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<span>Toggle Christian views on antinomianism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Christian_views_on_antinomianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antinomianism_in_Gnosticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antinomianism_in_Gnosticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Antinomianism in Gnosticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antinomianism_in_Gnosticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lutheran_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lutheran_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Lutheran views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lutheran_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_antinomian_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_antinomian_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>First antinomian controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_antinomian_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_antinomian_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_antinomian_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Second antinomian controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_antinomian_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reformed_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reformed_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Reformed views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reformed_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methodist_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methodist_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Methodist views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methodist_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quaker_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quaker_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Quaker views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quaker_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antinomian_charges_against_other_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antinomian_charges_against_other_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Antinomian charges against other groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antinomian_charges_against_other_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biblical_law_in_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biblical_law_in_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Biblical law in Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biblical_law_in_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Supporting_Pauline_passages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supporting_Pauline_passages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1</span> <span>Supporting Pauline passages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supporting_Pauline_passages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposing_Pauline_passages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposing_Pauline_passages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.2</span> <span>Opposing Pauline passages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposing_Pauline_passages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.3</span> <span>Theology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paul_versus_James" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paul_versus_James"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.4</span> <span>Paul versus James</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paul_versus_James-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jesus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jesus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.5</span> <span>Jesus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jesus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_antinomianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_antinomianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Islamic antinomianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_antinomianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nonreligious_antinomianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nonreligious_antinomianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Nonreligious antinomianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nonreligious_antinomianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81" title="إسقاط التكاليف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إسقاط التكاليف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antinomismus" title="Antinomismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Antinomismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antinomiaeth" title="Antinomiaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Antinomiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antinomismus" title="Antinomismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Antinomismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Αντινομισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αντινομισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antinomismo" title="Antinomismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Antinomismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antinomismo" title="Antinomismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Antinomismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="بر قانونی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بر قانونی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antinomisme" title="Antinomisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Antinomisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A8%EB%B2%95%ED%8F%90%EA%B8%B0%EB%A1%A0" title="율법폐기론 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="율법폐기론" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antinomianisme" title="Antinomianisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Antinomianisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antinomianismo" title="Antinomianismo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Antinomianismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antinomismo" title="Antinomismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Antinomismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="אנטינומיזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנטינומיזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антиномианизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Антиномианизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antinomianizmus" title="Antinomianizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Antinomianizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B6" title="تعطيل الفرائض – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تعطيل الفرائض" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antinomisme" title="Antinomisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Antinomisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antynomizm" title="Antynomizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Antynomizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antinomianismo" title="Antinomianismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Antinomianismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антиномизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Антиномизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antinomismi" title="Antinomismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Antinomismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antinomism" title="Antinomism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Antinomism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0bahilik" title="İbahilik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İbahilik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антиномізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Антиномізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%BE%8B%E6%B3%95%E8%AB%96" title="反律法論 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="反律法論" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q578905#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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href="/wiki/Legalism_(theology)" title="Legalism (theology)">legalism</a> and argues against moral, religious or social norms (Latin: <a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">mores</a>), or is at least considered to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-merriam-webster.com_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merriam-webster.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term has both religious and <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a> meanings. </p><p>In some Christian belief systems, an antinomian is one who takes the principle of <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">salvation</a> by <a href="/wiki/Faith#Christianity" title="Faith">faith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">divine grace</a> to the point of asserting that the saved are not bound to follow the moral law contained in the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antinomians believe that faith alone guarantees <a href="/wiki/Eternal_security" title="Eternal security">eternal security</a> in heaven, regardless of one's actions.<sup id="cite_ref-Street_Wimberley_2019_p._40_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Street_Wimberley_2019_p._40-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The distinction between antinomian and other Christian views on moral law is that antinomians believe that obedience to the law is motivated by an internal principle flowing from belief rather than from any external compulsion.<sup id="cite_ref-Como_2004_36_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Como_2004_36-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antinomianism has been considered to teach that believers have a "license to sin"<sup id="cite_ref-Anizor_Price_Voss_2021_p._168_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anizor_Price_Voss_2021_p._168-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that future sins do not require repentance.<sup id="cite_ref-Thurman_2019_p._104_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thurman_2019_p._104-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Agricola" title="Johannes Agricola">Johannes Agricola</a>, to whom Antinomianism was first attributed,<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica_1998_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica_1998-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stated "If you sin, be happy, it should have no consequence."<sup id="cite_ref-Beeke_Smalley_2021_p._437_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beeke_Smalley_2021_p._437-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples of antinomians being confronted by the religious establishment include <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther#Antinomian_controversy" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther's critique of antinomianism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ranters" title="Ranters">Ranters</a> of the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Antinomian_Controversy" title="Antinomian Controversy">Antinomian Controversy</a> of the seventeenth-century <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a>. The charge of antinomianism has been levelled at Reformed, Baptist and some Nondenominational churches.<sup id="cite_ref-Dorner_1871_p._352_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorner_1871_p._352-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Howson_2021_p._80_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howson_2021_p._80-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smith_2001_p._135_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_2001_p._135-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By extension, the word "antinomian" is used to describe views in religions other than Christianity: </p> <ul><li>the 10th century <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> mystic <a href="/wiki/Al-Hallaj" title="Al-Hallaj">al-Hallaj</a> was accused of antinomianism</li> <li>the term is also used to describe certain practices or traditions in <a href="/wiki/Frankism" title="Frankism">Frankism</a></li> <li>aspects of <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a> that include <a href="/wiki/Sexual_ritual" title="Sexual ritual">sexual rituals</a> are sometimes described as "antinomian" for <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christian_views_on_antinomianism">Christian views on antinomianism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antinomianism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Christian views on antinomianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Antinomianism has been a point of doctrinal contention in the history of Christianity. At its root is an argument between salvation <a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">through faith alone</a> and on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Good_works" title="Good works">good works</a> or <a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">works of mercy</a>. </p><p>The term <i>antinomianism</i> was coined by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> during the Reformation to criticize extreme interpretations of the new Lutheran <a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">soteriology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ALG_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ALG-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 18th century, <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> tradition, severely attacked antinomianism.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to some <a href="/wiki/Christian_denominations" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian denominations">Christian denominations</a>, moral laws (as opposed to civil or ceremonial laws) are derivative of what St. Paul indirectly refers to as <a href="/wiki/Natural_law#Christianity" title="Natural law">natural law</a> (Rm 2.14–15). According to this point of view, the Mosaic law has authority only insofar as it reflects the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Christ" title="Law of Christ">commands of Christ</a> and the natural law. Christian sects and theologians who believe that they are less constrained by laws than critics consider customary are often called "antinomian" by those critics. Thus, classic Methodist commentator <a href="/wiki/Adam_Clarke" title="Adam Clarke">Adam Clarke</a> held, "The Gospel proclaims liberty from the ceremonial law, but binds you still faster under the moral law. To be freed from the ceremonial law is the Gospel liberty; to pretend freedom from the moral law is Antinomianism."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antinomianism_in_Gnosticism">Antinomianism in Gnosticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antinomianism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Antinomianism in Gnosticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>antinomian</i> came into use in the sixteenth century; however, the doctrine itself can be traced in the teaching of earlier beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-aveling_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aveling-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic</a> sects were accused of failing to follow the Mosaic Law in a manner that suggests the modern term "antinomian". Most Gnostic sects did not accept the Old Testament moral law. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeans</a> held that their spiritual being was unaffected by the action of matter and regarded carnal sins as being, at worst, forms of bodily disease.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> The Old Testament was absolutely rejected by most of the Gnostics. Even the so-called Judaeo-Christian Gnostics (<a href="/wiki/Cerinthus" title="Cerinthus">Cerinthus</a>), the Ebionite (Essenian) sect of the <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Clementine_writings" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-Clementine writings">Pseudo-Clementine writings</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Elkesaites" class="mw-redirect" title="Elkesaites">Elkesaites</a>), take up an inconsistent attitude towards Jewish antiquity and the Old Testament. In this respect, the opposition to Gnosticism led to a reactionary movement. If the growing Christian Church, in quite a different fashion from Paul, laid stress on the literal authority of the Old Testament, interpreted, it is true, allegorically; if it took up a much more friendly and definite attitude towards the Old Testament, and gave a wider scope to the legal conception of religion, this must be in part ascribed to the involuntary reaction upon it of Gnosticism.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911-Gnstcsm-12-157_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-Gnstcsm-12-157-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion of Sinope</a> was the founder of <a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a> which rejected the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> in its entirety. Marcion considered the God portrayed in the Bible to be a lesser deity, a <a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">demiurge</a>, and he claimed that the law of Moses was contrived.<sup id="cite_ref-Milner-1860-p325_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milner-1860-p325-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such deviations from the moral law were criticized by proto-orthodox rivals of the Gnostics, who ascribed various aberrant and licentious acts to them. A biblical example of such criticism can be found in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Revelation%202:6–15&version=nrsv">Revelation 2:6–15</a>, which criticizes the <a href="/wiki/Nicolaism" title="Nicolaism">Nicolaitans</a>, possibly an early Gnostic sect. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lutheran_views">Lutheran views</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antinomianism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Lutheran views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "antinomianism" was coined by Martin Luther during the Reformation, to criticize extreme interpretations of the new Lutheran <a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">soteriology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ALG_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ALG-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lutheran Church benefited from early antinomian controversies by becoming more precise in distinguishing between <a href="/wiki/Law_and_gospel" class="mw-redirect" title="Law and gospel">law and gospel</a> and justification and <a href="/wiki/Sanctification_in_Christianity" title="Sanctification in Christianity">sanctification</a>. Martin Luther developed 258 theses during his six antinomian disputations, which continue to provide doctrinal guidance to Lutherans today.<sup id="cite_ref-ALG_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ALG-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon hearing that he was being charged with the rejection of the Old Testament moral law<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (November 2014)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup>, Luther responded: "And truly, I wonder exceedingly, how it came to be imputed to me, that I should reject the Law or Ten Commandments, there being extant so many of my own expositions (and those of several sorts) upon the Commandments, which also are daily expounded, and used in our Churches, to say nothing of the Confession and Apology, and other books of ours."<sup id="cite_ref-tc_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tc-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his "Introduction to Romans," Luther stated that saving faith is, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> a living, creative, active and powerful thing, this faith. Faith cannot help doing good works constantly. It doesn't stop to ask if good works ought to be done, but before anyone asks, it already has done them and continues to do them without ceasing. Anyone who does not do good works in this manner is an unbeliever… Thus, it is just as impossible to separate faith and works as it is to separate heat and light from fire!"<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> The <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran Churches</a> label antinomianism as a <a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">heresy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FailingerDuty2018_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FailingerDuty2018-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_antinomian_controversy">First antinomian controversy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antinomianism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First antinomian controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As early as 1525, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Agricola" title="Johannes Agricola">Johannes Agricola</a> advanced his idea, in his commentary on Luke, that the law was a futile attempt of God to work the restoration of mankind. He maintained that non-Christians were still held to the Mosaic law, while Christians were entirely free from it, being under the Gospel alone. He viewed <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">sin</a> as a malady or impurity rather than an offense that rendered the sinner guilty and damnable before God. The sinner was the subject of God's pity rather than of his wrath. To Agricola, the purpose of repentance was to abstain from evil rather than the contrition of a guilty conscience. The law had no role in repentance, which came about after one came to faith, and repentance was caused by the knowledge of the love of God alone.<sup id="cite_ref-ALG_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ALG-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Melanchthon" class="mw-redirect" title="Philipp Melanchthon">Philipp Melanchthon</a> urged that repentance must precede <a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity#Lutheranism" title="Faith in Christianity">faith</a> and that knowledge of the moral law is needed to produce repentance.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later wrote in the <a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a> that repentance has two parts. "One is contrition, that is, terrors smiting the conscience through the knowledge of sin; the other is faith, which is born of the Gospel, or of absolution, and believes that for Christ's sake, sins are forgiven, comforts the conscience, and delivers it from terrors."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after Melanchthon drew up the <i>1527 Articles of Visitation</i> in June, Agricola began to be verbally aggressive toward him, but Martin Luther succeeded in smoothing out the difficulty at <a href="/wiki/Torgau" title="Torgau">Torgau</a> in December 1527. However, Agricola did not change his ideas and later depicted Luther as disagreeing with him. After Agricola moved to Wittenberg, he maintained that the law must be used in the courthouse but it must not be used in the church. He said that repentance comes from hearing the good news only and does not precede but rather follows faith. He continued to disseminate this doctrine in books, despite receiving various warnings from Luther.<sup id="cite_ref-ALG_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ALG-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (March 2015)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Luther, with reluctance, at last, believed that he had to make a public comment against antinomianism and its promoters in 1538 and 1539. Agricola apparently yielded, and Luther's book <i>Against the Antinomians</i> (1539)<sup id="cite_ref-tc_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tc-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (March 2015)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> was to serve as Agricola's recantation. This was the first use of the term Antinomian.<sup id="cite_ref-aveling_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aveling-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the conflict flared up again, and Agricola sued Luther. He said that Luther had slandered him in his disputations, <i>Against the Antinomians</i>, and in his <i>On the Councils and Churches</i> (1539). But before the case could be brought to trial, Agricola left the city, even though he had bound himself to remain at <a href="/wiki/Wittenberg" title="Wittenberg">Wittenberg</a>, and moved to <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> where he had been offered a position as preacher to the court. After his arrival there, he made peace with the <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a>, acknowledged his "error", and gradually conformed his doctrine to that which he had before opposed and assailed. He still used such terms as gospel and repentance in a different manner from Luther's.<sup id="cite_ref-ALG_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ALG-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_antinomian_controversy">Second antinomian controversy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antinomianism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Second antinomian controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The antinomian doctrine, however, was not eliminated from Lutheranism. Melanchthon and those who agreed with him, called <a href="/wiki/Philippists" title="Philippists">Philippists</a>, were checked by the <a href="/wiki/Gnesio-Lutherans" title="Gnesio-Lutherans">Gnesio-Lutherans</a> in the Second Antinomian Controversy during the <a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Interim" title="Augsburg Interim">Augsburg Interim</a>. The Philippists ascribed to the Gospel alone the ability to work repentance, to the exclusion of the law. They blurred the distinction between Law and Gospel by considering the Gospel itself to be a moral law. They did not identify Christ's fulfillment of the law with the commandments which humans are expected to follow.<sup id="cite_ref-ALG_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ALG-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result, the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a> rejects antinomianism in the last confession of faith. The <a href="/wiki/Formula_of_Concord" title="Formula of Concord">Formula of Concord</a> rejects antinomianism in the fifth article, <i>On the Law and the Gospel</i><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the sixth article, <i>On the Third Use of the Law</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reformed_views">Reformed views</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antinomianism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reformed views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anne_Hutchinson_on_Trial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Anne_Hutchinson_on_Trial.jpg/300px-Anne_Hutchinson_on_Trial.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="392" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Anne_Hutchinson_on_Trial.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="431" /></a><figcaption><i>Anne Hutchinson on Trial</i> (1901) by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Austin_Abbey" title="Edwin Austin Abbey">Edwin Austin Abbey</a> depicts the <a href="/wiki/Anne_Hutchinson#Civil_trial" title="Anne Hutchinson">civil trial of Anne Hutchinson</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Antinomian_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Antinomian controversy">Antinomian controversy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a> on 7 November 1637</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">Articles of the Church of England</a>, Revised and altered by the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Assembly" title="Westminster Assembly">Assembly of Divines, at Westminster</a>, in the year 1643</i> condemns antinomianism, teaching that "no Christian man whatsoever is free from the obedience of the commandments which are called moral. By the moral law, we understand all the Ten Commandments taken to their full extent."<sup id="cite_ref-Neal1843_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neal1843-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Confession" class="mw-redirect" title="Westminster Confession">Westminster Confession</a>, held by <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian Church">Presbyterian Churches</a>, holds that the moral law contained in the Ten Commandments "does forever bind all, as well justified persons as others, to the obedience thereof".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Westminster Confession of Faith further states: "Faith, thus receiving and resting on Christ and His righteousness, is the alone instrument of justification; yet it is not alone in the person justified, but is ever accompanied with all other saving graces, and is no dead faith, but works by love."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, a number of seventeenth-century English writers in the Reformed tradition held antinomian beliefs. None of these individuals argued that Christians would not obey the law. Instead, they believed that believers would spontaneously obey the law without external motivation.<sup id="cite_ref-Como_2004_36_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Como_2004_36-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antinomianism during this period is likely a reaction against <a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a>, as it emphasized free grace in salvation to the detriment of any participation on the part of the believer.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallace_1982_114_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallace_1982_114-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Eaton_(divine)" title="John Eaton (divine)">John Eaton</a> (<i>fl.</i> 1619) is often identified as the father of English antinomianism.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallace_1982_114_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallace_1982_114-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Crisp" title="Tobias Crisp">Tobias Crisp</a> (1600–1643), a <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> priest who had been <a href="/wiki/Arminian" class="mw-redirect" title="Arminian">Arminian</a> and was later accused of being an antinomian.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a divisive figure for English <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinists</a>, with a serious controversy arising from the republication of his works in the 1690s.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also lesser known was <a href="/wiki/John_Saltmarsh_(priest)" title="John Saltmarsh (priest)">John Saltmarsh (priest)</a>. </p><p>From the latter part of the 18th century, critics of Calvinists accused them of antinomianism. Such charges were frequently raised by Arminian Methodists, who subscribed to a synergistic soteriology that contrasted with Calvinism's monergistic doctrine of justification. The controversy between Arminian and <a href="/wiki/Calvinistic_Methodists" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinistic Methodists">Calvinistic Methodists</a> produced the notable Arminian critique of Calvinism: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Fletcher" title="John William Fletcher">Fletcher</a>'s <i>Five Checks to Antinomianism</i> (1771–75).<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methodist_views">Methodist views</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antinomianism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Methodist views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> tradition, harshly criticized antinomianism,<sup id="cite_ref-YrigoyenWarrick2013_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YrigoyenWarrick2013-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> considering it the "worst of all heresies".<sup id="cite_ref-Hurst1903_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hurst1903-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He taught that Christian believers are bound to follow the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">moral law</a> and that they are to partake in the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_grace" title="Means of grace">means of grace</a> for their <a href="/wiki/Sanctification" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctification">sanctification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-YrigoyenWarrick2013_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YrigoyenWarrick2013-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Methodists teach the necessity of following the moral law as contained in the Ten Commandments, citing <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus'</a> teaching, "If ye love me, keep my commandments" (cf. John 14:15).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist Church">Methodist Churches</a> consider antinomianism to be a <a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">heresy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hurst1903_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hurst1903-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quaker_views">Quaker views</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antinomianism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Quaker views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Society of Friends">Religious Society of Friends</a> were charged with antinomianism due to their rejection of a graduate clergy and a clerical administrative structure, as well as their reliance on the Spirit (as revealed by the Inner Light of God within each person) rather than the Scriptures. They also rejected civil legal authorities and their laws (such as the paying of <a href="/wiki/Tithes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tithes">tithes</a> to the State church and the swearing of oaths) when they were seen as inconsistent with the promptings of the Inner Light of God. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antinomian_charges_against_other_groups">Antinomian charges against other groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antinomianism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Antinomian charges against other groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other Protestant groups that have been accused of antinomianism include the <a href="/wiki/Anabaptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mennonite">Mennonites</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ranter" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranter">Ranters</a> of 17th century England were one of the most outright antinomian sects in the history of Christianity. <a href="/wiki/New_Covenant_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="New Covenant Theology">New Covenant Theology</a> has been accused of antinomianism for their belief that the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a> have been abrogated, but they point out that nine of these ten are renewed under the New Covenant's <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Christ" title="Law of Christ">Law of Christ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Eaton_(divine)" title="John Eaton (divine)">John Eaton</a>, a leader in the antinomian underground during the 1630s, interpreted Revelation 12:1 with a quote recorded by <a href="/wiki/Giles_Firmin" title="Giles Firmin">Giles Firmin</a>: <i>"I saw a Woman Clothed with the Sun</i> [That is, the Church Clothed with the righteousness of Christ, to her Justification] <i>and the Moon,</i> [that is, Sanctification] <i>under her Feet."</i> Scholars have speculated that the <i>"sun"</i> and <i>"light"</i> may have been code-words used to surreptitiously reveal antinomian sympathies.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sects such as the <a href="/wiki/Ranters" title="Ranters">Ranters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Science" title="Christian Science">Christian Science</a> were accused of teaching that sin was nonexistent while <a href="/wiki/New_England_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="New England Theology">New England Theology</a> was accused of teaching that sin was beneficial.<sup id="cite_ref-Levy_1995_p._151_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levy_1995_p._151-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leavitt_1999_p._583_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leavitt_1999_p._583-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holifield_2003_p._153_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holifield_2003_p._153-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biblical_law_in_Christianity">Biblical law in Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antinomianism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Biblical law in Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Split_of_early_Christianity_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Split of early Christianity and Judaism">Split of early Christianity and Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christianity and Judaism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_law_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical law in Christianity">Biblical law in Christianity</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_James_the_Just.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Saint_James_the_Just.jpg/200px-Saint_James_the_Just.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Saint_James_the_Just.jpg/300px-Saint_James_the_Just.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Saint_James_the_Just.jpg 2x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icon</a> of <a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James the Just</a>, whose judgment was adopted in the Apostolic Decree of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2015:19–29&version=nrsv">Acts 15:19–29</a>, c. 50 AD.</figcaption></figure> <p>The question of the obligation to follow the Mosaic Law was a point of contention in the Early Christian Church. Many early converts were Greek and thus had less interest in adherence to the Law of Moses than did the earliest Christians, who were primarily Jewish and already accustomed to the Law.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, as Christianity spread into new cultures, the early church was pressured by <a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a> to decide which laws were still required of Christians, and which were no longer required under the New Covenant. The New Testament, (especially the book of <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a>) is interpreted by some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (November 2018)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> as recording the church slowly abandoning the "ritual laws" of Judaism, such as circumcision, <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Sabbath" title="Biblical Sabbath">Sabbath</a> and kosher law, while remaining in full agreement on adherence to the "<a href="/wiki/Divine_law" title="Divine law">divine law</a>", or Jewish laws on morality, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments#Christianity" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a>. Thus, the early Christian church incorporated ideas sometimes seen as <i>partially antinomian</i> or parallel to <a href="/wiki/Dual-covenant_theology" title="Dual-covenant theology">Dual-covenant theology</a>, while still upholding the traditional laws of moral behavior. </p><p>The first major dispute<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> over Christian antinomianism was a dispute over whether circumcision was required of Christians.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Rebuttal=The OP gave the source as Act chapter 15 and the Council of Jerusalem. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This happened at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a>, which is dated to about 50 AD and recorded in the Acts of the Apostles: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"And certain men which came down from Judaea taught the brethren, and said, Except ye be circumcised after the manner of Moses, ye cannot be saved."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2015:1&version=nrsv">Acts 15:1</a> (KJV)</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">apostles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elder_(Christianity)" title="Elder (Christianity)">elders</a> met at <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Christianity" title="Jerusalem in Christianity">Jerusalem</a>, and after a spirited discussion, their conclusion, later called the <i>Apostolic Decree</i>, possibly a major act of differentiation of the Church from its Jewish roots<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the first being the idea that Jesus was the messiah<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), was recorded in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2015:19–21&version=nrsv">Acts 15:19–21</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Acts 15:(19) Wherefore my [James] sentence is, that we trouble not them, which from among the <a href="/wiki/Gentiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentiles">Gentiles</a> are turned to God: (20) But that we write unto them, that they abstain from pollutions of idols, and from fornication, and from things strangled, and from blood. (21) For <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> of old time hath in every city them that preach him, being read in the synagogues every Sabbath day.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>KJV</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Beginning with <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many have seen a connection to <a href="/wiki/Noahide_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Noahide Law">Noahide Law</a>, while some modern scholars<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reject the connection to <i>Noahide Law</i><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and instead see Lev 17–18<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the basis. </p><p>James sets out a preliminary list of commands which Gentiles should obey. Gentiles were not required to be circumcised but were required to obey the four beginning requirements to be part of the larger congregation. This passage shows that the remainder of the commandments would follow as they studied "Moses" in the Synagogues. If Gentiles did not follow this reduced requirement, they risked being put out of the Synagogue and missing out on a Torah education (in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Leviticus%2017&version=nrsv">Leviticus 17</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Leviticus%2020&version=nrsv">20</a>). James's list still includes some dietary commands, but many of those also passed out of some Christian traditions quite early. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2010:9–16&version=nrsv">Acts 10:9–16</a> describes the following vision, which was used to excuse early gentile Christians from the Mosaic dietary laws. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>(9) <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">...Peter</a> went up upon the housetop to pray about the sixth hour: (10) And he became very hungry, and would have eaten: but while they made ready, he fell into a trance, (11) And saw heaven opened, and a certain vessel descending unto him, as it had been a great sheet knit at the four corners, and let down to the earth: (12) Wherein were all manner of fourfooted beasts of the earth, and wild beasts, and creeping things, and fowls of the air. (13) And there came a voice to him, Rise, Peter; kill, and eat. (14) But Peter said, Not so, Lord; for I have never eaten anything that is common or unclean. (15) And the voice spake unto him again the second time, What God hath cleansed, that call not thou common. (16) This was done thrice: and the vessel was received up again into heaven.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>KJV</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Peter was perplexed about the vision in Acts 10. His subsequent explanation of the vision in Acts 11 gives no credence to antinomianism as it relates to the admission of Gentiles into covenant relationship with God. </p><p>Though the <i>Apostolic Decree</i> is no longer observed by many <a href="/wiki/Christian_denominations" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian denominations">Christian denominations</a> today, it is still observed in full by the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox">Greek Orthodox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo</a> Church also preserves many Judaic customs. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Letter_to_the_Hebrews" class="mw-redirect" title="Letter to the Hebrews">Letter to the Hebrews</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hebrews%207:11–28&version=nrsv">Hebrews 7:11–28</a>), it is written that under the Old Testament Law, priests had to be from the tribe of Levi, Aaron, and his sons: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Bring his sons and dress them in tunics and put headbands on them. Then tie sashes on Aaron and his sons. The priesthood is theirs by a lasting ordinance. In this way you shall ordain Aaron and his sons.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Exodus%2029:8–9&version=nrsv">Exodus 29:8–9</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>It is pointed out that Jesus was from the tribe of Judah, and thus Jesus could not be a priest under the Old Testament Law, as Jesus is not a descendant of Aaron. It states that the Law had to change for Jesus to be the High Priest: "For when there is a change of the priesthood, there must also be a change of the law." (Hebrews 7:12) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Supporting_Pauline_passages">Supporting Pauline passages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antinomianism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Supporting Pauline passages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antinomianism&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/New_Perspective_on_Paul" title="New Perspective on Paul">New Perspective on Paul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Christianity" title="Pauline Christianity">Pauline Christianity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul the Apostle and Judaism">Paul the Apostle and Judaism</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg/200px-File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg/300px-File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg/400px-File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption>Artist depiction of <i>Saint Paul Writing His Epistles</i>, 16th century (Blaffer Foundation Collection, Houston, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>). Most scholars think Paul dictated his letters to a secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Apostle_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostle Paul">Apostle Paul</a>, in his <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Epistles" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauline Epistles">Letters</a>, says that believers are saved by the unearned grace of God, not by good works, "lest anyone should boast",<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and placed a priority on <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">orthodoxy</a> (right belief) before <a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">orthopraxy</a> (right practice). The <a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">soteriology</a> of Paul's statements in this matter has long been a matter of dispute. In modern Protestant orthodoxy, this passage is interpreted as a reference to justification by trusting Christ.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Paul used the term <i>freedom in Christ</i>, for example, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%202:4&version=nrsv">Galatians 2:4</a>. Some understood this to mean "lawlessness" (i.e. not obeying Mosaic Law).<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2018:12–16&version=nrsv">Acts 18:12–16</a>, Paul is accused of "persuading ... people to worship God in ways contrary to the law." </p><p>In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2021:21&version=nrsv">Acts 21:21</a> <a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James the Just</a> explained his situation to Paul: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And they are informed of thee, that thou teachest all the Jews which are among the Gentiles to forsake Moses, saying that they ought not to circumcise their children, neither to walk after the customs.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>KJV</cite></div></blockquote> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Colossians%202:13–14&version=nrsv">Colossians 2:13–14</a> is sometimes presented as proof of Paul's antinomistic views. For example, the <a href="/wiki/NIV" class="mw-redirect" title="NIV">NIV</a> translates these verses: "... he forgave us all our sins, having canceled the written code, with its regulations, that was against us and that stood opposed to us; he took it away, nailing it to the cross." But, the <a href="/wiki/NRSV" class="mw-redirect" title="NRSV">NRSV</a> translates this same verse as: "... he forgave us all our trespasses, erasing the record that stood against us with its legal demands. He set this aside, nailing it to the cross." This latter translation makes it sound as though it is a <i>record of trespasses</i>, rather than <i>the Law itself</i>, that was "nailed to the cross."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The interpretation partly depends on the original Greek word <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">χειρόγραφον</span></span> which, according to Strong's G5498,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> literally means "something written by hand;" it is variously translated as "the bond" (RSV, NAB), "written code" (NIV), or "record" (ESV, NRSV, CEB), as in a record of debt. </p><p>2 Corinthians 3:6–17 says, </p> <blockquote><p>"Who also hath made us able ministers of the new testament; not of the letter, but of the spirit: for the letter killeth, but the spirit giveth life. But if the ministration of death, written and engraven in stones, was glorious, so that the children of Israel could not stedfastly behold the face of Moses for the glory of his countenance; which glory was to be done away: How shall not the ministration of the spirit be rather glorious? For if the ministration of condemnation be glory, much more doth the ministration of righteousness exceed in glory. For even that which was made glorious had no glory in this respect, by reason of the glory that excelleth. For if that which is done away was glorious, much more that which remaineth is glorious. Seeing then that we have such hope, we use great plainness of speech: And not as Moses, which put a veil over his face, that the children of Israel could not stedfastly look to the end of that which is abolished: But their minds were blinded: for until this day remaineth the same veil untaken away in the reading of the old testament; which veil is done away in Christ. But even unto this day, when Moses is read, the veil is upon their heart. Nevertheless when it shall turn to the Lord, the veil shall be taken away. Now the Lord is that Spirit: and where the Spirit of the Lord is, there is liberty." (<a href="/wiki/KJV" class="mw-redirect" title="KJV">KJV</a>)</p></blockquote> <p>Some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (November 2018)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> cite <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2013:39&version=nrsv">Acts 13:39</a>: "And by him all that believe are justified from all things, from which ye could not be justified by the law of Moses." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%206&version=nrsv">Romans 6</a> states twice that believers are not under the law: Romans 6:14 "For sin shall not have dominion over you: for ye are not under the law, but under grace." and Romans 6:15 "What then? shall we sin, because we are not under the law, but under grace? God forbid.". KJV </p><p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%203:1–5&version=nrsv">Galatians 3:1–5</a> describes the Galatians as "foolish" for relying on being observant to the Law: "(1) O foolish Galatians, who hath bewitched you, that ye should not obey the truth, before whose eyes Jesus Christ hath been evidently set forth, crucified among you? (2) This only would I learn of you, Received ye the Spirit by the works of the law, or by the hearing of faith? (3) Are ye so foolish? having begun in the Spirit, are ye now made perfect by the flesh? (4) Have ye suffered so many things in vain? if it be yet in vain. (5) He therefore that ministereth to you the Spirit, and worketh miracles among you, doeth he it by the works of the law, or by the hearing of faith?" KJV </p><p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%203:23–25&version=nrsv">Galatians 3:23–25</a> says that the purpose of the Law was to lead people to Christ, once people believe in Christ, they are no longer under the Law: </p> <blockquote><p>"(23) But before faith came, we were kept under the <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic law">law</a>, shut up unto the faith which should afterwards be revealed. (24) Wherefore the law was our schoolmaster to bring us unto Christ, that we might be <a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">justified</a> by faith. (25) But after that faith is come, we are no longer under a schoolmaster." KJV</p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg/300px-Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg/450px-Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg/600px-Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1377" data-file-height="1545" /></a><figcaption>Christians believe that Jesus is the mediator of the New Covenant in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hebrews%208:6&version=nrsv">Hebrews 8:6</a>. Depicted is his <a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a> in which he commented on the Law.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%204:21–31&version=nrsv">Galatians 4:21–31</a>, Paul compares the <a href="/wiki/Old_Covenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Covenant">Old Covenant</a> with the New Covenant. In this comparison, he equates each covenant with a woman, using the wives of Abraham as examples. The old covenant is equated with the slave woman, Hagar, and the new covenant is equated with the free woman Sarah (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%204:22–26&version=nrsv">Galatians 4:22–26</a>). He concludes this example by saying that we are not children of the slave woman, but children of the free woman. In other words, we are not under the old covenant, we are under the new covenant. </p> <blockquote><p>"(22) For it is written, that Abraham had two sons, the one by a bondmaid, the other by a freewoman. (23) But he who was of the bondwoman was born after the flesh; but he of the freewoman was by promise. (24) Which things are an allegory: for these are the two covenants; the one from the mount Sinai, which gendereth to bondage, which is Agar. (25) For this Agar is mount Sinai in Arabia, and answereth to Jerusalem which now is, and is in bondage with her children. (26) But Jerusalem which is above is free, which is the mother of us all." KJV (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%204:30–31&version=nrsv">Galatians 4:30–31</a>)</p></blockquote> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%2010:4&version=nrsv">Romans 10:4</a> is sometimes translated: "For Christ is the end of the law for righteousness to every one that believeth" (KJV), or "Christ is the end of the law so that there may be righteousness for everyone who believes" (NRSV). The key word here is <i>telos</i> (Strong's G5056).<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert Badenas argues that <i>telos</i> is correctly translated as goal, not end, so that Christ is the <i>goal</i> of the Law.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/N._T._Wright" title="N. T. Wright">N. T. Wright</a> in his <i>New Testament for Everyone</i> translates this verse as: "The Messiah, you see, is the goal of the law, so that covenant membership may be available for all who believe."<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Andy_Gaus" title="Andy Gaus">Andy Gaus</a>' version of the New Testament translates this verse as: "Christ is what the law aims at: for every believer to be on the right side of [God's] justice."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also cited<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)"><span title="The geographic scope near this tag is ambiguous. (November 2014)">where?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (November 2014)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> is <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ephesians%202:15&version=nrsv">Ephesians 2:15</a>: "He has abolished the law with its commandments and ordinances, that he might create in himself one new humanity in place of the two, thus making peace," NRSV. Another passage cited is <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%207:1–7&version=nrsv">Romans 7:1–7</a>, especially Romans 7:4 "Wherefore, my brethren, ye also are become dead to the law by the body of Christ; that ye should be married to another, even to him who is raised from the dead, that we should bring forth fruit unto God." and Romans 7:6 "But now we are delivered from the law, that being dead wherein we were held; that we should serve in newness of spirit, and not in the oldness of the letter." KJV </p><p>The first covenant (made with Israel, as recorded in the Old Testament) is compared with the new covenant in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hebrews%208–9&version=nrsv">Hebrews 8–9</a>. In Hebrews 8:6–7: "But the ministry Jesus has received is as superior to theirs as the covenant of which he is mediator is superior to the old one, and it is founded on better promises. For if there had been nothing wrong with that first covenant, no place would have been sought for another." It goes on to say that the problem with the first covenant was with the people who were supposed to keep it and that in the new covenant: "I will put my laws into their minds, and write them on their hearts, and I will be their God, and they shall be my people." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hebrews%208:10&version=nrsv">Hebrews 8:10</a> </p><p>The first covenant was said to be obsolete, and would soon disappear: "By calling this covenant "new," he has made the first one obsolete; and what is obsolete and aging will soon disappear." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hebrews%208:13&version=nrsv">Hebrews 8:13</a>. It identifies the first covenant which is disappearing in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hebrews%209:1–5&version=nrsv">Hebrews 9:1–5</a>. Particularly the "stone tablets of the covenant" in Hebrews 9:4 referred directly to the Ten Commandments. </p> <blockquote><p>"Now the first covenant had regulations for worship and also an earthly sanctuary. A tabernacle was set up. In its first room were the lampstand, the table, and the consecrated bread; this was called the Holy Place. Behind the second curtain was a room called the Most Holy Place, which had the golden altar of incense and the gold-covered ark of the covenant. This ark contained the gold jar of manna, Aaron's staff that had budded, and the stone tablets of the covenant. Above the ark were the cherubim of the Glory, overshadowing the atonement cover." (Hebrews 9:1–5)</p></blockquote> <p>However, the notion that the Ten Commandments have been abrogated, as found in <a href="/wiki/New_Covenant_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="New Covenant Theology">New Covenant Theology</a>, is challenged by some.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (March 2015)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some scholars consider Jesus' <a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a> (particularly the <a href="/wiki/Matthew_5#Antitheses" title="Matthew 5">Antitheses</a>) to be an antitype of the proclamation of the Ten Commandments or <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Covenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Covenant">Mosaic Covenant</a> by Moses from the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Mount Sinai">Biblical Mount Sinai</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Opposing_Pauline_passages">Opposing Pauline passages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antinomianism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Opposing Pauline passages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Those who oppose antinomianism invoke Paul as upholding obedience to the law:<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>"Because the carnal mind is enmity against God: for it is not subject to the law of God, neither indeed can be. So then they that are in the flesh cannot please God." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%208:7–8&version=nrsv">Romans 8:7–8</a> KJV</li> <li>"But if any provide not for his own, and specially for those of his own house, he hath denied the faith, and is worse than an infidel." <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Timothy#5:8" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/1 Timothy">1 Timothy 5:8</a> KJV</li> <li>"But now I have written unto you not to keep company, if any man that is called a brother be a fornicator, or covetous, or an idolater, or a railer, or a drunkard, or an extortioner; with such an one no not to eat." <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Corinthians#5:11" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/1 Corinthians">1 Corinthians 5:11</a> KJV</li> <li>"Children, obey your parents in the Lord: for this is right. Honour thy father and mother; which is the first commandment with promise;" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ephesians%206:1–2&version=nrsv">Ephesians 6:1–2</a> KJV</li> <li>"Do we then make void the law through faith? God forbid: yea, we establish the law." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%203:31&version=nrsv">Romans 3:31</a> KJV</li> <li>"For as many as have sinned without law shall also perish without law: and as many as have sinned in the law shall be judged by the law; For not the hearers of the law are just before God, but the doers of the law shall be justified." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%202:12–13&version=nrsv">Romans 2:12–13</a> KJV</li> <li>"For this ye know, that no whoremonger, nor unclean person, nor covetous man, who is an idolater, hath any inheritance in the kingdom of Christ and of God. Let no man deceive you with vain words: for because of these things cometh the wrath of God upon the children of disobedience. " <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ephesians%205:5–6&version=nrsv">Ephesians 5:5–6</a> KJV</li> <li>"Know ye not that the unrighteous shall not inherit the kingdom of God? Be not deceived: neither fornicators, nor idolaters, nor adulterers, nor effeminate, nor abusers of themselves with mankind, Nor thieves, nor covetous, nor drunkards, nor revilers, nor extortioners, shall inherit the kingdom of God." <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Corinthians#6:9" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/1 Corinthians">1 Corinthians 6:9–10:26</a> KJV</li> <li>"Let your women keep silence in the churches: for it is not permitted unto them to speak; but they are commanded to be under obedience, as also saith the law." <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Corinthians#14:34" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/1 Corinthians">1 Corinthians 14:34</a> KJV</li> <li>"Mortify therefore your members which are upon the earth; fornication, uncleanness, inordinate affection, evil concupiscence, and covetousness, which is idolatry." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Colossians%203:5&version=nrsv">Colossians 3:5</a> KJV</li> <li>"Neither be ye idolaters, as were some of them; as it is written, The people sat down to eat and drink, and rose up to play." <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Corinthians#10:7" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/1 Corinthians">1 Corinthians 10:7</a> KJV</li> <li>"Now the works of the flesh are manifest, which are these; Adultery, fornication, uncleanness, lasciviousness, Idolatry, witchcraft, hatred, variance, emulations, wrath, strife, seditions, heresies, Envyings, murders, drunkenness, revellings, and such like: of the which I tell you before, as I have also told you in time past, that they which do such things shall not inherit the kingdom of God." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%205:19–21&version=nrsv">Galatians 5:19–21</a> KJV</li> <li>"Say I these things as a man? or saith not the law the same also? For it is written in the law of Moses, Thou shalt not muzzle the mouth of the ox that treadeth out the corn. Doth God take care for oxen?" <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Corinthians#9:8" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/1 Corinthians">1 Corinthians 9:8–9</a> KJV</li> <li>"The wife is bound by the law as long as her husband liveth; but if her husband be dead, she is at liberty to be married to whom she will; only in the Lord." <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Corinthians#7:39" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/1 Corinthians">1 Corinthians 7:39</a> KJV</li> <li>"Wherefore, my dearly beloved, flee from idolatry." <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Corinthians#10:14" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/1 Corinthians">1 Corinthians 10:14</a> KJV</li> <li>"While he answered for himself, Neither against the law of the Jews, neither against the temple, nor yet against Cæsar, have I offended any thing at all." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2025:8&version=nrsv">Acts 25:8</a> KJV</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Theology">Theology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antinomianism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i> (1910) article on "Judaizers" notes: "Paul, on the other hand, not only did not object to the observance of the Mosaic Law, as long as it did not interfere with the liberty of the Gentiles, but he conformed to its prescriptions when occasion required (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%209:20&version=nrsv">1 Corinthians 9:20</a>). Thus he shortly after the Council of Jerusalem circumcised <a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2016:1–3&version=nrsv">Acts 16:1–3</a>), and he was in the very act of observing the Mosaic ritual when he was arrested at Jerusalem (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2021:26&version=nrsv">21:26</a> sqq.)."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i> article on "Gentile: Gentiles May Not Be Taught the Torah"<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> notes the following reconciliation: "<a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Emden" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbi Emden">R. Emden</a>, in a remarkable apology for Christianity contained in his appendix to "Seder 'Olam,"<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gives it as his opinion that the original intention of Jesus, and especially of Paul, was to convert only the Gentiles to the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah" title="Seven Laws of Noah">seven moral laws of Noah</a> and to let the Jews follow the Mosaic law — this explains the apparent contradictions in the New Testament regarding the laws of Moses and the Sabbath."<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tübingen school of historians founded by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Christian_Baur" title="Ferdinand Christian Baur">F. C. Baur</a> holds that in <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a>, there was a conflict between <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Christianity" title="Pauline Christianity">Pauline Christianity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Jerusalem#Bishops_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem">Jerusalem Church</a> led by James the Just, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Peter">Simon Peter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John the Apostle</a>, the so-called "Jewish Christians" or "Pillars of the Church."<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many places Paul writes that he was an observant Jew and that Christians should "uphold the Law" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%203:31&version=nrsv">Romans 3:31</a>). In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%202:14&version=nrsv">Galatians 2:14</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Incident_at_Antioch" title="Incident at Antioch">Incident at Antioch</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul publicly accused Peter of <a href="/wiki/Judaize" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaize">judaizing</a>. Even so, he says sins remain sins and upholds by several examples the kind of behaviour that the church should not tolerate (e.g., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%205:19–21&version=nrsv">Galatians 5:19–21</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%206:9–10&version=nrsv">1 Cor 6:9–10</a>). In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Corinthians%207:10–16">1 Corinthians 7:10–16</a> he cites Jesus' teaching on divorce ("not I but the Lord") and does not reject it, but goes on to proclaim his own teaching ("I, not the Lord"), an extended counsel regarding a specific situation which some interpret as conforming to what the Lord said. But, this may mean he received direct knowledge of what the Lord wanted him to teach through the Holy Ghost (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Galatians%202:6–10">Galatians 2:6–10</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Paul_versus_James">Paul versus James</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antinomianism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Paul versus James"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">Epistle of James</a>, in contrast, states that we are to obey the Law of God and that "a person is justified by works and not by faith alone" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=James%202:14–26&version=nrsv">James 2:14–26</a>). Historically, this statement has been difficult for Protestants to reconcile with their belief in <a href="/wiki/Sola_Fide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sola Fide">justification by faith alone</a> as it appears to contradict Paul's teaching that works don't justify (Romans 4:1–8). Martin Luther, believing that his doctrines were refuted by James's conclusion that works also justify, suggested that the Epistle might be a forgery, and relegated it to an appendix in his Bible. Literature which discusses this includes the article on <i>James 2:20</i> in <i>Law and Gospel</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans+2:6&version=nkjv">Romans 2:6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ephesians%202:8–10&version=nrsv">Ephesians 2:8–10</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_on_the_Doctrine_of_Justification" title="Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification">Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification</a>. </p><p>James also wrote: "For whoever keeps the whole law and yet stumbles at just one point is guilty of breaking all of it. For he who said, 'Do not commit adultery,' also said, 'Do not murder.' If you do not commit adultery but do commit murder, you have become a lawbreaker." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=James%202:10–11&version=nrsv">James 2:10–11</a>. One interpretation is that people who want to keep the Old Testament Law must perfectly keep all of the Law—"an impossible task."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> James appeals to his readers to follow the "Royal Law of Love" instead of in the preceding verses (James 2:8–9). But the scholar <a href="/wiki/Alister_McGrath" title="Alister McGrath">Alister McGrath</a> says that James was the leader of a Judaizing party that taught that Gentiles must obey the entire Mosaic Law.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paul made a statement that appears to agree with James, saying that "both" faith produced as a result of repentance (the initial requirement for justification) "and" works (the evidence or proof of true faith) must exist together: </p> <blockquote><p>"So then, King Agrippa, I was not disobedient to the vision from heaven. First to those in Damascus, then to those in Jerusalem and in all Judea, and to the Gentiles also, I preached that they should repent and turn to God and <i>prove their repentance by their deeds</i>." Acts 26:19–20 (NIV)</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jesus">Jesus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antinomianism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Jesus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Expounding_of_the_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Expounding of the Law">Expounding of the Law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperdispensationalism" title="Hyperdispensationalism">Hyperdispensationalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></div> <p>The Torah prescribes the death penalty for desecrating the Sabbath by working (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Exodus%2031:14–17&version=nrsv">Exodus 31:14–17</a>). To avoid any <i>possibility</i> of breaking the simple and few original Torah commands, the Pharisees formulated and added several thousand strict laws and numerous traditions which they treated as laws. According to the Christians, Jesus criticized the Pharisees for adding to the law (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%207:7–9&version=nrsv">Mark 7:7–9</a>). The <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i> article on Jesus notes: </p> <blockquote><p>"Jesus, however, does not appear to have taken into account the fact that the Halakah was at this period just becoming crystallized, and that much variation existed as to its definite form; the disputes of Bet Hillel and Bet Shammai were occurring about the time of his maturity."<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a>, Jesus' disciples were picking grain for food on the Sabbath (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%202:23–28&version=nrsv">Mark 2:23–28</a>). This was against one of the Pharisaic laws that had been added to the original Torah law which prohibited work on the Sabbath day. When the Pharisees challenged Jesus over breaking their law, he pointed to Biblical precedent and declared that "the Sabbath was made for man, not man for the Sabbath". Some claim Jesus rejected complete adherence to the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>. Most scholars hold that Jesus did not reject the law, but directed that it should be obeyed in context. <a href="/wiki/E._P._Sanders" title="E. P. Sanders">E. P. Sanders</a> notes, "No substantial conflict existed between Jesus and the Pharisees with regard to Sabbath, food, and purity laws. ... The church took some while to come to the position that the Sabbath need not be kept, and it is hard to think that Jesus explicitly said so."<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There may be passages where the words of Jesus have been misinterpreted and were not really in contradiction with the Jewish law.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jesus never once broke the Torah, yet he did denounce the added Pharisaic rules and openly defied the Pharisees. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a>, Jesus is sometimes said to refer to wicked people with the term <i>ergazomenoi tēn anomian</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐργαζόμενοι τὴν ἀνομἰαν</span></span>)—e.g., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%207:21–23&version=nrsv">Matthew 7:21–23</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2013:40–43&version=nrsv">Matthew 13:40–43</a>. Due to this negative context, the term has almost always been translated as "evildoers", although it literally means "workers of lawlessness".<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Hebrew, lawlessness would imply "Torahlessness". Matthew appears to present Jesus as equating wickedness with encouraging antinomianism. Scholars view Matthew as having been written by or for a Jewish audience, the so-called Jewish Christians. Several scholars argue that Matthew artificially lessened a claimed rejection of Jewish law so as not to alienate his intended audience.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> But, Jesus called for full adherence to the commandments (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%205:19–21&version=nrsv">Matthew 5:19–21</a>) He declared: "Do not think that I have come to abolish the Law or the <a href="/wiki/Neviim" class="mw-redirect" title="Neviim">Prophets</a>; I have not come to abolish them but to fulfill them." (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%205:17&version=nrsv">Matthew 5:17</a>). A parallel verse to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%207:21&version=nrsv">Matthew 7:21</a> is <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=James%201:22&version=nrsv">James 1:22</a>. </p><p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20John%203:4&version=nrsv">1 John 3:4</a> states: "Everyone who commits <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sin</a> is guilty of lawlessness; sin is lawlessness." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islamic_antinomianism">Islamic antinomianism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antinomianism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Islamic antinomianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Naskh_(tafsir)" title="Naskh (tafsir)">Naskh (tafsir)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shath" title="Shath">Shath</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi Order</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Esoteric_interpretation_of_the_Quran" title="Esoteric interpretation of the Quran">Esoteric interpretation of the Quran</a></div> <p>In Islam, the law — which applies not only to religion, but also to areas such as politics, banking, and sexuality — is called <i><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharīʿah</a></i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">شريعة</span></span>), and traditionally draws from four primary sources: </p> <ol><li>the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, which is Islam's central religious text;</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a>, which refers to actions practised during the time of the prophet Muḥammad, and is often thought to include the <i><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">ḥadīth</a></i>, or recorded words and deeds of Muḥammad;</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">Ijmāʿ</a></i>, which is the consensus of the <i><a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">ʿulamāʾ</a></i>, or class of Islamic scholars, on points of practice;</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qiyas" title="Qiyas">Qiyās</a></i>, which—in <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnī Islam</a>—is a kind of analogical reasoning conducted by the ʿulamāʾ upon specific laws that have arisen through appeal to the first three sources; in <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/%27Aql" title="'Aql">ʿaql</a></i> ("reason") is used in place of <i>qiyās</i></li></ol> <p>Actions, behavior, or beliefs that are considered to violate any or all of these four sources — primarily in matters of religion — can be termed "antinomian". Depending on the action, behavior, or belief in question, a number of different terms can be used to convey the sense of "antinomian": <i><a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">shirk</a></i> ("association of another being with God"); <i><a href="/wiki/Bid%CA%BBah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidʻah">bidʻah</a></i> ("innovation"); <i><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">kufr</a></i> ("disbelief"); <i><a href="/wiki/Haram" title="Haram">ḥarām</a></i> ("forbidden"); etc.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As an example, the 10th century Sufi mystic al-Hallaj was executed for <i>shirk</i> for, among other things, his statement <i><a href="/wiki/Anal_Haq" title="Anal Haq">ana al-Ḥaqq</a></i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أنا الحق</span></span>), meaning "I am the Truth". As <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الحق</span></span> <i>al-Ḥaqq</i> ("the Truth") is one of the <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Names of God in Islam</a>, this would imply he was saying: "I am God."<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Expressions like these are known as <i><a href="/wiki/Shath" title="Shath">šaṭḥiyyāt</a></i>. Another individual who has often been termed antinomian is <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a>, a 12th and 13th-century scholar and mystic whose doctrine of <i><a href="/wiki/Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">waḥdat al-wujūd</a></i> ("unity of being") has sometimes been interpreted as being <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheistic</a>, and thus <i>shirk.</i><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from individuals, entire groups of Muslims have also been called antinomian. One of these groups is the <a href="/wiki/Nizari_Isma%27ilism" title="Nizari Isma'ilism">Nizārī Ismāʿīlī Shīʿa</a>, who have always had strong <a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">millenarian</a> tendencies arising partly from persecution directed at them by Sunnīs. Influenced to a certain extent by Gnosticism,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Ismāʿīlīs developed a number of beliefs and practices—such as their belief in the <i><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Ismaili_doctrine" title="Imamate in Ismaili doctrine">imamatte</a></i> and an esoteric exegesis of the Qurʾān—that orthodox Sunnī Muslims considered being <i>shirk</i> and, hence, to be seen as antinomian.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain other groups that evolved out of Shīʿah belief, such as the <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi Order</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have also been considered antinomian. The Bektashis, particularly, have practices that diverge from conventional Islamic practice, such as the consumption of alcoholic beverages, the non-wearing of the <i><a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">ḥijāb</a></i> ("veil") by women, and gathering in the <i><a href="/wiki/Cemevi" title="Cemevi">cemevi</a></i> in preference to the mosque.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nonreligious_antinomianism">Nonreligious antinomianism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antinomianism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Nonreligious antinomianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a> was a frequent user of "antinomian" in a secular (and always approving) sense. In his 1940 essay on <a href="/wiki/Henry_Miller" title="Henry Miller">Henry Miller</a>, "Inside the Whale", the word appears several times, including one in which he calls <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Edward_Housman" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Edward Housman">A. E. Housman</a> a writer in "a blasphemous, antinomian, 'cynical' strain", meaning defiant of arbitrary societal rules. </p><p>The psychologist <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Adler_(psychologist)" title="Nathan Adler (psychologist)">Nathan Adler</a> defined the "antinomian personality type" as "manifested by one whose frame of reference is threatened or has been disrupted. He suffers from a breakdown in the balance of his control and release mechanisms and from the permeability of his body boundaries."<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his study of late-20th-century western society the historian <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Eric Hobsbawm</a><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used the term in a sociological sense. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antinomianism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrogation_of_Old_Covenant_laws" title="Abrogation of Old Covenant laws">Abrogation of Old Covenant laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antinomian_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Antinomian controversy">Antinomian controversy</a> - 1630s Massachusetts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liberty" title="Christian liberty">Christian liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian%E2%80%93Jewish_reconciliation" title="Christian–Jewish reconciliation">Christian–Jewish reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(biblical)" title="Covenant (biblical)">Covenant (biblical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do_what_thou_wilt" class="mw-redirect" title="Do what thou wilt">Do what thou wilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankism" title="Frankism">Frankism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Grace_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Grace theology">Free Grace theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterodoxy" title="Heterodoxy">Heterodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles">Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(theology)" title="Legalism (theology)">Legalism (theology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertine" title="Libertine">Libertine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minuth" class="mw-redirect" title="Minuth">Minuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moral_relativism" title="Moral relativism">moral relativism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonomianism" title="Neonomianism">Neonomianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_citizen_movement" title="Sovereign citizen movement">Sovereign citizen movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supersessionism" title="Supersessionism">Supersessionism</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antinomianism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> He [Marcion] further maintained that the law of Moses, with its threats and promises of things terrestrial, was a contrivance of the evil principle in order to bind men still more to the earth.<sup id="cite_ref-Milner-1860-p325_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milner-1860-p325-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Josef_von_Hefele" title="Karl Josef von Hefele">K.J. von Hefele</a><sup id="cite_ref-hefele_II_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hefele_II-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> notes: <dl><dd></dd></dl> "We further see that, at the time of the Synod of <a href="/wiki/Gangra" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangra">Gangra</a>, the rule of the Apostolic Synod with regard to blood and things strangled was still in force. With the Greeks, indeed, it continued always in force as their Euchologies still show. <a href="/wiki/Balsamon" class="mw-redirect" title="Balsamon">Balsamon</a> also, the well-known commentator on the canons of the Middle Ages, in his commentary on the sixty-third <a href="/wiki/Canons_of_the_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Canons of the Apostles">Apostolic Canon</a>, expressly blames the Latins because they had ceased to observe this command. <dl><dd></dd></dl> "What the Latin Church, however, thought on this subject about the year 400, is shown by <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">St. Augustine</a> in his work <a href="/wiki/Contra_Faustum" class="mw-redirect" title="Contra Faustum">Contra Faustum</a>, where he states that the Apostles had given this command in order to unite the heathens and Jews in the one ark of Noah; but that then, when the barrier between Jewish and heathen converts had fallen, this command concerning things strangled and blood had lost its meaning, and was only observed by few. But still, as late as the eighth century, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Pope Gregory the Third</a> (731) forbade the eating of blood or things strangled under threat of a penance of forty days." <dl><dd></dd></dl> "No one will pretend that the disciplinary enactments of any council, even though it be one of the undisputed <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical Synods</a>, can be of greater and more unchanging force than the decree of that first council, held by the Holy Apostles at Jerusalem, and the fact that its decree has been obsolete for centuries in the West is proof that even Ecumenical canons may be of only temporary utility and may be repealed by disuse, like other laws."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antinomianism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-merriam-webster.com-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-merriam-webster.com_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/antinomianism">"antinomianism"</a>. <i>Dictionary of the English Language</i> (online ed.). Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=antinomianism&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fantinomianism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntinomianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Puritans and Puritanism in Europe and America</i>. ABC-CLIO. 2006. p. 306. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607678-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607678-1"><bdi>978-1-57607678-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Puritans+and+Puritanism+in+Europe+and+America&rft.pages=306&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57607678-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntinomianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarie2013" class="citation web cs1">Marie, André (17 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catholicism.org/ad-rem-no-216.html">"Simian Antinomianism"</a>. <i>Catholicism</i>. Slaves of the Immaculate Heart of Mary<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholicism&rft.atitle=Simian+Antinomianism&rft.date=2013-09-17&rft.aulast=Marie&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatholicism.org%2Fad-rem-no-216.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntinomianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Street_Wimberley_2019_p._40-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Street_Wimberley_2019_p._40_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStreetWimberley2019" class="citation book cs1">Street, N.L.; Wimberley, A. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xibtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT40"><i>On the Frontlines: Exposing Satan's Tactics to Destroy a Generation</i></a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7252-5124-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7252-5124-3"><bdi>978-1-7252-5124-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Frontlines%3A+Exposing+Satan%27s+Tactics+to+Destroy+a+Generation&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-7252-5124-3&rft.aulast=Street&rft.aufirst=N.L.&rft.au=Wimberley%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxibtDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntinomianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Como_2004_36-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Como_2004_36_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Como_2004_36_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComo2004" class="citation book cs1">Como, David R. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uXorQ6Cm1kwC&pg=PP1"><i>Blown by the Spirit: Puritanism and the emergence of an antinomian underground in pre-Civil-War England</i></a>. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-80474443-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-80474443-0"><bdi>978-0-80474443-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blown+by+the+Spirit%3A+Puritanism+and+the+emergence+of+an+antinomian+underground+in+pre-Civil-War+England&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-80474443-0&rft.aulast=Como&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuXorQ6Cm1kwC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntinomianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anizor_Price_Voss_2021_p._168-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anizor_Price_Voss_2021_p._168_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnizorPriceVoss2021" class="citation book cs1">Anizor, U.; Price, R.B.; Voss, H. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=80IZEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA168"><i>Evangelical Theology</i></a>. Doing Theology. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-67715-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-67715-0"><bdi>978-0-567-67715-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evangelical+Theology&rft.series=Doing+Theology&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-567-67715-0&rft.aulast=Anizor&rft.aufirst=U.&rft.au=Price%2C+R.B.&rft.au=Voss%2C+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D80IZEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntinomianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thurman_2019_p._104-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thurman_2019_p._104_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThurman2019" class="citation book cs1">Thurman, S.F. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I5emDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT104"><i>Equipped for Holiness</i></a>. WestBow Press. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9736-6776-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9736-6776-6"><bdi>978-1-9736-6776-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Equipped+for+Holiness&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=WestBow+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-9736-6776-6&rft.aulast=Thurman&rft.aufirst=S.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI5emDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntinomianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica_1998-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica_1998_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/antinomianism">"religion"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. 20 July 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=religion&rft.date=1998-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fantinomianism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntinomianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beeke_Smalley_2021_p._437-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beeke_Smalley_2021_p._437_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeekeSmalley2021" class="citation book cs1">Beeke, J.; Smalley, P.M. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gdhCEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT437"><i>Reformed Systematic Theology, Volume 3: Spirit and Salvation</i></a>. Crossway. p. 437. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4335-5994-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4335-5994-5"><bdi>978-1-4335-5994-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Ranters+%7C+religious+sect+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FRanters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntinomianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dorner_1871_p._352-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dorner_1871_p._352_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorner1871" class="citation book cs1">Dorner, I.A. (1871). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mxNKAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA352"><i>History of Protestant Theology: Particularly in Germany : Viewed According to Its Fundamental Movement and in Connection with the Religious, Moral, and Intellectual Life</i></a>. T. & T. Clark. p. 352<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e81GEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA80"><i>Erroneous and Schismatical Opinions: The Question of Orthodoxy regarding the Theology of Hanserd Knollys (c. 1599–1691)</i></a>. Studies in the History of Christian Traditions. Brill. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-47422-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-47422-2"><bdi>978-90-04-47422-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erroneous+and+Schismatical+Opinions%3A+The+Question+of+Orthodoxy+regarding+the+Theology+of+Hanserd+Knollys+%28c.+1599%E2%80%931691%29&rft.series=Studies+in+the+History+of+Christian+Traditions&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-90-04-47422-2&rft.aulast=Howson&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De81GEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntinomianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith_2001_p._135-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_2001_p._135_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2001" class="citation book cs1">Smith, M. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0AiC9mBxfgkC&pg=PA135"><i>An Ethics of Place: Radical Ecology, Postmodernity, and Social Theory</i></a>. G - Reference,Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series. State University of New York Press. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-4908-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-4908-0"><bdi>978-0-7914-4908-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Ethics+of+Place%3A+Radical+Ecology%2C+Postmodernity%2C+and+Social+Theory&rft.series=G+-+Reference%2CInformation+and+Interdisciplinary+Subjects+Series&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-4908-0&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0AiC9mBxfgkC%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntinomianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrban" class="citation book cs1">Urban, Hugh B. "Five". <i>The Power of Tantra: Religion, sexuality, and the politics of south Asian studies</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Five&rft.btitle=The+Power+of+Tantra%3A+Religion%2C+sexuality%2C+and+the+politics+of+south+Asian+studies&rft.aulast=Urban&rft.aufirst=Hugh+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntinomianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWedemeyer2011" class="citation journal cs1">Wedemeyer, Christian K. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/view/10607">"Locating Tantric antinomianism - An essay toward an intellectual history of the 'practices/practice observance' (caryā/caryāvrata)"</a>. <i>Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies</i>. <b>34</b> (1–2): 349–419. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0193-600X">0193-600X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Association+of+Buddhist+Studies&rft.atitle=Locating+Tantric+antinomianism+-+An+essay+toward+an+intellectual+history+of+the+%27practices%2Fpractice+observance%27+%28cary%C4%81%2Fcary%C4%81vrata%29&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=349-419&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=0193-600X&rft.aulast=Wedemeyer&rft.aufirst=Christian+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de%2Findex.php%2Fjiabs%2Farticle%2Fview%2F10607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntinomianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrban2010" class="citation book cs1">Urban, Hugh B. (2010). "What About the Woman? Gender Politics and the Interpretation of Women in Tantra". <i>The power of tantra: Religion, sexuality, and the politics of South Asian studies</i>. London: I.B. Tauris; Bloomsbury. pp. 125–146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857731586" title="Special:BookSources/9780857731586"><bdi>9780857731586</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+About+the+Woman%3F+Gender+Politics+and+the+Interpretation+of+Women+in+Tantra&rft.btitle=The+power+of+tantra%3A+Religion%2C+sexuality%2C+and+the+politics+of+South+Asian+studies&rft.place=London&rft.pages=125-146&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris%3B+Bloomsbury&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780857731586&rft.aulast=Urban&rft.aufirst=Hugh+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntinomianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ALG-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ALG_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ALG_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ALG_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ALG_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ALG_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ALG_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ALG_17-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraebner1899" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Graebner, Augustus Lawrence (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=93ErAAAAYAAJ">"Antinomianism"</a>. <i>Lutheran Cyclopedia</i>. New York, NY: Scribner. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-79055056-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-79055056-5"><bdi>978-0-79055056-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antinomianism&rft.btitle=Lutheran+Cyclopedia&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1899&rft.isbn=978-0-79055056-5&rft.aulast=Graebner&rft.aufirst=Augustus+Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D93ErAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntinomianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesley1827" class="citation book cs1">Wesley, John (1827). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thejournal02wesluoft/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>An extract of the journal of the Rev. John Wesley</i></a>. Vol. II. London: J. Kershaw. pp. 199, 236–237, 346–347, 380.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+extract+of+the+journal+of+the+Rev.+John+Wesley&rft.place=London&rft.pages=199%2C+236-237%2C+346-347%2C+380&rft.pub=J.+Kershaw&rft.date=1827&rft.aulast=Wesley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthejournal02wesluoft%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntinomianism" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesley2010" class="citation book cs1">Wesley, John (2010) [First published 1745 by W. Strahan]. <i>A dialogue between an Antinomian and his friend</i>. Gale Ecco, Print Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781171081746" title="Special:BookSources/9781171081746"><bdi>9781171081746</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dialogue+between+an+Antinomian+and+his+friend&rft.pub=Gale+Ecco%2C+Print+Editions&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781171081746&rft.aulast=Wesley&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntinomianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesley2003" class="citation book cs1">Wesley, John (2003) [First published 1745, by W. Strahan; and sold by T. Trye; Henry Butler]. <i>A second dialogue between an Antinomian and his friend, by John Wesley (1703-1791)</i>. Farmington Hills, Michigan. USA: Thomson Gale reproduction of original from the British Library [electronic resource].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+second+dialogue+between+an+Antinomian+and+his+friend%2C+by+John+Wesley+%281703-1791%29&rft.place=Farmington+Hills%2C+Michigan.+USA&rft.pub=Thomson+Gale+reproduction+of+original+from+the+British+Library+%5Belectronic+resource%5D&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Wesley&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntinomianism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/eng/acc/galatians-5.html">"Galatians 5"</a>. Bible Commentaries. <i>Study Light</i>. Adam Clarke Commentary.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Study+Light&rft.atitle=Galatians+5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.studylight.org%2Fcommentaries%2Feng%2Facc%2Fgalatians-5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntinomianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aveling-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aveling_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aveling_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01564b.htm">"Antinomianism"</a>. <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. New advent.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antinomianism&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=New+advent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F01564b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntinomianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. 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Cambridge University Press. pp. 129–130.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antinomians&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=129-130&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntinomianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-Gnstcsm-12-157-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB1911-Gnstcsm-12-157_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBousset1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Bousset" title="Wilhelm Bousset">Bousset, Wilhelm</a> (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gnosticism" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 157.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gnosticism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=157&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Bousset&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntinomianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milner-1860-p325-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Milner-1860-p325_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milner-1860-p325_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilnerAdams1860" class="citation book cs1">Milner, Vincent L.T.; Adams, Hannah (1860). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religiousdenomin00milnuof"><i>Religious Denominations of the World</i></a>. J.W. Bradley. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religiousdenomin00milnuoft/page/n348">325</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Denominations+of+the+World&rft.pages=325&rft.pub=J.W.+Bradley&rft.date=1860&rft.aulast=Milner&rft.aufirst=Vincent+L.T.&rft.au=Adams%2C+Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freligiousdenomin00milnuof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntinomianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tc-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tc_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tc_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.truecovenanter.com/truelutheran/luther_against_the_antinomians.html">"A Treatise Against the Antinomians"</a>. <i>True Covenanter</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=True+Covenanter&rft.atitle=A+Treatise+Against+the+Antinomians&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.truecovenanter.com%2Ftruelutheran%2Fluther_against_the_antinomians.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntinomianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuther1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther, Martin</a> (August 1994) [1522]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iclnet.org/pub/resources/text/wittenberg/luther/luther-faith.txt">"An Introduction to St. Paul's Letter to the Romans"</a>. <i>Luther's German Bible</i>. Translated by Smith, Robert E.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+Introduction+to+St.+Paul%27s+Letter+to+the+Romans&rft.btitle=Luther%27s+German+Bible&rft.date=1994-08&rft.aulast=Luther&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iclnet.org%2Fpub%2Fresources%2Ftext%2Fwittenberg%2Fluther%2Fluther-faith.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntinomianism" class="Z3988"></span> from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuther1854" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther, Martin</a> (1854). Irmischer, Johann K. (ed.). <i>Vermischte Deutsche Schriften</i> [<i>Mixed German Written Works</i>]. Vol. 63. Erlangen: Heyder & Zimmer. pp. 124–25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vermischte+Deutsche+Schriften&rft.place=Erlangen&rft.pages=124-25&rft.pub=Heyder+%26+Zimmer&rft.date=1854&rft.aulast=Luther&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntinomianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FailingerDuty2018-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FailingerDuty2018_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFailingerDuty2017" class="citation book cs1">Failinger, Marie; Duty, Ronald W. (17 April 2017). <i>Lutheran Theology and Secular Law: The work of the modern state</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-35199607-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-35199607-5"><bdi>978-1-35199607-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lutheran+Theology+and+Secular+Law%3A+The+work+of+the+modern+state&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017-04-17&rft.isbn=978-1-35199607-5&rft.aulast=Failinger&rft.aufirst=Marie&rft.au=Duty%2C+Ronald+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntinomianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahler2019" class="citation web cs1">Mahler, Corey (8 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bookofconcord.org/augsburg-confession/">"The Augsburg Confession"</a>. <i>Book of Concord</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Book+of+Concord&rft.atitle=The+Augsburg+Confession&rft.date=2019-11-08&rft.aulast=Mahler&rft.aufirst=Corey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbookofconcord.org%2Faugsburg-confession%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntinomianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090603044631/http://members.dcn.org/gvcc/radio_trans/antinomianism.html">"Antinomianism"</a>. <i>dcn.org/gvcc</i>. radio trans. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.dcn.org/gvcc/radio_trans/antinomianism.html">the original</a> on 3 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dcn.org%2Fgvcc&rft.atitle=Antinomianism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmembers.dcn.org%2Fgvcc%2Fradio_trans%2Fantinomianism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntinomianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the Epitome of the Formula of Concord, article five, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookofconcord.org/fc-ep.php#V.%20Law%20and%20Gospel"><i>Law and Gospel</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160620220939/http://www.bookofconcord.org/fc-ep.php#V.%20Law%20and%20Gospel">Archived</a> 20 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the Epitome of the Formula of Concord, article six, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookofconcord.org/fc-ep.php#VI.%20The%20Third%20Use%20of%20the%20Law."><i>On the Third Use of the Law</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160620220939/http://www.bookofconcord.org/fc-ep.php#VI.%20The%20Third%20Use%20of%20the%20Law.">Archived</a> 20 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neal1843-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Neal1843_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeal1843" class="citation book cs1">Neal, Daniel (1843). <i>The History of the Puritans, Or Protestant Non-conformists</i>. Harper. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Puritans%2C+Or+Protestant+Non-conformists&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=1843&rft.aulast=Neal&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntinomianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reformed.org/documents/wcf_with_proofs/index.html?body=/documents/wcf_with_proofs/ch_XIX.html">"Westminster Confession of Faith: Chapter XIX – Of the Law of God"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Westminster+Confession+of+Faith%3A+Chapter+XIX+%E2%80%93+Of+the+Law+of+God&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reformed.org%2Fdocuments%2Fwcf_with_proofs%2Findex.html%3Fbody%3D%2Fdocuments%2Fwcf_with_proofs%2Fch_XIX.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntinomianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728132258/http://www.spurgeon.org/~phil/creeds/wcf.htm">"Westminster Confession of Faith, Chapter XI, Of Justification"</a>. <i>Spurgeon.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spurgeon.org/~phil/creeds/wcf.htm">the original</a> on 28 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spurgeon.org&rft.atitle=Westminster+Confession+of+Faith%2C+Chapter+XI%2C+Of+Justification&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spurgeon.org%2F~phil%2Fcreeds%2Fwcf.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntinomianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wallace_1982_114-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wallace_1982_114_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wallace_1982_114_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace1982" class="citation book cs1">Wallace, Dewey D. Jr. (1982). <i>Puritans and Predestination: Grace in English Protestant Theology, 1525–1695</i>. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press. p. 114.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Puritans+and+Predestination%3A+Grace+in+English+Protestant+Theology%2C+1525%E2%80%931695&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+N.C.&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Dewey+D.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntinomianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Granger, J. (1769). A Biographical History of England, from Egbert the Great to the Revolution: Consisting of Characters Disposed in Different Classes, and Adapted to a Methodical Catalogue of Engraved British Heads. Intended as an Essay Towards Reducing Our Biography to System, and a Help to the Knowledge of Portraits. Interspersed with Variety of Anecdotes, and Memoirs of a Great Number of Persons. With a Preface. United Kingdom: T. Davies.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barry H. Howson, <i>Erroneous and Schismatical Opinions: The Questions of Orthodoxy Regarding the Theology of Hanserd Knollys (c. 1599–1691)</i> (2001), p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YrigoyenWarrick2013-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-YrigoyenWarrick2013_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YrigoyenWarrick2013_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYrigoyenWarrick2013" class="citation book cs1">Yrigoyen, Charles; Warrick, Susan E. (7 November 2013). <i>Historical Dictionary of Methodism</i>. Scarecrow Press. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810878945" title="Special:BookSources/9780810878945"><bdi>9780810878945</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Methodism&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2013-11-07&rft.isbn=9780810878945&rft.aulast=Yrigoyen&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Warrick%2C+Susan+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntinomianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hurst1903-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hurst1903_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hurst1903_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurst1903" class="citation book cs1">Hurst, John Fletcher (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johnwesleymetho00hursgoog"><i>John Wesley the Methodist: A Plain Account of His Life and Work</i></a>. Eaton & Mains. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johnwesleymetho00hursgoog/page/n210">200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Wesley+the+Methodist%3A+A+Plain+Account+of+His+Life+and+Work&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Eaton+%26+Mains&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Hurst&rft.aufirst=John+Fletcher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjohnwesleymetho00hursgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntinomianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Wesleyan Methodist Association Magazine</i>. Vol. 12. R. Abercrombie. 1849. p. 368.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wesleyan+Methodist+Association+Magazine&rft.pages=368&rft.pub=R.+Abercrombie&rft.date=1849&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntinomianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Law, the Gospel, and the Modern Christian: Five Views</i>, Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-53321-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-53321-4">978-0-310-53321-4</a>, also republished as <i>Five Views on Law and Gospel</i>, page 343: "The entire Mosaic law comes to fulfillment in Christ, and this fulfillment means that this law is no longer a direct and immediate source of, or judge of, the conduct of God's people. Christian behavior, rather, is now guided directly by "the law of Christ". This "law" does not consist of legal prescriptions and ordinances, but of the teaching and example of Jesus and the apostles, the central demand of love, and the guiding influence of the indwelling Holy Spirit.", page 376: "The content of all but one of the Ten Commandments are taken up into "the law of Christ", for which we are responsible. (The exception is the Sabbath commandment, one that Heb. 3–4 suggests is fulfilled in the new age as a whole.)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Engen2015" class="citation book cs1">van Engen, A. (2015). <i>Sympathetic Puritans: Calvinist fellow feeling in early New England</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sympathetic+Puritans%3A+Calvinist+fellow+feeling+in+early+New+England&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=van+Engen&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntinomianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levy_1995_p._151-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Levy_1995_p._151_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy1995" class="citation book cs1">Levy, L.W. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zZu63qz85nsC&pg=PA151"><i>Blasphemy: Verbal Offense Against the Sacred, from Moses to Salman Rushdie</i></a>. University of North Carolina Press. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4515-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4515-8"><bdi>978-0-8078-4515-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blasphemy%3A+Verbal+Offense+Against+the+Sacred%2C+from+Moses+to+Salman+Rushdie&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-4515-8&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=L.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzZu63qz85nsC%26pg%3DPA151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntinomianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leavitt_1999_p._583-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leavitt_1999_p._583_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeavitt1999" class="citation book cs1">Leavitt, J.W. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ELIJD2ErMgwC&pg=PA583"><i>Women and Health in America: Historical Readings</i></a>. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 583. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-15964-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-15964-1"><bdi>978-0-299-15964-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+Health+in+America%3A+Historical+Readings&rft.pages=583&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-299-15964-1&rft.aulast=Leavitt&rft.aufirst=J.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DELIJD2ErMgwC%26pg%3DPA583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntinomianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holifield_2003_p._153-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holifield_2003_p._153_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolifield2003" class="citation book cs1">Holifield, E.B. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Db3g8Nxv5joC&pg=PA153"><i>Theology in America: Christian Thought from the Age of the Puritans to the Civil War</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10765-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10765-4"><bdi>978-0-300-10765-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theology+in+America%3A+Christian+Thought+from+the+Age+of+the+Puritans+to+the+Civil+War&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10765-4&rft.aulast=Holifield&rft.aufirst=E.B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDb3g8Nxv5joC%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntinomianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[Fossum, Jarl; Munoa, Phillip. <i>Jesus and the Gospels</i>], Thomson Learning, 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%206:13–14&version=nrsv">Acts 6:13–14</a> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Saint Stephen</a> is accused by "false witnesses" of speaking against the law, presumably, a minor dispute.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=222&letter=B&search=Baptism">Jewish Encyclopedia: Baptism</a>: "According to rabbinical teachings, which dominated even during the existence of the Temple (Pes. viii. 8), Baptism, next to <a href="/wiki/Circumcision_in_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumcision in the Bible">circumcision</a> and sacrifice, was an absolutely necessary condition to be fulfilled by a <a href="/wiki/Proselyte" title="Proselyte">proselyte</a> to Judaism (Yeb. 46b, 47b; Ker. 9a; 'Ab. Zarah 57a; Shab. 135a; Yer. Kid. iii. 14, 64d). Circumcision, however, was much more important, and, like baptism, was called a "seal" (Schlatter, <i>Die Kirche Jerusalems</i>, 1898, p. 70). But as circumcision was discarded by Christianity, and the sacrifices had ceased, Baptism remained the sole condition for initiation into religious life. The next ceremony, adopted shortly after the others, was the imposition of hands, which, it is known, was the usage of the Jews at the ordination of a rabbi. Anointing with oil, which at first also accompanied the act of Baptism, and was analogous to the anointment of priests among the Jews, was not a necessary condition."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/McGrath,_Alister_E." class="mw-redirect" title="McGrath, Alister E.">McGrath, Alister E.</a>, <i>Christianity: An Introduction</i>, Blackwell Publishing,(2006), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-0899-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-0899-1">1-4051-0899-1</a>, Page 174: "In effect, they [Jewish Christians] seemed to regard Christianity as an affirmation of every aspect of contemporary Judaism, with the addition of one extra belief – that Jesus was the Messiah. Unless males were circumcised, they could not be saved (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2015:1&version=nrsv">Acts 15:1</a>)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Contra Faust</i>, 32.13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fitzmyer" title="Joseph Fitzmyer">Joseph Fitzmyer</a>, <i>The Acts of the Apostles (The Anchor Yale Bible Commentaries)</i>, Yale University Press (2 December 1998), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-13982-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-13982-9">0-300-13982-9</a>, chapter V</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Genesis%209">Genesis 9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Leviticus%2017–18">Lev 17–18</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hefele_II-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hefele_II_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Hefele1872" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Josef_von_Hefele" title="Karl Josef von Hefele">von<span class="nowrap"> </span>Hefele, Karl Joseph</a> (1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahistoryofthecou02hefeuoft/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>A history of the councils of the Church: From the original documents</i></a>. Vol. II. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark. p. 328. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-404-03260-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-404-03260-9"><bdi>978-0-404-03260-9</bdi></a>. [English edition published with author name: Right Rev Charles Joseph Hefele, DD].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+councils+of+the+Church%3A+From+the+original+documents&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=328&rft.pub=T.+%26+T.+Clark&rft.date=1872&rft.isbn=978-0-404-03260-9&rft.aulast=von%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E+%3C%2Fspan%3EHefele&rft.aufirst=Karl+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fahistoryofthecou02hefeuoft%2Fpage%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntinomianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaffWacePercival" class="citation book cs1">Schaff, Philip; Wace, Henry; Percival, Henry R. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.viii.v.iv.ii.html"><i>The Seven Ecumenical Councils of the Undivided Church</i></a>. The Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church. Vol. XIV. NPNF2-14; viii.v.iv.ii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seven+Ecumenical+Councils+of+the+Undivided+Church&rft.series=The+Nicene+and+Post-Nicene+Fathers+of+the+Christian+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fnpnf214.viii.v.iv.ii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntinomianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_L_Harris" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen L Harris">Harris, Stephen L.</a>, <i>Understanding the Bible</i>, Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. p. 316–320. Harris cites <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%206:11&version=nrsv">Galatians 6:11</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%2016:22&version=nrsv">Romans 16:22</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Colossians%204:18&version=nrsv">Colossians 4:18</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Thessalonians%203:17&version=nrsv">2 Thessalonians 3:17</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Philemon%201:19&version=nrsv">Philemon 19</a>. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barber_Lightfoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Barber Lightfoot">Joseph Barber Lightfoot</a> in his <i>Commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians</i> writes: "At this point [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%206:11&version=nrsv">Galatians 6:11</a>] the apostle takes the pen from his <a href="/wiki/Amanuensis" title="Amanuensis">amanuensis</a>, and the concluding paragraph is written with his own hand. From the time when letters began to be forged in his name (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Thessalonians%202:2&version=nrsv">2 Thessalonians 2:2</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Thessalonians%203:17&version=nrsv">2 Thessalonians 3:17</a>) it seems to have been his practice to close with a few words in his own handwriting, as a precaution against such forgeries... In the present case, he writes a whole paragraph, summing up the main lessons of the epistle in terse, eager, disjointed sentences. He writes it, too, in large, bold characters (Gr. <i>pelikois grammasin</i>), that his handwriting may reflect the energy and determination of his soul."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ephesians 2:8-9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baylor.edu/content/services/document.php/140018.pdf">"Paul's Assessment of Christian Freedom"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Christian Reflection: A Series in Faith and Ethics</i>. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130807154746/http://www.baylor.edu/content/services/document.php/140018.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 7 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christian+Reflection%3A+A+Series+in+Faith+and+Ethics&rft.atitle=Paul%27s+Assessment+of+Christian+Freedom&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baylor.edu%2Fcontent%2Fservices%2Fdocument.php%2F140018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntinomianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120721065815/http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G5498&t=KJV">"Blue Letter Bible - Lexicon"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm">the original</a> on 21 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blue+Letter+Bible+-+Lexicon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blueletterbible.org%2Flang%2Flexicon%2Flexicon.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntinomianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120730033951/http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G5056&t=KJV">"Blue Letter Bible - Lexicon"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm">the original</a> on 30 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blue+Letter+Bible+-+Lexicon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blueletterbible.org%2Flang%2Flexicon%2Flexicon.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntinomianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Badenas, Robert (1985). <i>Christ the End of the Law, Romans 10.4 in Pauline Perspective</i>. Sheffield (UK): JSOT Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-905774-93-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-905774-93-0">0-905774-93-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wright, N. T. (2011). <i>The New Testament for Everyone</i>. London: SPCK.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Unvarnished_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Unvarnished New Testament">Unvarnished New Testament</a></i>, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-933999-99-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-933999-99-2">0-933999-99-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>In Defense of the Decalogue: A Critique of New Covenant Theology</i>, Richard Barcellos, Founder's Press, 2001. Barcellos is an associate professor of New Testament Studies at the Midwest Center for Theological Studies.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://peacebyjesus.witnesstoday.org/lawandgrace.html#Some">Law and Grace</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08537a.htm">"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Judaizers"</a>. <i>www.newadvent.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=CATHOLIC+ENCYCLOPEDIA%3A+Judaizers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F08537a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntinomianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/6585-gentile">"GENTILE"</a>. <i>jewishencyclopedia.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jewishencyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=GENTILE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F6585-gentile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntinomianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Emden, R. "Appendix to "Seder 'Olam," pp. 32b–34b, Hamburg, 1752</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08280a.htm"><i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i>: "St. James the Less"</a>: "Then we lose sight of James till St. Paul, three years after his conversion (A.D. 37), went up to Jerusalem. ... On the same occasion, the "pillars" of the Church, James, Peter, and John "gave to me (Paul) and Barnabas the right hands of fellowship; that we should go unto the Gentiles, and they unto the circumcision" (Galatians 2:9)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08537a.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia: Judaizers</a> see section titled: "THE INCIDENT AT ANTIOCH"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nccbuscc.org/nab/bible/james/james2.htm#v20">James 2:20</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McGrath, Alister E., <i>Christianity: An Introduction</i>, Blackwell Publishing (2006). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-0899-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-0899-1">1-4051-0899-1</a>, p. 174: "Paul notes the emergence of a Judaizing party in the region – that is, a group within the church which insisted that Gentile believers should obey every aspect of the law of Moses, including the need to be circumcised. According to Paul [reference is made to Galatians, but no specific verse is given], the leading force behind this party was James ... the brother of Jesus ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=254&letter=J&search=Jesus">"Jesus"</a>, <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. P. Sanders, <i>Jesus and Judaism</i>, 1985 SCM Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-334-02091-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-334-02091-3">0-334-02091-3</a>, pp. 264–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=245&letter=N&search=Gospel#703">"New Testament: Misunderstood Passages"</a>, <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature,</i> Bauer, Gingrich, Danker; <a href="/wiki/Young%27s_Literal_Translation" title="Young's Literal Translation">Young's Literal Translation</a>: "ye who are working lawlessness"; <i><a href="/wiki/New_American_Standard_Bible" title="New American Standard Bible">New American Standard Bible</a></i>: "You who practice lawlessness"; <a href="/wiki/NKJV" class="mw-redirect" title="NKJV">NKJV</a>: "you who practice lawlessness".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pratt 72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chittick 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170102062302/http://lexicorient.com/e.o/ismailis.htm">"Isma'ilism"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia of the Orient (lexicorient.com)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lexicorient.com/e.o/ismailis.htm">the original</a> on 2 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Orient+%28lexicorient.com%29&rft.atitle=Isma%27ilism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flexicorient.com%2Fe.o%2Fismailis.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntinomianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daftary 47; Clarence-Smith 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bar-Asher & Kofsky, 67 <i>ff.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schimmel 338</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weir "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beyond-the-pale.co.uk/albanian4.htm">Differences Between Bektashism and Islamic Orthodoxy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050728104107/http://www.beyond-the-pale.co.uk/albanian4.htm">Archived</a> 2005-07-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell2015" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Adam J. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-MyhCgAAQBAJ&q=%22Nathan+Adler%22+psychology&pg=PA88"><i>Irenaeus, Joseph Smith, and God-Making Heresy</i></a>. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781611478723" title="Special:BookSources/9781611478723"><bdi>9781611478723</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irenaeus%2C+Joseph+Smith%2C+and+God-Making+Heresy&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781611478723&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Adam+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-MyhCgAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Nathan%2BAdler%2522%2Bpsychology%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntinomianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Age of Extremes,</i> 1992</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antinomianism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em"> <ul><li>Badenas, Robert. <i>Christ the End of the Law, Romans 10.4 in Pauline Perspective</i>. Sheffield (UK): JSOT Press, 1985 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-905774-93-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-905774-93-0">0-905774-93-0</a> argues that <i>telos</i> is correctly translated as goal, not end, so that Christ is the <i>goal</i> of the Law, <i>end of the law</i> would be antinomianism.</li> <li>Bar-Asher, Me'ir Mikha'el and Kofsky, Aryeh. <i>The Nuṣayrī-ʿAlawī Religion: An Enquiry into its Theology and Liturgy</i>. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12552-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12552-3">90-04-12552-3</a>.</li> <li>Chittick, William C. <i>The Sufi Path of Knowledge: Ibn Al-Arabi's Metaphysics of Imagination</i>. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88706-885-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-88706-885-5">0-88706-885-5</a>.</li> <li>Clarence-Smith, W.G. <i>Islam and the Abolition of Slavery</i>. London: C. Hurst & Co. (Publishers) Ltd, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85065-708-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85065-708-4">1-85065-708-4</a>.</li> <li>Daftary, Farhad; ed. <i>Mediaeval Ismaʿili History and Thought</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-45140-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-45140-X">0-521-45140-X</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._G._Dunn" class="mw-redirect" title="James D. G. Dunn">Dunn, James D.G.</a> <i>Jesus, Paul and the Law</i> 1990 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-25095-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-25095-5">0-664-25095-5</a></li> <li><i>Encyclopaedia of the Orient</i>. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lexicorient.com/e.o/ismailis.htm">Isma'ilism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170102062302/http://lexicorient.com/e.o/ismailis.htm">Archived</a> 2017-01-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Retrieved 10 October 2006.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Noel_Freedman" title="David Noel Freedman">Freedman, David Noel</a>, editor. (1998). <a href="/wiki/Anchor_Bible_Series" title="Anchor Bible Series">Anchor Bible Dictionary</a>, article on <i>Antinomianism</i> by Hall, Robert W., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-19351-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-19351-3">0-385-19351-3</a></li> <li>G. Kawerau, in A. Hauck's <i>Realencyklopadie</i> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._L._Gieseler" class="mw-redirect" title="J. C. L. Gieseler">J. C. L. Gieseler</a>, <i>Ch. Hist.</i> (New York ed. 1868, vol. iv.)</li> <li>J. H. Blunt <i>Dict. of Doct. and Hist. Theol.</i> (1872)</li> <li>Luther, Martin. <i>Only the Decalogue Is Eternal: Martin Luther's Complete Antinomian Theses and Disputations</i>. Minneapolis: Lutheran Press, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9748529-6-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9748529-6-6">978-0-9748529-6-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Linebaugh" title="Peter Linebaugh">Peter Linebaugh</a> and Marcus Rediker. <i>The Many-Headed Hydra</i>. Beacon Press, Boston, 2000</li> <li>Pratt, Douglas. <i>The Challenge of Islam: Encounters in Interfaith Dialogue</i>. Aldershot, Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-5122-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-5122-3">0-7546-5122-3</a>.</li> <li>Riess, in I. Goschler's <i>Dict. Encyclop. de la théol. cath.</i> (1858)</li> <li>Schimmel, Annemarie. <i>Mystical Dimensions of Islam</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-1271-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-1271-4">0-8078-1271-4</a>.</li> <li>Weir, Anthony. "Differences Between Bektashism and Islamic Orthodoxy" in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beyond-the-pale.co.uk/albanian4.htm">The Bektashi Order of Dervishes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050728104107/http://www.beyond-the-pale.co.uk/albanian4.htm">Archived</a> 28 July 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Retrieved 10 October 2006.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antinomianism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4900677/The_Two_Faces_of_Religious_Radicalism_-_Orthodox_Zealotry_and_Holy_Sinning_in_Nineteenth_Century_Hasidism_in_Hungary_and_Galicia">Benjamin Brown, 'The Two Faces of Religious Radicalism – Orthodox Zealotry and Holy Sinning in Nineteenth Century Hasidism in Hungary and Galicia'</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usccb.org/catechism/text/pt3sect1chpt3.htm#art1">Catholic Catechism on The Moral Law</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080529050930/http://www.usccb.org/catechism/text/pt3sect1chpt3.htm#art1">Archived</a> 29 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09071a.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia: Moral Aspect of Divine Law</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10582c.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia: Mosaic Legislation</a></li> <li>Henry Eyster Jacobs, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=93ErAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA18&vq=Antinomianism&source=gbs_search_r&cad=1_1">Lutheran Cyclopedia</a> p. 18, "Antinomianism"</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1585&letter=A&search=antinomianism">Jewish Encyclopedia: Antinomianism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=254&letter=J&search=Jesus#1000">Jewish Encyclopedia: Jesus: Attitude Toward the Law</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=245&letter=N#700">Jewish Encyclopedia: New Testament – For and Against the Law</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090329005908/http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=283&letter=S&search=Paul%20of%20Tarsus#978">Jewish Encyclopedia: Saul of Tarsus: Paul's Opposition to the Law</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thepaulpage.com">New Perspective on Paul</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc01/Page_196.html">Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge: Antinomianism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926235640/http://www.chc.org.sg/english/sermons/antinomianism.htm">Sermon on Antinomianism</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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padding:2px 5px;"> <i>Date</i></th><th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal; padding:2px 5px;;font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;white-space:nowrap;"> <i>Controversy</i></th><th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal; padding:2px 5px;;font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;"> <span class="nowrap"><i>Resolution</i> <sup>a)</sup></span></th><th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal; padding:2px 5px;;text-align:left;"> <i>Issues / people / publications involved</i></th></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center; padding:2px 5px;"> 1527–56</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Antinomian" class="mw-redirect" title="Antinomian">Antinomian</a></th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>V</li><li>VI</li></ul></div></th><td style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Agricola" title="Johannes Agricola">Johannes Agricola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Poach" title="Andreas Poach">Andreas Poach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Otto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anton Otto (page does not exist)">Anton Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Flacius" title="Matthias Flacius">Matthias Flacius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippists" title="Philippists">Philippists</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center; padding:2px 5px;"> 1533–53</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;white-space:nowrap;"> Descent into Hell</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;"> IX</th><td style="text-align:left;"> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrowing_of_Hell" title="Harrowing of Hell">Descent into Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Aepinus" title="Johannes Aepinus">Johannes Aepinus</a></li></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center; padding:2px 5px;"> 1548–55</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Adiaphora" title="Adiaphora">Adiaphoristic</a></th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;"> X</th><td style="text-align:left;"> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Flacius" title="Matthias Flacius">Matthias Flacius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippists" title="Philippists">Philippists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnesio-Lutherans" title="Gnesio-Lutherans">Gnesio-Lutherans</a></li></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center; padding:2px 5px;"> 1549–66</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Osiandrian_controversy" title="Osiandrian controversy">Osiandrian</a></th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;"> III</th><td style="text-align:left;"> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Osiander" title="Andreas Osiander">Andreas Osiander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Funck" title="Johann Funck">Johann Funck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Stancaro" title="Francesco Stancaro">Francesco Stancaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Flacius" title="Matthias Flacius">Matthias Flacius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Musculus" title="Andreas Musculus">Andreas Musculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorinus_Strigel" title="Victorinus Strigel">Victorinus Strigel</a></li></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center; padding:2px 5px;"> 1551–62</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;white-space:nowrap;"> Majoristic</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;"> VI</th><td style="text-align:left;"> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Major" title="Georg Major">Georg Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_Menius" title="Justus Menius">Justus Menius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_von_Amsdorf" title="Nicolaus von Amsdorf">Nicolaus von Amsdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Gallus" title="Nicolaus Gallus">Nicolaus Gallus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippists" title="Philippists">Philippists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnesio-Lutherans" title="Gnesio-Lutherans">Gnesio-Lutherans</a></li></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center; padding:2px 5px;"> 1555–60</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;white-space:nowrap;"> Synergistic</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;"> II</th><td style="text-align:left;"> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Pfeffinger" title="Johann Pfeffinger">Johann Pfeffinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorinus_Strigel" title="Victorinus Strigel">Victorinus Strigel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Flacius" title="Matthias Flacius">Matthias Flacius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippists" title="Philippists">Philippists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnesio-Lutherans" title="Gnesio-Lutherans">Gnesio-Lutherans</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Bondage_of_the_Will" title="On the Bondage of the Will">On the Bondage of the Will</a></i></li></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center; padding:2px 5px;"> 1560–75</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;white-space:nowrap;"> Flacian</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;"> I</th><td style="text-align:left;"> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Flacius" title="Matthias Flacius">Matthias Flacius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simon_Musaeus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simon Musaeus (page does not exist)">Simon Musaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorinus_Strigel" title="Victorinus Strigel">Victorinus Strigel</a></li></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center; padding:2px 5px;"> 1560–75</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Calvinism" title="Crypto-Calvinism">Crypto-Calvinist</a><br />and Saligerian</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;"> VII</th><td style="text-align:left;"> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession_Variata" title="Augsburg Confession Variata">Augsburg Confession Variata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hardenberg" title="Albert Hardenberg">Albert Hardenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Westphal_(of_Hamburg)" title="Joachim Westphal (of Hamburg)">Joachim Westphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Chemnitz" title="Martin Chemnitz">Martin Chemnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_M%C3%B6rlin" title="Maximilian Mörlin">Maximilian Mörlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Saliger" title="Johannes Saliger">Johannes Saliger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippists" title="Philippists">Philippists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramentarians" title="Sacramentarians">Sacramentarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitarians" title="Ubiquitarians">Ubiquitarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnesio-Lutherans" title="Gnesio-Lutherans">Gnesio-Lutherans</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sacrament_of_the_Body_and_Blood_of_Christ%E2%80%94Against_the_Fanatics" title="The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ—Against the Fanatics">The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ</a></i></li></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center; padding:2px 5px;"> 1561–63</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;white-space:nowrap;"> Predestination</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;"> XI</th><td style="text-align:left;"> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Marbach" title="Johann Marbach">Johann Marbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Zanchi" title="Girolamo Zanchi">Girolamo Zanchi</a></li></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center; padding:2px 5px;"> 1640-86</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Syncretistic_controversy" title="Syncretistic controversy">Syncretistic</a></th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;"></th><td style="text-align:left;"> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Calixtus" title="Georg Calixtus">Georg Calixtus</a></li></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>a)</sup> Articles identified (I–XII) according to the <a href="/wiki/Formula_of_Concord" title="Formula of Concord">Formula of Concord</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Beliefs_condemned_as_heretical_by_the_Catholic_Church_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Beliefs_condemned_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:Beliefs condemned by the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Beliefs_condemned_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:Beliefs condemned by the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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title="Apollinarism">Apollinarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomoeanism" title="Anomoeanism">Anomoeanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-Arianism" title="Semi-Arianism">Semi-Arianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidicomarianite" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidicomarianite">Antidicomarianites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audianism" title="Audianism">Audianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumcellions" title="Circumcellions">Circumcellions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collyridianism" title="Collyridianism">Collyridianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology#In_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebionites" title="Ebionites">Ebionites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euchites" title="Euchites">Euchites</a></li> 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