.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Fish and rice form the staple diet of most Mangalorean Catholics.<a href="#cite_note-sc121-151">[151]</a> Par-boiled rice, known as red rice, is the traditional rice eaten<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> and is preferred over raw rice.<a href="#cite_note-sc121-151">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Names_and_surnames">Names and surnames</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangalorean_Catholics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Names and surnames">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mangalorean_Catholic_names_and_surnames" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangalorean Catholic names and surnames">Mangalorean Catholic names and surnames</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maxwell_Pereira.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Maxwell_Pereira.JPG/220px-Maxwell_Pereira.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Maxwell_Pereira.JPG/330px-Maxwell_Pereira.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Maxwell_Pereira.JPG/440px-Maxwell_Pereira.JPG 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="462" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxwell_Pereira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maxwell Pereira (page does not exist)">Maxwell Kaamath-Pereira</a>, popularly known as Maxwell Pereira, is a senior-ranking <a href="/wiki/Indian_Police_Service" title="Indian Police Service">IPS</a> officer from <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>.</figcaption></figure> Bilingual names, having variants in both Konkani and English, like Zuãuñ (from Portuguese João, meaning <a href="/wiki/John_(first_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="John (first name)">John</a>) and Mornel (<a href="/wiki/Magdalene_(given_name)" title="Magdalene (given name)">Magdalene</a>) are common among Mangalorean Catholics who still use Konkani as the <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-maff-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-maffei-154">[154]</a> Most Mangalorean Catholic names for males follow the second <a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">declension</a>. Among women, the names follow the first declension, while among young girls, the names follow the second declension.<a href="#cite_note-maff-153">[153]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_surnames" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Portuguese surnames">Portuguese surnames</a> like <a href="/wiki/De_Souza" class="mw-redirect" title="De Souza">D'Souza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coelho" title="Coelho">Coelho</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pinto_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pinto (disambiguation)">Pinto</a> are common among Mangalorean Catholics,<a href="#cite_note-sc103-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-maff8-155">[155]</a> and generally follow the second declension.<a href="#cite_note-maff9-156">[156]</a> Rarely, other European surnames are found as well.<a href="#cite_note-maff9-156">[156]</a> Mangalorean Catholics use Konkanised forms of their surnames in Konkani conversations, such as Soza, Kueli, Piint and so on,<a href="#cite_note-maff9-156">[156]</a> instead of the Portuguese forms of De Souza, Coelho, Pinto etc.<a href="#cite_note-maff8-155">[155]</a> Some families still know and use their <a href="/wiki/Christian_Cxatria" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Cxatria">Cxatria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Konkani_Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Konkani Brahmins">Brahmin</a> surnames of <a href="/wiki/Category:Konkani-language_surnames" title="Category:Konkani-language surnames">Konkani origins</a>; such as <a href="/wiki/Prabhu" title="Prabhu">Porbu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamath" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamath">Kamath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nayak_(title)" title="Nayak (title)">Naik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shenoy" title="Shenoy">Shenoy</a> & <a href="/wiki/Shett" title="Shett">Shett</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sc103-112">[112]</a> These original surnames are actually the names of five classes of persons: lord, cultivator, merchant, warrior, and writer.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> At least one of these are <a href="/wiki/List_of_Goud_Saraswat_Brahmin_surnames" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Goud Saraswat Brahmin surnames">Goud Saraswat Brahmin surnames</a>, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Padval" title="Padval">Padival</a> and Shett; Shett is used by those who trace their origins to <a href="/wiki/Daivadnya" title="Daivadnya">Daivadnyas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pin-158">[158]</a> These ancestral pre-Christian surnames are called paik in Konkani.<a href="#cite_note-md0687-159">[159]</a> A few have reverted to their paik surnames.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> While a few others use both, they use Konkani surnames which are hyphenated with the Portuguese ones.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Mudartha" title="Mudartha">Mudartha</a> is a rare and unique Konkani and Gaud Saraswat Brahmin surname found among a few Catholics who hail from <a href="/wiki/Udupi" title="Udupi">Udupi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mudartha-161">[161]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Mangalorean Catholic variant </th> <th>English variant </th> <th>Portuguese variant </th> <th>Meaning </th> <th>Sex </th></tr> <tr> <td>Mâri </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mary_(given_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary (given name)">Mary</a> </td> <td>Maria </td> <td>Beloved </td> <td>Female </td></tr> <tr> <td>Monku </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monica_(given_name)" title="Monica (given name)">Monica</a> </td> <td>Mónica </td> <td>To advise </td> <td>Female </td></tr> <tr> <td>Motes </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Matthew_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew (name)">Matthew</a> </td> <td>Mateus </td> <td>Gift from God </td> <td>Male </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nâtu </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Natalia_(given_name)" title="Natalia (given name)">Natalia</a> </td> <td>Natália </td> <td>Birthday </td> <td>Female </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pedru </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peter_(given_name)" title="Peter (given name)">Peter</a> </td> <td>Pedro </td> <td>Stone </td> <td>Male </td></tr> <tr> <td>Šila </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sylvester" title="Sylvester">Sylvester</a> </td> <td>Silva </td> <td>Wooded </td> <td>Male </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zâbel </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(given_name)" title="Elizabeth (given name)">Elizabeth</a> </td> <td>Isabel </td> <td>My God is my oath </td> <td>Female </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zoze </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph (name)">Joseph</a> </td> <td>José </td> <td>The Lord will add </td> <td>Male </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:center;">Source: An English–Konkani Dictionary (1882)<a href="#cite_note-maffei-154">[154]</a> and A Konkani Grammar (1882)<a href="#cite_note-maff-153">[153]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_and_literature">Language and literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangalorean_Catholics&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Language and literature">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Lobo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Michael_Lobo.jpg/220px-Michael_Lobo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Michael_Lobo.jpg/330px-Michael_Lobo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Michael_Lobo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="371" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lobo" title="Michael Lobo">Michael Lobo</a> published the first genealogical encyclopaedia of the Mangalorean Catholic community in 1999.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Canara_Konkani" class="mw-redirect" title="Canara Konkani">Canara Konkani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Mangalorean_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Mangalorean Catholics">Literature of Mangalorean Catholics</a></div> Mangalorean Catholics speak the <a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani language</a>, which they have retained as their mother tongue despite the migration; the language is central to the community's identity.<a href="#cite_note-buc24-39">[39]</a> They speak a dialect known as Mangalorean Catholic Konkani, which the <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> broadly identifies as the Mangalore dialect.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> The Mangalorean Catholic dialect has <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> influences, and preserves many features of the <a href="/wiki/Maharashtri" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharashtri">Maharashtri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shauraseni" class="mw-redirect" title="Shauraseni">Shauraseni</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadhi</a> dialects of <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a>. It also liberally uses <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kannada_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada language">Kannada</a> languages.<a href="#cite_note-mir97-163">[163]</a> It is written in the <a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada script</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> The dialect does not distinguish between the nouns of Kannada and Konkani and has developed into a language that is very practical for business.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Some Kannada root words which have disappeared from the Goan dialects due to the influence of Portuguese have re-entered the Mangalorean lexicon.<a href="#cite_note-mir97-163">[163]</a> 350–400 Portuguese lexical items are found in the Mangalorean Catholic dialect, of which more than half are related to religious terminology. The influence of Portuguese syntax is only found in some sets of phrases and prayers which have come down from the pre-migration era.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> The Mangalorean Catholic dialect is largely derived from the Bardeskaar (<a href="/wiki/North_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="North Goa">North Goan</a>) dialect and bears a good degree of <a href="/wiki/Mutually_intelligible" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutually intelligible">intelligibility</a> with the modern Bardeskaar dialect (spoken by North <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Goa" title="Christianity in Goa">Goan Christians</a>, North Goan Hindus, and <a href="/wiki/South_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="South Goa">South Goan</a> Hindus) and to a slightly lesser extent with the standard Konkani dialect.<a href="#cite_note-knk0687-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> It consequently differs from the dialect spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Goud_Saraswat_Brahmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Goud Saraswat Brahmin">Goud Saraswat Brahmins</a> in South Canara, which is copiously derived and bears a good degree of intelligibility with the modern Sashtikaar (South Goan) dialect spoken by South Goan Christians and North Canara Konkani Hindus.<a href="#cite_note-knk0687-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> It is much closer to the dialects of the Goan Hindus than to that of the <a href="/wiki/Goan_Catholics" title="Goan Catholics">Goan Catholics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> The Italian Jesuits who arrived in Mangalore in 1878, devoted themselves to the study and development of Konkani, and were thus responsible for the revival of the Konkani language in Mangalore.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> The origin of their literature dates to 1883, when Angelus Francis Xavier Maffei, an Italian Jesuit, published the first An English–Konkani Dictionary in Mangalore.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> He published a book on Konkani grammar in 1882, with a revised version in 1893.<a href="#cite_note-ds2-171">[171]</a> In 1912 the first Konkani periodical, Konknni Dirvem (Konkani Treasure), was published in Mangalore by Louis Mascarenhas.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Popular Konkani periodicals published in Mangalore include Raknno (Guardian) (1938) by Mons. Sylvester Menezes,<a href="#cite_note-geo216-173">[173]</a> Konkan Daiz (Heritage of Konkani) (1958),<a href="#cite_note-sar288-174">[174]</a> and Kannik (Donation) (1965) by Raymond Miranda.<a href="#cite_note-sar289-175">[175]</a> The twentieth-century literature focused on themes like the suffering of the Mangalorean Catholics during their 15-year captivity at Seringapatam and the oppression of Goan Catholics during the <a href="/wiki/Goa_Inquisition" title="Goa Inquisition">Goa Inquisition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ds1-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-sar256-7-177">[177]</a> The first Konkani novel in Karnataka Aangel (1915), was written in the Kannada script by Joachim Santan Alvares.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> In Bombay—which had a small Mangalorean Catholic community—periodicals like Sukh-Dukh (Ups and Downs) (1948) by G.M.B. Rodrigues, Konknni Yuvak (Konkani Youth) (1949) by <a href="/wiki/George_Fernandes" title="George Fernandes">George Fernandes</a>, Poinnari (Traveller) (1950) by <a href="/wiki/V.J.P._Saldanha" class="mw-redirect" title="V.J.P. Saldanha">V.J.P. Saldanha</a>,<a href="#cite_note-geo216-173">[173]</a> and Divo (Lamp) (1995) by J.B. Moraes were published.<a href="#cite_note-gka-180">[180]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Crasta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Richard_Crasta.jpg/220px-Richard_Crasta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Richard_Crasta.jpg/330px-Richard_Crasta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Richard_Crasta.jpg/440px-Richard_Crasta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1189" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Richard_Crasta" title="Richard Crasta">Richard Crasta</a> is best known for his work The Revised Kamasutra, a novel on sexual desires.</figcaption></figure> Modern literature is diverse and includes themes such as <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">Indian politics</a> in books like What Ails the Socialists by George Fernandes,<a href="#cite_note-gf-181">[181]</a> historical awakening, in books such as Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians by Alan Machado Prabhu,<a href="#cite_note-prabhu-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> and sexual desires, in The Revised Kama Sutra: A Novel of Colonialism and Desire by Richard Crasta.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> Genealogist Michael Lobo published the first genealogical Encyclopedia of the Mangalorean Catholic community in 1999. This genealogical encyclopaedia, which exceeds 6,000 pages, covers over a thousand families, each of which is researched as far as its ancestry can be traced. Three offshoots have thus far been launched, which include Mangaloreans Worldwide – An International Directory (1999), Distinguished Mangalorean Catholics (2000), and The Mangalorean Catholic Community – A Professional History / Directory (2002).<a href="#cite_note-DAJlobo-185">[185]</a> William Robert da Silva translated the first complete Bible from English into Konkani. The work entitled Baibol (Bible) was written in the Kannada script, and published by the Mangalore-based Konkani Bible committee in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> In 2000, the Mangalore Diocese also released a Konkani Bible in Kannada script entitled Pavitr Pustak (Holy Book), which was made available online on 26 July 2007.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditions_and_festivals">Traditions and festivals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangalorean_Catholics&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Traditions and festivals">edit</a>]</div> Mangalorean Catholics have retained many Indian customs and traditions; these are especially visible during the celebration of a marriage.<a href="#cite_note-Saraswati-188">[188]</a> Their culture is more traditional and Indian.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Though the Portuguese traded quite frequently in Mangalore, and most of the priests arriving in the region were Portuguese, there did not develop a community identified with Portugal and Portuguese culture.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Mangalorean Catholics have no uniform rituals since they belong to both the patrilineal Brahmin stock and to the matrilineal non-Brahmin stock.<a href="#cite_note-sf7-189">[189]</a> Their marriage rites share many similarities with the Shenvi sub-caste of the <a href="/wiki/Goud_Saraswat_Brahmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Goud Saraswat Brahmin">Goud Saraswat Brahmins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> It was mainly these pre-Christian marriage rites that the Portuguese found objectionable and prohibited during the Goan Inquisition.<a href="#cite_note-rod-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> The Roce<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_bnone">[b]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anointing" title="Anointing">anointing</a>) ceremony, conducted one or two days before a wedding, celebrates the last day of virginity of the bride and bridegroom and involves the parents' blessing of the bride and groom, who are anointed with roce, a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk" title="Coconut milk">coconut milk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil" title="Coconut oil">coconut oil</a>,<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> while a cross is inscribed on the bride's forehead.<a href="#cite_note-rod-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-catholicroce-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> The marriage traditions include Soirik (<a href="/wiki/Betrothal" class="mw-redirect" title="Betrothal">betrothal</a>),<a href="#cite_note-sar73-195">[195]</a> exchange of Paan Pod<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_cnone">[c]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Betel_leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Betel leaves">betel leaves</a>) during the marriage ceremony,<a href="#cite_note-sf18-196">[196]</a> which known as Badalchen (changing hands; formal acceptance of the promise made by the bride's father to the bridegroom's father that he will give his daughter in marriage).<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_dnone">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-sar73-195">[195]</a> The bride is adorned with the Sado (wedding <a href="/wiki/Sari" title="Sari">sari</a>)<a href="#cite_note-sf19-198">[198]</a> and Pirduk<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_fa">[f]</a> (wedding necklace).<a href="#cite_note-sf19-198">[198]</a> Other rites include the Onpnni or Vopsun diunche (giving away the bride formally by the father or the guardian of the bride),<a href="#cite_note-dsa86-199">[199]</a> Porthoponn (re-invitation to the bride's house),<a href="#cite_note-dsa86-199">[199]</a> and singing of Honvious (hymns).<a href="#cite_note-sar73-195">[195]</a> Some non-marriage traditions include Novemjeevon (partaking of the food prepared from new corn) and Novem (blessing of new harvests).<a href="#cite_note-sar73-195">[195]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monti_Fest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Monti_Fest.jpg/300px-Monti_Fest.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Monti_Fest.jpg/450px-Monti_Fest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Monti_Fest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Monti_Fest" title="Monti Fest">Monti Fest</a> celebration near the Milagres Church in <a href="/wiki/Hampankatta" title="Hampankatta">Hampankatta</a>, Mangalore</figcaption></figure> In addition to common Christian festivals like Christmas, <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a>, and Easter, the community celebrates many other festivals of religious and historical significance. <a href="/wiki/Monti_Fest" title="Monti Fest">Monti Fest</a> is one of the major festivals, celebrated on 8 September. It combines the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a> and blessing of Novem (new crops). The festival derives its name from the <a href="/wiki/Monte_Mariano_Church" title="Monte Mariano Church">Monte Mariano Church</a> at Farangipet in South Canara, and was initiated by Fr. Joachim Miranda, a <a href="/wiki/Goan_Catholics" title="Goan Catholics">Goan Catholic</a> priest at Farangipet, in 1763. Although Tipu Sultan destroyed the churches of Canara, he spared Monte Mariano Church in deference to the friendship of his father Hyder Ali with Fr. Miranda.<a href="#cite_note-escdemo-82">[82]</a> Attur Jatre or Attur Fest (Attur festival) is the feast of <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence of Rome">St. Lawrence</a>, celebrated in the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_Shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Lawrence Shrine">St. Lawrence Shrine</a> on the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Karkala" title="Karkala">Karkala</a> in South Canara.<a href="#cite_note-DAJ-147">[147]</a> This shrine, in existence since 1759, is said to have a history of miracles.<a href="#cite_note-DAJ-147">[147]</a> Evkaristik Purshanv (<a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharistic</a> Procession) is an annual religious procession led by the Bishop of Mangalore from <a href="/wiki/Milagres_Church_(Mangalore)" title="Milagres Church (Mangalore)">Milagres Church</a> to <a href="/wiki/Rosario_Cathedral,_Mangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosario Cathedral, Mangalore">Rosario Cathedral</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DAJ-147">[147]</a> The procession, held on the first Sunday of the New Year of the Gregorian calendar, seeks blessings for the new year.<a href="#cite_note-DAJ-147">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Costumes_and_ornaments">Costumes and ornaments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangalorean_Catholics&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Costumes and ornaments">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Attire_of_Mangalorean_Catholics" title="Attire of Mangalorean Catholics">Attire of Mangalorean Catholics</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mangalorean_Catholic_wedding_costumes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Mangalorean_Catholic_wedding_costumes.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="363" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="177" data-file-height="363" /></a><figcaption>A Mangalorean Catholic couple dressed in traditional wedding costumes. The bride is wearing a wedding Sari (Sado); while the groom is wearing a Todop (golden hem), Kutanv (coat), Pudvem (<a href="/wiki/Dhoti" title="Dhoti">dhoti</a>), and Urmaal (turban).</figcaption></figure> Mangalorean Catholic men traditionally wore long, loose-frilled, white or black coats known as Kutanv (similar to the <a href="/wiki/Moghul_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Moghul era">Moghul era</a> <a href="/wiki/Sherwani" title="Sherwani">Sherwanis</a>, loose coats with buttons), over a Zibbo (loose shirt), while the Pudvem (dhoti), a piece of unstitched cloth, usually around 7 yards (6.4 m) long, was wrapped around the waist and the legs and knotted at the waist. The turban called Mundaas or Urmal, were usually flattened like the Coorgi turbans.<a href="#cite_note-sf31-200">[200]</a> It was a long white piece of cloth with a Todop (golden hem) tied around the head like a turban in a particular manner by which they could be easily identified as Catholics.<a href="#cite_note-sf31-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> In modern times however, this mode has changed. Only a few older people can be seen wearing this traditional dress on church-going occasions.<a href="#cite_note-sc119-202">[202]</a> Before marriage, women used to wear a Kirgi (sari) and Baju (blouse). The Kirgi is a piece of cloth not longer than four feet, and about three feet wide. It was wrapped around the body from the waist down. A jacket with long sleeves called a Baju, was used to cover the upper part of the body. This dress was a sign of the bride's virginity and was worn during the Ros ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-sf31-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-dsa77-203">[203]</a> The Kirgi was wrapped around the waist, but the end of the sari is not thrown over the shoulder.<a href="#cite_note-dsa77-203">[203]</a> To wear the sari with its end thrown over the shoulder, known as Worl, is the exclusive right of a married woman.<a href="#cite_note-sf40-204">[204]</a> Married women used to wear sarees the general way.<a href="#cite_note-sc120-205">[205]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Salwar_kameez" class="mw-redirect" title="Salwar kameez">Salwar kameez</a> is another form of popular dress for females. The Mangalorean Catholic bride's wedding sari is known as a Sado.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_enone">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-sf32-206">[206]</a> It is usually a red-coloured <a href="/wiki/Banarasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Banarasi">Banarasi sari</a> which is made of finely woven silk and is decorated with elaborate engravings.<a href="#cite_note-sf19-198">[198]</a> In olden days, the bride wore on her head a red cloth, three feet square. Gold ornaments were absent in those days: the bride went to the church dressed as a virgin girl. In modern times, the bride wears (in place of the Kirgi) a red sari, but the end of the sari is not thrown over the shoulder; it is wrapped around the waist. The bride wears a few gold ornaments, some rings on the fingers, earrings, and at least two of the Dantoni (golden combs).<a href="#cite_note-sf32-206">[206]</a> Other ornaments worn by the bride in the olden days included Kanti, Chakrasar, Kap, Karap, Mugud, Kanto, and Dantoni.<a href="#cite_note-dsa77-203">[203]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mangalorean_Catholic_sado.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Mangalorean_Catholic_sado.JPG/220px-Mangalorean_Catholic_sado.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Mangalorean_Catholic_sado.JPG/330px-Mangalorean_Catholic_sado.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Mangalorean_Catholic_sado.JPG/440px-Mangalorean_Catholic_sado.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>A typical Mangalorean Catholic wedding sari (sado)</figcaption></figure> Dantoni consist of two ordinary combs with the upper part of each one plated with gold; they are worn in the hair on both sides of the head over the ears. On the way to church the bride wears some white and red flowers stuck in the hair. In the centre of the forehead, a Bang (gold chain) was placed with a pendant.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-207">[207]</a> The Pirduk (<a href="/wiki/Mangalsutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangalsutra">Mangalsutra</a>)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_fb">[f]</a> is a necklace made of black beads strung on gold wire as either as a single chain or double chain, with a connecting pendant.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] This necklace is worn as long as the husband is alive; a widow is expected to take it off.<a href="#cite_note-sf40-204">[204]</a> It is highly prized by women as the symbol of their married state.<a href="#cite_note-sf20-208">[208]</a> A widow is expected to wear a black sari for the remainder of her life, and is not allowed to wear ornaments.<a href="#cite_note-Saraswati-188">[188]</a> The bridegroom's dress in early times consisted of a short loincloth of hand-woven cloth (<a href="/wiki/Dhoti" title="Dhoti">Dhoti</a>), a shawl to cover his shoulders, and a red handkerchief on the head (Leis). Later, his dress consisted of a white loincloth with a red and gold hem (Todop), a shirt with gold buttons and a coat (Kutanv), a shawl on the shoulders, and a towel (Urmal) on the head.<a href="#cite_note-sf31-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-dsa77-203">[203]</a> The bridegroom wore a Chakrasar (neck chain) around his neck. He wore a pair of sandals or at least a pair of socks.<a href="#cite_note-dsa78-209">[209]</a> At present, most Mangalorean Catholic couples opt for a <a href="/wiki/White_wedding" title="White wedding">White wedding</a>, where the bridegroom wears a suit, while the bride wears a white wedding gown.<a href="#cite_note-DAJAnilds-210">[210]</a> The traditional style of wedding is becoming exceedingly rare.<a href="#cite_note-todop-211">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_society">Historical society</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangalorean_Catholics&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Historical society">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cajetan_Lobo_Prabhu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Cajetan_Lobo_Prabhu.jpg/280px-Cajetan_Lobo_Prabhu.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Cajetan_Lobo_Prabhu.jpg/420px-Cajetan_Lobo_Prabhu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Cajetan_Lobo_Prabhu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="312" /></a><figcaption>A Mangalorean Catholic gentleman belonging to the Bamonn caste, c. 1938</figcaption></figure> Catholics were divided into three broad divisions: the higher classes of Catholics were landlords, merchants and public servants. The middle classes were traders, cultivators; the lower classes were agricultural laborers, tailors and domestic servants.<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a> Mangalorean Catholics retained the same caste system as their Konkani ancestors in Goa. They were mainly divided into four castes: <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Brahmin" title="Roman Catholic Brahmin">Bamonns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Kshatriya" title="Roman Catholic Kshatriya">Charodis</a>, Sudirs, and Gaudis.<a href="#cite_note-sf7-189">[189]</a> There were also local converts from <a href="/wiki/Bunt_(community)" title="Bunt (community)">Bunt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beary" title="Beary">Beary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koraga_people" title="Koraga people">Koragas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holeya" title="Holeya">Holeya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mogaveera" title="Mogaveera">Mogaveera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Billava" title="Billava">Billavas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adi_Dravida" title="Adi Dravida">Mansa</a> and other communities due to the social reform and missionary activities of the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> in the 19th and early 20th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a> Converts from Brahmin sub-castes such as the <a href="/wiki/Saraswat_Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraswat Brahmins">Saraswat Brahmins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Padye" title="Padye">Padyes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daivadnya" title="Daivadnya">Daivadnya</a> goldsmiths/ merchants etc;<a href="#cite_note-:0-213">[213]</a> were merged into the Christian caste of Bamonn.<a href="#cite_note-Mercury-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-bhat-214">[214]</a> The Bamonns were further divided into other subcastes or classes according to rank. In Mangalore, they were sub-divided into Sirudhegars (the highest class), Alhdhengars, Cutdhnangars, Dhivodegars, Nathnolegars, Sashragars, Puruvargars, and Maidhegars. These names are taken from the villages to which they once belonged.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> According to John B. Kutinha of the Karnataka Second Backward Classes Commission, the Bamon Christians and Sarodi Christians were akin to <a href="/wiki/Vaishyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishyas">Vaishyas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudras</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Gauda_and_Kunbi" title="Gauda and Kunbi">Gaudi</a> Christians were akin to <a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">untouchables</a>.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> The Charodis were converts from the <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a> (warrior class) and <a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a> (merchant class) castes.<a href="#cite_note-sf7-189">[189]</a> They were generally engaged in farming, trade, and commercial vocations.<a href="#cite_note-merchant-217">[217]</a> The artisan converts formed the third group who were known as Sudirs (the Konkani word for <a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudras</a> who were the labour class).<a href="#cite_note-sf7-189">[189]</a> They were workers and agricultural labourers engaged in service professions.<a href="#cite_note-merchant-217">[217]</a> The converts from the fisher caste residing around <a href="/wiki/Ullal" title="Ullal">Ullal</a>, Kuloor, and other places around the seacoast were called Gaudis, and formed the fourth group.<a href="#cite_note-Mercury-35">[35]</a> They cultivated the lands of the Bamonns and the high-caste Hindus.<a href="#cite_note-land-218">[218]</a> Other minor castes included the <a href="/wiki/Padval" title="Padval">Padvals</a>, whom historian Severine Silva found to be native <a href="/wiki/Tulu_Jains" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulu Jains">Tulu Jain Bunt</a> converts.<a href="#cite_note-Mercury-35">[35]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pais_Prabhu.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Pais_Prabhu.JPG/300px-Pais_Prabhu.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Pais_Prabhu.JPG/450px-Pais_Prabhu.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Pais_Prabhu.JPG/600px-Pais_Prabhu.JPG 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="658" /></a><figcaption>An extended Catholic family in Mangalore belonging to the Bamonn caste, year 1929.</figcaption></figure> The Mangalorean Catholics constituted a small community widely scattered across the <a href="/wiki/South_Canara" title="South Canara">South Canara district</a>. Rather than being a closely knit and united group, the Goan Catholic immigrants and their progeny did not associate with the native Catholics on account of caste, origin, and language, and even among themselves were strongly divided by caste.<a href="#cite_note-sf6-11">[11]</a> The Hindu uppercastes, including the indigenous Brahmins (mostly belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Shivalli_Brahmins" title="Shivalli Brahmins">Shivalli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Havyaka_Brahmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Havyaka Brahmin">Havyaka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kota_Brahmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kota Brahmin">Kota</a> sub-groups) and <a href="/wiki/Bunt_(community)" title="Bunt (community)">Bunts</a> did not associate with the Catholic Christians and would not admit them into their houses on account of their religion.<a href="#cite_note-Saraswati-188">[188]</a> However, a close contact was kept by the Catholics with the Hindus of the same caste who were migrants from Goa. Catholics would invite their Hindu cousins to festivities such as birth celebrations, weddings, and funeral feasts. The Hindus accepted such invitations.<a href="#cite_note-Saraswati-188">[188]</a> Unlike the Hindu counterpart, a high-caste Mangalorean Catholic did not consider himself polluted upon physical contact with a member of the lower caste, but members of different castes did not fraternise or invite each other home for dinner.<a href="#cite_note-Canon-219">[219]</a> According to sociologist Vinay Rajath D., the relationship between caste and occupation was very tenuous among catholics, as Bamons as well as Sudirs consisted of cultivators, agricultural laborers, traders, masons, and cooks.<a href="#cite_note-:0-213">[213]</a> Marriage between members of the various castes was not permitted, and such matches were strictly discouraged by the elders. For instance, a Bamonn boy would only marry a Bamonn girl and a Charodi boy would only marry a Charodi girl.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> The Bamonns and Charodis would invite neighbours and friends belonging to the Sudir and Gaudi castes to special occasions such as weddings and baptisms, although the latter would have to observe certain restrictions with regards to sitting and eating. The lower castes felt honoured if they were invited and usually accepted such invitations.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> The upper castes usually did not attend the ceremonies of the lower castes, even if expressly invited.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salvador_Barboza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Salvador_Barboza.jpg/220px-Salvador_Barboza.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Salvador_Barboza.jpg/330px-Salvador_Barboza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Salvador_Barboza.jpg/440px-Salvador_Barboza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="617" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sacristan" title="Sacristan">sacristan</a> of St Lawrence Church, <a href="/wiki/Moodubelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Moodubelle">Moodubelle</a>, gives his blessings to his granddaughter during her Ros ceremony, year 1975. He wears a short kurta and a <a href="/wiki/Dhoti" title="Dhoti">dhoti</a>.</figcaption></figure> It was difficult for the few priests who had accompanied the Christian emigrants to South Canara to look after them properly. Thus, the Gurkar system came into existence. Gurkars were Mangalorean Catholic men of good moral character who were selected as headmen in Christian settlements. They were entrusted with the social and religious supervision of the community.<a href="#cite_note-sf_9-48">[48]</a> After migration, the only possible occupation of a Mangalorean Catholic was agriculture, since they were skilled farmers.<a href="#cite_note-Mercury-35">[35]</a> Every farmer practised carpentry, but it was quite primitive and unskilled, and other crafts and industries were non-existent.<a href="#cite_note-sf16-223">[223]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">mass</a> was celebrated in Latin; but the <a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">sermon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">catechism</a>, and the explication of the mysteries were delivered to the congregation in Konkani.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> The parishes were grouped into deaneries called Varados. Every parish was divided into wards, while <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral Council">Parish Councils</a> were present in most parishes.<a href="#cite_note-dio159-133">[133]</a> About 15 percent of the households in the parishes were literate.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> A widow had to remain indoors, practically for the rest of her life. Since high-caste Hindu widows cannot remarry after the death of their husbands, the high-caste Christians too considered the remarriage of a widow as something unnatural. Canon law did allow remarriage for widows and therefore there was no direct prohibition for widows to remarry in the society of the Christians of South Canara. Few women had the courage to go against the strict conventions of their community. A widow who remarried was looked down upon, pitied, and shunned as unlucky. But she was not ill-treated or made an outcast, and no stigma was attached to her husband.<a href="#cite_note-Saraswati-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-Canon-219">[219]</a> Succession to property was practised as per the Hindu laws.<a href="#cite_note-Canon-219">[219]</a> By the end of the 20th century however, social categorization and differentiation became manifested not on various factors apart from caste. Catholics who belonged to the lower economic classes and were tenants in former times now have become land owners, due to the land reforms. <a href="#cite_note-:0-213">[213]</a> Mangalorean Catholic society had become very mobile owing to factors such as education, job affiliation, non-agricultural jobs, acquisition of wealth, cultivation of cash crops, inter-caste marriages, inter-religious marriages, and migration to metropolitan cities.<a href="#cite_note-:0-213">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Songs_and_music">Songs and music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangalorean_Catholics&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Songs and music">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Konkani_Nirantari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Konkani_Nirantari.jpg/250px-Konkani_Nirantari.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Konkani_Nirantari.jpg/375px-Konkani_Nirantari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Konkani_Nirantari.jpg/500px-Konkani_Nirantari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption>Konkani Nirantari, a Konkani cultural event, entered the Guinness Book of World Records for non-stop singing of Konkani hymns.</figcaption></figure> On 26 and 27 January 2008, a <a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a> cultural event, Konkani Nirantari, held in Mangalore by the Mangalorean Catholic organisation Mandd Sobhann; entered the <a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness Book of World Records</a> for non-stop singing of Konkani hymns.<a href="#cite_note-GUI-226">[226]</a> Mandd Sobhann members sang for 40 hours, surpassing the old record of 36 hours held by a Brazilian musical troupe, Communidade Evangelica Luterana São Paulo (Lutheran Evangelical Community of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Universidade_Luterana_do_Brasil" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidade Luterana do Brasil">Universidade Luterana do Brasil</a> (Lutheran University of Brazil).<a href="#cite_note-GUI-226">[226]</a> The Silver Band, started in 1906 by Lawrence D'Souza in Mangalore, is one of the oldest and most popular brass bands in Mangalore.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> The well-known Konkani hymn Riglo Jezu Molliant (Jesus entered the Garden of Gethsemene) was written by Fr. Joachim Miranda, an 18th-century Goan Catholic priest, when he was held captive by Tipu Sultan on his Canara mission.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> Mons. Minguel Placid Colaco wrote the devotional hymn Jezucho Mog (Jesus' Love)<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> in 1905,<a href="#cite_note-gka-180">[180]</a> and translated the Latin hymn <a href="/wiki/Stabat_Mater" title="Stabat Mater">Stabat Mater</a> into Konkani under the title Khursa Mullim (Bottom of the Holy Cross).<a href="#cite_note-sar253-230">[230]</a> Joseph Saldanha's Shembor Cantigo (100 Hymns)<a href="#cite_note-sar253-230">[230]</a> and Raimundo Mascarenhas' Deva Daia Kakultichea (O Compassionate Master) were popular.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> Other popular Konkani hymns composed by Mangalorean Catholics are Aika Cristanv Jana (Listen, O' Christian People), Utha Utha Praniya (Wake up, Creatures), and Sorgim Thaun (From Heaven).<a href="#cite_note-sar251-232">[232]</a> Konkani <a href="/wiki/Pop_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pop (music)">pop music</a> became popular after <a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Independence Movement">Indian Independence</a> in 1947. Henry D'Souza and Helen D'Cruz are known for the Konkani love duet Kathrina in 1971<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> and the love Ballad Garacho Divo (Lamp of the House) in the 1970s,<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> while Wilfy Rebimbus' <a href="/wiki/Sonnet" title="Sonnet">sonnet</a> Mog Tuzo Kithlo Axelom (How I Have Loved Thee) from 1977 is popular.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> Konkani plays, especially religious ones, were written and staged in Mangalore in the 20th century by prominent playwrights such as Pedru John D'Souza, Pascal Sequeira and Bonaventure Tauro.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.co.in-123">[123]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ghumot" title="Ghumot">Ghumat</a> was a popular musical instrument played especially during weddings.<a href="#cite_note-sf47-236">[236]</a> The instrument has the form of an earthen pot but is open at both sides. One end is covered with the skin of some wild animal, and the other is left open.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> The traditional theatre form is called Gumat, and is performed on the eve of the marriage or in connection with the marriage celebrations in the decorated pandal (stage).<a href="#cite_note-gumat-238">[238]</a> The play is conducted by males belonging to both the brides' and bridegrooms' parties, and usually takes place for two or three nights.<a href="#cite_note-gumat-238">[238]</a> The plays performed are usually those of Biblical stories, and their morals are presented with the purpose of educating the bride and bridegroom.<a href="#cite_note-gumat-238">[238]</a> This tradition has almost completely died out among the present generation.<a href="#cite_note-gumat-238">[238]</a> The tradition of Voviyo (wedding songs), sung by women during a Ros, is important to this community. The procedure is that an elderly lady, usually the yejman (wife of the master of ceremonies, who is known as yejmani) who knows the voviyos, leads the song while the rest of the women sing along. Only women whose husbands are still living may sing. In ancient times, the wedding songs expressed very lofty sentiments and gave vent to the feelings of the people about the marriage partners and their families, invoking the blessing of God on them.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Aprosachi vatli, kasgran petli, ruzai mai betli, hea rosalagim. The Ros brass plate is made by brass smith, our Lady of Rosary is here at this ros ceremony. Dimbi ami galeam, santa kuru kadeam, kurpa ami magieam amchea Jezulagim. Let us kneel, make sign of the cross, and pray for God's grace. Akashim mod, narl kubear telacho kuris hokleachea kopalar. Clouds in the sky, coconut on the tree, oily sign of cross on the forehead of the bride.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Voviyos taken from The Tradition of Voviyo article by Maurice D'Mello<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Castes">Castes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangalorean_Catholics&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Castes">edit</a>]</div> Konkani Christians in the erstwhile South Kanara region comprise multiple castes, corresponding to the castes they converted from. These include: <a href="/wiki/Gauda_and_Kunbi" title="Gauda and Kunbi">Gowdis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Cxatria" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Cxatria">Charodis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Brahmins">Bahmons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Sudirs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kharvi" title="Kharvi">Kharvi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madval" title="Madval">Madivals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhandari_(caste)" title="Bhandari (caste)">Renders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumhar" title="Kumhar">Kumbars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koraga_people" title="Koraga people">Koragas</a>, etc. Other communities in the region treated the catholics of Dakshina Kannada as a single jati or caste group but catholics were not a monolithic block. Historically, they had internal divisions and inter-marriages between these castes were not forbidden, but rarely took place.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> Caste differences among Mangalore catholics have reduced because of advancing education, inter-caste marriages, inter-religious marriages, migration to the gulf, and land reforms in the 1970s. <a href="#cite_note-:0-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> As Christians in Karnataka, they are classified under Category III(B) of <a href="/wiki/Other_Backward_Class" title="Other Backward Class">other backward classes</a> in Karnataka and are eligible for reservations in education and government employment for non <a href="/wiki/Creamy_layer" title="Creamy layer">creamy-layer</a> sections, while <a href="/wiki/Dalit_Christian" title="Dalit Christian">scheduled caste converts to Christianity</a> are classified under Category I.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organisations">Organisations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangalorean_Catholics&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Organisations">edit</a>]</div> Many organisations cater to the community in South Kanara. The most notable are Mandd Sobhann, which broke the Guinness record for non-stop singing, and the Catholic Association of South Kanara (CASK).<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> The first session of the Canara Konkani Catholic World Convention took place on 26 December 2004 in Mangalore.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> The convention aimed to establish institutions to conduct research on the history of Mangalorean Catholics.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> In India, the Kanara Catholic Association, Mumbai, (KCA Mumbai,<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> established in 1901), the Kanara Catholic Association, (<a href="/wiki/KCA_Bangalore" title="KCA Bangalore">KCA Bangalore</a>, established in 1955)<a href="#cite_note-kcab-251">[251]</a> and Mangalore Catholic Association, (<a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a>)<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> (MCA, established on 10 February 1996) in are well known. Also the <a href="/wiki/Kanara_Entrepreneurs,_Bangalore" title="Kanara Entrepreneurs, Bangalore">Kanara Entrepreneurs, Bangalore</a> (established in 2007) a non profit group to promote skill development and success among Mangalorean Catholic Entrepreneurs, students and catholic institutions are part of the efforts to help the community.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> In the United Kingdom, Mangalorean United Konkani Association (MUKA) in <a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a> is popular.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> In Australia, The Mangalorean Catholic Association of Victoria (MCAV) established in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> was the first organisation for the community in Australia.<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> In 2006 the Mangalorean Catholic Association of Sydney (MCAS) was established in Australia.<a href="#cite_note-SYD-139">[139]</a> In Singapore, the Singapore Mangalorean and Goan Association (SingManGo) group caters to the needs of those who have migrated there.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In North America, the Mangalorean Association of Canada<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> and the Mangalorean Konkan Christian Association (MKCA) in Chicago<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> are well known. In the Middle East, the Mangalore Cultural Association (MCA) in <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>; was established in March 2008.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_People">Notable People</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangalorean_Catholics&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notable People">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Alva" title="Joachim Alva">Joachim Alva</a>, member of the <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a>, the upper house of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Indian Parliament</a>, from 1968 to 1974<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Fernandes" title="Edmond Fernandes">Dr. Edmond Fernandes</a>, Physician & Founder of <a href="/wiki/CHD_Group" title="CHD Group">CHD Group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Alva" title="Margaret Alva">Margaret Alva</a>, member of Rajya Sabha from 1972 to 1998; appointed Governor of <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a> in 2009<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blasius_D%27Souza" title="Blasius D'Souza">Blasius D'Souza</a>, Politician in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> and first <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> minister in the Karnataka state government<a href="#cite_note-Blasius-263">[263]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_D%27Souza" title="Jerome D'Souza">Jerome D'Souza</a>, Jesuit priest, educationist, writer, and member of the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_India" title="Constituent Assembly of India">Indian Constituent assembly</a> from 1946 to 1950<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_D%27Souza" title="Tony D'Souza">Tony D'Souza</a>, American novelist<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erica_Fernandes" title="Erica Fernandes">Erica Fernandes</a>, television actress<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Fernandes" title="Oscar Fernandes">Oscar Fernandes</a>, member of <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a>, the lower house of the Indian Parliament, from 1980 to 1998<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Fernandes" title="George Fernandes">George Fernandes</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Defence_Minister_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence Minister of India">Defence Minister of India</a> from 1998 to 2004</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabel_Rebello" title="Mabel Rebello">Mabel Rebello</a>, member of Parliament Bhopal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lobo" title="Michael Lobo">Michael Lobo</a>, Indian writer, scientist and genealogist<a href="#cite_note-DAJlobo-185">[185]</a></li> <li>Maxwell Pereira, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Police_Service" title="Indian Police Service">IPS</a> officer<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freida_Pinto" title="Freida Pinto">Freida Pinto</a>, Hollywood actress known for her role in <a href="/wiki/Slumdog_Millionaire" title="Slumdog Millionaire">Slumdog Millionaire</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pius_Fidelis_Pinto" title="Pius Fidelis Pinto">Pius Fidelis Pinto</a>, Indian historian, researcher and scholar on Christianity<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viren_Rasquinha" title="Viren Rasquinha">Viren Rasquinha</a>, captain of India's national <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">field hockey</a> team<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfy_Rebimbus" title="Wilfy Rebimbus">Wilfy Rebimbus</a>, Konkani singer and lyricist<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Rodrigues" title="Victor Rodrigues">Victor Rodrigues</a>, Konkani novelist and short story writer<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melvyn_Rodrigues&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melvyn Rodrigues (page does not exist)">Melvyn Rodrigues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi" title="Sahitya Akademi">Sahitya Akademi</a> Award (2011) Winning Konkani Poet<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Saldanha" title="Lawrence Saldanha">Lawrence Saldanha</a>, archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Lahore" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lahore">Lahore Archdiocese</a> from 2001 to 2011<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Richard_Lobo" title="John Richard Lobo">John Richard Lobo</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Legislative_Assembly_(India)" title="Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)">MLA</a> of Mangalore South constituency<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V.J.P._Saldanha" class="mw-redirect" title="V.J.P. Saldanha">V.J.P. Saldanha</a>, Konkani litterateur, dramatist, musician, and poet<a href="#cite_note-Saldanha-277">[277]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adline_Castelino" title="Adline Castelino">Adline Castelino</a>, winner of <a href="/wiki/Miss_Diva" title="Miss Diva">Miss Diva Universe</a> <a href="/wiki/Miss_Diva_2020" title="Miss Diva 2020">2020</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonal_Monteiro" title="Sonal Monteiro">Sonal Monteiro</a>, Indian Actress - Tulu, Kannada, Konkani Language</li> <li>Allen Pereira, Former Chairman, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Maharashtra" title="Bank of Maharashtra">Bank of Maharashtra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence_Lewis_(choreographer)" title="Terence Lewis (choreographer)">Terence Lewis (choreographer)</a>, Indian dancer, singer and choreographer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ester_Noronha" title="Ester Noronha">Ester Noronha</a>, Indian actress and singer - Telugu, Kannada, Konkani language</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faye_D%27Souza" title="Faye D'Souza">Faye D'Souza</a>, Indian journalist and television news anchor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malishka_Mendonsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Malishka Mendonsa">Malishka Mendonsa</a>, Indian radio personality and actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemimah_Rodrigues" title="Jemimah Rodrigues">Jemimah Rodrigues</a>, Indian professional cricketer - <a href="/wiki/India_women%27s_national_cricket_team" title="India women's national cricket team">India women's national cricket team</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rohan_Monteiro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rohan Monteiro (page does not exist)">Rohan Monteiro</a>, Entrepreneur, Founder and CEO of Rohan Corporation<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangalorean_Catholics&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <div> <dl><dd>a <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_anone">^</a> Most of the Christian soldiers in the <a href="/wiki/Keladi_Nayaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Keladi Nayaka">Keladi Nayaka</a> army belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Kshatriya" title="Roman Catholic Kshatriya">Charodi</a> caste.<a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a></dd> <dd>b <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_bnone">^</a> The Ros is a ceremony similar to the Tel ceremony performed by the Goan Hindus.<a href="#cite_note-ros-283">[283]</a> The Tel is an auspicious ceremony during which the Hindu bride wears a yellow <a href="/wiki/Sari" title="Sari">sari</a>, while ladies from the family would rub the body with <a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">turmeric</a> and oil. They would apply it with the help of two leaves of a mango tree over the forehead, neck, chest, shoulder arms and legs of the bride.<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a> A similar pattern was followed wherein the Christian bride was smeared with turmeric paste, coconut milk, rice flour with the leaves of ambolim to make the skin smooth, fair and prepare the bride for marriage. In 1736, this practice was banned by the Holy Inquisition in Goa.<a href="#cite_note-ros-283">[283]</a></dd> <dd>c <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_cnone">^</a> Bido is the small packet of pieces of <a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">areca nut</a> wrapped into a betel leaf with the addition of several spices. Pan-pod is the same, but loosely placed on a plate, so that each guest can prepare his own pan. The areca nut, uncut, is called popal, cut into small pieces it is pod.<a href="#cite_note-sf18-196">[196]</a></dd> <dd>d <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_dnone">^</a> In the past, <a href="/wiki/Kanara" title="Kanara">Canara</a> was famous for its <a href="/wiki/Spices" class="mw-redirect" title="Spices">spices</a>. And so, <a href="/wiki/Paan" class="mw-redirect" title="Paan">paan</a> (betel leaf) and pod (areca nut cut into small pieces), the seed of the tropical palm <a href="/wiki/Areca_catechu" title="Areca catechu">Areca catechu</a> were generously supplied on all festive occasions. The spices were not mixed with chuno (<a href="/wiki/Quick_lime" class="mw-redirect" title="Quick lime">Quick lime</a>). In fact, in every house a copper or brass plate was always kept ready for a pan-pod party. Whenever a guest arrived at the house, it was customary to offer him this plate with a fresh betel leaf just picked from the vine. A <a href="/wiki/Betel_nut" class="mw-redirect" title="Betel nut">betel nut</a> known as tobak or dumti (Tobacco) was prepared and placed on the brass plate.<a href="#cite_note-sf18-196">[196]</a></dd> <dd>e <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_enone">^</a> After the wedding was over, the sado was well preserved and worn only on high feast-days or for weddings. Sometimes, a particularly precious sado was handed down from mother to daughter and considered a valuable heirloom. The cost of a sado was reckoned in varahas. Saris are known for their variety by special names, such as Katari, Shilari, Gulabi, etc.<a href="#cite_note-sf19-198">[198]</a> Both the Sado and Dharma sado were costly saris, while the Sado was the most expensive, the Dharma Sado was the second most expensive.<a href="#cite_note-dsa77-203">[203]</a></dd> <dd>f <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_fa">a</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_fb">b</a> The Hindus call it <a href="/wiki/Mangalsutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangalsutra">mangalsutra</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mangala_sutra" title="Mangala sutra">mangala sutra</a> (the auspicious necklace). It is the symbol of the married state.<a href="#cite_note-sf19-198">[198]</a> In the olden days, the Mangalsutra was made of black glass beads strung on a thread made of the fibres of dried <a href="/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">pineapple</a> leaves.<a href="#cite_note-sf40-204">[204]</a> The ordinary crude pattern of the pirduk was improved in the course of time. Later longish beads of gold were inserted between the black glass beads and a pendant was added. The earliest pendant was a round disk of silver. It was called thali. Later it was changed into a golden pendant.<a href="#cite_note-sf20-208">[208]</a></dd></dl> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangalorean_Catholics&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/48px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/64px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Mangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Mangalore">Roman Catholicism in Mangalore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_India" title="Catholic Church in India">Catholic Church in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Karnataka" title="Christianity in Karnataka">Christianity in Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalorean_Protestants" title="Mangalorean Protestants">Mangalorean Protestants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangaloreans" title="Mangaloreans">Mangaloreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monti_Fest" title="Monti Fest">Monti Fest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Konkani_Centre" title="World Konkani Centre">World Konkani Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_anti-Christian_attacks_in_Carnataca" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 anti-Christian attacks in Carnataca">2008 anti-Christian attacks in Carnataca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Americanisation">Americanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">Anglicisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickmangalore_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Chickmangalore district">Chickmangaloreans</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangalorean_Catholics&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MD-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MD_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MD_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MD_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725235407/http://www.dioceseofmangalore.org/">"Statistics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Mangalore" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Mangalore">Diocese of Mangalore</a>. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics&rft.pub=Diocese+of+Mangalore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dioceseofmangalore.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalorean+Catholics" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-spo-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spo_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-spo_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaiSupriya1981">Pai & Supriya 1981</a>, p. 203: "This city (Mangalore) has a very influential proportion of Roman Catholics, numbering over a good quarter of the total population. It is the seat of the Diocese of Mangalore, a <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> jurisdiction, and hence when we speak of the Mangalorean Catholics, we do not limit ourselves only to the roughly 60,000 Catholics within the city limits, but to a total of much over 200,000 Catholics spread over the whole diocese, which is co-terminous with the civil district of South Kanara." </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarias1999">Farias 1999</a>, p. 299: "Four centuries of living in South Kanara gave these Catholics an identity of their own. Thus they are commonly known as Mangalorean Catholics." </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240926165441/https://www.deccanherald.com/archives/125-years-still-growing-2415303">"125 years and still growing"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanherald.com/archives/125-years-still-growing-2415303">the original</a> on 26 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=125+years+and+still+growing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Farchives%2F125-years-still-growing-2415303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalorean+Catholics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240926163139/https://milagres.church/full-history">"Full History - Milagres Church"</a>. 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Bandra, India: St Pauls. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7109-286-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7109-286-4"><bdi>978-81-7109-286-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paths+of+Mission+in+India+Today&rft.place=Bandra%2C+India&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=St+Pauls&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-7109-286-4&rft.aulast=Kanjamala&rft.aufirst=Augustine&rft.au=Commission+for+Proclamation+and+Communication+%28Catholic+Bishops%27+Conference+of+India%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalorean+Catholics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mercury-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mercury_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mercury_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mercury_35-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mercury_35-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mercury_35-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mercury_35-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mercury_35-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mercury_35-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFSilvaFuchs1965">Silva & Fuchs 1965</a>, p. 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-Pius-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pius_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pius_36-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPinto1999">Pinto 1999</a>, p. 150 </li> <li id="cite_note-sc102-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sc102_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sc102_37-1">b</a> <a href="#sc">South Kanara District Gazetteer 1973</a>, p. 102 </li> <li id="cite_note-buc23-38"><a href="#cite_ref-buc23_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuchanan1988">Buchanan 1988</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bK4Ba6824koC">M1 23</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-buc24-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-buc24_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-buc24_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-buc24_39-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuchanan1988">Buchanan 1988</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bK4Ba6824koC">M1 24</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-dm-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dm_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dm_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dm_40-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dm_40-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dm_40-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080622155343/http://www.dioceseofmangalore.org/history.asp">"Christianity in Mangalore"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Mangalore" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Mangalore">Diocese of Mangalore</a>. Archived from the original on 22 June 2008. Retrieved 30 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christianity+in+Mangalore&rft.pub=Diocese+of+Mangalore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dioceseofmangalore.org%2Fhistory.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalorean+Catholics" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeorge2010">George 2010</a>, p. 128 </li> <li id="cite_note-ver-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ver_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ver_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120316132507/http://www.verapolyarchdiocese.org/history.htm">"Brief history of the Archdiocese of Verapoly"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Verapoly" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Verapoly">Archdiocese of Verapoly</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.verapolyarchdiocese.org/history.htm">the original</a> on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brief+history+of+the+Archdiocese+of+Verapoly&rft.pub=Archdiocese+of+Verapoly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.verapolyarchdiocese.org%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalorean+Catholics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Propaganda-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Propaganda_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Propaganda_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Propaganda_43-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPinto1999">Pinto 1999</a>, p. 208 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPinto1999">Pinto 1999</a>, p. 209 </li> <li id="cite_note-Vicar-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vicar_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vicar_45-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrabhu1999">Prabhu 1999</a>, p. 158 </li> <li id="cite_note-amp17-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-amp17_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-amp17_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-amp17_46-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrabhu1999">Prabhu 1999</a>, p. 159 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPinto1999">Pinto 1999</a>, p. 212 </li> <li id="cite_note-sf_9-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sf_9_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sf_9_48-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSilvaFuchs1965">Silva & Fuchs 1965</a>, p. 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaviprasad_Kamila2005" class="citation news cs1">Raviprasad Kamila (30 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121103222636/http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/30/stories/2005113018370300.htm">"Jubilee celebrations at Milagres Church on Tuesday"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. Chennai, India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/30/stories/2005113018370300.htm">the original</a> on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Jubilee+celebrations+at+Milagres+Church+on+Tuesday&rft.date=2005-11-30&rft.au=Raviprasad+Kamila&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2005%2F11%2F30%2Fstories%2F2005113018370300.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalorean+Catholics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaviprasad_Kamila2004" class="citation news cs1">Raviprasad Kamila (27 November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121103043155/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/11/27/stories/2004112702480100.htm">"The holy heritage"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. Chennai, India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/11/27/stories/2004112702480100.htm">the original</a> on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=The+holy+heritage&rft.date=2004-11-27&rft.au=Raviprasad+Kamila&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2Fmp%2F2004%2F11%2F27%2Fstories%2F2004112702480100.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalorean+Catholics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pra-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pra_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pra_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pra_51-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pra_51-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pra_51-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrabhu,_Alan_Machado1999" class="citation book cs1">Prabhu, Alan Machado (1999). Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians. Bangalore: I.J.A. Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-86778-25-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-86778-25-8"><bdi>978-81-86778-25-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sarasvati%27s+Children%3A+A+History+of+the+Mangalorean+Christians&rft.place=Bangalore&rft.pub=I.J.A.+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-86778-25-8&rft.au=Prabhu%2C+Alan+Machado&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalorean+Catholics" class="Z3988"> Material available in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.kinnigoli.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=28:sarasvatis-children&catid=13:english-fiction&Itemid=37">Sarasvati's Children</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110713152653/http://portal.kinnigoli.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=28%3Asarasvatis-children&catid=13%3Aenglish-fiction&Itemid=37">Archived</a> 13 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> article, written by Joe Lobo, the President of the Goan Catholic Association in Florida, was borrowed mainly from Alan Machado's book. </li> <li id="cite_note-mc22-52"><a href="#cite_ref-mc22_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrabhu1999">Prabhu 1999</a>, p. 132 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKurzon2004">Kurzon 2004</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p5iK3CmIW6EC">M1 77</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-mc65-54"><a href="#cite_ref-mc65_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrabhu1999">Prabhu 1999</a>, p. 167 </li> <li id="cite_note-D'Mello-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-D'Mello_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-D'Mello_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-D'Mello_55-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrabhu1999">Prabhu 1999</a>, p. 160 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrabhu1999">Prabhu 1999</a>, p. 162 </li> <li id="cite_note-George-57"><a href="#cite_ref-George_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeorge2010">George 2010</a>, p. 132 </li> <li id="cite_note-Shirvagar-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Shirvagar_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeorge2010">George 2010</a>, p. 134 </li> <li id="cite_note-sch62-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sch62_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sch62_59-1">b</a> <a href="#sch">South Kanara District Gazetteer 1973</a>, p. 62 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a href="#more">Rural Industrialization in Backward Areas 2006</a>, p. 37 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSilva1957">Silva 1957</a>, N. 6, p. 90 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJayadev1996">Jayadev 1996</a>, p. 66 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTour1855">Tour 1855</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5ryCAAAAIAAJ&dq=history%20of%20hyder%20sha&pg=PA236">p. 236</a>: As soon as Hyder was informed of this, he caused these merchants to appear before him, with the chief of the Portuguese factory, and several Christian priests belonging to the three churches at Mangalore. He then demanded of the Portuguese chief and the priests, what punishment the Christians inflict on those who should presume to betray their sovereign, by giving assistance to his enemies. The Portuguese officer having without hesitation answered that such a crime deserved death, Hyder replied, "I do not judge in that manner, for our laws are milder. Since they have made themselves English by engaging to serve them, their property shall be adjudged to belong to Englishmen; and themselves shall be thrown into prison till I make peace with that nation." </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSilva1957">Silva 1957</a>, N. 6, pp. 103–104 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSilva1957">Silva 1957</a>, N. 6, p. 105 </li> <li id="cite_note-sch63-66"><a href="#cite_ref-sch63_66-0">^</a> <a href="#sch">South Kanara District Gazetteer 1973</a>, p. 63 </li> <li id="cite_note-sch64-67"><a href="#cite_ref-sch64_67-0">^</a> <a href="#sch">South Kanara District Gazetteer 1973</a>, p. 64 </li> <li id="cite_note-s116-68"><a href="#cite_ref-s116_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSilva1957">Silva 1957</a>, N. 6, p. 116 </li> <li id="cite_note-jnp1-69"><a href="#cite_ref-jnp1_69-0">^</a> "In Tipu's own writings, he justified his action as arising from "the rage of Islam that began to boil in his breast" for something that the Portuguese had done centuries before."<a href="#CITEREFPrabhu1999">Prabhu 1999</a>, p. 191 </li> <li id="cite_note-s7-70"><a href="#cite_ref-s7_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSilva1957">Silva 1957</a>, N. 6, p. 117 </li> <li id="cite_note-dajser-71"><a href="#cite_ref-dajser_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080129233351/http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/achievers_view.asp?a_id=28">"Deportation & The Konkani Christian Captivity at Srirangapatna (1784 Feb. 24th Ash Wednesday)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daiji_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Daiji World">Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/achievers_view.asp?a_id=28">the original</a> on 29 January 2008. Retrieved 29 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deportation+%26+The+Konkani+Christian+Captivity+at+Srirangapatna+%281784+Feb.+24th+Ash+Wednesday%29&rft.pub=Daijiworld+Media+Pvt+Ltd+Mangalore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daijiworld.com%2Fchan%2Fachievers_view.asp%3Fa_id%3D28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalorean+Catholics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFForrest1887">Forrest 1887</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/bombaysecretar02forruoft#page/314/mode/2up">314–316</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a href="#ge">The Gentleman's Magazine 1833</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CnSrSlq_ckcC">M1 388</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-mc690-74"><a href="#cite_ref-mc690_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrabhu1999">Prabhu 1999</a>, p. 183 </li> <li id="cite_note-mc687-75"><a href="#cite_ref-mc687_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrabhu1999">Prabhu 1999</a>, p. 231 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarias1999">Farias 1999</a>, p. 76 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrasad1980">Prasad 1980</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4nUx8ZzIHBsC">M1 20</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ds48-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ds48_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ds48_78-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFD'Souza2004">D'Souza 2004</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aAli0XqprNMC">M1 48</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-far73-79"><a href="#cite_ref-far73_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarias1999">Farias 1999</a>, p. 73 </li> <li id="cite_note-s128-80"><a href="#cite_ref-s128_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSilva1957">Silva 1957</a>, N. 6, p. 128 </li> <li id="cite_note-gyu-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gyu_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gyu_81-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarias1999">Farias 1999</a>, p. 74: "More than one third of the number succumbed before the party reached Seringapatam. This account of the siege and captivity of the Kanara Catholics is taken from old Kanarese manuscript written by a Catholic of the Barkur taluka after his return from Seringapatam at the defeat and death of Tipu." </li> <li id="cite_note-escdemo-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-escdemo_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-escdemo_82-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_B._Monteiro" class="citation web cs1">John B. Monteiro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080125132305/http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=129">"Monti Fest Originated at Farangipet – 240 Years Ago!"</a>. Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=129">the original</a> on 25 January 2008. Retrieved 15 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monti+Fest+Originated+at+Farangipet+%E2%80%93+240+Years+Ago%21&rft.pub=Daijiworld+Media+Pvt+Ltd+Mangalore&rft.au=John+B.+Monteiro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daijiworld.com%2Fchan%2Fexclusive_arch.asp%3Fex_id%3D129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalorean+Catholics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Farangipet-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Farangipet_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farangipet_83-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSilvaFuchs1965">Silva & Fuchs 1965</a>, p. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChetti1897">Chetti 1897</a>, p. 94 </li> <li id="cite_note-ds49-85"><a href="#cite_ref-ds49_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFD'Souza2004">D'Souza 2004</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aAli0XqprNMC">M1 49</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFernandes1969">Fernandes 1969</a>, p. 249 </li> <li id="cite_note-p397-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p397_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-p397_87-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPastor1978">Pastor 1978</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofpopesfr39past#page/397/mode/1up/search/peace">397</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-mc0687-88"><a href="#cite_ref-mc0687_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrabhu1999">Prabhu 1999</a>, p. 213 </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090201151859/http://geocities.com/prakashjm45/seringapatnam2.html">Account of a Surviving Captive, A Mr. Silva of Gangollim</a> (Letter of a Mr. L.R. Silva to his sister, copy of which was given by an advocate, M.M. Shanbhag, to the author, Severine Silva, and reproduced as Appendix No. 74: History of Christianity in Canara (1965)) </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrabhu1999">Prabhu 1999</a>, p. 226 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrabhu1999">Prabhu 1999</a>, p. 230 </li> <li id="cite_note-dis39-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dis39_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dis39_92-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWellingtonGurwood1837">Wellington & Gurwood 1837</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dispatchesindex01welluoft#page/40/mode/1up">40</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-free-93"><a href="#cite_ref-free_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_B_Monteiro2006" class="citation web cs1">John B Monteiro (15 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090825220037/http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=381">"Canara Catholics in Freedom Quest"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daiji_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Daiji World">Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=381">the original</a> on 25 August 2009. Retrieved 22 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canara+Catholics+in+Freedom+Quest&rft.pub=Daijiworld+Media+Pvt+Ltd+Mangalore&rft.date=2006-08-15&rft.au=John+B+Monteiro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daijiworld.com%2Fchan%2Fexclusive_arch.asp%3Fex_id%3D381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalorean+Catholics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mc33-94"><a href="#cite_ref-mc33_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrabhu1999">Prabhu 1999</a>, p. xiv </li> <li id="cite_note-fe-95"><a href="#cite_ref-fe_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarias1999">Farias 1999</a>, p. 81 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaldanha1938">Saldanha 1938</a>, p. 79 </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a href="#gz">Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency 1883</a>, p. 381 </li> <li id="cite_note-lobo1-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lobo1_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lobo1_98-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLobo1999">Lobo 1999</a>, p. ix: "Members of our community may now be found all over the world – from Norway in the north to Chile in the Southwest and New Zealand in the Southeast. There are Mangaloreans in virtually every country in Europe and in virtually every state of the United States. There are Mangaloreans in unusual and exotic locations like Korea, the Bahamas and Papua New Guinea. What binds these diverse and far-flung members of the Mangalorean community is that they commonly descend from a small group of families who returned to their homeland in 1799." </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a href="#rgs">A Gazetteer of the World 1856</a>, p. 254 </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaiSupriya1981">Pai & Supriya 1981</a>, p. 217 </li> <li id="cite_note-sch65-101"><a href="#cite_ref-sch65_101-0">^</a> <a href="#sch">South Kanara District Gazetteer 1973</a>, p. 65 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarias1999">Farias 1999</a>, p. 85 </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a href="#xav">Indica 1997</a>, p. 146 </li> <li id="cite_note-si-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-si_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-si_104-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSilva1961">Silva 1961</a>, p. 165 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a href="#ge">The Gentleman's Magazine 1833</a>, p. 389 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a href="#dio">Paths of mission in India today 1997</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dzU9NyOycG4C&dq=Mangalorean%20Catholics&pg=PA161">161–162</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-orx-107"><a href="#cite_ref-orx_107-0">^</a> <a href="#or">The Oriental Herald 1824</a>, p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-ory-108"><a href="#cite_ref-ory_108-0">^</a> <a href="#or">The Oriental Herald 1824</a>, p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-or16-109"><a href="#cite_ref-or16_109-0">^</a> <a href="#or">The Oriental Herald 1824</a>, p. 16 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrabhu1999">Prabhu 1999</a>, p. 245 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonteiro" class="citation web cs1">Monteiro, John B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928062532/http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=400">"Mangalore: Comtrust Carries On Basel's Mission"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daiji_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Daiji World">Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=400">the original</a> on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mangalore%3A+Comtrust+Carries+On+Basel%27s+Mission&rft.pub=Daijiworld+Media+Pvt+Ltd+Mangalore&rft.aulast=Monteiro&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daijiworld.com%2Fchan%2Fexclusive_arch.asp%3Fex_id%3D400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalorean+Catholics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sc103-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sc103_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sc103_112-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sc103_112-2">c</a> <a href="#sc">South Kanara District Gazetteer 1973</a>, p. 103 </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarias1999">Farias 1999</a>, p. 91 </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarias1999">Farias 1999</a>, p. 92 </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarias1999">Farias 1999</a>, p. 108 </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <a href="#xav2">Indica 1988</a>, p. 144 </li> <li id="cite_note-i15-117"><a href="#cite_ref-i15_117-0">^</a> <a href="#imp">The Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 14</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V14_367.gif">361</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarias1999">Farias 1999</a>, p. 113 </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121007090741/http://hindu.com/2004/01/08/stories/2004010810180300.htm">"College all set to celebrate 125th anniversary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. 8 January 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hindu.com/2004/01/08/stories/2004010810180300.htm">the original</a> on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 30 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=College+all+set+to+celebrate+125th+anniversary&rft.date=2004-01-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhindu.com%2F2004%2F01%2F08%2Fstories%2F2004010810180300.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalorean+Catholics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080527101359/http://www.staloysius.ac.in/campus/aboutus/index.php">"About St. Aloysius College"</a>. <a href="/wiki/St._Aloysius_College_(Mangalore)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Aloysius College (Mangalore)">St. Aloysius College (Mangalore)</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.staloysius.ac.in/campus/aboutus/index.php">the original</a> on 27 May 2008. Retrieved 5 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+St.+Aloysius+College&rft.pub=St.+Aloysius+College+%28Mangalore%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.staloysius.ac.in%2Fcampus%2Faboutus%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalorean+Catholics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101223212740/http://staloysius.edu.in/web/guest/st.-aloysius-chapel">"About Chapel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/St._Aloysius%27_College_(Mangalore)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Aloysius' College (Mangalore)">St. Aloysius College (Mangalore)</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://staloysius.edu.in/web/guest/st.-aloysius-chapel">the original</a> on 23 December 2010. Retrieved 5 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Chapel&rft.pub=St.+Aloysius+College+%28Mangalore%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstaloysius.edu.in%2Fweb%2Fguest%2Fst.-aloysius-chapel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalorean+Catholics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-seminary-122"><a href="#cite_ref-seminary_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728060721/http://stjosephseminary.org/aboutus.aspx">"About St. Joseph's Seminary (Mangalore)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Seminary_(Mangalore)" title="St. Joseph's Seminary (Mangalore)">St. Joseph's Seminary</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stjosephseminary.org/aboutus.aspx">the original</a> on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+St.+Joseph%27s+Seminary+%28Mangalore%29&rft.pub=St.+Joseph%27s+Seminary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstjosephseminary.org%2Faboutus.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalorean+Catholics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.co.in-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.co.in_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.co.in_123-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSardesai2000">Sardesai 2000</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1YILeUD_oZUC&pg=PA291">291</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-bobo-124"><a href="#cite_ref-bobo_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLobo2000">Lobo 2000</a>, p. vi </li> <li id="cite_note-narain-125"><a href="#cite_ref-narain_125-0">^</a> <a href="#na">Research in sociology 1989</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0yED5k62TsC&pg=PA88">88</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarias1999">Farias 1999</a>, p. 286: "A link is thus maintained in the Community's contact with and contribution to the hometown. The Christians had migrated to urban areas especially cities like Bangalore, Bombay, Calcutta, Karachi, Madras, Mysore and Pune in search of greener pastures just as other agrarian communities from other parts of India had done."; "The earlier of the Christians to leave South Kanara were the Protestants of the Basel Mission, a few men who left in the 1880s and landed in Bombay. The Catholics comprising a few men came into Bombay almost a decade later." </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarias1999">Farias 1999</a>, p. 295 </li> <li id="cite_note-ja-128"><a href="#cite_ref-ja_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorrespondent2008" class="citation news cs1">Correspondent (23 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080129120930/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/23/stories/2008012352390300.htm">"Minister recalls contribution of Joachim Alva"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. Chennai, India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/23/stories/2008012352390300.htm">the original</a> on 29 January 2008. Retrieved 26 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Minister+recalls+contribution+of+Joachim+Alva&rft.date=2008-01-23&rft.au=Correspondent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2008%2F01%2F23%2Fstories%2F2008012352390300.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalorean+Catholics" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-i14-129"><a href="#cite_ref-i14_129-0">^</a> <a href="#imp">The Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 14</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V14_366.gif">360</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOddie1991">Oddie 1991</a>, p. 127 </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFD'Sa1972">D'Sa 1972</a>, p. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <a href="#xav">Indica 1983</a>, p. 113 </li> <li id="cite_note-dio159-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dio159_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dio159_133-1">b</a> <a href="#dio">Paths of mission in India today 1997</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dzU9NyOycG4C&dq=Mangalorean%20Catholics&pg=PA159">159</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-dajworld-134"><a href="#cite_ref-dajworld_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=955">"Nativity Fest Around the World"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daiji_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Daiji World">Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080925083944/http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=955">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2008. Retrieved 30 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nativity+Fest+Around+the+World&rft.pub=Daijiworld+Media+Pvt+Ltd+Mangalore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daijiworld.com%2Fchan%2Fexclusive_arch.asp%3Fex_id%3D955&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalorean+Catholics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lobo-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lobo_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lobo_135-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLobo1999">Lobo 1999</a>, p. xiii: "If a comprehensive survey of the South Kanara Catholic community, as a whole, were to be attempted, my guess is that about half would still be residing either in Mangalore itself or in one of the smaller towns or villages of the district. Of the remaining half, about 15% would be residing in other parts of Karnataka (mainly Bangalore and the Ghats), another 15% in Bombay and its surrounding areas, another 10% in the Persian Gulf countries, another 5% in other parts of India, and the remaining 5% in other parts of the world." </li> <li id="cite_note-mad-136"><a href="#cite_ref-mad_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOddie1991">Oddie 1991</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qbf83q7MjlYC&pg=PA140">140</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-calc-137"><a href="#cite_ref-calc_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNair2004">Nair 2004</a>, p. 88 "There are about 200 Catholics hailing from Mangalore and its surroundings living in Calcutta for the past one hundred years or so." </li> <li id="cite_note-knk0687-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-knk0687_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-knk0687_138-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-knk0687_138-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrabhu1999">Prabhu 1999</a>, p. 156 </li> <li id="cite_note-SYD-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SYD_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SYD_139-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110714025513/http://mangalorecatholicsyd.com/history/mcasbirth.pdf">"The Birth of the Mangalorean Catholic Association of Sydney Inc. (MCAS)"</a> (PDF). Mangalorean Catholic Association of Sydney (MCAS). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mangalorecatholicsyd.com/history/mcasbirth.pdf">the original</a> (PDF, 15.8 <a href="/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte">KB</a>) on 14 July 2011. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=53994">the original</a> on 21 February 2009. Retrieved 25 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Newest+Star+on+the+Mangalorean+Horizon%E2%80%94Freida+Pinto&rft.date=2008-11-20&rft.au=Gerry+D%27Mello&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daijiworld.com%2Fnews%2Fnews_disp.asp%3Fn_id%3D53994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalorean+Catholics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeriera2009" class="citation web cs1">Periera, Raj Francis (30 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=50819&n_tit=London:">"London: Nativity Feast Celebrations – Report & Pictures"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daiji_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Daiji World">Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120405121103/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=50819&n_tit=London:+Nativity+Feast+Celebrations+-+Report+&+Pictures">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2012. Retrieved 2 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=London%3A+Nativity+Feast+Celebrations+%E2%80%93+Report+%26+Pictures&rft.pub=Daijiworld+Media+Pvt+Ltd+Mangalore&rft.date=2009-08-30&rft.aulast=Periera&rft.aufirst=Raj+Francis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daijiworld.com%2Fnews%2Fnews_disp.asp%3Fn_id%3D50819%26n_tit%3DLondon%3A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalorean+Catholics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerry_D'Mello" class="citation web cs1">Gerry D'Mello. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090628215609/http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/achievers_view.asp?a_id=31">"A Mangalorean in India's Olympic Squad (Viren Rasquinha)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daiji_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Daiji World">Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/achievers_view.asp?a_id=31">the original</a> on 28 June 2009. Retrieved 5 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Mangalorean+in+India%27s+Olympic+Squad+%28Viren+Rasquinha%29&rft.pub=Daijiworld+Media+Pvt+Ltd+Mangalore&rft.au=Gerry+D%27Mello&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daijiworld.com%2Fchan%2Fachievers_view.asp%3Fa_id%3D31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalorean+Catholics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeam_Mangalorean" class="citation web cs1">Team Mangalorean. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=172260">"Wilfy Rebimbus – The Voice Lives on!"</a>. Mangalorean.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120325092040/http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=172260">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wilfy+Rebimbus+%E2%80%93+The+Voice+Lives+on%21&rft.pub=Mangalorean.com&rft.au=Team+Mangalorean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mangalorean.com%2Fnews.php%3Fnewstype%3Dbroadcast%26broadcastid%3D172260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalorean+Catholics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Nazareth" class="citation web cs1">Edward Nazareth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=80767&n_tit=Mangalore:">"Mangalore: Thousands Bid Adieu to Konkani Litterateur Victor Rodrigues"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daiji_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Daiji World">Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121012034741/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=80767&n_tit=Mangalore:+Thousands+Bid+Adieu+to+Konkani+Litterateur+Victor+Rodrigues+">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mangalore%3A+Thousands+Bid+Adieu+to+Konkani+Litterateur+Victor+Rodrigues&rft.pub=Daijiworld+Media+Pvt+Ltd+Mangalore&rft.au=Edward+Nazareth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daijiworld.com%2Fnews%2Fnews_disp.asp%3Fn_id%3D80767%26n_tit%3DMangalore%3A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalorean+Catholics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=125368">"Mangalore: Melvyn Rodrigues Bags Central Sahitya Akademi Award"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daiji_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Daiji World">Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore</a>. 21 December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151123054508/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=125368">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mangalore%3A+Melvyn+Rodrigues+Bags+Central+Sahitya+Akademi+Award&rft.pub=Daijiworld+Media+Pvt+Ltd+Mangalore&rft.date=2012-12-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daijiworld.com%2Fnews%2Fnews_disp.asp%3Fn_id%3D125368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalorean+Catholics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061101160413/http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=418">"Meet Joseph Periera – A Prominent Pakistani of Mangalorean Origin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daiji_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Daiji World">Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=418">the original</a> on 1 November 2006. Retrieved 22 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meet+Joseph+Periera+%E2%80%93+A+Prominent+Pakistani+of+Mangalorean+Origin&rft.pub=Daijiworld+Media+Pvt+Ltd+Mangalore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daijiworld.com%2Fchan%2Fexclusive_arch.asp%3Fex_id%3D418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalorean+Catholics" class="Z3988"> "In Pakistan, the present Catholic Archbishop of Lahore, Larry Saldanha, is a third cousin of Joseph." </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=173014">"Mangalore: J R Lobo humbles four-time MLA, N Yogish Bhat"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daiji_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Daiji World">Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore</a>. 8 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160821002930/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=173014">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mangalore%3A+J+R+Lobo+humbles+four-time+MLA%2C+N+Yogish+Bhat&rft.pub=Daijiworld+Media+Pvt+Ltd+Mangalore&rft.date=2013-05-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daijiworld.com%2Fnews%2Fnews_disp.asp%3Fn_id%3D173014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalorean+Catholics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saldanha-277"><a href="#cite_ref-Saldanha_277-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFD'Souza2004">D'Souza 2004</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aAli0XqprNMC&pg=PA59">M1 59</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/entertainment/2020/02/25/ent11-adline-miss%20universe.html">"Stakes are high but passion is stronger - Adline Castelino on Miss Universe"</a>. The Week. 25 February 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200225213609/https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/entertainment/2020/02/25/ent11-adline-miss%20universe.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Week&rft.atitle=Stakes+are+high+but+passion+is+stronger+-+Adline+Castelino+on+Miss+Universe&rft.date=2020-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theweek.in%2Fwire-updates%2Fentertainment%2F2020%2F02%2F25%2Fent11-adline-miss%2520universe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalorean+Catholics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=47326">"Allen C A Pereira Appointed Managing Director of Bank of Maharashtra"</a>. www.daijiworld.com. Retrieved 14 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.daijiworld.com&rft.atitle=Allen+C+A+Pereira+Appointed+Managing+Director+of+Bank+of+Maharashtra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.daijiworld.com%2Fnews%2FnewsDisplay.aspx%3FnewsID%3D47326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalorean+Catholics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfie_Dsouza2019" class="citation web cs1">Alfie Dsouza (20 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mangalorean.com/with-good-attitude-good-heart-one-can-be-a-good-banker-allen-ca-pereira-ex-chairman-of-bom/">"'With Good Attitude & Good Heart One Can Be a Good Banker'- Allen CA Pereira, Ex-Chairman of BoM"</a>. Mangalorean.com. Retrieved 14 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mangalorean.com&rft.atitle=%27With+Good+Attitude+%26+Good+Heart+One+Can+Be+a+Good+Banker%27-+Allen+CA+Pereira%2C+Ex-Chairman+of+BoM&rft.date=2019-07-20&rft.au=Alfie+Dsouza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mangalorean.com%2Fwith-good-attitude-good-heart-one-can-be-a-good-banker-allen-ca-pereira-ex-chairman-of-bom%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalorean+Catholics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rohancorporation.in/about-us/">"About Us | Luxury Flats in Mangalore"</a>. Rohan Corporation. Retrieved 2 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rohan+Corporation&rft.atitle=About+Us+%7C+Luxury+Flats+in+Mangalore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frohancorporation.in%2Fabout-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalorean+Catholics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPinto1999">Pinto 1999</a>, p. 178 </li> <li id="cite_note-ros-283">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ros_283-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ros_283-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFda_Silva_Gracias1996">da Silva Gracias 1996</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kaleidoscopeofwo0000silv/page/62">62</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFda_Silva_Gracias1996">da Silva Gracias 1996</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kaleidoscopeofwo0000silv/page/57">57</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangalorean_Catholics&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References_2">References</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangalorean_Catholics&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbiGuptaKidwai2001" class="citation book cs1">Abbi, Anvita; Gupta, R. S.; Kidwai, Ayesha (1 January 2001) [1997]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tcfJY7kANo8C">Linguistic Structure and Language Dynamics in South Asia: Papers from the Proceedings of SALA XVIII Roundtable</a>. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publications. p. 440. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1765-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1765-4"><bdi>978-81-208-1765-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linguistic+Structure+and+Language+Dynamics+in+South+Asia%3A+Papers+from+the+Proceedings+of+SALA+XVIII+Roundtable&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=440&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publications&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1765-4&rft.aulast=Abbi&rft.aufirst=Anvita&rft.au=Gupta%2C+R.+S.&rft.au=Kidwai%2C+Ayesha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtcfJY7kANo8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalorean+Catholics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="as" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiatic Society of Bombay">Asiatic Society of Bombay</a>; Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain, Ireland Bombay Branch (1853). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K-_tQUYzIzwC">Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay</a>. Vol. 4. Bombay: Bombay Education Society's Press. p. 526. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/17435368">17435368</a>. Retrieved 30 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+Asiatic+Society+of+Bombay&rft.place=Bombay&rft.pages=526&rft.pub=Bombay+Education+Society%27s+Press&rft.date=1853&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F17435368&rft.au=Asiatic+Society+of+Bombay&rft.au=Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain%2C+Ireland+Bombay+Branch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK-_tQUYzIzwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalorean+Catholics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyyappapanicker1997" class="citation book cs1">Ayyappapanicker, K. 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Department of Studies in History, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mysore" title="University of Mysore">University of Mysore</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libcatmysore-koha.informindia.co.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=300483">the original</a> on 3 March 2014. 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Adamant Media Corporation. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4021-9555-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4021-9555-6"><bdi>978-1-4021-9555-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mirabilia+Descripta%3A+The+Wonders+of+the+East&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Adamant+Media+Corporation&rft.date=2001-08-17&rft.isbn=978-1-4021-9555-6&rft.aulast=Catalani&rft.aufirst=Jordanus&rft.au=Yule%2C+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnhcH4E3li3AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalorean+Catholics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamath2002" class="citation book cs1">Kamath, M. V. (2002). A Reporter at Large. 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Asian Ethnology. 2. 24: 1–52. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/483891644">483891644</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/publications/afs/pdf/a173.pdf">the original</a> (PDF, 2.48 <a href="/wiki/Megabyte" title="Megabyte">MB</a>) on 20 March 2012. 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South Kanara District Gazetteer. Karnataka State Gazetteer. Vol. 12. Bangalore: Gazetteer Department (<a href="/wiki/Government_of_Karnataka" title="Government of Karnataka">Government of Karnataka</a>). 1973. pp. 86–125. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/311367277">311367277</a>. 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Retrieved 15 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oriental+Herald&rft.place=London&rft.pages=634&rft.pub=J.M.+Richardson&rft.date=1824&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DihgYAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalorean+Catholics" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangalorean_Catholics&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Lobo, Michael (2000). The Mangalorean Catholic Community – A Professional History / Directory. Mangalore: Camelot Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-87609-02-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-87609-02-5"><bdi>978-81-87609-02-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mangalorean+Catholic+Community+%E2%80%93+A+Professional+History+%2F+Directory&rft.place=Mangalore&rft.pub=Camelot+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-87609-02-5&rft.aulast=Lobo&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalorean+Catholics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2"><a href="/wiki/Pius_Fidelis_Pinto" title="Pius Fidelis Pinto">Pinto, Pius Fidelis</a> (2004). Canaranthle Konknni Catholic (The Konkani Catholics of Canara) (in Konkani). <a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a>: Samanvaya Prakashan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canaranthle+Konknni+Catholic+%28The+Konkani+Catholics+of+Canara%29&rft.place=Mangalore&rft.pub=Samanvaya+Prakashan&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Pinto&rft.aufirst=Pius+Fidelis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalorean+Catholics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Pinto, Pius Fidelis (1999). Desaantar Thaun Bandhadek – Karavali Karnatakantle Konkani Kristanv (From Migration to Captivity – The Konkani Christians of Canara) (in Konkani). <a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a>: Samanvaya Prakashan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Desaantar+Thaun+Bandhadek+%E2%80%93+Karavali+Karnatakantle+Konkani+Kristanv+%28From+Migration+to+Captivity+%E2%80%93+The+Konkani+Christians+of+Canara%29&rft.place=Mangalore&rft.pub=Samanvaya+Prakashan&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Pinto&rft.aufirst=Pius+Fidelis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalorean+Catholics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Pinto, Pius Fidelis (1999). Konkani Christians of Coastal Karnataka in Anglo-Mysore Relations 1761–1799. Mangalore: Samanvaya Prakashan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Konkani+Christians+of+Coastal+Karnataka+in+Anglo-Mysore+Relations+1761%E2%80%931799&rft.place=Mangalore&rft.pub=Samanvaya+Prakashan&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Pinto&rft.aufirst=Pius+Fidelis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalorean+Catholics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Prabhu, Mohan. Ancient and Pre-Modern History of the Mangalorean Catholic Community.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+and+Pre-Modern+History+of+the+Mangalorean+Catholic+Community&rft.aulast=Prabhu&rft.aufirst=Mohan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalorean+Catholics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Prabhu, Alan Machado (1999). The captivity of 1784: Re-Appraising Causes & Conclusions. Bangalore: I.J.A. Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-86778-30-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-86778-30-2"><bdi>978-81-86778-30-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+captivity+of+1784%3A+Re-Appraising+Causes+%26+Conclusions&rft.place=Bangalore&rft.pub=I.J.A.+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-86778-30-2&rft.aulast=Prabhu&rft.aufirst=Alan+Machado&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalorean+Catholics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">D'Souza, A.B. (1993). Popular Christianity: A Case Study among the Catholics of Mangalore. PhD thesis. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Delhi">University of Delhi</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Christianity%3A+A+Case+Study+among+the+Catholics+of+Mangalore&rft.pub=PhD+thesis.+University+of+Delhi&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=D%27Souza&rft.aufirst=A.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalorean+Catholics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">D'Souza, A. L. P. (1983). History of the Catholic Community of South Kanara. Mangalore: Desco Publishers. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11536326">11536326</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Catholic+Community+of+South+Kanara&rft.place=Mangalore&rft.pub=Desco+Publishers&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11536326&rft.aulast=D%27Souza&rft.aufirst=A.+L.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMangalorean+Catholics" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangalorean_Catholics&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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Christians">Lists of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">(Scriptures)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Cathedrals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charta_Oecumenica" title="Charta Oecumenica">Charta Oecumenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Relations with other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist wraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Template:Catholic 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Church">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholics" title="Lists of Catholics">Lists of Catholics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical</a> <a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Legal history of the Catholic Church">Legal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Petrine primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Primacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Islamic conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Schism (1054)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Schism (1378)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Protestant">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Bible</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic tradition">Tradition</a> <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="General" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_on_the_body" title="Catholic theology on the body">Body and soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">Divine grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">Dogma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments_in_Catholic_theology" title="Ten Commandments in Catholic theology">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li>Official Bible <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communitas_perfecta" title="Communitas perfecta">Communitas perfecta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicity" title="Catholicity">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infallibility_of_the_Church" title="Infallibility of the Church">Infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystici_Corporis_Christi" title="Mystici Corporis Christi">Mystici Corporis Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Three states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistit_in" title="Subsistit in">Subsistit in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">In canon law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">Anointing of the Sick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catholic_Mariology" title="History of Catholic Mariology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popes" title="Mariology of the popes">Mariology of the popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saints" title="Mariology of the saints">Mariology of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Moral theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Personalism (Catholic)">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy of canon law</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Science and the Catholic Church">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Evolution and the Catholic Church">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Politics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint (Catholic)">Saints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Organisation <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Hierarchy</a> <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">Laity</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">Precedence</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_living_cardinals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of living cardinals">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Cardinal_Advisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Cardinal Advisers">Advisers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synod of Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vatican_City" title="Outline of Vatican City">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Roman Rota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_(structured_view)" title="List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)">Diocese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">Episcopal conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eparchy#Church_hierarchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">Bishop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_archbishop" title="Major archbishop">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">Primate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocesan_bishop" title="Diocesan bishop">Diocesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coadjutor_bishop" title="Coadjutor bishop">Coadjutor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop" title="Auxiliary bishop">Auxiliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titular_bishop" title="Titular bishop">Titular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Emeritus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_(Catholic_Church)" title="Parish (Catholic Church)">Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">Deacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">Consecrated life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_(Western_Christianity)" title="Religious (Western Christianity)">Religious</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_(hierarchy)" title="Superior (hierarchy)">Superior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">Abbess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_general_(Christianity)" title="Superior general (Christianity)">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">Provincial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Prior, Prioress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_master_(order)" title="Grand master (order)">Grand master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_brother" title="Religious brother">Brother</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">Friar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_sister" title="Religious sister">Sister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_nun" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novitiate" title="Novitiate">Novice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novice_master" title="Novice master">Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate" title="Oblate">Oblate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postulant" title="Postulant">Postulant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Particular churches</a> <a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church_of_Croatia_and_Serbia" title="Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia">Croatian and Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Catholic_Church" title="Ethiopian Catholic Church">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Georgia" title="Catholic Church in Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Hungarian Greek Catholic Church">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Macedonian Greek Catholic Church">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Slovak Greek Catholic Church">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic liturgy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_liturgical_rites" title="Alexandrian liturgical rites">Alexandrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Marian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_artists" title="List of Catholic artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_writers" title="List of Catholic writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholic_church_buildings" title="Lists of Catholic church buildings">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altarpiece" title="Altarpiece">Altarpieces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Catholicism" title="Folk Catholicism">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_music" title="Category:Catholic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Holy_See" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See">Distinctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilisation</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Criticism of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_media" title="Category:Catholic media">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Holy See Press Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Media" title="Vatican Media">Vatican Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_News" title="Vatican News">Vatican News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Television_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Television Center">Vatican Television Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vatican Polyglot Press</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">Religious orders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">institutes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Society_of_apostolic_life" title="Society of apostolic life">societies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumptionists" title="Assumptionists">Assumptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Annunciation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Annonciades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Basil_the_Great" title="Order of Saint Basil the Great">Basilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehemites" title="Bethlehemites">Bethlehemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Blue nuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camaldolese" title="Camaldolese">Camaldoleses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillians" title="Camillians">Camillians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusians" title="Carthusians">Carthusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Clarisses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptionists" title="Conceptionists">Conceptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_Regular_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross">Crosiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity_of_the_Good_Shepherd" title="Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd">Good Shepherd Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymites" title="Hieronymites">Hieronymites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionaries_of_Christ" title="Legionaries of Christ">Legionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy" title="Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy">Mercedarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Minims" title="Order of Minims">Minims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivetans" title="Olivetans">Olivetans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri" title="Oratory of Saint Philip Neri">Oratorians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piarists" title="Piarists">Piarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premonstratensians" title="Premonstratensians">Premonstratensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptoristines" title="Redemptoristines">Redemptoristines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servite_Order" title="Servite Order">Servites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatines" title="Theatines">Theatines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trappists" title="Trappists">Trappists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Visitation_of_Holy_Mary" title="Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary">Visitandines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_the_Christian_faithful" title="Association of the Christian faithful">Associations of the faithful</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confraternity" title="Confraternity">Confraternities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_lay_organisations" title="Catholic lay organisations">Lay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_movements_and_societies" title="Catholic Marian movements and societies">Marian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_youth_work" title="Catholic youth work">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Movement_of_Christian_Workers" title="World Movement of Christian Workers">Workers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_order" title="Third order">Third orders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Dominic" title="Third Order of Saint Dominic">Saint Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lay_Carmelites" title="Lay Carmelites">Lay Carmelites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Order_of_Discalced_Carmelites" title="Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites">Discalced</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis" title="Third Order of Saint Francis">Saint Francis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Franciscan_Order" title="Secular Franciscan Order">Secular</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)#International" title="Military order (religious society)">Military orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimcap" title="Fimcap">Fimcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Action" title="Catholic Action">Catholic Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charismatic_Renewal" title="Catholic Charismatic Renewal">Charismatic Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communion_and_Liberation" title="Communion and Liberation">Communion and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sant%27Egidio" title="Community of Sant'Egidio">Sant'Egidio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focolare_Movement" title="Focolare Movement">Focolare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Catholic_Knights" title="International Alliance of Catholic Knights">International Alliance of Catholic Knights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Catholic_Conference_of_Scouting" title="International Catholic Conference of Scouting">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Mary" title="Legion of Mary">Legion of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocatechumenal_Way" title="Neocatechumenal Way">Neocatechumenal Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoenstatt_Apostolic_Movement" title="Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement">Schoenstatt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_charities" title="Catholic charities">Charities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_to_the_Church_in_Need" title="Aid to the Church in Need">Aid to the Church in Need</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritas_Internationalis" title="Caritas Internationalis">Caritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charities_USA" title="Catholic Charities USA">Catholic Charities USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Home_Missions" title="Catholic Home Missions">Home Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Relief_Services" title="Catholic Relief Services">Relief Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIDSE" title="CIDSE">CIDSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Christi" title="Pax Christi">Pax Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul" title="Society of Saint Vincent de Paul">Society of Saint Vincent de Paul</a> </li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_health_care" title="Catholic Church and health care">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_higher_education" title="Catholic higher education">Universities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_Church" title="Category:Catholic Church">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Communities_in_Mangalore" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communities_in_Mangalore" title="Template:Communities in Mangalore"><abbr title="View 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<li><a href="/wiki/Shivalli_Brahmins" title="Shivalli Brahmins">Shivalli Brahmins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goud_Saraswat_Brahmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Goud Saraswat Brahmin">Gaud Saraswat Brahmins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraswat" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraswat">Saraswats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_brahmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kota brahmin">Kota brahmins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havyaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Havyaka">Havyaka Brahmins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadiga" title="Devadiga">Devadiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthanika_Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthanika Brahmins">Sthanika Brahmins</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Demon_Yakshagana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Demon_Yakshagana.jpg/33px-Demon_Yakshagana.jpg" decoding="async" width="33" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Demon_Yakshagana.jpg/50px-Demon_Yakshagana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Demon_Yakshagana.jpg/66px-Demon_Yakshagana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="500" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:St._Aloysius_Church_Mangalore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/St._Aloysius_Church_Mangalore.jpg/75px-St._Aloysius_Church_Mangalore.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/St._Aloysius_Church_Mangalore.jpg/113px-St._Aloysius_Church_Mangalore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/St._Aloysius_Church_Mangalore.jpg/150px-St._Aloysius_Church_Mangalore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mangalorean Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalorean_Protestants" title="Mangalorean Protestants">Mangalorean Protestants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beary" title="Beary">Bearys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_Muslims" title="Konkani Muslims">Konkani Muslims</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jain_Bunt" title="Jain Bunt">Jain Bunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Roman_Catholicism_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Israel" 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mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_and_social_groups_of_Goa_and_the_Konkan" title="Template:Ethnic and social groups of Goa and the Konkan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_and_social_groups_of_Goa_and_the_Konkan" title="Template talk:Ethnic and social groups of Goa and the Konkan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_and_social_groups_of_Goa_and_the_Konkan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic and social groups of Goa and the 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Maratha Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharvi" title="Kharvi">Kharvi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saraswat_Brahmin" title="Saraswat Brahmin">Saraswats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chitrapur_Saraswat_Brahmin" title="Chitrapur Saraswat Brahmin">Chitrapur Saraswat Brahmins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudaldeshkar_Gaud_Brahmin" title="Kudaldeshkar Gaud Brahmin">Kudaldeshkar Gaud Brahmins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaud_Saraswat_Brahmin" title="Gaud Saraswat Brahmin">Gaud Saraswat Brahmins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajapur_Saraswat_Brahmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajapur Saraswat Brahmin">Rajapur Saraswat Brahmins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Karhades</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karhade_Brahmin" title="Karhade Brahmin">Karhade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padye" title="Padye">Padhye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Prabhu" title="Bhatt Prabhu">Bhatt Prabhu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Konkanasthas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chitpavan_Brahmins" title="Chitpavan Brahmins">Chitpavan Brahmins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Daivadnya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daivadnya_Brahmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Daivadnya Brahmin">Daivadnya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shett" title="Shett">Shett</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vaishya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya_Vani" title="Vaishya Vani">Vaishya Vani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prabhus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandraseniya_Kayastha_Prabhu" title="Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu">Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhandari" title="Bhandari">Bhandari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamar" title="Chamar">Chamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhangar" title="Dhangar">Dhangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabit" title="Gabit">Gabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauda_and_Kunbi" title="Gauda and Kunbi">Gauda and Kunbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavli" title="Gavli">Gavli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koli_people" title="Koli people">Koli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komarpant" title="Komarpant">Komarpant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madval" title="Madval">Madval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahar" title="Mahar">Mahar</a> (Mhar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddis_of_Karnataka" title="Siddis of Karnataka">Siddis of Karnataka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roman Catholics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_East_Indians" title="Bombay East Indians">Bombay East Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goan_Catholics" title="Goan Catholics">Goan Catholics</a></li> <li><a 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alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-59b954b7fb-pf255","wgBackendResponseTime":213,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.967","walltime":"3.323","ppvisitednodes":{"value":31305,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":516262,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":20646,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":24,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":664860,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2688.435 1 -total"," 38.55% 1036.408 1 Template:Reflist"," 14.86% 399.590 78 Template:Cite_book"," 12.85% 345.522 53 Template:Cite_web"," 10.96% 294.554 185 Template:Harvnb"," 6.03% 162.093 3 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