CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Razdan — Wikipédia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )frwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t."," \t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","janvier","février","mars","avril","mai","juin","juillet","août","septembre","octobre","novembre","décembre"],"wgRequestId":"b9a6ad04-90d2-40dd-909b-1518e2afd6d8","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Razdan","wgTitle":"Razdan","wgCurRevisionId":217927962,"wgRevisionId":217927962,"wgArticleId":12733840,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Portail:Astronautique/Articles liés","Portail:Transports/Articles liés","Portail:Technologies/Articles liés","Portail:Renseignement/Articles liés","Portail:Russie/Articles liés","Portail:Europe/Articles liés","Portail:Asie/Articles liés","Satellite de reconnaissance","Programme spatial russe"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"fr","wgPageContentLanguage":"fr","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Razdan","wgRelevantArticleId":12733840,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"fr","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"fr"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":2000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q86666892","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ArchiveLinks","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=fr&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=fr&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=fr&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.21"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Razdan — Wikipédia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//fr.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razdan"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Modifier" href="/w/index.php?title=Razdan&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipédia (fr)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//fr.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razdan"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Flux Atom de Wikipédia" href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Modifications_r%C3%A9centes&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Razdan rootpage-Razdan skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Aller au contenu</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Menu principal" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu principal" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menu principal</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu principal</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Accueil_principal" title="Accueil général [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Page d’accueil</span></a></li><li id="n-thema" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Accueil" title="Regroupements d'articles par thématiques"><span>Portails thématiques</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Page_au_hasard" title="Affiche un article au hasard [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Article au hasard</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Contact" title="Qui contacter"><span>Contact</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Contribuer" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Contribuer" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribuer </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-aboutwp" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aide:D%C3%A9buter" title="Guide pour apprendre à contribuer à Wikipédia"><span>Débuter sur Wikipédia</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Accueil" title="Accès à l’aide"><span>Aide</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Accueil_de_la_communaut%C3%A9" title="À propos du projet, ce que vous pouvez faire, où trouver les informations"><span>Portail communautaire</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_sp%C3%A9ciales" title="Outils pour contribuer à Wikipédia"><span>Pages spéciales</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Modifications_r%C3%A9centes" title="Liste des modifications récentes sur le wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Modifications récentes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Accueil_principal" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipédia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-fr.svg" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="l'encyclopédie libre" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-fr.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Recherche" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Rechercher sur Wikipédia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Rechercher</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Rechercher sur Wikipédia" aria-label="Rechercher sur Wikipédia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Rechercher sur Wikipédia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Spécial:Recherche"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Rechercher</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Outils personnels"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Modifier l'apparence de la taille, de la largeur et de la couleur de la police de la page" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Apparence" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Apparence</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=fr.wikipedia.org&uselang=fr" class=""><span>Faire un don</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Cr%C3%A9er_un_compte&returnto=Razdan" title="Nous vous encourageons à créer un compte utilisateur et vous connecter ; ce n’est cependant pas obligatoire." class=""><span>Créer un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Connexion&returnto=Razdan" title="Nous vous encourageons à vous connecter ; ce n’est cependant pas obligatoire. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Se connecter</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Plus d’options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Outils personnels" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Outils personnels</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu utilisateur" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=fr.wikipedia.org&uselang=fr"><span>Faire un don</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Cr%C3%A9er_un_compte&returnto=Razdan" title="Nous vous encourageons à créer un compte utilisateur et vous connecter ; ce n’est cependant pas obligatoire."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Créer un compte</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Connexion&returnto=Razdan" title="Nous vous encourageons à vous connecter ; ce n’est cependant pas obligatoire. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Se connecter</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages pour les contributeurs déconnectés <a href="/wiki/Aide:Premiers_pas" aria-label="En savoir plus sur la contribution"><span>en savoir plus</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Mes_contributions" title="Une liste des modifications effectuées depuis cette adresse IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Mes_discussions" title="La page de discussion pour les contributions depuis cette adresse IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sommaire" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sommaire</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Début</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voir_aussi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voir_aussi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Voir aussi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Voir aussi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lien_externe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lien_externe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Lien externe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lien_externe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table des matières" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Razdan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Cet article n’existe que dans cette langue. Ajouter l’article pour d’autres langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Ajouter des langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span><span class="wb-langlinks-add wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q86666892#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Ajouter des liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Ajouter des liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Razdan" title="Voir le contenu de la page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussion:Razdan" rel="discussion" title="Discussion au sujet de cette page de contenu [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Modifier la variante de langue" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">français</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Affichages"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Razdan"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Razdan&veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Razdan&action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Razdan&action=history" title="Historique des versions de cette page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Outils" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Outils</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Outils</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Plus d’options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Razdan"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Razdan&veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Razdan&action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Razdan&action=history"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Général </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_li%C3%A9es/Razdan" title="Liste des pages liées qui pointent sur celle-ci [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Suivi_des_liens/Razdan" rel="nofollow" title="Liste des modifications récentes des pages appelées par celle-ci [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Suivi des pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aide:Importer_un_fichier" title="Téléverser des fichiers [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Téléverser un fichier</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Razdan&oldid=217927962" title="Adresse permanente de cette version de cette page"><span>Lien permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Razdan&action=info" title="Davantage d’informations sur cette page"><span>Informations sur la page</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Citer&page=Razdan&id=217927962&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informations sur la manière de citer cette page"><span>Citer cette page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRazdan"><span>Obtenir l'URL raccourcie</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRazdan"><span>Télécharger le code QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimer / exporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Livre&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Razdan"><span>Créer un livre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Razdan&action=show-download-screen"><span>Télécharger comme PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Razdan&printable=yes" title="Version imprimable de cette page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Version imprimable</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dans d’autres projets </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q86666892" title="Lien vers l’élément dans le dépôt de données connecté [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Élément Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apparence</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Homonymie" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Pour la journaliste indienne, voir <a href="/wiki/Nidhi_Razdan" title="Nidhi Razdan">Nidhi Razdan</a>. </p> </div></div> <p><b>Razdan</b> est une famille de <a href="/wiki/Satellite_de_reconnaissance" title="Satellite de reconnaissance">satellites de reconnaissance</a> militaire optiques <a href="/wiki/Russie" title="Russie">russes</a> qui doit être déployée à compter des années 2020 (premier lancement programmé). Les Razdan doivent progressivement remplacer les trois satellites <a href="/wiki/Persona_(satellite)" title="Persona (satellite)">Persona</a> de la génération précédente placés en orbite entre 2008 et 2015. Le nouveau satellite, qui circule sur une orbite basse, présente des performances accrues notamment une vitesse de transfert des données vers les stations terrestres plus élevée. Le satellite a une masse d'environ 7 tonnes. La <a href="/wiki/Plate-forme_(astronautique)" title="Plate-forme (astronautique)">plateforme</a> est construite par l'usine <a href="/wiki/TsSKB-Progress" class="mw-redirect" title="TsSKB-Progress">TsSKB-Progress</a> de <a href="/wiki/Samara" title="Samara">Samara</a> tandis que la <a href="/wiki/Charge_utile_(astronautique)" title="Charge utile (astronautique)">charge utile</a> (partie optique) est fournie par la société <a href="/wiki/LOMO" title="LOMO">LOMO</a>. Le troisième satellite de la série doit disposer d'un miroir primaire de 2 mètres réalisée par l'usine <a href="/wiki/Zverev" class="mw-disambig" title="Zverev">Zverev</a> de <a href="/wiki/Krasnogorsk_(oblast_de_Moscou)" title="Krasnogorsk (oblast de Moscou)">Krasnogorsk</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Références"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Razdan&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Razdan&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Krebs"><span class="ouvrage" id="Gunter_Krebs"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Gunter Krebs, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/razdan.htm"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Razdan (14F156)</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">Gunter's Space Page</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2019-08-29" data-sort-value="2019-08-29">29 aout 2019</time>)</small></span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Razdan&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Razdan&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Razdan&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Razdan&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persona_(satellite)" title="Persona (satellite)">Persona (satellite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_spatial_de_l%27Union_sovi%C3%A9tique_et_de_la_Russie" class="mw-redirect" title="Programme spatial de l'Union soviétique et de la Russie">Programme spatial de l'Union soviétique et de la Russie</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lien_externe">Lien externe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Razdan&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Lien externe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Razdan&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Lien externe"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/razdan.htm">Page du site Gunter's Space Page</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint collapsed" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Programme_spatial_sovi%C3%A9tique_et_russe" title="Modèle:Palette Programme spatial soviétique et russe"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Programme_spatial_sovi%C3%A9tique_et_russe&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Programme_spatial_sovi%C3%A9tique_et_russe" title="Programme spatial soviétique et russe">Programme spatial soviétique et russe</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Lanceurs</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R-7_(famille_de_lanceurs)" title="R-7 (famille de lanceurs)">R-7</a> (depuis 1957) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spoutnik_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Spoutnik (fusée)">Spoutnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Vostok (fusée)">Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molnia_(lanceur)" title="Molnia (lanceur)">Molniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Voskhod (fusée)">Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyouz_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Soyouz (fusée)">Soyouz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyouz_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Soyouz (fusée)">Soyouz L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyouz_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Soyouz (fusée)">Soyouz M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyouz_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Soyouz (fusée)">Soyouz U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyouz_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Soyouz (fusée)">Soyouz U2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyouz_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Soyouz (fusée)">Soyouz FG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyouz_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Soyouz (fusée)">Soyouz 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyouz_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Soyouz (fusée)">Soyouz ST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyouz_2.1v" title="Soyouz 2.1v">Soyouz 2.1v</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmos_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Cosmos (fusée)">Cosmos</a> (1962-2010) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmos_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Cosmos (fusée)">Cosmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmos_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Cosmos (fusée)">Cosmos 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmos_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Cosmos (fusée)">Cosmos 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmos_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Cosmos (fusée)">Cosmos 3M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmos_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Cosmos (fusée)">K65M-RB5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Proton (fusée)">Proton</a> (depuis 1965) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proton_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Proton (fusée)">Proton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Proton (fusée)">Proton K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Proton (fusée)">Proton M</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-1_(lanceur_sovi%C3%A9tique)" title="N-1 (lanceur soviétique)">N-1</a> (1969-1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsiklon" title="Tsiklon">Tsyklon</a> (1967-2009) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsiklon-2" title="Tsiklon-2">R-36 orb.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsiklon-2" title="Tsiklon-2">Tsyklon 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsiklon-2" title="Tsiklon-2">Tsyklon 2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsiklon-3" title="Tsiklon-3">Tsyklon 3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energuia" title="Energuia">Energuia</a> (1987-1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenit_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Zenit (fusée)">Zenit</a> (depuis 1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Start-1" title="Start-1">START</a> (depuis 1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rokot" title="Rokot">Rokot</a> (depuis 1995) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rokot" title="Rokot">Rokot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rokot" title="Rokot">Rokot-M</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volna_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Volna (fusée)">Volna</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-29RM_Shtil" title="R-29RM Shtil">Shtil</a> (1998-2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strela_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Strela (fusée)">Strela</a> (depuis 2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angara_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Angara (fusée)">Angara</a> (depuis 2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyouz-5_(fus%C3%A9e)" title="Soyouz-5 (fusée)">Soyouz-5</a> (en développement)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Étages supérieurs</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li>Bloc L (Molniya)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloc_D" title="Bloc D">Bloc D</a> (Proton, N1, Energiya, Zenit)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briz" title="Briz">Briz</a> (Rokot, Proton, Angara)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikar" title="Ikar">Ikar</a> (Soyouz U)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fregat" title="Fregat">Fregat</a> (Soyouz U, FG, 2.1a, 2.1b, ST-A, ST-B)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_(%C3%A9tage_de_fus%C3%A9e)" title="Volga (étage de fusée)">Volga</a> (Soyouz 2.1a, 2.1v)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Vol_spatial_habit%C3%A9" title="Vol spatial habité">Missions habitées</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><table class="navbox-subgroup" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Programmes</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Vostok" title="Programme Vostok">Programme Vostok</a> (1960-1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Voskhod" title="Programme Voskhod">Programme Voskhod</a> (1964-1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Zond" title="Programme Zond">Programme Zond</a> (1964-1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Soyouz" title="Programme Soyouz">Programme Soyouz</a> (depuis 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_lunaire_habit%C3%A9_sovi%C3%A9tique" title="Programme lunaire habité soviétique">Programme lunaire habité soviétique</a> (1964-1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saliout" title="Saliout">Saliout</a> (1971-1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo-Soyouz" title="Apollo-Soyouz">Apollo-Soyouz</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz">Almaz</a> (1973-1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_(station_spatiale)" title="Mir (station spatiale)">Mir</a> (1986-2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourane" title="Bourane">Bourane</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Shuttle-Mir" title="Programme Shuttle-Mir">Programme Shuttle-Mir</a> (1994-1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Station_spatiale_internationale" title="Station spatiale internationale">Station spatiale internationale</a> (depuis 1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Station_de_recherche_lunaire_internationale" title="Station de recherche lunaire internationale">Station de recherche lunaire internationale</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Vaisseau_spatial" title="Vaisseau spatial">Vaisseaux spatiaux</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_(vaisseau_spatial)" title="Voskhod (vaisseau spatial)">Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_(vaisseau_spatial)" title="Vostok (vaisseau spatial)">Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyouz_(v%C3%A9hicule_spatial)" title="Soyouz (véhicule spatial)">Soyouz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LK_(v%C3%A9hicule_spatial)" title="LK (véhicule spatial)">LK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TKS_(vaisseau_spatial)" title="TKS (vaisseau spatial)">TKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriol_(vaisseau_spatial)" title="Oriol (vaisseau spatial)">Oriol</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Station_spatiale" title="Station spatiale">Stations spatiales</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz">Almaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saliout_1" title="Saliout 1">Saliout 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saliout_2" title="Saliout 2">Saliout 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saliout_3" title="Saliout 3">Saliout 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saliout_4" title="Saliout 4">Saliout 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saliout_5" title="Saliout 5">Saliout 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saliout_6" title="Saliout 6">Saliout 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saliout_7" title="Saliout 7">Saliout 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_(station_spatiale)" title="Mir (station spatiale)">Mir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Station_spatiale_internationale" title="Station spatiale internationale">Station spatiale internationale</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Satellite_scientifique" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite scientifique">Satellites scientifiques</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><table class="navbox-subgroup" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Exploration du<br />système solaire</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Luna" title="Programme Luna">Programme Luna</a> (1959-1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Marsnik" title="Programme Marsnik">Programme Marsnik</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Mars" title="Programme Mars">Programme Mars</a> (1960-1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Venera" title="Programme Venera">Programme Venera</a> (1961-1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Zond" title="Programme Zond">Programme Zond</a> (1964-1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Lunokhod" title="Programme Lunokhod">Programme Lunokhod</a> (1970-1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_(sonde_spatiale)" title="Vega (sonde spatiale)">Programme Vega</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Phobos" title="Programme Phobos">Programme Phobos</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_96" title="Mars 96">Mars 96</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos-Grunt" title="Phobos-Grunt">Phobos-Grunt</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_25" title="Luna 25">Luna 25</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_26" title="Luna 26">Luna 26</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_27" title="Luna 27">Luna 27</a> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_28" title="Luna 28">Luna 28</a> (2027)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera-D" title="Venera-D">Venera-D</a> (2029)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Astronomie</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astron_(satellite)" title="Astron (satellite)">Astron</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granat" title="Granat">Granat</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_(satellite)" title="Gamma (satellite)">Gamma</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RadioAstron" title="RadioAstron">RadioAstron</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-RG" title="Spektr-RG">Spektr-RG</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observatoire_spatial_mondial-Ultraviolet" title="Observatoire spatial mondial-Ultraviolet">WSO‑UV</a> (2025)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Étude du Soleil</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronas-I" title="Coronas-I">Coronas-I</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronas-F" title="Coronas-F">Coronas-F</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronas-Photon" title="Coronas-Photon">Coronas-Foton</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Satellite_d%27observation_de_la_Terre" title="Satellite d'observation de la Terre">Observation de la Terre</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elektron_(satellite)" title="Elektron (satellite)">Elektron</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfera" title="Sfera">Sfera</a> (1968-1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionosferna%C3%AFa_Stantsi%C3%AFa" title="Ionosfernaïa Stantsiïa">Ionosfernaïa Stantsiïa</a> (1969-1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aur%C3%A9ole_1_et_2" title="Auréole 1 et 2">Auréole 1 et 2</a> (1971-1973) franco-russe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prognoz_(satellite)" title="Prognoz (satellite)">Prognoz</a> (1972-1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aur%C3%A9ole_3" title="Auréole 3">Auréole 3</a> (1981) franco-russe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prognoz_(satellite)" title="Prognoz (satellite)">Prognoz-M</a> (1995-1996)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relek (page inexistante)">Relek</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikha%C3%AFl_Lomonossov_(satellite)" title="Mikhaïl Lomonossov (satellite)">Mikhaïl Lomonossov</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oka-T" title="Oka-T">Oka-T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rezonans" title="Rezonans">Rezonans</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strannik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strannik (page inexistante)">Strannik</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Technologie, autres</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spoutnik" title="Spoutnik">Spoutnik</a> (1957-1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnipropetrovsk_Spoutnik" title="Dnipropetrovsk Spoutnik">Dnipropetrovsk Spoutnik</a> (1960-1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercosmos" title="Intercosmos">Intercosmos</a> (1972-1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efir" title="Efir">Efir</a> (1984-1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foton_(satellite)" title="Foton (satellite)">Foton</a> (depuis 1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Znamia" title="Znamia">Znamia</a> (1992-1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeya_(satellite)" title="Zeya (satellite)">Zeya</a> (1997)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Satellites d'application</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><table class="navbox-subgroup" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Satellite_d%27observation_de_la_Terre" title="Satellite d'observation de la Terre">Observation de la Terre</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_(satellite)" title="Meteor (satellite)">Meteor</a> (depuis 1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resours-F" title="Resours-F">Resours-F</a> (1979-1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resours-O1" title="Resours-O1">Resours-O1</a> (1983-1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almaz#Les_satellites_radar_Almaz-T" title="Almaz">Almaz</a> (1986-1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okean" title="Okean">Okean</a> (depuis 1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elektro-1" title="Elektro-1">Elektro-1</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monitor-E" title="Monitor-E">Monitor-E</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resours-DK1" title="Resours-DK1">Resours-DK1</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elektro-L" title="Elektro-L">Elektro-L</a> (2011-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canopus-V" title="Canopus-V">Canopus-V</a> (2012-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resours-P" title="Resours-P">Resours-P</a> (2013-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arktika_(satellite)" title="Arktika (satellite)">Arktika</a> (2017-)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkout_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berkout (satellite) (page inexistante)">Berkout</a> (2025-)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smotr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smotr (page inexistante)">Smotr</a> (2028-)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Télécommunications</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molnia_(satellite)" title="Molnia (satellite)">Molnia</a> (1964-2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonum-1" title="Bonum-1">Bonum-1</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekran_(satellite)" title="Ekran (satellite)">Ekran</a> (1964-2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorisont" title="Gorisont">Gorisont</a> (1979-2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loutch" title="Loutch">Loutch</a> (1985-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadejda_(satellite)" title="Nadejda (satellite)">Nadejda</a> (1982-1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonets" title="Gonets">Gonets</a> (1992-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekspress_(satellite)" title="Ekspress (satellite)">Express</a> (depuis 1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gals_(satellite)" title="Gals (satellite)">Gals</a> (1994-1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koupon_(satellite)" title="Koupon (satellite)">Koupon</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamal_(satellite)" title="Yamal (satellite)">Yamal</a> (1999-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_(satellite)" title="Meridian (satellite)">Meridian</a> (2006-2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterkh" title="Sterkh">Sterkh</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blagovest_(satellite)" title="Blagovest (satellite)">Blagovest</a> (2017-2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skif_(satellite)" title="Skif (satellite)">Skif</a> (2027-2029)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathon_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marathon (satellite) (page inexistante)">Marathon</a> (2024-)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekspress-RV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekspress-RV (page inexistante)">Ekspress-RV</a> (2025-)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Navigation</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsikada" title="Tsikada">Tsikada</a> (1976-1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadejda_(satellite)" title="Nadejda (satellite)">Nadejda</a> (1982-1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">Ouragan</a> (<a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a>) (1982-)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Satellite_militaire" title="Satellite militaire">Satellites militaires</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><table class="navbox-subgroup" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Reconnaissance optique et radar</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zenit_(satellite)" title="Zenit (satellite)">Zenit</a> (1961-1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iantar" title="Iantar">Iantar</a> (depuis 1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almaz#Les_satellites_radar_Almaz-T" title="Almaz">Almaz-T</a> (1986-1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlets_(satellite)" title="Orlets (satellite)">Orlets</a> (1989-2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araks_(satellite)" title="Araks (satellite)">Araks</a> (1997-2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persona_(satellite)" title="Persona (satellite)">Persona</a> (2008-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondor_(satellite)" title="Kondor (satellite)">Kondor</a> (2013-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bars-M" title="Bars-M">Bars-M</a> (2015-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neitron" title="Neitron">Neitron</a> (2022-)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Razdan</a> (202x?-)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Surveillance des océans</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radar_Ocean_Reconnaissance_Satellite" title="Radar Ocean Reconnaissance Satellite">RORSAT (US-A)</a> (1965-1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/US-P" title="US-P">US-P</a> (1974-1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/US-P" title="US-P">US-PM</a> (1993-2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pion-NKS" title="Pion-NKS">Pion-NKS</a> (2021-)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Écoute électronique</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tselina_(satellite)" title="Tselina (satellite)">Tselina</a> (1967-1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotos_(satellite)" title="Lotos (satellite)">Lotos</a> (2009-)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olymp-K&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olymp-K (page inexistante)">Olymp-K</a> (2014-)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Satellite_d%27alerte_pr%C3%A9coce" title="Satellite d'alerte précoce">Alerte précoce</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oko_(satellite)" title="Oko (satellite)">Oko</a> (1972-2012) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/US-K" title="US-K">US-K</a> (1972-2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/US-K" title="US-K">US-KS</a> (1975-1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/US-KMO" title="US-KMO">US-KMO</a> (1991-2012)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toundra_(satellite)" title="Toundra (satellite)">Toundra</a> (2015-)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Navigation</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsiklon_(satellite)" title="Tsiklon (satellite)">Tsiklon/Zaliv</a> (1973-1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parous_(satellite)" title="Parous (satellite)">Parous</a> (1974-2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">Ouragan</a> (<a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a>) (1982-)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Télécommunications</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strela_(satellite)" title="Strela (satellite)">Strela</a> (1964-2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radouga_(satellite)" title="Radouga (satellite)">Radouga</a> (1975-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potok_(satellite)" title="Potok (satellite)">Potok</a> (1976-2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loutch" title="Loutch">Loutch</a> (1985-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strela_(satellite)" title="Strela (satellite)">Rodnik</a> (2005-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garpoun" title="Garpoun">Garpoun</a> (2011-)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Technologie, autre</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DS-P1" title="DS-P1">DS-P1</a> (1962-1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGCh" title="OGCh">OGCh</a> (1965-1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsiklon_(satellite)" title="Tsiklon (satellite)">Tsiklon</a> (1967-1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IS_(satellite)" title="IS (satellite)">IS</a> (1968-1982)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DS-P1-M&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DS-P1-M (page inexistante)">DS-P1-M</a> (1970-1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taifoun" title="Taifoun">Taifoun</a> (1974-1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geo-IK" title="Geo-IK">Geo-IK</a> (1981-1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polious" title="Polious">Polious</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etalon_(satellite)" title="Etalon (satellite)">Etalon</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geo-IK-2" title="Geo-IK-2">Geo-IK-2</a> (2011-)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Centres de lancement</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmodrome_de_Ba%C3%AFkonour" title="Cosmodrome de Baïkonour">Cosmodrome de Baïkonour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmodrome_de_Plessetsk" title="Cosmodrome de Plessetsk">Cosmodrome de Plessetsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmodrome_de_Kapoustine_Iar" title="Cosmodrome de Kapoustine Iar">Cosmodrome de Kapoustine Iar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmodrome_Vostotchny" title="Cosmodrome Vostotchny">Cosmodrome Vostotchny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmodrome_de_Iasny" title="Cosmodrome de Iasny">Cosmodrome de Iasny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmodrome_de_Svobodny" title="Cosmodrome de Svobodny">Cosmodrome de Svobodny</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Établissements</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_national_de_recherche_et_de_production_Progress" title="Centre national de recherche et de production Progress">Usine Progress de Samara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_russe_de_communication_avec_l%27espace_lointain" title="Réseau russe de communication avec l'espace lointain">Réseau russe de communication avec l'espace lointain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_de_contr%C3%B4le_des_vols_spatiaux_TsUP" title="Centre de contrôle des vols spatiaux TsUP">Centre de contrôle des vols spatiaux TsUP</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Projet annulés</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programme_lunaire_habit%C3%A9_sovi%C3%A9tique" title="Programme lunaire habité soviétique">Programme lunaire habité soviétique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMK_(projet)" title="TMK (projet)">TMK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gourevitch_MiG-105" title="Mikoyan-Gourevitch MiG-105">MiG-105 Spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TKS_(vaisseau_spatial)" title="TKS (vaisseau spatial)">TKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polious" title="Polious">Polious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_a%C3%A9rospatial_MAKS" title="Système aérospatial MAKS">Système aérospatial MAKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir-2" title="Mir-2">Mir-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kliper" title="Kliper">Kliper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rus-M" title="Rus-M">Rus-M</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Projets en cours</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Projet_russe_de_mission_habit%C3%A9e_vers_Mars" title="Projet russe de mission habitée vers Mars">Projet russe de mission habitée vers Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laplace-P" title="Laplace-P">Laplace-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfera_(constellation_de_satellites)" title="Sfera (constellation de satellites)">Sfera</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Programmes</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programme_spatial_sovi%C3%A9tique_et_russe" title="Programme spatial soviétique et russe">Programme spatial soviétique et russe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_lunaire_habit%C3%A9_sovi%C3%A9tique" title="Programme lunaire habité soviétique">Programme lunaire habité soviétique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Astronautique" title="Portail de l’astronautique"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Circle-icons-spaceshuttle.svg/24px-Circle-icons-spaceshuttle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Circle-icons-spaceshuttle.svg/36px-Circle-icons-spaceshuttle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Circle-icons-spaceshuttle.svg/48px-Circle-icons-spaceshuttle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Astronautique" title="Portail:Astronautique">Portail de l’astronautique</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Renseignement" title="Portail du renseignement"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/High-contrast-system-search.svg/24px-High-contrast-system-search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/High-contrast-system-search.svg/36px-High-contrast-system-search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/High-contrast-system-search.svg/48px-High-contrast-system-search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Renseignement" title="Portail:Renseignement">Portail du renseignement</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Russie" title="Portail de la Russie"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/50px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/66px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Russie" title="Portail:Russie">Portail de la Russie</a></span> </span></li> </ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Ce document provient de « <a dir="ltr" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Razdan&oldid=217927962">https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Razdan&oldid=217927962</a> ».</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Accueil" title="Catégorie:Accueil">Catégories</a> : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Satellite_de_reconnaissance" title="Catégorie:Satellite de reconnaissance">Satellite de reconnaissance</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Programme_spatial_russe" title="Catégorie:Programme spatial russe">Programme spatial russe</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Catégories cachées : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:Astronautique/Articles_li%C3%A9s" title="Catégorie:Portail:Astronautique/Articles liés">Portail:Astronautique/Articles liés</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:Transports/Articles_li%C3%A9s" title="Catégorie:Portail:Transports/Articles liés">Portail:Transports/Articles liés</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:Technologies/Articles_li%C3%A9s" title="Catégorie:Portail:Technologies/Articles liés">Portail:Technologies/Articles liés</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:Renseignement/Articles_li%C3%A9s" title="Catégorie:Portail:Renseignement/Articles liés">Portail:Renseignement/Articles liés</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:Russie/Articles_li%C3%A9s" title="Catégorie:Portail:Russie/Articles liés">Portail:Russie/Articles liés</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:Europe/Articles_li%C3%A9s" title="Catégorie:Portail:Europe/Articles liés">Portail:Europe/Articles liés</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:Asie/Articles_li%C3%A9s" title="Catégorie:Portail:Asie/Articles liés">Portail:Asie/Articles liés</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 23 août 2024 à 13:46.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><span style="white-space: normal"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Citation_et_r%C3%A9utilisation_du_contenu_de_Wikip%C3%A9dia" title="Wikipédia:Citation et réutilisation du contenu de Wikipédia">Droit d'auteur</a> : les textes sont disponibles sous <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr">licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions</a> ; d’autres conditions peuvent s’appliquer. Voyez les <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Terms_of_Use/fr">conditions d’utilisation</a> pour plus de détails, ainsi que les <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Cr%C3%A9dits_graphiques" title="Wikipédia:Crédits graphiques">crédits graphiques</a>. En cas de réutilisation des textes de cette page, voyez <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Citer/Razdan" title="Spécial:Citer/Razdan">comment citer les auteurs et mentionner la licence</a>.<br /> Wikipedia® est une marque déposée de la <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, organisation de bienfaisance régie par le paragraphe <a href="/wiki/501c" title="501c">501(c)(3)</a> du code fiscal des États-Unis.</span><br /></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy/fr">Politique de confidentialité</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:%C3%80_propos_de_Wikip%C3%A9dia">À propos de Wikipédia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Avertissements_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9raux">Avertissements</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipédia:Contact">Contact</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code de conduite</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Développeurs</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/fr.wikipedia.org">Statistiques</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Déclaration sur les témoins (cookies)</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//fr.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Razdan&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Version mobile</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Rechercher</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Rechercher sur Wikipédia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Spécial:Recherche"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Rechercher</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Razdan</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>Ajouter des langues</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Ajouter un sujet</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.eqiad.main-75687f9f4b-v5dbp","wgBackendResponseTime":188,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.182","walltime":"0.279","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1841,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":122104,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":43540,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":896,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 214.593 1 -total"," 40.93% 87.824 1 Modèle:Portail"," 22.72% 48.763 1 Modèle:Catégorisation_badges"," 22.51% 48.314 1 Modèle:Références"," 19.49% 41.823 1 Modèle:Lien_web"," 17.95% 38.511 1 Modèle:Autre"," 17.04% 36.559 1 Modèle:Autre4"," 16.23% 34.833 1 Modèle:Méta_bandeau_de_note"," 15.65% 33.587 1 Modèle:Palette"," 15.29% 32.804 1 Modèle:Méta_bandeau"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.059","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":3368635,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.eqiad.main-58cbcf565-j8xms","timestamp":"20250322174854","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Razdan","url":"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Razdan","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q86666892","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q86666892","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributeurs aux projets Wikimedia"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Fondation Wikimedia, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2019-08-28T18:34:59Z","dateModified":"2024-08-23T12:46:54Z"}</script> </body> </html>