CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Augustus - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"c5df21c7-4a09-443c-9e20-ce4b9df6f0c1","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Augustus","wgTitle":"Augustus","wgCurRevisionId":1258890176,"wgRevisionId":1258890176,"wgArticleId":1273,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from August 2023","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1 Italian-language sources (it)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Featured articles", "Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages","Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","Use dmy dates from August 2024","Articles containing Latin-language text","Pages with Latin IPA","Articles containing French-language text","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Pages with missing ISBNs","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from EB9","Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata","Pages using Sister project links with default search","Augustus","63 BC births","14 deaths","1st-century BC Roman augurs","1st-century BC Roman consuls","1st-century BC monarchs in Europe","1st-century Roman emperors","1st-century clergy","Ancient Roman adoptees","Ancient Roman military personnel","Burials at the Mausoleum of Augustus","Characters in Book VI of the Aeneid","Children of Julius Caesar","Deified Roman emperors","Founding monarchs","Julii Caesares","Julio-Claudian dynasty","People in the canonical gospels","Political spokespersons","Pontifices", "Roman pharaohs","Shipwreck survivors","1st-century Romans","Octavii","People of the War of Mutina","Natalist politicians"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Augustus","wgRelevantArticleId":1273,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition": "interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1405","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=[ "ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Augustus_of_Prima_Porta_%28inv._2290%29.jpg/1200px-Augustus_of_Prima_Porta_%28inv._2290%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1920"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Augustus_of_Prima_Porta_%28inv._2290%29.jpg/800px-Augustus_of_Prima_Porta_%28inv._2290%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1280"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Augustus_of_Prima_Porta_%28inv._2290%29.jpg/640px-Augustus_of_Prima_Porta_%28inv._2290%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1024"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Augustus - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Augustus rootpage-Augustus skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Augustus" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Augustus" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Augustus" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Augustus" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Name </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Early life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_to_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_to_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Rise to power </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rise_to_power-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Rise to power subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Rise_to_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Heir_to_Caesar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heir_to_Caesar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Heir to Caesar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heir_to_Caesar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growing_tensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growing_tensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Growing tensions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growing_tensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_conflict_with_Antony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_conflict_with_Antony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 First conflict with Antony </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_conflict_with_Antony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Triumvirate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Triumvirate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Second Triumvirate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Triumvirate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proscriptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proscriptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 Proscriptions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proscriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Philippi_and_division_of_territory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Philippi_and_division_of_territory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.2 Battle of Philippi and division of territory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Philippi_and_division_of_territory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rebellion_and_marriage_alliances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rebellion_and_marriage_alliances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.3 Rebellion and marriage alliances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rebellion_and_marriage_alliances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_with_Sextus_Pompeius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_with_Sextus_Pompeius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.4 War with Sextus Pompeius </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_with_Sextus_Pompeius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_with_Antony_and_Cleopatra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_with_Antony_and_Cleopatra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.5 War with Antony and Cleopatra </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_with_Antony_and_Cleopatra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sole_ruler_of_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sole_ruler_of_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Sole ruler of Rome </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sole_ruler_of_Rome-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sole ruler of Rome subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sole_ruler_of_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 First settlement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Change_to_Augustus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Change_to_Augustus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Change to Augustus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Change_to_Augustus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Second settlement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Additional powers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conspiracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conspiracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Conspiracy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conspiracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stability_and_staying_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stability_and_staying_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Stability and staying power </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stability_and_staying_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_and_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_and_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 War and expansion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_and_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Death and succession </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Revenue_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revenue_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Revenue reforms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revenue_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Month_of_August" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Month_of_August"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Month of August </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Month_of_August-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creation_of_"Italia"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation_of_"Italia""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Creation of "Italia" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation_of_"Italia"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Building_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Building_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Building projects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Building_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Residences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Residences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.1 Residences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Residences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_appearance_and_official_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_appearance_and_official_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Physical appearance and official images </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_appearance_and_official_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Ancient sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Modern sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Augustus</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 203 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-203" aria-hidden="true" > 203 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82" title="Октавиан Аугуст – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Октавиан Аугуст" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Octavianus" title="Augustus Octavianus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Augustus Octavianus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8B%8D%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%B5%E1%8C%A6%E1%88%B5" title="አውግስጦስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አውግስጦስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B8" title="ऑगस्टस – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="ऑगस्टस" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82" title="Октавиан Август – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Октавиан Август" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%BA%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%B3_%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="أغسطس قيصر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أغسطس قيصر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Augusto" title="César Augusto – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="César Augusto" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%93%DC%98%DC%A3%DC%9B%DC%98%DC%A3_%DC%A9%DC%A3%DC%AA" title="ܐܓܘܣܛܘܣ ܩܣܪ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܓܘܣܛܘܣ ܩܣܪ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D6%84%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD_%D5%95%D5%A3%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Օքթավիանոս Օգոստոս – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Օքթավիանոս Օգոստոս" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94gusto" title="Ôgusto – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Ôgusto" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Augustu" title="César Augustu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="César Augustu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B8" title="सिजर अगस्टस – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="सिजर अगस्टस" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto" title="Augusto – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Augusto" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81" title="Августус – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Августус" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Augusto" title="César Augusto – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="César Augusto" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktavian_Avqust" title="Oktavian Avqust – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Oktavian Avqust" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3" title="آقوستوس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آقوستوس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8" title="আউগুস্তুস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আউগুস্তুস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82" title="Октавиан Август – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Октавиан Август" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%90%D1%9E%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82" title="Актавіян Аўгуст – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Актавіян Аўгуст" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%90%D1%9E%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82" title="Актавіян Аўгуст – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Актавіян Аўгуст" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar_Augustus" title="Caesar Augustus – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Caesar Augustus" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82" title="Октавиан Август – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Октавиан Август" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨའོ་ཀུའུ་སི་ཏུའུ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨའོ་ཀུའུ་སི་ཏུའུ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktavijan_August" title="Oktavijan August – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Oktavijan August" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aogust_(impalaer)" title="Aogust (impalaer) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aogust (impalaer)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82" title="Октавиан Август – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Октавиан Август" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/August" title="August – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="August" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82" title="Октавиан Август – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Октавиан Август" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto" title="Augusto – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Augusto" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustu" title="Augustu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Augustu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Caesar" title="Augustus Caesar – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Augustus Caesar" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%91%CF%8D%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Οκταβιανός Αύγουστος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οκταβιανός Αύγουστος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto" title="Augusto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Augusto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%ADgusto_Cezaro" title="Aŭgusto Cezaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aŭgusto Cezaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesa_Augustu" title="Cesa Augustu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Cesa Augustu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zesar_Augusto" title="Zesar Augusto – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zesar Augusto" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3" title="آگوستوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آگوستوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste" title="Auguste – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Auguste" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Oktavianus" title="Augustus Oktavianus – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Augustus Oktavianus" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/August" title="August – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="August" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81gastas" title="Ágastas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ágastas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavio_Augusto" title="Octavio Augusto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Octavio Augusto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%8B%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%AD" title="屋大維 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="屋大維" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%83_%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%82" title="𐌰𐌲𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌿𐍃 𐌺𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐌲𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌿𐍃 𐌺𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9A%B0%EA%B5%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%88%AC%EC%8A%A4" title="아우구스투스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아우구스투스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD_%D5%95%D5%A3%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Օկտավիանոս Օգոստոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օկտավիանոս Օգոստոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B8" title="ऑगस्टस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऑगस्टस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/August" title="August – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="August" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto" title="Augusto – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Augusto" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Augusto" title="Cesare Augusto – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cesare Augusto" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81g%C3%BAstus" title="Ágústus – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ágústus" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto" title="Augusto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Augusto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8" title="אוגוסטוס קיסר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוגוסטוס קיסר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Auguste" title="César Auguste – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="César Auguste" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಅಗಸ್ಟಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಗಸ್ಟಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94_%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ოქტავიანე ავგუსტუსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოქტავიანე ავგუსტუსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82" title="Октавиан Август – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Октавиан Август" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto" title="Augusto – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Augusto" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste" title="Auguste – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Auguste" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste" title="Auguste – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Auguste" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82" title="Октавиан Август – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Октавиан Август" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar_Augustus" title="Caesar Augustus – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Caesar Augustus" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_(imperator)" title="Augustus (imperator) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Augustus (imperator)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktavi%C4%81ns" title="Oktaviāns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Oktaviāns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82" title="Октавиан Август – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Октавиан Август" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustas" title="Augustas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Augustas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aogusto" title="Aogusto – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Aogusto" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_(keizer)" title="Augustus (keizer) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Augustus (keizer)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto" title="Augusto – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Augusto" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_(imperador_roman)" title="August (imperador roman) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="August (imperador roman)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_r%C3%B3mai_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1r" title="Augustus római császár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Augustus római császár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B8" title="सिजर अगस्टस – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="सिजर अगस्टस" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82" title="Октавијан Август – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Октавијан Август" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aogosto" title="Aogosto – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Aogosto" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="അഗസ്റ്റസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അഗസ്റ്റസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B8" title="ऑगस्टस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ऑगस्टस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ავგუსტუსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ავგუსტუსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%B3_(%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1)" title="اغسطس (امبراطور) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اغسطس (امبراطور)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3" title="آگوستوس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آگوستوس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Август Цезарь – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Август Цезарь" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A9%E1%80%82%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AE%E1%80%87%E1%80%AC" title="ဩဂတ်စတက်ဆီဇာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဩဂတ်စတက်ဆီဇာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_(keizer)" title="Augustus (keizer) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Augustus (keizer)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B8" title="अगस्टस – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अगस्टस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B0%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5%E3%82%B9" title="アウグストゥス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アウグストゥス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto" title="Augusto – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Augusto" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82" title="Октавиан Август – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Октавиан Август" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/August" title="August – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="August" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%B8" title="ଅଗଷ୍ଟସ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଅଗଷ୍ଟସ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awugustuus" title="Awugustuus – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Awugustuus" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avgust_(imperator)" title="Avgust (imperator) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Avgust (imperator)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0" title="ਆਗਸਟਸ ਕੈਸਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਗਸਟਸ ਕੈਸਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%AF%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B3" title="آگسٹس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آگسٹس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%AB%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3" title="اګوستوس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اګوستوس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostos" title="Agostos – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Agostos" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%9F" title="អូហ្គុសទុស – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អូហ្គុសទុស" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otavian_August" title="Otavian August – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Otavian August" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Caesar" title="Augustus Caesar – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Augustus Caesar" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktawian_August" title="Oktawian August – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oktawian August" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto" title="Augusto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Augusto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktavian_Avgust" title="Oktavian Avgust – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Oktavian Avgust" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavianus_Augustus" title="Octavianus Augustus – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Octavianus Augustus" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82" title="Октавиан Август – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Октавиан Август" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82" title="Октавиан Август – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Октавиан Август" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82" title="Октавиан Август – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Октавиан Август" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awkusetu" title="Awkusetu – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Awkusetu" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aokuso_Kaisara" title="Aokuso Kaisara – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Aokuso Kaisara" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0" title="आगस्टस कैसर – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="आगस्टस कैसर" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱚᱜᱟᱥᱴᱟᱥ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱚᱜᱟᱥᱴᱟᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A2%DA%AF%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B3" title="قیصر آگسٹس – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="قیصر آگسٹس" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustu_(imperadore_romanu)" title="Augustu (imperadore romanu) – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Augustu (imperadore romanu)" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavianus" title="Octavianus – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Octavianus" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusti" title="Augusti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Augusti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A8sari_Augustu" title="Cèsari Augustu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cèsari Augustu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%94%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="ඔගස්ටස් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඔගස්ටස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavius_Augustus" title="Octavius Augustus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Octavius Augustus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaj_Avgust_Oktavijan" title="Gaj Avgust Oktavijan – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gaj Avgust Oktavijan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ئەگوستوس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەگوستوس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82" title="Октавијан Август – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Октавијан Август" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_(rimski_car)" title="August (rimski car) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="August (rimski car)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavianus" title="Octavianus – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Octavianus" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesar_Augusto" title="Cesar Augusto – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Cesar Augusto" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="அகஸ்ட்டஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அகஸ்ட்டஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82" title="Октавиан Август – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Октавиан Август" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఆగస్టస్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆగస్టస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA" title="จักรพรรดิเอากุสตุส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรพรรดิเอากุสตุส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82" title="Октавиан Август – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Октавиан Август" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktawian_Awgust" title="Oktawian Awgust – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Oktawian Awgust" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82" title="Октавиан Август – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Октавиан Август" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82" title="Октавиан Август – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Октавиан Август" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82" title="Октавіан Август – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Октавіан Август" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B3" title="آگستس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آگستس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktavian_August" title="Oktavian August – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Oktavian August" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impreur_%C3%85gusse" title="Impreur Ågusse – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Impreur Ågusse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E9%83%BD" title="奧古斯都 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="奧古斯都" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E9%83%BD" title="奧古斯都 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="奧古斯都" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%99%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A1" title="אויגוסטוס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אויגוסטוס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E9%83%BD" title="奧古斯都 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="奧古斯都" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augosts" title="Augosts – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Augosts" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E9%83%BD" title="奥古斯都 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奥古斯都" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cg%E1%BB%8Dsit%E1%BB%8Ds" title="Ọgọsitọs – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Ọgọsitọs" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agustus_(ka%C3%A8sar)" title="Agustus (kaèsar) – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Agustus (kaèsar)" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Augustus" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1405#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Augustus" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Augustus">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augustus&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augustus&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Augustus">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augustus&action=edit">View source</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augustus&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Augustus" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Augustus" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augustus&oldid=1258890176" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augustus&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Augustus&id=1258890176&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAugustus">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAugustus">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Augustus&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augustus&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Augustus" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Augustus" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Augustus_Caesar" hreflang="en">Wikisource</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1405" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">First Roman emperor from 27 BC to AD 14</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the first Roman emperor. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus (title)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augustus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Augustus (disambiguation)">Augustus (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Octavian_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Octavian (disambiguation)">Octavian (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Augustus</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/Princeps" title="Princeps">Princeps</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><a href="/wiki/File:Augustus_of_Prima_Porta_(inv._2290).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Statue of Augustus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Augustus_of_Prima_Porta_%28inv._2290%29.jpg/250px-Augustus_of_Prima_Porta_%28inv._2290%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Augustus_of_Prima_Porta_%28inv._2290%29.jpg/375px-Augustus_of_Prima_Porta_%28inv._2290%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Augustus_of_Prima_Porta_%28inv._2290%29.jpg/500px-Augustus_of_Prima_Porta_%28inv._2290%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2813" data-file-height="4500" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Augustus_of_Prima_Porta" title="Augustus of Prima Porta">Augustus of Prima Porta</a>, 1st century</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">16 January 27 BC – 19 August AD 14</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Gaius <a href="/wiki/Octavia_gens" title="Octavia gens">Octavius</a> 23 September 63 BC <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">19 August AD 14 (aged 75) <a href="/wiki/Nola" title="Nola">Nola</a>, Italy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Augustus" title="Mausoleum of Augustus">Mausoleum of Augustus</a>, Rome</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Claudia_(wife_of_Octavian)" title="Claudia (wife of Octavian)">Claudia</a> (<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 42 BC; div. 40 BC)</li><li style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Scribonia_(wife_of_Octavian)" title="Scribonia (wife of Octavian)">Scribonia</a> (m. 40 BC; div. 38 BC)</li><li style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Livia" title="Livia">Livia</a> (m. 37 BC)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julia_the_Elder" title="Julia the Elder">Julia the Elder</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Caesar" title="Gaius Caesar">Gaius Caesar</a> (adopted)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Caesar" title="Lucius Caesar">Lucius Caesar</a> (adopted)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Agrippa_Postumus" title="Agrippa Postumus">Agrippa Postumus</a> (adopted)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> (adopted)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;"><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a> Caesar Augustus</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Octavius_(father_of_Augustus)" title="Gaius Octavius (father of Augustus)">Gaius Octavius</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> (adoptive)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Atia_(mother_of_Augustus)" title="Atia (mother of Augustus)">Atia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Consul</a> (43, 33, 31–23, 5, 2 BC)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Triumvirate" title="Second Triumvirate">Triumvir</a> (43–27 BC)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_Maximus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifex Maximus">Pontifex Maximus</a> (from 12 BC)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">43–25 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Mutina" title="War of Mutina">War of Mutina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Forum_Gallorum" title="Battle of Forum Gallorum">Battle of Forum Gallorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mutina" title="Battle of Mutina">Battle of Mutina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberators%27_civil_war" title="Liberators' civil war">Liberators' Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Philippi" title="Battle of Philippi">Battle of Philippi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perusine_War" title="Perusine War">Perusine War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellum_Siculum" title="Bellum Siculum">Bellum Siculum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taormina" title="History of Taormina">Battle of Tauromenium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavian%27s_military_campaigns_in_Illyricum" title="Octavian's military campaigns in Illyricum">Illyricum Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Actium" title="War of Actium">War of Actium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Battle of Actium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alexandria_(30_BC)" title="Battle of Alexandria (30 BC)">Battle of Alexandria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_Wars" title="Cantabrian Wars">Cantabrian Wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Octavianus), was the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. He reigned as the first <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> from 27 BC until his death in AD 14.<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a> The reign of Augustus initiated an <a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">imperial cult</a>, as well as an era of <a href="/wiki/Regional_hegemony" title="Regional hegemony">imperial peace</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ara_Pacis" title="Ara Pacis">Pax Augusta</a>) in which the Roman world was largely free of armed conflict. The <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a> system of government was established during his reign and lasted until the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a>. Octavian was born into an <a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">equestrian branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Plebeian" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian">plebeian</a> <a href="/wiki/Octavia_gens" title="Octavia gens">gens Octavia</a>. His maternal great-uncle <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> was <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Assassination of Julius Caesar">assassinated in 44 BC</a>, and Octavian was named in Caesar's will as his <a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome" title="Adoption in ancient Rome">adopted</a> son and heir; as a result, he inherited Caesar's name, estate, and the loyalty of his legions. He, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Lepidus" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Lepidus">Marcus Lepidus</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/Second_Triumvirate" title="Second Triumvirate">Second Triumvirate</a> to defeat the assassins of Caesar. Following their victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Philippi" title="Battle of Philippi">Battle of Philippi</a> (42 BC), the Triumvirate divided the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> among themselves and ruled as de facto <a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">dictators</a>. The Triumvirate was eventually torn apart by the competing ambitions of its members; Lepidus was exiled in 36 BC, and Antony was defeated by Octavian at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Battle of Actium</a> in 31 BC. Antony and his wife <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic</a> queen of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Cleopatra" title="Death of Cleopatra">killed themselves</a> during Octavian's invasion of Egypt, which then became <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">a Roman province</a>. After the demise of the Second Triumvirate, Augustus restored the outward facade of the free republic, with governmental power vested in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">executive magistrates</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_assemblies" title="Roman assemblies">legislative assemblies</a>, yet he maintained autocratic authority by having the Senate grant him lifetime tenure as <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">tribune</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">censor</a>. A similar ambiguity is seen in his chosen names, the implied rejection of monarchical titles whereby he called himself <a href="/wiki/Princeps" title="Princeps">Princeps</a> Civitatis ('First Citizen') juxtaposed with his adoption of the title <a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a>. Augustus dramatically enlarged the empire, annexing Egypt, <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Raetia</a>, expanding possessions in <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa</a>, and completing the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a>, but he suffered <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Forest" title="Battle of the Teutoburg Forest">a major setback</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a>. Beyond the frontiers, he secured the empire with a buffer region of <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client states</a> and made peace with the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> through diplomacy. He reformed the Roman system of taxation, developed <a href="/wiki/Roman_roads" title="Roman roads">networks of roads</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Cursus_publicus" title="Cursus publicus">official courier system</a>, established a <a href="/wiki/Standing_army" title="Standing army">standing army</a>, established the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a> as well as official <a href="/wiki/Cohortes_urbanae" title="Cohortes urbanae">police</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vigiles" title="Vigiles">fire-fighting services</a> for Rome, and rebuilt much of the city during his reign. Augustus died in AD 14 at age 75, probably from natural causes. Persistent rumors, substantiated somewhat by deaths in the imperial family, have claimed his wife <a href="/wiki/Livia" title="Livia">Livia</a> poisoned him. He was succeeded as emperor by his adopted son <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>, Livia's son and former husband of Augustus's only biological child, <a href="/wiki/Julia_the_Elder" title="Julia the Elder">Julia</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2></div> As a consequence of <a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Roman customs</a>, society, and personal preference, Augustus (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɔːˈɡʌstəs/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">aw-GUST-əs</a>) was known by many names throughout his life: <ul><li>Gaius Octavius (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɒkˈteɪviəs/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">ok-TAY-vee-əs</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Latin: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[ˈɡaːiʊs ɔkˈtaːwiʊs]</a>). According to <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">cognomen</a> Thurinus (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Latin: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[tʰuːˈriːnʊs]</a>, "of <a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thurii</a>") was added to his birth name as a toddler in 60 BC.<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[b]</a> Later, after he had taken the name of Caesar, his rival <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a> referred to him as "Thurinus" in order to belittle him. In response, he merely said he was surprised that "using his old name was thought to be an insult".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius''Augustus''_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsAugustushtml7_7]-6">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2014-7">[5]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Gaius Julius Caesar After his adoption by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> on the latter's death in 44 BC, he took Caesar's nomen and cognomen.<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[6]</a> He was often distinguished by historians from his adoptive father by the addition "Octavianus" (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Latin: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[ɔktaːwiˈaːnʊs]</a>) after the name, denoting that he was a former member of the <a href="/wiki/Octavia_gens" title="Octavia gens">gens Octavia</a> in conformance with <a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions#Adoptive_cognomina" title="Roman naming conventions">Roman naming conventions</a>. There is no evidence that Augustus did this himself, although <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> seems to have (<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Heir_to_Caesar">see below</a>). In English he is mainly known by the <a href="/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">anglicization</a> "Octavian" (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɒkˈteɪviən/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">ok-TAY-vee-ən</a>) for the period between 44 and 27 BC.<a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Imperator Caesar "Commander-in-Chief Caesar". Octavian's early coins and inscriptions all refer to him simply as Gaius Caesar, but by 38 BC he had replaced "Gaius" with the victory title <a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">imperator</a> ("commander").<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESyme1958176,_179,_181–183,_185-11">[9]</a> The use of imperator signified a permanent link to the Roman tradition of victory.<a href="#cite_note-13">[c]</a> He transformed Caesar, a cognomen for one branch of the <a href="/wiki/Julia_gens" title="Julia gens">Julian family</a>, into a new family line that began with him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200350-14">[11]</a> Occasionally the epithet <a href="/wiki/Divi_filius" title="Divi filius">divi filius</a> or divi Iuli(i) filius ("son of the divine Julius") was included, alluding to Julius Caesar's deification in 42 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESyme1958175,_179-15">[12]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Imperator Caesar Augustus On 16 January 27 BC, partly on his own insistence, the Roman Senate granted him the honorific <a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Latin: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[au̯ˈɡʊstʊs]</a>) (<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Change_to_Augustus">see below</a>). Historians use this name to refer to him from 27 BC until his death in AD 14.<a href="#cite_note-16">[13]</a> The name is sometimes given as "Augustus Caesar".<a href="#cite_note-17">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[15]</a> Also included at times is the epithet <a href="/wiki/Divi_filius" title="Divi filius">divi filius</a> and the title <a href="/wiki/Pater_Patriae" title="Pater Patriae">Pater Patriae</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Augustus" title="Early life of Augustus">Early life of Augustus</a></div> He was born in Rome on 23 September 63 BC. His paternal family was from the <a href="/wiki/Volsci" title="Volsci">Volscian</a> town of <a href="/wiki/Velletri" title="Velletri">Velletri</a>, approximately 40 kilometres (25 mi) south-east of the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius''Augustus''_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsAugustushtml5_5–6]-19">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a> He was born at Ox Head, a small property on the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Hill" title="Palatine Hill">Palatine Hill</a>, very close to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Forum" title="Roman Forum">Roman Forum</a>. In his childhood, he received the cognomen "Thurinus", possibly commemorating <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Octavius_(father_of_Augustus)" title="Gaius Octavius (father of Augustus)">his father's</a> victory at <a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thurii</a> over a rebellious band of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">slaves</a> which occurred a few years after his birth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius''Augustus''_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsAugustushtml7_7]-6">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a> wrote: "There are many indications that the Octavian family was in days of old a distinguished one at Velitrae; for not only was a street in the most frequented part of town long ago called Octavius, but an altar was shown there besides, consecrated by an Octavius. This man was leader in a war with a neighbouring town ..."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius''Augustus''_1-21">[18]</a> Due to the crowded nature of Rome at the time, Octavian was taken to his father's home village at Velletri to be raised. Octavian mentions his father's <a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">equestrian</a> family only briefly in his memoirs. His paternal great-grandfather <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Octavius_(tribune_216_BC)" title="Gaius Octavius (tribune 216 BC)">Octavius</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Military_tribune" title="Military tribune">military tribune</a> in Sicily during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a>. His grandfather had served in several local political offices. His father, also named Octavius, had been <a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">governor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a>. His mother, <a href="/wiki/Atia_(mother_of_Augustus)" title="Atia (mother of Augustus)">Atia</a>, was the niece of Julius Caesar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius''Augustus''_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsAugustushtml1_1–4]-22">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell196214-23">[20]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RSC_0022_-_transparent_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/RSC_0022_-_transparent_background.png/300px-RSC_0022_-_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/RSC_0022_-_transparent_background.png 1.5x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="171" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">denarius</a> from 44 BC, showing <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> on the obverse and the goddess <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a> on the reverse of the coin. Caption: CAESAR IMP. M. / L. AEMILIVS BVCA</figcaption></figure> His father died in 59 BC when Octavian was four years old.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholmFerguson198123-24">[21]</a> His mother married a former governor of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Marcius_Philippus_(consul_56_BC)" title="Lucius Marcius Philippus (consul 56 BC)">Lucius Marcius Philippus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius''Augustus''_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsAugustushtml4_4–8]-25">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolaus_of_Damascus3-26">[23]</a> Philippus claimed descent from <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> and was elected <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consul</a> in 56 BC. Philippus never had much of an interest in young Octavian. Because of this, Octavian was raised by his grandmother, <a href="/wiki/Julia_Minor_(grandmother_of_Augustus)" title="Julia Minor (grandmother of Augustus)">Julia</a>, the sister of Julius Caesar. Julia died in 52 or 51 BC, and Octavian delivered the funeral oration for his grandmother.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius''Augustus''_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsAugustushtml8_8.1]-27">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a> From this point, his mother and stepfather took a more active role in raising him. He donned the <a href="/wiki/Toga" title="Toga">toga</a> virilis ("toga of manhood") four years later<a href="#cite_note-Suet8.1-30">[27]</a> and was elected to the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Pontiffs" title="College of Pontiffs">College of Pontiffs</a> in 47 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolaus_of_Damascus[httpwwwcsunedu~hcfll004nicolaushtml_4]-31">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell196216-32">[29]</a> The following year he was put in charge of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Greek games</a> that were staged in honor of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Venus_Genetrix" title="Temple of Venus Genetrix">Temple of Venus Genetrix</a>, built by Julius Caesar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell196216-32">[29]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_of_Damascus" title="Nicolaus of Damascus">Nicolaus of Damascus</a>, Octavian wished to join Caesar's staff for his campaign in <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa</a> but gave way when his mother protested.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolaus_of_Damascus[httpwwwcsunedu~hcfll004nicolaushtml_6]-33">[30]</a> In 46 BC, she consented for him to join Caesar in <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a>, where he planned to fight the forces of <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a>, Caesar's late enemy, but Octavian fell ill and was unable to travel. When he had recovered, he sailed to the front but was shipwrecked. After coming ashore with a handful of companions, he crossed hostile territory to Caesar's camp, which impressed Caesar considerably.<a href="#cite_note-Suet8.1-30">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Velleius_Paterculus" title="Velleius Paterculus">Velleius Paterculus</a> reports that after that time, Caesar allowed the young man to share his carriage.<a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a> When back in Rome, Caesar deposited a new will with the <a href="/wiki/Vestal_Virgin" title="Vestal Virgin">Vestal Virgins</a>, naming Octavian as the prime beneficiary.<a href="#cite_note-Suetonius_Julius-35">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rise_to_power">Rise to power</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heir_to_Caesar">Heir to Caesar</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vincenzo_Camuccini_-_La_morte_di_Cesare.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vincenzo_Camuccini_-_La_morte_di_Cesare.jpg/220px-Vincenzo_Camuccini_-_La_morte_di_Cesare.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vincenzo_Camuccini_-_La_morte_di_Cesare.jpg/330px-Vincenzo_Camuccini_-_La_morte_di_Cesare.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vincenzo_Camuccini_-_La_morte_di_Cesare.jpg/440px-Vincenzo_Camuccini_-_La_morte_di_Cesare.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1161" /></a><figcaption>The Death of Caesar by <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Camuccini" title="Vincenzo Camuccini">Vincenzo Camuccini</a>. On 15 March 44 BC, Octavian's adoptive father Julius Caesar was assassinated by a conspiracy led by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus" title="Marcus Junius Brutus">Marcus Junius Brutus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Cassius_Longinus" title="Gaius Cassius Longinus">Gaius Cassius Longinus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Galleria_Nazionale_d%27Arte_Moderna" title="Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna">Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna</a>, Rome.</figcaption></figure> Octavian was studying and undergoing military training in <a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Assassination of Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar was assassinated</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Ides_of_March" title="Ides of March">Ides of March</a> (15 March) 44 BC. He rejected the advice of some army officers to take refuge with the troops in Macedonia and sailed to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italy</a> to ascertain whether he had any potential political fortunes or security.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács20039-36">[33]</a> Caesar had no living legitimate children under Roman law<a href="#cite_note-37">[d]</a> and so had <a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome" title="Adoption in ancient Rome">adopted</a> Octavian, his grand-nephew, in his will, making him his primary heir.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell196215-38">[34]</a> Mark Antony later charged that Octavian had earned his adoption by Caesar through sexual favours, though Suetonius describes Antony's accusation as <a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">political slander</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[35]</a> This form of slander was popular during this time in the Roman Republic to demean and discredit political opponents by accusing them of having an inappropriate sexual affair.<a href="#cite_note-40">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[37]</a> After landing at <a href="/wiki/Lupiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lupiae">Lupiae</a> near <a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brundisium</a>, Octavian learned the contents of Caesar's will, and only then did he decide to become Caesar's political heir as well as heir to two-thirds of his estate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell196214-23">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács20039-36">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[38]</a> Upon his adoption, Octavian assumed his great-uncle's name Gaius Julius Caesar.<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[6]</a> Roman citizens adopted into a new family usually retained their old <a href="/wiki/Nomen_gentilicium" title="Nomen gentilicium">nomen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">cognomen</a> form (e.g., Octavianus for one who had been an Octavius, Aemilianus for one who had been an Aemilius, etc. see <a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions#Adoptive_cognomina" title="Roman naming conventions">Roman naming conventions for adoptions</a>). However, though some of his contemporaries did,<a href="#cite_note-43">[39]</a> there is no evidence that Octavian officially used the name Octavianus, as it would have made his adoptive origins too obvious.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay2004160-44">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200310-45">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern199820–21-46">[42]</a> Historians usually refer to the new Caesar as "Octavian" during the time between his adoption and his assumption of the name Augustus in 27 BC in order to avoid confusing the dead dictator with his heir.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern199821-47">[43]</a> Octavian could not rely on his limited funds to make a successful entry into the upper echelons of the Roman political hierarchy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács20039–10-48">[44]</a> After a warm welcome by Caesar's soldiers at Brundisium,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell196219-49">[45]</a> Octavian demanded a portion of the funds that were allotted by Caesar for the intended war against the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> in the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács20039–10-48">[44]</a> This amounted to 700 million <a href="/wiki/Sestertius" title="Sestertius">sesterces</a> stored at Brundisium, the staging ground in Italy for military operations in the east.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell196218-50">[46]</a> A later senatorial investigation into the disappearance of the public funds took no action against Octavian since he subsequently used that money to raise troops against the Senate's archenemy Mark Antony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell196219-49">[45]</a> Octavian made another bold move in 44 BC when, without official permission, he appropriated the annual tribute that had been sent from Rome's <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near Eastern</a> province to Italy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200310-45">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEder200518-51">[47]</a> Octavian began to bolster his personal forces with Caesar's veteran <a href="/wiki/Legionary" title="Legionary">legionaries</a> and with troops designated for the Parthian war, gathering support by emphasizing his status as heir to Caesar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács20039-36">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[48]</a> On his march to Rome through Italy, Octavian's presence and newly acquired funds attracted many, winning over Caesar's former veterans stationed in <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200310-45">[41]</a> By June, he had gathered an army of 3,000 loyal veterans, paying each a bonus of 500 <a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">denarii</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholmFerguson198124,_27-53">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell196220-54">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growing_tensions">Growing tensions</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Octave_(13668015683).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Octave_%2813668015683%29.jpg/170px-Octave_%2813668015683%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Octave_%2813668015683%29.jpg/255px-Octave_%2813668015683%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Octave_%2813668015683%29.jpg/340px-Octave_%2813668015683%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1313" data-file-height="1801" /></a><figcaption>A bust of Augustus as a younger Octavian, dated <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 30 BC. <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Museums" title="Capitoline Museums">Capitoline Museums</a>, Rome</figcaption></figure> Arriving in Rome on 6 May 44 BC, Octavian found consul Mark Antony, Caesar's former colleague, in an uneasy truce with the dictator's assassins. They had been granted a general amnesty on 17 March, yet Antony had succeeded in driving most of them out of Rome with an inflammatory eulogy at Caesar's funeral, mounting public opinion against the assassins.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200310-45">[41]</a> Mark Antony was amassing political support, but Octavian still had the opportunity to rival him as the leading member of the faction supporting Caesar. Antony had lost the support of many Romans and supporters of Caesar when he initially opposed the motion to elevate Caesar to divine status.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200311-55">[51]</a> It is alleged that Antony refused to hand over the money due Octavian as Caesar's adopted heir, possibly on grounds that it would take time to disentangle it from state funds.<a href="#cite_note-56">[52]</a> During the summer, Octavian won the support of Caesarian veterans and also made common cause with those senators—many of whom were themselves former Caesarians—who perceived Antony as a threat to the state. After an abortive attempt by the veterans to reconcile Octavian and Antony, Antony's bellicose edicts against Brutus and Cassius alienated him from the moderate Caesarians in the Senate, who feared a renewed civil war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERawson1994474–476-57">[53]</a> In September, <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Marcus Tullius Cicero</a> began to attack Antony in a <a href="/wiki/Philippicae" title="Philippicae">series of speeches</a> portraying him as a threat to the republican order.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholmFerguson198126-58">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell196230-59">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_conflict_with_Antony">First conflict with Antony</h3></div> With opinion in Rome turning against him and his year of consular power nearing its end, Antony attempted to pass laws that would assign him the province of <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200311–12-60">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell196221-61">[57]</a> Octavian meanwhile built up a private army in Italy by recruiting Caesarian veterans, and on 28 November he won over two of Antony's legions with the enticing offer of monetary gain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESyme1939123–126-62">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200312-63">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell196223-64">[60]</a> In the face of Octavian's large and capable force, Antony saw the danger of staying in Rome and, to the relief of the Senate, he left Rome for Cisalpine Gaul, which was to be handed to him on 1 January.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell196223-64">[60]</a> However, the province had earlier been assigned to <a href="/wiki/Decimus_Junius_Brutus_Albinus" title="Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus">Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus</a>, one of Caesar's assassins, who now refused to yield to Antony. Antony besieged him at <a href="/wiki/Modena" title="Modena">Mutina</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell196224-65">[61]</a> and rejected the resolutions passed by the Senate to stop the fighting. The Senate had no army to enforce their resolutions. This provided an opportunity for Octavian, who already was known to have armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200312-63">[59]</a> Cicero also defended Octavian against Antony's taunts about Octavian's lack of noble lineage and aping of Julius Caesar's name, stating "we have no more brilliant example of traditional piety among our youth."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholmFerguson198129-66">[62]</a> At the urging of Cicero, the Senate inducted Octavian as senator on 1 January 43 BC, yet he also was given the power to vote alongside the former consuls.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200313-67">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell196223-64">[60]</a> In addition, Octavian was granted <a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">imperium</a> <a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">pro praetore</a> (commanding power) which legalized his command of troops, sending him to relieve the siege along with <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Hirtius" title="Aulus Hirtius">Hirtius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Vibius_Pansa_Caetronianus" title="Gaius Vibius Pansa Caetronianus">Pansa</a> (the consuls for 43 BC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200313-67">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESyme1939167-68">[64]</a> He assumed the <a href="/wiki/Fasces" title="Fasces">fasces</a> on 7 January,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishwick2004250-12">[10]</a> a date that he would later commemorate as the beginning of his public career.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell196224-65">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200313-67">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruen2005160-69">[65]</a> Antony's forces were defeated at the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Forum_Gallorum" title="Battle of Forum Gallorum">Forum Gallorum</a> (14 April) and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mutina" title="Battle of Mutina">Mutina</a> (21 April), forcing Antony to retreat to <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Transalpine Gaul</a>. Both consuls were killed, however, leaving Octavian in sole command of their armies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESyme1939173–174-70">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScullard1982157-71">[67]</a> These victories earned him his first acclamation as <a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">imperator</a>, a title reserved for victorious commanders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishwick2004250-12">[10]</a> The Senate heaped many more rewards on Decimus Brutus than on Octavian for defeating Antony, then attempted to give command of the consular legions to Decimus Brutus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell196226–27-72">[68]</a> In response, Octavian stayed in the <a href="/wiki/Po_Valley" title="Po Valley">Po Valley</a> and refused to aid any further offensive against Antony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell196227-73">[69]</a> In July, an embassy of <a href="/wiki/Centurion" title="Centurion">centurions</a> sent by Octavian entered Rome and demanded the consulship left vacant by Hirtius and Pansa<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholmFerguson198132–33-74">[70]</a> and also that the decree should be rescinded which declared Antony a public enemy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell196227-73">[69]</a> When this was refused, he marched on the city with eight legions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell196227-73">[69]</a> He encountered no military opposition in Rome and on 19 August 43 BC was elected consul with his relative <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Pedius_(consul)" title="Quintus Pedius (consul)">Quintus Pedius</a> as co-consul.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200315-75">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell196228-76">[72]</a> Meanwhile, Antony formed an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Lepidus" title="Lepidus">Marcus Aemilius Lepidus</a>, another leading Caesarian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESyme1939176–186-77">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Triumvirate">Second Triumvirate</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Proscriptions">Proscriptions</h4></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antony_with_Octavian_aureus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Antony_with_Octavian_aureus.jpg/300px-Antony_with_Octavian_aureus.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Antony_with_Octavian_aureus.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="194" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aureus" title="Aureus">Aureus</a> bearing the portraits of <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a> (left) and Octavian (right), issued in 41 BC to celebrate the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Triumvirate" title="Second Triumvirate">Second Triumvirate</a>. Both sides bear the inscription "<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><abbr title="Triumvir Reipublicae Constituendae">III vir rpc</abbr>", meaning "One of Three Men for the regulation of the Republic". Caption: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><abbr title="Marcus Antonius">m ant</abbr> <abbr title="Imperator">imp</abbr> <abbr title="Augur">aug</abbr><a href="#cite_note-79">[e]</a> IIIvir rpc <abbr title="Marcus Barbatius">m barbat</abbr> <abbr title="Quaestor Praetor">q p</abbr><a href="#cite_note-80">[f]</a> / caesar <abbr title="Imperator">imp</abbr> <abbr title="Pontifex">pont</abbr> IIIvir rpc.</figcaption></figure> In a meeting near <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bononia</a> in October 43 BC, Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus formed the <a href="/wiki/Second_Triumvirate" title="Second Triumvirate">Second Triumvirate</a>. Their powers were made official by the Senate on 27 November.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200316-81">[75]</a> This explicit arrogation of special powers lasting five years was then legalised by law passed by the <a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">plebs</a>, unlike the unofficial <a href="/wiki/First_Triumvirate" title="First Triumvirate">First Triumvirate</a> formed by <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a>, Julius Caesar, and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus" title="Marcus Licinius Crassus">Marcus Licinius Crassus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200315-75">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScullard1982163-82">[76]</a> The triumvirs then set in motion <a href="/wiki/Proscription" title="Proscription">proscriptions</a>, in which between 130 and 300 senators<a href="#cite_note-84">[g]</a> and 2,000 equites were branded as outlaws and deprived of their property and, for those who failed to escape, their lives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200316-81">[75]</a> This decree issued by the triumvirate was motivated in part by a need to raise money to pay the salaries of their troops for the upcoming conflict against Caesar's assassins, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus" title="Marcus Junius Brutus">Marcus Junius Brutus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Cassius_Longinus" title="Gaius Cassius Longinus">Gaius Cassius Longinus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScullard1982164-85">[78]</a> Rewards for their arrest gave incentive for Romans to capture those proscribed, while the assets and properties of those arrested were seized by the triumvirs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200316-81">[75]</a> Contemporary Roman historians provide conflicting reports as to which triumvir was most responsible for the proscriptions and killing. However, the sources agree that enacting the proscriptions was a means by all three factions to eliminate political enemies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott193319–20-86">[79]</a> Marcus Velleius Paterculus asserted that Octavian tried to avoid proscribing officials whereas Lepidus and Antony were to blame for initiating them. <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> defended Octavian as trying to spare as many as possible, whereas Antony and Lepidus, being older and involved in politics longer, had many more enemies to deal with.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott193319-87">[80]</a> This claim was rejected by Appian, who maintained that Octavian shared an equal interest with Lepidus and Antony in eradicating his enemies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott193320-88">[81]</a> Suetonius said that Octavian was reluctant to proscribe officials but did pursue his enemies with more vigor than the other triumvirs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott193319–20-86">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> described the proscriptions as a ruthless and cutthroat swapping of friends and family among Antony, Lepidus, and Octavian. For example, Octavian allowed the proscription of his ally Cicero, Antony the proscription of his maternal uncle <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Julius_Caesar_(consul_64_BC)" title="Lucius Julius Caesar (consul 64 BC)">Lucius Julius Caesar</a> (the consul of 64 BC), and Lepidus his brother <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Aemilius_Paullus_(consul_50_BC)" title="Lucius Aemilius Paullus (consul 50 BC)">Paullus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott193319-87">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Philippi_and_division_of_territory">Battle of Philippi and division of territory</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Liberators%27_civil_war" title="Liberators' civil war">Liberators' civil war</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S0484.4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/S0484.4.jpg/300px-S0484.4.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/S0484.4.jpg/450px-S0484.4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/S0484.4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="294" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">denarius</a> minted <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 18 BC. Obverse: CAESAR AVGVSTVS; reverse: comet of eight rays with tail upward; DIVVS IVLIV[S] (DIVINE JULIUS).</figcaption></figure> On 1 January 42 BC, the Senate posthumously recognized Julius Caesar as a divinity of the Roman state, divus Iulius. Octavian was able to further his cause by emphasizing the fact that he was divi filius, "Son of the Divine".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESyme1939202-89">[82]</a> Antony and Octavian then sent twenty-eight legions by sea to face the armies of Brutus and Cassius, who had built their base of power in Greece.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200317-90">[83]</a> After two <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Philippi" title="Battle of Philippi">battles at Philippi</a> in Macedonia in October 42, the Caesarian army was victorious and Brutus and Cassius committed suicide. Mark Antony later used the examples of these battles as a means to belittle Octavian, as both battles were decisively won with the use of Antony's forces. In addition to claiming responsibility for both victories, Antony branded Octavian as a coward for handing over his direct military control to <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa" title="Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa">Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa</a> instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200317–18-91">[84]</a> After Philippi, a new territorial arrangement was made among the members of the Second Triumvirate. <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> and the province of Hispania were placed in the hands of Octavian. Antony traveled east to Egypt where he allied himself with Queen <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra</a>, the former lover of Julius Caesar and mother of Caesar's son <a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Caesarion</a>. Lepidus was left with the province of Africa, stymied by Antony, who conceded Hispania to Octavian instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200318-92">[85]</a> Octavian was left to decide where in Italy to settle the tens of thousands of veterans of the Macedonian campaign, whom the triumvirs had promised to discharge. The tens of thousands who had fought on the republican side with Brutus and Cassius could easily ally with a political opponent of Octavian if not appeased, and they also required land.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200318-92">[85]</a> There was no more government-controlled land to allot as settlements for their soldiers, so Octavian had to choose one of two options: alienating many Roman citizens by confiscating their land, or alienating many Roman soldiers who could mount a considerable opposition against him in the Roman heartland. Octavian chose the former.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200318–19-93">[86]</a> There were as many as eighteen Roman towns affected by the new settlements, with entire populations driven out or at least given partial evictions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200319-94">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rebellion_and_marriage_alliances">Rebellion and marriage alliances</h4></div> There was widespread dissatisfaction with Octavian over these settlements of his soldiers, and this encouraged many to rally at the side of <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Antonius_(brother_of_Mark_Antony)" title="Lucius Antonius (brother of Mark Antony)">Lucius Antonius</a>, who was brother of Mark Antony and supported by a majority in the Senate. Meanwhile, Octavian asked for a divorce from <a href="/wiki/Claudia_(wife_of_Octavian)" title="Claudia (wife of Octavian)">Claudia</a>, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Fulvia" title="Fulvia">Fulvia</a> (Antony's wife) and her first husband <a href="/wiki/Publius_Clodius_Pulcher" title="Publius Clodius Pulcher">Publius Clodius Pulcher</a>. He returned Claudia to her mother, claiming that their marriage had never been consummated. Fulvia decided to take action. Together with Lucius Antonius, she raised an army in Italy to fight for Antony's rights against Octavian. Lucius and Fulvia took a political and martial gamble in opposing Octavian however, since the Roman army still depended on the triumvirs for their salaries. Lucius and his allies ended up in a defensive siege at <a href="/wiki/Perusia" title="Perusia">Perusia</a>, where Octavian <a href="/wiki/Perusine_War" title="Perusine War">forced them into surrender</a> in early 40 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200319-94">[87]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Domus-augusti-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Domus-augusti-2.jpg/350px-Domus-augusti-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Domus-augusti-2.jpg/525px-Domus-augusti-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Domus-augusti-2.jpg/700px-Domus-augusti-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3970" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Fresco paintings inside the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Augustus" title="House of Augustus">House of Augustus</a>, his residence during his reign as emperor</figcaption></figure> Lucius and his army were spared because of his kinship with Antony, the strongman of the East, while Fulvia was exiled to <a href="/wiki/Sicyon" title="Sicyon">Sicyon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell196232-95">[88]</a> Octavian showed no mercy, however, for the mass of allies loyal to Lucius. On 15 March, the anniversary of Julius Caesar's assassination, he had 300 Roman senators and equestrians executed for allying with Lucius.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200320-96">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Perusia" title="Perusia">Perusia</a> also was pillaged and burned as a warning for others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell196232-95">[88]</a> This bloody event sullied Octavian's reputation and was criticized by many, such as Augustan poet <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Propertius" class="mw-redirect" title="Sextus Propertius">Sextus Propertius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200320-96">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompey" title="Sextus Pompey">Sextus Pompeius</a>, the son of Pompey and still a renegade general, following Julius Caesar's victory over his father, had established himself in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> as part of an agreement reached with the Second Triumvirate in 39 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScullard1982162-97">[90]</a> Both Antony and Octavian were vying for an alliance with Pompeius. Octavian succeeded in a temporary alliance in 40 BC when he married <a href="/wiki/Scribonia_(wife_of_Octavian)" title="Scribonia (wife of Octavian)">Scribonia</a>, a sister (or daughter) of Pompeius's father-in-law <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Scribonius_Libo_(consul_34_BC)" title="Lucius Scribonius Libo (consul 34 BC)">Lucius Scribonius Libo</a>. Scribonia gave birth to Octavian's only natural child, <a href="/wiki/Julia_the_Elder" title="Julia the Elder">Julia</a>, the same day that he divorced her to marry <a href="/wiki/Livia" title="Livia">Livia Drusilla</a>, little more than a year after their marriage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200320-96">[89]</a> While in Egypt, Antony had been engaged in an affair with Cleopatra and had fathered three children with her.<a href="#cite_note-98">[h]</a> Aware of his deteriorating relationship with Octavian, Antony left Cleopatra; he sailed to Italy in 40 BC with a large force to oppose Octavian, laying siege to <a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brundisium</a>. This new conflict proved untenable for both Octavian and Antony, however. Their centurions, who had become important figures politically, refused to fight because of their Caesarian cause, while the legions under their command followed suit. Meanwhile, in Sicyon, Antony's wife Fulvia died of a sudden illness while Antony was en route to meet her. Fulvia's death and the mutiny of their centurions allowed the two remaining triumvirs to effect a reconciliation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200321-99">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEder200519-100">[92]</a> In the autumn of 40, Octavian and Antony approved the Treaty of Brundisium, by which Lepidus would remain in Africa, Antony in the East, Octavian in the West. The <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a> was left open to all for the recruitment of soldiers, but in reality this provision was useless for Antony in the East. To further cement relations of alliance with Antony, Octavian gave his sister, <a href="/wiki/Octavia_the_Younger" title="Octavia the Younger">Octavia Minor</a>, in marriage to Antony in late 40 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200321-99">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="War_with_Sextus_Pompeius">War with Sextus Pompeius</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bellum_Siculum" title="Bellum Siculum">Bellum Siculum</a></div> Sextus Pompeius threatened Octavian in Italy by denying shipments of grain through the Mediterranean Sea to the peninsula. Pompeius's own son was put in charge as naval commander in the effort to cause widespread famine in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEder200519-100">[92]</a> Pompeius's control over the sea prompted him to take on the name Neptuni filius, "son of <a href="/wiki/Neptune_(mythology)" title="Neptune (mythology)">Neptune</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200322-101">[93]</a> A temporary peace agreement was reached in 39 BC with the <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Misenum" title="Pact of Misenum">Pact of Misenum</a>; the blockade on Italy was lifted once Octavian granted Pompeius Sardinia, <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, Sicily, and the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a>, and ensured him a future position as consul for 35 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEder200519-100">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200322-101">[93]</a> The territorial agreement between the triumvirate and Sextus Pompeius began to crumble once Octavian divorced Scribonia and married Livia on 17 January 38 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200323-102">[94]</a> One of Pompeius's naval commanders betrayed him and handed over Corsica and Sardinia to Octavian. Octavian lacked the resources to confront Pompeius alone, so an agreement was reached with the Second Triumvirate's extension for another five-year period beginning in 37 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScullard1982163-82">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200324-103">[95]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Denarius_Sextus_Pompeius-Scilla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Denarius_Sextus_Pompeius-Scilla.jpg/300px-Denarius_Sextus_Pompeius-Scilla.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Denarius_Sextus_Pompeius-Scilla.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="379" data-file-height="186" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">denarius</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompeius" class="mw-redirect" title="Sextus Pompeius">Sextus Pompeius</a>, minted for his victory over Octavian's fleet. Obverse: the place where he defeated Octavian, Pharus of <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a> decorated with a statue of Neptune; before that galley adorned with aquila, sceptre & trident; MAG. PIVS IMP. ITER. Reverse, the monster <a href="/wiki/Scylla" title="Scylla">Scylla</a>, her torso of dogs and fish tails, wielding a rudder as a club. Caption: PRAEF[ECTUS] CLAS[SIS] ET ORAE MARIT[IMAE] EX S. C.</figcaption></figure> In supporting Octavian, Antony expected to gain support for his own campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a>, desiring to avenge Rome's <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carrhae" title="Battle of Carrhae">defeat at Carrhae</a> in 53 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200324-103">[95]</a> In an agreement reached at <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Tarentum</a>, Antony provided 120 ships for Octavian to use against Pompeius, while Octavian was to send 20,000 legionaries to Antony for use against Parthia. Octavian sent only a tenth of those promised, which Antony viewed as an intentional provocation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200325-104">[96]</a> Octavian and Lepidus launched a joint operation against Sextus in Sicily in 36 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200325–26-105">[97]</a> Despite setbacks for Octavian, the naval fleet of Sextus Pompeius was almost entirely destroyed on 3 September by General Agrippa at the naval <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naulochus" title="Battle of Naulochus">battle of Naulochus</a>. Sextus fled to the east with his remaining forces, where he was captured and executed in <a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a> by one of Antony's generals the following year. As Lepidus and Octavian accepted the surrender of Pompeius's troops, Lepidus attempted to claim Sicily for himself, ordering Octavian to leave. Lepidus's troops deserted him, however, and defected to Octavian since they were weary of fighting and were enticed by Octavian's promises of money.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200326-106">[98]</a> Lepidus surrendered to Octavian and was permitted to retain the office of <a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">pontifex maximus</a> (head of the college of priests) but was ejected from the Triumvirate. His public career at an end, he effectively was exiled to a <a href="/wiki/Villa" title="Villa">villa</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Circeo" title="Mount Circeo">Cape Circei</a> in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScullard1982164-85">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200326-106">[98]</a> The Roman dominions were divided between Octavian in the West and Antony in the East. Octavian ensured Rome's citizens of their rights to property in order to maintain peace and stability in his portion of the empire. This time, he settled his discharged soldiers outside of Italy, while also returning 30,000 slaves to their former Roman owners—slaves who had fled to join Pompeius's army and navy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200326–27-107">[99]</a> Octavian had the Senate grant him, his wife, and his sister <a href="/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs" title="Tribune of the plebs">tribunal</a> <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_immunity" title="Sovereign immunity">immunity</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Sacrosanctity" title="Sacrosanctity">sacrosanctitas</a>, in order to ensure his own safety and that of Livia and Octavia once he returned to Rome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200327–28-108">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="War_with_Antony_and_Cleopatra">War with Antony and Cleopatra</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_of_Actium" title="War of Actium">War of Actium</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_The_Meeting_of_Antony_and_Cleopatra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_The_Meeting_of_Antony_and_Cleopatra.jpg/220px-Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_The_Meeting_of_Antony_and_Cleopatra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_The_Meeting_of_Antony_and_Cleopatra.jpg/330px-Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_The_Meeting_of_Antony_and_Cleopatra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_The_Meeting_of_Antony_and_Cleopatra.jpg/440px-Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_The_Meeting_of_Antony_and_Cleopatra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2838" /></a><figcaption>Anthony and Cleopatra, by <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema" title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema">Lawrence Alma-Tadema</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castro_Battle_of_Actium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Castro_Battle_of_Actium.jpg/220px-Castro_Battle_of_Actium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Castro_Battle_of_Actium.jpg/330px-Castro_Battle_of_Actium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Castro_Battle_of_Actium.jpg/440px-Castro_Battle_of_Actium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Battle of Actium</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Laureys_a_Castro" title="Laureys a Castro">Laureys a Castro</a>, painted 1672, <a href="/wiki/National_Maritime_Museum" title="National Maritime Museum">National Maritime Museum</a>, London</figcaption></figure> Meanwhile, Antony's campaign turned disastrous against Parthia, tarnishing his image as a leader, and the mere 2,000 legionaries sent by Octavian to Antony were hardly enough to replenish his forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200329-109">[101]</a> On the other hand, Cleopatra could restore his army to full strength; he already was engaged in a romantic affair with her, so he decided to send Octavia back to Rome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200329–30-110">[102]</a> Octavian used this to spread propaganda implying that Antony was becoming less than Roman because he rejected a legitimate Roman spouse for an "Oriental <a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">paramour</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200330-111">[103]</a> In 36 BC, Octavian used a political ploy to make himself look less autocratic and Antony more the villain by proclaiming that the civil wars were coming to an end and that he would step down as triumvir—if only Antony would do the same. Antony refused.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEder200520-112">[104]</a> Roman troops captured the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Armenia</a> in 34 BC, and Antony made his son <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Helios" title="Alexander Helios">Alexander Helios</a> the ruler of Armenia. He also awarded the title "<a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">Queen of Kings</a>" to Cleopatra, acts that Octavian used to convince the Roman Senate that Antony had ambitions to diminish the preeminence of Rome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200330-111">[103]</a> Octavian became consul once again on 1 January 33 BC, and he opened the following session in the Senate with a vehement attack on Antony's <a href="/wiki/Donations_of_Alexandria" title="Donations of Alexandria">grants of titles and territories</a> to his relatives and to his queen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200331-113">[105]</a> The breach between Antony and Octavian prompted a large portion of the senators, as well as both of that year's consuls, to leave Rome and defect to Antony. However, Octavian received two key deserters from Antony in the autumn of 32 BC: Munatius Plancus and Marcus Titius.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200332–34-114">[106]</a> These defectors gave Octavian the information that he needed to confirm with the Senate all the accusations that he made against Antony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200334-115">[107]</a> Octavian forcibly entered the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Vesta" title="Temple of Vesta">temple of the Vestal Virgins</a> and seized Antony's secret will, which he promptly publicized. The will would have given away Roman-conquered territories as kingdoms for his sons to rule and designated <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> as the site for a tomb for him and his queen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200334–35-116">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEder200521–22-117">[109]</a> In late 32 BC, the Senate officially revoked Antony's powers as consul and declared war on Cleopatra's regime in Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200335-118">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEder200522-119">[111]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_and_Cupid_from_the_House_of_Marcus_Fabius_Rufus_at_Pompeii,_most_likely_a_depiction_of_Cleopatra_VII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Venus_and_Cupid_from_the_House_of_Marcus_Fabius_Rufus_at_Pompeii%2C_most_likely_a_depiction_of_Cleopatra_VII.jpg/220px-Venus_and_Cupid_from_the_House_of_Marcus_Fabius_Rufus_at_Pompeii%2C_most_likely_a_depiction_of_Cleopatra_VII.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Venus_and_Cupid_from_the_House_of_Marcus_Fabius_Rufus_at_Pompeii%2C_most_likely_a_depiction_of_Cleopatra_VII.jpg/330px-Venus_and_Cupid_from_the_House_of_Marcus_Fabius_Rufus_at_Pompeii%2C_most_likely_a_depiction_of_Cleopatra_VII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Venus_and_Cupid_from_the_House_of_Marcus_Fabius_Rufus_at_Pompeii%2C_most_likely_a_depiction_of_Cleopatra_VII.jpg/440px-Venus_and_Cupid_from_the_House_of_Marcus_Fabius_Rufus_at_Pompeii%2C_most_likely_a_depiction_of_Cleopatra_VII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="662" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption>This mid-1st-century-BC <a href="/wiki/Pompeian_Styles" title="Pompeian Styles">Roman wall painting</a> in the House of Marcus Fabius Rufus, <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>, is most likely a depiction of <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra VII">Cleopatra VII</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Egypt">Ptolemaic Egypt</a> as <a href="/wiki/Venus_Genetrix_(sculpture)" title="Venus Genetrix (sculpture)">Venus Genetrix</a>, with her son <a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Caesarion</a> as <a href="/wiki/Cupid" title="Cupid">cupid</a>, similar in appearance to the now-lost statue of Cleopatra erected by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Venus_Genetrix" title="Temple of Venus Genetrix">Temple of Venus Genetrix</a> (within the <a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Caesar" title="Forum of Caesar">Forum of Caesar</a>). Its owner walled off the room with this painting, most likely in immediate reaction to the execution of Caesarion on orders of Augustus in 30 BC, when artistic depictions of Caesarion would have been considered a sensitive issue for the ruling regime.<a href="#cite_note-120">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[113]</a></figcaption></figure> In early 31 BC, Antony and Cleopatra were temporarily stationed in Greece when Octavian gained a preliminary victory: the navy successfully ferried troops across the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> under the command of Agrippa. Agrippa cut off Antony and Cleopatra's main force from their supply routes at sea, while Octavian landed on the mainland opposite the island of Corcyra (modern <a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a>) and marched south. Trapped on land and sea, deserters of Antony's army fled to Octavian's side daily while Octavian's forces were comfortable enough to make preparations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200337-122">[114]</a> Antony's fleet sailed through the bay of <a href="/wiki/Actium" title="Actium">Actium</a> on the western coast of Greece in a desperate attempt to break free of the <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">naval blockade</a>. It was there that Antony's fleet faced the much larger fleet of smaller, more maneuverable ships under commanders Agrippa and <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Sosius" title="Gaius Sosius">Gaius Sosius</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Battle of Actium</a> on 2 September 31 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200338-123">[115]</a> Antony and his remaining forces were spared by a last-ditch effort from Cleopatra's fleet that had been waiting nearby.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200338–39-124">[116]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Octavian_aureus_circa_30_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Octavian_aureus_circa_30_BCE.jpg/220px-Octavian_aureus_circa_30_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Octavian_aureus_circa_30_BCE.jpg/330px-Octavian_aureus_circa_30_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Octavian_aureus_circa_30_BCE.jpg/440px-Octavian_aureus_circa_30_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1061" data-file-height="1020" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aureus" title="Aureus">Aureus</a> of Octavian, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 30 BC, <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></figcaption></figure> A year later, Octavian <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alexandria_(30_BC)" title="Battle of Alexandria (30 BC)">defeated their forces</a> in Alexandria on 1 August 30 BC—after which <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Cleopatra" title="Death of Cleopatra">Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide</a>. Antony fell on his own sword and was taken by his soldiers back to Alexandria where he died in Cleopatra's arms. Cleopatra died soon after by poisoning, contrary to the popular belief that she was bitten by an <a href="/wiki/Asp_(snake)" title="Asp (snake)">asp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200339-125">[117]</a> Octavian had exploited his position as Caesar's heir to further his own political career, and he was well aware of the dangers in allowing another person to do the same. He therefore followed the advice of the Greek philosopher <a href="/wiki/Arius_Didymus" title="Arius Didymus">Arius Didymus</a> that "two Caesars are one too many", ordering Caesarion killed while sparing Cleopatra's children by Antony, with the exception of Antony's <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Antonius_Antyllus" title="Marcus Antonius Antyllus">older son</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen1990697-126">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScullard1982171-127">[119]</a> Octavian had previously shown little mercy to surrendered enemies and acted in ways that had proven unpopular with the Roman people, yet he was given credit for pardoning many of his opponents after the Battle of Actium.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200349-128">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sole_ruler_of_Rome">Sole ruler of Rome</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Reforms_of_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Reforms of Augustus">Constitutional Reforms of Augustus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Augustan_Rome" title="Propaganda in Augustan Rome">Propaganda in Augustan Rome</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Coinage_reform_of_Augustus" title="Coinage reform of Augustus">Coinage reform of Augustus</a></div> After Actium and the defeat of Antony and Cleopatra, Octavian was in a position to rule the entire republic under an unofficial <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">principate</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruen200534–35-129">[121]</a>—but he had to achieve this through incremental power gains. He did so by courting the Senate and the people while upholding the republican traditions of Rome, appearing that he was not aspiring to dictatorship or monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEder200524–25-130">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruen200538–39-131">[123]</a> Marching into Rome, Octavian and Agrippa were elected as <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consuls</a> by the Senate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200345-132">[124]</a> Years of civil war had left Rome in a state of near lawlessness, but the republic was not prepared to accept the control of Octavian as a despot. At the same time, Octavian could not give up his authority without risking further civil wars among the Roman generals, and even if he desired no position of authority his position demanded that he look to the well-being of the city of Rome and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman provinces</a>. Octavian's aims from this point forward were to return Rome to a state of stability, traditional legality, and civility by lifting the overt political pressure imposed on the courts of law and ensuring free elections—in name at least.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200344–45-133">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_settlement">First settlement</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Constitution of the Roman Empire">Constitution of the Roman Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Constitution_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Constitution of the Roman Empire">History of the Constitution of the Roman Empire</a></div> On 13 January 27 BC, Octavian made a show of returning full power to the Roman Senate and relinquishing his control of the Roman provinces and their armies. Under his consulship, however, the Senate had little power in initiating legislation by introducing bills for senatorial debate. Octavian was no longer in direct control of the provinces and their armies, but he retained the loyalty of active duty soldiers and veterans alike. The careers of many clients and adherents depended on his patronage, as his financial power was unrivaled in the Roman Republic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200345–50-134">[126]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Werner_Eck" title="Werner Eck">Werner Eck</a> states: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The sum of his power derived first of all from various powers of office delegated to him by the Senate and people, secondly from his immense private fortune, and thirdly from numerous patron-client relationships he established with individuals and groups throughout the Empire. All of them taken together formed the basis of his auctoritas, which he himself emphasized as the foundation of his political actions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003113-135">[127]</a></blockquote> To a large extent, the public was aware of the vast financial resources that Octavian commanded. He failed to encourage enough senators to finance the building and maintenance of networks of roads in Italy in 20 BC, but he undertook direct responsibility for them. This was publicized on the Roman currency issued in 16 BC, after he donated vast amounts of money to the <a href="/wiki/Aerarium" title="Aerarium">aerarium Saturni</a>, the public treasury.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200380-136">[128]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_de_L%27Empereur_Auguste_-_MR_99_-_Ma_1278.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Statue_de_L%27Empereur_Auguste_-_MR_99_-_Ma_1278.jpg/170px-Statue_de_L%27Empereur_Auguste_-_MR_99_-_Ma_1278.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Statue_de_L%27Empereur_Auguste_-_MR_99_-_Ma_1278.jpg/255px-Statue_de_L%27Empereur_Auguste_-_MR_99_-_Ma_1278.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Statue_de_L%27Empereur_Auguste_-_MR_99_-_Ma_1278.jpg/340px-Statue_de_L%27Empereur_Auguste_-_MR_99_-_Ma_1278.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2581" data-file-height="4249" /></a><figcaption>Octavian as a magistrate. The statue's marble head was made <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 30–20 BC, the body sculpted in the 2nd century AD (<a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée du Louvre">Louvre</a>, Paris).</figcaption></figure> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Howard_Hayes_Scullard" title="Howard Hayes Scullard">H. H. Scullard</a>, however, Octavian's power was based on the exercise of "a predominant military power and ... the ultimate sanction of his authority was force, however much the fact was disguised."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScullard1982211-137">[129]</a> The Senate proposed to Octavian, the victor of Rome's civil wars, that he once again assume command of the provinces. The Senate's proposal was a ratification of Octavian's extra-constitutional power. Through the Senate, Octavian was able to continue the appearance of a still-functional <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">constitution</a>. Feigning reluctance, he accepted a ten-year responsibility of overseeing provinces that were considered chaotic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200346-138">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScullard1982210-139">[131]</a> The provinces ceded to Augustus for that ten-year period comprised much of the conquered Roman world, including all of Hispania and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Gaul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a>, Cyprus, and <a href="/wiki/%C3%86gyptus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ægyptus">Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200346-138">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruen200534-140">[132]</a> Moreover, command of these provinces provided Octavian with control over the majority of Rome's legions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruen200534-140">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200347-141">[133]</a> While Octavian acted as consul in Rome, he dispatched senators to the provinces under his command as his representatives to manage provincial affairs and ensure that his orders were carried out. The provinces not under Octavian's control were overseen by governors chosen by the Roman Senate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200347-141">[133]</a> Octavian became the most powerful political figure in the city of Rome and in most of its provinces, but he did not have a monopoly on political and martial power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEder200524-142">[134]</a> The Senate still controlled North Africa, an important regional <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">producer of grain</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a>, two strategic regions with several legions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEder200524-142">[134]</a> However, the Senate had control of only five or six legions distributed among three senatorial proconsuls, compared to the twenty legions under the control of Octavian, and their control of these regions did not amount to any political or military challenge to Octavian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEder200524–25-130">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScullard1982211-137">[129]</a> The Senate's control over some of the Roman provinces helped maintain a republican facade for the autocratic principate. Also, Octavian's control of entire provinces followed republican-era precedents for the objective of securing peace and creating stability, in which such prominent Romans as Pompey had been granted similar military powers in times of crisis and instability.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEder200524–25-130">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Change_to_Augustus">Change to Augustus</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Augustus_first_century_aureus_obverse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Augustus_first_century_aureus_obverse.png/220px-Augustus_first_century_aureus_obverse.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Augustus_first_century_aureus_obverse.png/330px-Augustus_first_century_aureus_obverse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Augustus_first_century_aureus_obverse.png 2x" data-file-width="358" data-file-height="353" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aureus" title="Aureus">Aureus</a> minted <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> AD 13, marked: "Caesar Augustus Divi F Pater Patriae"</figcaption></figure> On 16 January 27 BC<a href="#cite_note-147">[139]</a> the Senate gave Octavian the new title of <a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">augustus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200350-14">[11]</a> Augustus is from the Latin word augere (meaning "to increase") and can be translated as "illustrious one" or "sublime".<a href="#cite_note-:0-148">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200350-14">[11]</a> It was a title of religious authority rather than political one, and it indicated that Octavian now approached divinity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEder200524-142">[134]</a> His name of Augustus was also more favorable than Romulus, the previous one which he styled for himself in reference to the story of <a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">the legendary founder of Rome</a>, which symbolized a second founding of Rome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200349-128">[120]</a> The title of Romulus was associated too strongly with notions of monarchy and kingship, an image that Octavian tried to avoid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003149-149">[141]</a> The Senate also confirmed his position as <a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">princeps senatus</a>, which originally meant the member of the Senate with the highest precedence,<a href="#cite_note-150">[142]</a> but in this case it became an almost regnal title for a leader who was first in charge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács20033,_149-151">[143]</a> The honorific augustus was inherited by all future emperors and became the de facto main title of the emperor.<a href="#cite_note-:0-148">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[144]</a> As a result, modern historians usually regard this event as the beginning of his reign as "emperor".<a href="#cite_note-158">[i]</a> Augustus himself appears to have reckoned his "reign" from 27 BC.<a href="#cite_note-159">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[j]</a> Augustus styled himself as Imperator Caesar divi filius, "Commander Caesar son of the deified one". With this title, he boasted his familial link to deified Julius Caesar, and the use of <a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">imperator</a> signified a permanent link to the Roman tradition of victory.<a href="#cite_note-161">[k]</a> He transformed Caesar, a cognomen for one branch of the <a href="/wiki/Julia_gens" title="Julia gens">Julian family</a>, into a new family line that began with him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200350-14">[11]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arch_of_Augustus_at_Ariminum,_dedicated_to_the_Emperor_Augustus_by_the_Roman_Senate_in_27_BC,_the_oldest_Roman_arch_which_survives,_Rimini,_Italy_(19948839545).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Arch_of_Augustus_at_Ariminum%2C_dedicated_to_the_Emperor_Augustus_by_the_Roman_Senate_in_27_BC%2C_the_oldest_Roman_arch_which_survives%2C_Rimini%2C_Italy_%2819948839545%29.jpg/170px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Arch_of_Augustus_at_Ariminum%2C_dedicated_to_the_Emperor_Augustus_by_the_Roman_Senate_in_27_BC%2C_the_oldest_Roman_arch_which_survives%2C_Rimini%2C_Italy_%2819948839545%29.jpg/255px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Arch_of_Augustus_at_Ariminum%2C_dedicated_to_the_Emperor_Augustus_by_the_Roman_Senate_in_27_BC%2C_the_oldest_Roman_arch_which_survives%2C_Rimini%2C_Italy_%2819948839545%29.jpg/340px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3128" data-file-height="4718" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Augustus_(Rimini)" title="Arch of Augustus (Rimini)">Arch of Augustus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rimini" title="Rimini">Rimini</a> (Ariminum), dedicated to Augustus by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a> in 27 BC, is one of the oldest preserved arches in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-:2-162">[151]</a></figcaption></figure> Augustus was granted the right to hang the <a href="/wiki/Civic_Crown" title="Civic Crown">corona civica</a> (civic crown) above his door and to have laurels drape his doorposts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEder200524-142">[134]</a> However, he renounced flaunting insignia of power such as holding a scepter, wearing a diadem, or wearing the golden crown and purple toga of his predecessor Julius Caesar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEder200513-163">[152]</a> If he refused to symbolize his power by donning and bearing these items on his person, the Senate nonetheless awarded him with a golden shield displayed in the meeting hall of the <a href="/wiki/Curia" title="Curia">Curia</a>, bearing the inscription virtus, pietas, clementia, iustitia – "valor, piety, clemency, and justice."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEder200524-142">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács20033-164">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_settlement">Second settlement</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_-_Portrait_of_Emperor_Augustus_-_Walters_2321.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Roman_-_Portrait_of_Emperor_Augustus_-_Walters_2321.jpg/170px-Roman_-_Portrait_of_Emperor_Augustus_-_Walters_2321.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Roman_-_Portrait_of_Emperor_Augustus_-_Walters_2321.jpg/255px-Roman_-_Portrait_of_Emperor_Augustus_-_Walters_2321.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Roman_-_Portrait_of_Emperor_Augustus_-_Walters_2321.jpg/340px-Roman_-_Portrait_of_Emperor_Augustus_-_Walters_2321.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1160" data-file-height="1799" /></a><figcaption>Portraits of Augustus show the emperor with idealized features.</figcaption></figure> By 23 BC, some of the un-republican implications were becoming apparent concerning the settlement of 27 BC. Augustus's retention of an annual consulate drew attention to his de facto dominance over the Roman political system and cut in half the opportunities for others to achieve what was still nominally the preeminent position in the Roman state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells200451-165">[154]</a> Further, he was causing political problems by desiring to have his nephew <a href="/wiki/Marcellus_(nephew_of_Augustus)" title="Marcellus (nephew of Augustus)">Marcus Claudius Marcellus</a> follow in his footsteps and eventually assume the principate in his turn,<a href="#cite_note-168">[l]</a> alienating his three greatest supporters: Agrippa, <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Maecenas" title="Gaius Maecenas">Maecenas</a>, and Livia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2005294-169">[157]</a> He appointed noted republican <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Calpurnius_Piso_(consul_23_BC)" title="Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso (consul 23 BC)">Calpurnius Piso</a> (who had fought against Julius Caesar and supported Cassius and Brutus<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2010259-170">[158]</a>) as co-consul in 23 BC, after his choice <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Terentius_Varro_Murena" title="Aulus Terentius Varro Murena">Aulus Terentius Varro Murena</a> died unexpectedly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndo2000140-171">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaaflaubSamons1993426-172">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells200453-173">[161]</a> In the late spring Augustus had a severe illness and on his supposed deathbed made arrangements that would ensure the continuation of the principate in some form,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern1998108-166">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2005295-174">[162]</a> while allaying senators' suspicions of his anti-republicanism. Augustus prepared to hand down his signet ring to his favored general Agrippa. However, Augustus handed over to his co-consul Piso all of his official documents, an account of public finances, and authority over listed troops in the provinces while Augustus's supposedly favored nephew Marcellus came away empty-handed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEder200525-175">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200356-176">[164]</a> This was a surprise to many who believed Augustus would have named an heir to his position as an unofficial emperor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruen200538-177">[165]</a> Augustus bestowed only properties and possessions to his designated heirs, as an obvious system of institutionalized imperial inheritance would have provoked resistance and hostility among the republican-minded Romans fearful of monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruen200538–39-131">[123]</a> With regards to the principate, it was obvious to Augustus that Marcellus was not ready to take on his position;<a href="#cite_note-Stern,_Gaius_p._23-178">[166]</a> nonetheless, by giving his signet ring to Agrippa, Augustus intended to signal to the legions that Agrippa was to be his successor and that they should continue to obey Agrippa, constitutional procedure notwithstanding.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2005294–295-179">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern1998108-166">[155]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cameo_August_BM_Gem3577.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Cameo_August_BM_Gem3577.jpg/170px-Cameo_August_BM_Gem3577.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Cameo_August_BM_Gem3577.jpg/255px-Cameo_August_BM_Gem3577.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Cameo_August_BM_Gem3577.jpg/340px-Cameo_August_BM_Gem3577.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Blacas_Cameo" title="Blacas Cameo">Blacas Cameo</a> showing Augustus wearing a <a href="/wiki/Gorgoneion" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgoneion">gorgoneion</a> on a three layered <a href="/wiki/Sardonyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardonyx">sardonyx</a> cameo, AD 20–50</figcaption></figure> Soon after his bout of illness subsided, Augustus gave up his consulship. The only other times Augustus would serve as consul would be in the years 5 and 2 BC,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200356-176">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEder200526-180">[168]</a> both times to introduce his grandsons into public life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2010259-170">[158]</a> This was a clever ploy by Augustus; ceasing to serve as one of two annually elected consuls allowed aspiring senators a better chance to attain the consular position while allowing Augustus to exercise wider patronage within the senatorial class.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruen200536-181">[169]</a> Although Augustus had resigned as consul, he desired to retain his consular <a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">imperium</a> not just in his provinces but throughout the empire. This desire, as well as the Marcus Primus affair, led to a second compromise between him and the Senate known as the second settlement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200357-182">[170]</a> The primary reasons for the second settlement were as follows. First, after Augustus relinquished the annual consulship, he was no longer in an official position to rule the state, yet his dominant position remained unchanged over his Roman, 'imperial' provinces where he was still a proconsul.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200356-176">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruen200537-183">[171]</a> When he annually held the office of consul, he had the power to intervene with the affairs of the other provincial proconsuls appointed by the Senate throughout the empire, when he deemed necessary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200356–57-184">[172]</a> A second problem later arose showing the need for the second settlement in what became known as the "Marcus Primus affair".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern1998109-185">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2005299-186">[174]</a> In late 24 or early 23 BC, charges were brought against Marcus Primus, the former proconsul (governor) of Macedonia, for waging a war without prior approval of the Senate on the <a href="/wiki/Odrysian" class="mw-redirect" title="Odrysian">Odrysian</a> kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>, whose king was a Roman ally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells200453-173">[161]</a> He was defended by <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Licinius_Varro_Murena" title="Lucius Licinius Varro Murena">Lucius Licinius Varro Murena</a> who told the trial that his client had received specific instructions from Augustus ordering him to attack the client state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern1998108-166">[155]</a> Later, Primus testified that the orders came from the recently deceased Marcellus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2005300-187">[175]</a> Such orders, had they been given, would have been considered a breach of the Senate's prerogative under the constitutional settlement of 27 BC and its aftermath—i.e., before Augustus was granted imperium proconsulare maius—as Macedonia was a senatorial province under the Senate's jurisdiction, not an imperial province under the authority of Augustus. Such an action would have ripped away the veneer of republican restoration as promoted by Augustus, and exposed his fraud of merely being the first citizen, a first among equals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern1998108-166">[155]</a> Even worse, the involvement of Marcellus provided some measure of proof that Augustus's policy was to have the youth take his place as princeps, instituting a form of monarchy—accusations that had already played out.<a href="#cite_note-Stern,_Gaius_p._23-178">[166]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_the_Emperor_Octavian_Augustus_as_Jupiter_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Statue_of_the_Emperor_Octavian_Augustus_as_Jupiter_1.jpg/170px-Statue_of_the_Emperor_Octavian_Augustus_as_Jupiter_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Statue_of_the_Emperor_Octavian_Augustus_as_Jupiter_1.jpg/255px-Statue_of_the_Emperor_Octavian_Augustus_as_Jupiter_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Statue_of_the_Emperor_Octavian_Augustus_as_Jupiter_1.jpg/340px-Statue_of_the_Emperor_Octavian_Augustus_as_Jupiter_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2536" data-file-height="3676" /></a><figcaption>Augustus as <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a>, holding a scepter and orb (first half of 1st century AD)</figcaption></figure> The situation was so serious that Augustus appeared at the trial even though he had not been called as a witness. Under oath, Augustus declared that he gave no such order.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESyme1939333-188">[176]</a> Murena disbelieved Augustus's testimony and resented his attempt to subvert the trial by using his <a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">auctoritas</a>. He rudely demanded to know why Augustus had turned up to a trial to which he had not been called; Augustus replied that he came in the public interest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESyme1939333-188">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2005300-187">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern1998108-166">[155]</a> Although Primus was found guilty, some jurors voted to acquit, meaning that not everybody believed Augustus's testimony, an insult to the 'August One'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells200453-173">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaaflaubSamons1993426-172">[160]</a> The second settlement was completed in part to allay confusion and formalize Augustus's legal authority to intervene in senatorial provinces. The Senate granted Augustus a form of general imperium proconsulare, or proconsular imperium (power) that applied throughout the empire, not solely to his provinces. Moreover, the Senate augmented Augustus's proconsular imperium into imperium proconsulare maius, or proconsular imperium applicable throughout the empire that was more (maius) or greater than that held by the other proconsuls. This in effect gave Augustus constitutional power superior to all other proconsuls in the empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200357-182">[170]</a> Augustus stayed in Rome during the renewal process and provided veterans with lavish donations to gain their support, thereby ensuring that his status of proconsular imperium maius was renewed in 13 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEder200526-180">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additional_powers">Additional powers</h3></div> During the second settlement, Augustus was also granted the power of a <a href="/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs" title="Tribune of the plebs">tribune</a> (tribunicia potestas) for life, though not the official title of tribune.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200357-182">[170]</a> For some years, Augustus had been awarded tribunicia sacrosanctitas, the immunity given to a <a href="/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs" title="Tribune of the plebs">tribune of the plebs</a>. Now he decided to assume the full powers of the magistracy, renewed annually, in perpetuity. Legally, it was closed to <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patricians</a>, a status that Augustus had acquired some years earlier when adopted by Julius Caesar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruen200536-181">[169]</a> This power allowed him to convene the Senate and people at will and lay business before them, to veto the actions of either the Assembly or the Senate, to preside over elections, and to speak first at any meeting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEder200526-180">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200357–58-189">[177]</a> Also included in Augustus's tribunician authority were powers usually reserved for the <a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">Roman censor</a>; these included the right to supervise public morals and scrutinize laws to ensure that they were in the public interest, as well as the ability to hold a census and determine the membership of the Senate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200359-190">[178]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:August_com_a_%22Pontifex_maximus%22_(detall)_(finals_s._I_aC),_Museu_Nacional_Rom%C3%A0_(Palau_Massimo),_Roma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/August_com_a_%22Pontifex_maximus%22_%28detall%29_%28finals_s._I_aC%29%2C_Museu_Nacional_Rom%C3%A0_%28Palau_Massimo%29%2C_Roma.jpg/170px-August_com_a_%22Pontifex_maximus%22_%28detall%29_%28finals_s._I_aC%29%2C_Museu_Nacional_Rom%C3%A0_%28Palau_Massimo%29%2C_Roma.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/August_com_a_%22Pontifex_maximus%22_%28detall%29_%28finals_s._I_aC%29%2C_Museu_Nacional_Rom%C3%A0_%28Palau_Massimo%29%2C_Roma.jpg/255px-August_com_a_%22Pontifex_maximus%22_%28detall%29_%28finals_s._I_aC%29%2C_Museu_Nacional_Rom%C3%A0_%28Palau_Massimo%29%2C_Roma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/August_com_a_%22Pontifex_maximus%22_%28detall%29_%28finals_s._I_aC%29%2C_Museu_Nacional_Rom%C3%A0_%28Palau_Massimo%29%2C_Roma.jpg/340px-August_com_a_%22Pontifex_maximus%22_%28detall%29_%28finals_s._I_aC%29%2C_Museu_Nacional_Rom%C3%A0_%28Palau_Massimo%29%2C_Roma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Via_Labicana_Augustus" title="Via Labicana Augustus">Head of Augustus</a> as <a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">pontifex maximus</a>, Roman artwork of the late Augustan period, last decade of the 1st century BC</figcaption></figure> With the powers of a censor, Augustus appealed to virtues of Roman patriotism by banning all attire but the classic <a href="/wiki/Toga" title="Toga">toga</a> while entering the Forum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEder200530-191">[179]</a> There was no precedent within the Roman system for combining the powers of the tribune and the censor into a single position, nor was Augustus ever elected to the office of censor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson199480-192">[180]</a> Julius Caesar had been granted similar powers, wherein he was charged with supervising the morals of the state. However, this position did not extend to the censor's ability to hold a census and determine the Senate's roster. The office of the tribunus plebis began to lose its prestige due to Augustus's amassing of tribunal powers, so he revived its importance by making it a mandatory appointment for any plebeian desiring the <a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">praetorship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson1994427-193">[181]</a> Augustus was granted sole imperium within the city of Rome in addition to being granted proconsular imperium maius and tribunician authority for life. Traditionally, proconsuls (Roman province governors) lost their proconsular "imperium" when they crossed the <a href="/wiki/Pomerium" title="Pomerium">Pomerium</a>—the sacred boundary of Rome—and entered the city. In these situations, Augustus would have power as part of his tribunician authority, but his constitutional imperium within the Pomerium would be less than that of a serving consul, which meant that when he was in the city he might not be the constitutional magistrate with the most authority. Thanks to his prestige or auctoritas, his wishes would usually be obeyed, but there might be some difficulty. To fill this power vacuum, the Senate voted that Augustus's imperium proconsulare maius (superior proconsular power) should not lapse when he was inside the city walls. All armed forces in the city had formerly been under the control of the urban praetors and consuls, but this situation now placed them under the sole authority of Augustus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200360-194">[182]</a> In addition, the credit was given to Augustus for each subsequent Roman military victory after this time, because the majority of Rome's armies were stationed in imperial provinces commanded by Augustus through the <a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">legatus</a> who were deputies of the princeps in the provinces. Moreover, if a battle was fought in a senatorial province, Augustus's proconsular imperium maius allowed him to take command of (or credit for) any major military victory. This meant that Augustus was the only individual able to receive a <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumph" title="Roman triumph">triumph</a>, a tradition that began with Romulus, Rome's first king and first triumphant general.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200361-195">[183]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>, Augustus's eldest stepson by Livia, was the only other general to receive a triumph—for victories in Germania in 7 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003117-196">[184]</a> Normally during republican times, the powers Augustus held even after the second settlement would have been split between several people, who would each exercise them with the assistance of a colleague and for a specific period of time. Augustus held them all at once by himself and with no time limits; even those that nominally had time limits were automatically renewed whenever they lapsed.<a href="#cite_note-197">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conspiracy">Conspiracy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Augustus_MAN_Napoli_Inv6040.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Augustus_MAN_Napoli_Inv6040.jpg/170px-Augustus_MAN_Napoli_Inv6040.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Augustus_MAN_Napoli_Inv6040.jpg/255px-Augustus_MAN_Napoli_Inv6040.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Augustus_MAN_Napoli_Inv6040.jpg/340px-Augustus_MAN_Napoli_Inv6040.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2720" data-file-height="4079" /></a><figcaption>A colossal statue of Augustus from the <a href="/wiki/Sodales_Augustales" title="Sodales Augustales">Augusteum</a> of <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a>, seated and wearing a <a href="/wiki/Laurel_wreath" title="Laurel wreath">laurel wreath</a></figcaption></figure> Many of the political subtleties of the second settlement seem to have evaded the comprehension of the plebeian class, who were Augustus's greatest supporters and clientele. This caused them to insist upon Augustus's participation in imperial affairs from time to time. Augustus failed to stand for election as consul in 22 BC, and fears arose once again that he was being forced from power by the aristocratic Senate. In 22, 21, and 19 BC, the people rioted in response and only allowed a single consul to be elected for each of those years, ostensibly to leave the other position open for Augustus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio54html1_54.1],_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio54html6_6],_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio54html10_10]_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio54html1_54.1],_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio54html6_6],_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio54html10_10]-198">[186]</a> Likewise, there was a food shortage in Rome in 22 BC which sparked panic, while many urban plebs called for Augustus to take on dictatorial powers to personally oversee the crisis. After a theatrical display of refusal before the Senate, Augustus finally accepted authority over Rome's grain supply "by virtue of his proconsular imperium", and ended the crisis almost immediately.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEder200526-180">[168]</a> It was not until AD 8 that a food crisis of this sort prompted Augustus to establish a <a href="/wiki/Praefectus_annonae" title="Praefectus annonae">praefectus annonae</a>, a permanent prefect who was in charge of procuring food supplies for Rome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200378-199">[187]</a> There were some who were concerned by the expansion of powers granted to Augustus by the second settlement, and this came to a head with the apparent conspiracy of Fannius Caepio.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern1998109-185">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2005299-186">[174]</a> Some time prior to 1 September 22 BC, a certain Castricius provided Augustus with information about a conspiracy led by Fannius Caepio.<a href="#cite_note-200">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESyme1939483-201">[189]</a> Murena, the outspoken consul who defended Primus in the Marcus Primus affair, was named among the conspirators. The conspirators were tried in absentia with Tiberius acting as prosecutor; the jury found them guilty, but it was not a unanimous verdict.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells200453-173">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2005301-202">[190]</a> All the accused were sentenced to death for treason and executed as soon as they were captured—without ever giving testimony in their defence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2010260-203">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2005301-202">[190]</a> Augustus ensured that the façade of Republican government continued with an effective cover-up of the events.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2005301-202">[190]</a> In 19 BC, the Senate granted Augustus a form of "general consular imperium", which was probably imperium consulare maius, like the proconsular powers that he received in 23 BC. Like his tribune authority, the consular powers were another instance of gaining power from offices that he did not actually hold.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruen200543-204">[192]</a> In addition, Augustus was allowed to wear the consul's insignia in public and before the Senate,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200360-194">[182]</a> as well as to sit in the symbolic chair between the two consuls and hold the <a href="/wiki/Fasces" title="Fasces">fasces</a>, an emblem of consular authority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruen200543-204">[192]</a> This seems to have assuaged the populace; regardless of whether or not Augustus was a consul, the importance was that he both appeared as one before the people and could exercise consular power if necessary. On 6 March 12 BC, after the death of <a href="/wiki/Lepidus" title="Lepidus">Lepidus</a>, he additionally took up the position of pontifex maximus, the high priest of the college of the pontiffs, the most important position in Roman religion.<a href="#cite_note-207">[m]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[n]</a> On 5 February 2 BC, Augustus was also given the title <a href="/wiki/Pater_Patriae" title="Pater Patriae">pater patriae</a>, or "father of the country".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay2004186-211">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003129-212">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stability_and_staying_power">Stability and staying power</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glyptothek_M%C3%BCnchen_%E2%80%93_18.04.2022_%E2%80%93_Augustus_Bevilacqua_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Glyptothek_M%C3%BCnchen_%E2%80%93_18.04.2022_%E2%80%93_Augustus_Bevilacqua_%284%29.jpg/170px-Glyptothek_M%C3%BCnchen_%E2%80%93_18.04.2022_%E2%80%93_Augustus_Bevilacqua_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Glyptothek_M%C3%BCnchen_%E2%80%93_18.04.2022_%E2%80%93_Augustus_Bevilacqua_%284%29.jpg/255px-Glyptothek_M%C3%BCnchen_%E2%80%93_18.04.2022_%E2%80%93_Augustus_Bevilacqua_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Glyptothek_M%C3%BCnchen_%E2%80%93_18.04.2022_%E2%80%93_Augustus_Bevilacqua_%284%29.jpg/340px-Glyptothek_M%C3%BCnchen_%E2%80%93_18.04.2022_%E2%80%93_Augustus_Bevilacqua_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4905" data-file-height="7645" /></a><figcaption>Bust of Augustus wearing the <a href="/wiki/Civic_Crown" title="Civic Crown">Civic Crown</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Glyptothek" title="Glyptothek">Glyptothek</a>, Munich</figcaption></figure> A final reason for the second settlement was to give the principate constitutional stability and staying power in case something happened to Princeps Augustus. His illness of early 23 BC and the Caepio conspiracy showed that the regime's existence hung by the thin thread of the life of one man, Augustus himself, who had several severe and dangerous illnesses throughout his life.<a href="#cite_note-213">[199]</a> If he were to die from natural causes or fall victim to assassination, Rome could be subjected to another round of civil war. The memories of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pharsalus" title="Battle of Pharsalus">Pharsalus</a>, the Ides of March, the proscriptions, Philippi, and Actium, barely twenty-five years distant, were still vivid in the minds of many citizens. Proconsular imperium was conferred upon Agrippa for five years, similar to Augustus's power, in order to accomplish this constitutional stability. The exact nature of the grant is uncertain but it probably covered Augustus's imperial provinces, east and west, perhaps lacking authority over the provinces of the Senate. That came later, as did the jealously guarded tribunicia potestas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESyme1939337–338-214">[200]</a> Augustus's accumulation of powers was now complete. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_and_expansion">War and expansion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Augustus" title="Wars of Augustus">Wars of Augustus</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Iranian_relations" title="Roman–Iranian relations">Roman–Iranian relations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augustus%27_Eastern_policy" title="Augustus' Eastern policy">Augustus' Eastern policy</a></div> By AD 13, Augustus boasted 21 occasions where his troops proclaimed him <a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">imperator</a> after a successful battle. Almost the entire fourth chapter in his publicly released memoirs of achievements known as the <a href="/wiki/Res_Gestae_Divi_Augusti" title="Res Gestae Divi Augusti">Res Gestae</a> is devoted to his military victories and honors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200393-215">[201]</a> Augustus also promoted the ideal of a superior Roman civilization with a task of ruling the world (to the extent to which the Romans knew it), a sentiment embodied in words that the contemporary poet <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> attributes to a legendary ancestor of Augustus: tu regere imperio populos, Romane, memento<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEder200530-191">[179]</a>—"Roman, remember to rule the Earth's peoples with authority!" The impulse for <a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">expansionism</a> was apparently prominent among all classes at Rome, and it is accorded divine sanction by Virgil's Jupiter in Book 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a>, where Jupiter promises Rome imperium sine fine, "sovereignty without end".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200395-216">[202]</a> By the end of his reign, the armies of Augustus had conquered northern Hispania (modern Spain and Portugal) and the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alpine</a> regions of <a href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Raetia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a> (modern Switzerland, Bavaria, Austria, Slovenia), <a href="/wiki/Illyricum_(Roman_province)" title="Illyricum (Roman province)">Illyricum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a> (modern Albania, Croatia, Hungary, Serbia, etc.), and had extended the borders of <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa Proconsularis</a> to the east and south. <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judea</a> was added to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">province of Syria</a> when Augustus deposed <a href="/wiki/Herod_Archelaus" title="Herod Archelaus">Herod Archelaus</a>, successor to <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client king</a> <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a>. Syria (like Egypt after Antony) was governed by a high prefect of the equestrian class rather than by a proconsul or legate of Augustus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200394-217">[203]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiberius_NyCarlsberg01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tiberius_NyCarlsberg01.jpg/170px-Tiberius_NyCarlsberg01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tiberius_NyCarlsberg01.jpg/255px-Tiberius_NyCarlsberg01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tiberius_NyCarlsberg01.jpg/340px-Tiberius_NyCarlsberg01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1492" data-file-height="2093" /></a><figcaption>Bust of <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>, a successful military commander under Augustus who was designated as his heir and successor</figcaption></figure> Again, no military effort was needed in 25 BC when <a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a> (part of modern Turkey) was converted to a Roman province shortly after <a href="/wiki/Amyntas_of_Galatia" title="Amyntas of Galatia">Amyntas of Galatia</a> was killed by an avenging widow of a slain prince from Homonada.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200394-217">[203]</a> The rebellious tribes of <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cantabria" title="Cantabria">Cantabria</a> in modern-day Spain were <a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_Wars" title="Cantabrian Wars">finally quelled in 19 BC</a>, and the territory fell under the provinces of Hispania and <a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a>. This region proved to be a major asset in funding Augustus's future military campaigns, as it was rich in mineral deposits that could be fostered in Roman mining projects, especially the very rich gold deposits at <a href="/wiki/Las_M%C3%A9dulas" title="Las Médulas">Las Médulas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200397-218">[204]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TabulaPeutingerianaMuziris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/TabulaPeutingerianaMuziris.jpg/220px-TabulaPeutingerianaMuziris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/TabulaPeutingerianaMuziris.jpg/330px-TabulaPeutingerianaMuziris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/TabulaPeutingerianaMuziris.jpg/440px-TabulaPeutingerianaMuziris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Muziris" title="Muziris">Muziris</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Chera_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Kingdom">Chera Kingdom</a> of <a href="/wiki/Southern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern India">Southern India</a>, as shown in the <a href="/wiki/Tabula_Peutingeriana" title="Tabula Peutingeriana">Tabula Peutingeriana</a>, with depiction of a "Temple of Augustus" ("Templum Augusti"): an illustration of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Roman_relations" title="Indo-Roman relations">Indo-Roman relations</a> in the period</figcaption></figure> Conquering the peoples of the Alps in 16 BC was another important victory for Rome, since it provided a large territorial buffer between the Roman citizens of Italy and Rome's enemies in <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a> to the north.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200398-219">[205]</a> <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a> dedicated an ode to the victory, while the monumental <a href="/wiki/Tropaeum_Alpium" title="Tropaeum Alpium">Trophy of Augustus</a> near Monaco was built to honor the occasion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200398–99-220">[206]</a> The capture of the Alpine region also served the next offensive in 12 BC, when Tiberius began the offensive against the Pannonian tribes of Illyricum, and his brother <a href="/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus" title="Nero Claudius Drusus">Nero Claudius Drusus</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_campaigns_in_Germania_(12_BC_%E2%80%93_AD_16)" title="Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)">moved against the Germanic tribes</a> of the eastern <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a>. Both campaigns were successful, as Drusus's forces reached the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a> River by 9 BC—though he died shortly after by falling off his horse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200399-221">[207]</a> It was recorded that the pious Tiberius walked in front of his brother's body all the way back to Rome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson1994416-222">[208]</a> To protect Rome's eastern territories from the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a>, Augustus relied on the client states of the east to act as territorial <a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">buffers</a> and areas that could raise their own troops for defense. To ensure security of the empire's eastern flank, Augustus stationed a Roman army in Syria, while his skilled stepson Tiberius negotiated with the Parthians as Rome's diplomat to the East.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200396-223">[209]</a> Tiberius was responsible for restoring <a href="/wiki/Tigranes_V_of_Armenia" title="Tigranes V of Armenia">Tigranes V</a> to the throne of the Kingdom of Armenia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson1994416-222">[208]</a> Arguably his greatest diplomatic achievement was negotiating with <a href="/wiki/Phraates_IV" title="Phraates IV">Phraates IV</a> of Parthia (37–2 BC) in 20 BC for the return of the <a href="/wiki/Vexilloid" title="Vexilloid">battle standards</a> lost by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus" title="Marcus Licinius Crassus">Crassus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carrhae" title="Battle of Carrhae">Battle of Carrhae</a>, a symbolic victory and great boost of morale for Rome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson1994416-222">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200396-223">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosius200696–97,_136–138-224">[210]</a> Werner Eck claims that this was a great disappointment for Romans seeking to avenge Crassus's defeat by military means.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200395–96-225">[211]</a> However, Maria Brosius explains that Augustus used the return of the standards as propaganda symbolizing the submission of Parthia to Rome. The event was celebrated in art such as the breastplate design on the statue <a href="/wiki/Augustus_of_Prima_Porta" title="Augustus of Prima Porta">Augustus of Prima Porta</a> and in monuments such as the <a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Augustus" title="Forum of Augustus">Temple of Mars Ultor</a> ('<a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars the Avenger</a>') built to house the standards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosius200697-226">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBivar198366–67-227">[213]</a> Parthia had always posed a threat to Rome in the east, but the real battlefront was along the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> rivers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200396-223">[209]</a> Before the final fight with Antony, Octavian's campaigns against the tribes in <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a> were the first step in expanding Roman dominions to the Danube.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell196213-228">[214]</a> Victory in battle was not always a permanent success, as newly conquered territories were constantly retaken by Rome's enemies in Germania.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200396-223">[209]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermann_(Arminius)_at_the_battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Forest_in_9_CE_by_Peter_Jannsen,_1873,_with_painting_creases_and_damage_removed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Hermann_%28Arminius%29_at_the_battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Forest_in_9_CE_by_Peter_Jannsen%2C_1873%2C_with_painting_creases_and_damage_removed.jpg/220px-Hermann_%28Arminius%29_at_the_battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Forest_in_9_CE_by_Peter_Jannsen%2C_1873%2C_with_painting_creases_and_damage_removed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Hermann_%28Arminius%29_at_the_battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Forest_in_9_CE_by_Peter_Jannsen%2C_1873%2C_with_painting_creases_and_damage_removed.jpg/330px-Hermann_%28Arminius%29_at_the_battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Forest_in_9_CE_by_Peter_Jannsen%2C_1873%2C_with_painting_creases_and_damage_removed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Hermann_%28Arminius%29_at_the_battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Forest_in_9_CE_by_Peter_Jannsen%2C_1873%2C_with_painting_creases_and_damage_removed.jpg/440px-Hermann_%28Arminius%29_at_the_battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Forest_in_9_CE_by_Peter_Jannsen%2C_1873%2C_with_painting_creases_and_damage_removed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1519" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>Der siegreich vordringende Hermann (The Victorious Advancing <a href="/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius">Hermann</a>), depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Forest" title="Battle of the Teutoburg Forest">Battle of the Teutoburg Forest</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Janssen" title="Peter Janssen">Peter Janssen</a>, 1873</figcaption></figure> A prime example of Roman loss in battle was the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Forest" title="Battle of the Teutoburg Forest">Battle of the Teutoburg Forest</a> in AD 9, where three entire legions led by <a href="/wiki/Publius_Quinctilius_Varus" title="Publius Quinctilius Varus">Publius Quinctilius Varus</a> were destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius">Arminius</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Cherusci" title="Cherusci">Cherusci</a>, an apparent Roman ally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003101–102-229">[215]</a> Augustus retaliated by dispatching Tiberius and Drusus to the Rhineland to pacify it, which had some success although the battle brought the end to Roman expansion into Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson1994417-230">[216]</a> The Roman general <a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a> took advantage of a Cherusci civil war between Arminius and <a href="/wiki/Segestes" title="Segestes">Segestes</a>; at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Idistaviso" title="Battle of Idistaviso">Battle of Idistaviso</a> in AD 16, he defeated Arminius.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson199431-231">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_succession">Death and succession</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Octavianus_Caesar_Augustus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Octavianus_Caesar_Augustus.jpg/220px-Octavianus_Caesar_Augustus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Octavianus_Caesar_Augustus.jpg/330px-Octavianus_Caesar_Augustus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Octavianus_Caesar_Augustus.jpg/440px-Octavianus_Caesar_Augustus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1988" data-file-height="2803" /></a><figcaption>Augustus in a late 16th-century copper engraving by Giovanni Battista Cavalieri. From the book Romanorum Imperatorum effigies (1583), preserved in the Municipal Library of Trento (Italy)</figcaption></figure> The illness of Augustus in 23 BC brought the problem of succession to the forefront of political issues and the public. To ensure stability, he needed to designate an heir to his unique position in Roman society and government. This was to be achieved in small, undramatic and incremental ways that did not stir senatorial fears of monarchy. If someone was to succeed to Augustus's unofficial position of power, he would have to earn it through his own publicly proven merits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruen200550-232">[218]</a> Some Augustan historians argue that indications pointed toward his sister's son Marcellus, who had been quickly married to Augustus's daughter Julia the Elder.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003114–115-233">[219]</a> Other historians dispute this since Augustus's will was read aloud to the Senate while he was seriously ill in 23 BC,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003115-234">[220]</a> indicating a preference for Marcus Agrippa, who was Augustus's second in charge and arguably the only one of his associates who could have controlled the legions and held the empire together.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruen200544-235">[221]</a> After the death of Marcellus in 23 BC, Augustus married his daughter to Agrippa. This union produced five children, three sons and two daughters: <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Caesar" title="Gaius Caesar">Gaius Caesar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Caesar" title="Lucius Caesar">Lucius Caesar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vipsania_Julia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipsania Julia">Vipsania Julia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agrippina_the_Elder" title="Agrippina the Elder">Agrippina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Agrippa_Postumus" title="Agrippa Postumus">Agrippa Postumus</a>, so named because he was born after Marcus Agrippa died. Shortly after the second settlement, Agrippa was granted a five-year term of administering the eastern half of the empire with the imperium of a proconsul and the same tribunicia potestas granted to Augustus (although not trumping Augustus's authority), his seat of governance stationed at <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a> in the eastern <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruen200544-235">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200358-236">[222]</a> This granting of power showed Augustus's favor for Agrippa, but it was also a measure to please members of his Caesarian party by allowing one of their members to share a considerable amount of power with him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200358-236">[222]</a> Augustus's intent became apparent to make his grandsons Gaius and Lucius his heirs when he adopted them as his own children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESyme1939416–417-237">[223]</a> He took the consulship in 5 and 2 BC so that he could personally usher them into their political careers,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScullard1982217-238">[224]</a> and they were nominated for the consulships of AD 1 and 4.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESyme1939417-239">[225]</a> Augustus also showed favor to his stepsons, Livia's children from her first marriage, Nero Claudius Drusus Germanicus (henceforth referred to as Drusus) and Tiberius Claudius (henceforth Tiberius), granting them military commands and public office, though seeming to favor Drusus. After Agrippa died in 12 BC, Tiberius was ordered to divorce his own wife, <a href="/wiki/Vipsania_Agrippina" title="Vipsania Agrippina">Vipsania Agrippina</a>, and marry Augustus's widowed daughter, Julia, as soon as a period of mourning for Agrippa had ended.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003116-240">[226]</a> Drusus's marriage to Augustus's niece <a href="/wiki/Antonia_Minor" title="Antonia Minor">Antonia</a> was considered an unbreakable affair, whereas Vipsania was "only" the daughter of the late Agrippa from his first marriage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003116-240">[226]</a> Tiberius shared in Augustus's tribune powers as of 6 BC but shortly thereafter went into retirement, reportedly wanting no further role in politics while he exiled himself to <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003117-196">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruen200546-241">[227]</a> No specific reason is known for his departure, though it could have been a combination of reasons, including a failing marriage with Julia<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003117-196">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruen200546-241">[227]</a> as well as a sense of envy and exclusion over Augustus's apparent favouring of the younger Gaius and Lucius. (Gaius and Lucius joined the college of priests at an early age, were presented to spectators in a more favorable light, and were introduced to the army in Gaul.)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003117–118-242">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruen200546–47-243">[229]</a> After the deaths of both Lucius and Gaius in AD 2 and 4 respectively, and the earlier death of his brother Drusus (9 BC), Tiberius was recalled to Rome in June AD 4, where he was adopted by Augustus on the condition that he, in turn, adopt his nephew <a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003119-244">[230]</a> This continued the tradition of presenting at least two generations of heirs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003116-240">[226]</a> In that year, Tiberius was also granted the powers of a tribune and proconsul, emissaries from foreign kings had to pay their respects to him and by AD 13 was awarded with his second triumph and equal level of imperium with that of Augustus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003119–120-245">[231]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Cameo_of_France_CdM_Paris_Bab264_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Great_Cameo_of_France_CdM_Paris_Bab264_white_background.jpg/220px-Great_Cameo_of_France_CdM_Paris_Bab264_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Great_Cameo_of_France_CdM_Paris_Bab264_white_background.jpg/330px-Great_Cameo_of_France_CdM_Paris_Bab264_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Great_Cameo_of_France_CdM_Paris_Bab264_white_background.jpg/440px-Great_Cameo_of_France_CdM_Paris_Bab264_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2450" data-file-height="2650" /></a><figcaption>The deified Augustus hovers over Tiberius and other Julio-Claudians in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Cameo_of_France" title="Great Cameo of France">Great Cameo of France</a>.</figcaption></figure> The only other possible claimant as heir was Agrippa Postumus, who had been exiled by Augustus in AD 7, his banishment made permanent by senatorial decree, and Augustus officially disowned him. He certainly fell out of Augustus's favor as an heir; the historian <a href="/wiki/Erich_S._Gruen" title="Erich S. Gruen">Erich S. Gruen</a> notes various contemporary sources that state Agrippa Postumus was a "vulgar young man, brutal and brutish, and of depraved character".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruen200549-246">[232]</a> On 19 August AD 14,<a href="#cite_note-247">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[234]</a> Augustus died while visiting <a href="/wiki/Nola" title="Nola">Nola</a> where his father had died. Both Tacitus and Cassius Dio wrote that Livia was rumored to have brought about Augustus's death by poisoning fresh figs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus1.5-249">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio55.22.2,_56.30-250">[236]</a> This element features in many modern works of historical fiction pertaining to Augustus's life, but some historians view it as likely to have been a salacious fabrication made by those who had favoured Postumus as heir, or other political enemies of Tiberius. Livia had long been the target of similar rumors of poisoning on the behalf of her son, most or all of which are unlikely to have been true.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEveritt2006312–320-251">[237]</a> Alternatively, it is possible that Livia did supply a poisoned fig (she did cultivate a variety of fig named for her that Augustus is said to have enjoyed), but did so as a means of assisted suicide rather than murder. Augustus's health had been in decline in the months immediately before his death, and he had made significant preparations for a smooth transition in power, having at last reluctantly settled on Tiberius as his choice of heir.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003123-252">[238]</a> It is likely that Augustus was not expected to return alive from Nola, but it seems that his health improved once there; it has therefore been speculated that Augustus and Livia conspired to end his life at the anticipated time, having committed all political process to accepting Tiberius, in order to not endanger that transition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEveritt2006312–320-251">[237]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photographs_of_the_Mausoleum_of_Augustus_14_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Photographs_of_the_Mausoleum_of_Augustus_14_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Photographs_of_the_Mausoleum_of_Augustus_14_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Photographs_of_the_Mausoleum_of_Augustus_14_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Photographs_of_the_Mausoleum_of_Augustus_14_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Photographs_of_the_Mausoleum_of_Augustus_14_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Photographs_of_the_Mausoleum_of_Augustus_14_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3176" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Augustus" title="Mausoleum of Augustus">Mausoleum of Augustus</a> restored, 2021</figcaption></figure> Augustus's famous last words were, "Have I played the part well? Then applaud as I exit" ("Acta est fabula, plaudite")—referring to the play-acting and regal authority that he had put on as emperor. An enormous funerary procession of mourners traveled with Augustus's body from Nola to Rome, and all public and private businesses closed on the day of his burial.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003123-252">[238]</a> Tiberius and his son Drusus delivered the eulogy while standing atop two <a href="/wiki/Rostra" title="Rostra">rostra</a>. Augustus's body was coffin-bound and cremated on a pyre close to <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Augustus" title="Mausoleum of Augustus">his mausoleum</a>. It was proclaimed that Augustus joined the company of the gods as a member of the Roman <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_(religion)" title="Pantheon (religion)">pantheon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003124-253">[239]</a> Historian D. C. A. Shotter states that Augustus's policy of favoring the Julian family line over the Claudian might have afforded Tiberius sufficient cause to show open disdain for Augustus after the latter's death; instead, Tiberius was always quick to rebuke those who criticized Augustus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShotter1966210–212-254">[240]</a> Shotter suggests that Augustus's deification obliged Tiberius to suppress any open resentment that he might have harbored, coupled with Tiberius's "extremely conservative" attitude towards religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShotter1966211-255">[241]</a> Also, historian R. Shaw-Smith points to letters of Augustus to Tiberius which display affection towards Tiberius and high regard for his military merits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw-Smith1971213-256">[242]</a> Shotter states that Tiberius focused his anger and criticism on <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Asinius_Gallus" title="Gaius Asinius Gallus">Gaius Asinius Gallus</a> (for marrying Vipsania after Augustus forced Tiberius to divorce her), as well as toward the two young Caesars, Gaius and Lucius—instead of Augustus, the real architect of his divorce and imperial demotion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShotter1966211-255">[241]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Augustus" title="Cultural depictions of Augustus">Cultural depictions of Augustus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Folio_22r_-_The_Virgin,_the_Sibyl_and_the_Emperor_Augustus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Folio_22r_-_The_Virgin%2C_the_Sibyl_and_the_Emperor_Augustus.jpg/220px-Folio_22r_-_The_Virgin%2C_the_Sibyl_and_the_Emperor_Augustus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Folio_22r_-_The_Virgin%2C_the_Sibyl_and_the_Emperor_Augustus.jpg/330px-Folio_22r_-_The_Virgin%2C_the_Sibyl_and_the_Emperor_Augustus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Folio_22r_-_The_Virgin%2C_the_Sibyl_and_the_Emperor_Augustus.jpg/440px-Folio_22r_-_The_Virgin%2C_the_Sibyl_and_the_Emperor_Augustus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="1692" /></a><figcaption>The Virgin Mary and Child, the prophetess <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Vesta,_Tivoli" title="Temple of Vesta, Tivoli">Sibyl Tivoli</a> bottom left and the emperor Augustus in the bottom right, from the <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_duc_de_Berry" class="mw-redirect" title="Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry">Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry</a>. The likeness of Augustus is that of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine emperor">Byzantine emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_Palaiologos" title="Manuel II Palaiologos">Manuel II Palaiologos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-257">[243]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Augustus_kameo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Augustus_kameo.jpg/220px-Augustus_kameo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Augustus_kameo.jpg/330px-Augustus_kameo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Augustus_kameo.jpg/440px-Augustus_kameo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption>The Augustus cameo at the center of the Medieval <a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Lothair" title="Cross of Lothair">Cross of Lothair</a></figcaption></figure> Augustus created a regime which maintained peace and prosperity in the Roman west and the Greek east for two centuries. Its dominance also laid the foundations of a concept of <a href="/wiki/Universal_monarchy" title="Universal monarchy">universal empire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empires</a> down to their dissolutions in 1453 and 1806, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-258">[244]</a> Both his adoptive surname, Caesar, and his title Augustus became the permanent titles of the rulers of the Roman Empire for fourteen centuries after his death, in use both at <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Old Rome</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">New Rome</a>. In many languages, Caesar became the word for emperor, as in the German <a href="/wiki/Kaiser" title="Kaiser">Kaiser</a> and in the Bulgarian and subsequently Russian <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a> (sometimes Csar or Czar). The cult of Divus Augustus continued until the state religion of the empire was changed to Christianity in 391 by <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a>. Consequently, there are many statues and busts of the first emperor. He had composed an account of his achievements, the <a href="/wiki/Res_Gestae_Divi_Augusti" title="Res Gestae Divi Augusti">Res Gestae Divi Augusti</a>, to be inscribed in bronze in front of his mausoleum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius''Augustus''_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsAugustushtml1014_101.4]-259">[245]</a> Copies of the text were inscribed throughout the empire upon his death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács20031–2-260">[246]</a> The inscriptions in Latin featured translations in Greek beside it and were inscribed on many public edifices, such as the temple in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> dubbed the Monumentum Ancyranum, called the "queen of inscriptions" by historian <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Theodor Mommsen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács20032-261">[247]</a> The Res Gestae is the only work to have survived from antiquity, though Augustus is also known to have composed poems entitled Sicily, Epiphanus, and Ajax, an autobiography of 13 books, a philosophical treatise, and a written rebuttal to Brutus's Eulogy of Cato.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson199447-262">[248]</a> Historians are able to analyze excerpts of letters penned by Augustus, preserved in other works, to others for additional facts or clues about his personal life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw-Smith1971213-256">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne191853–66-263">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOhst2023262–268-264">[250]</a> Many consider Augustus to be Rome's greatest emperor; his policies certainly extended the empire's life span and initiated the celebrated Pax Romana or Pax Augusta. The Roman Senate wished subsequent emperors to "<a href="/wiki/Felicior_Augusto,_melior_Traiano" title="Felicior Augusto, melior Traiano">be more fortunate than Augustus and better than Trajan</a>". Augustus was intelligent, decisive, and a shrewd politician, but he was not perhaps as charismatic as Julius Caesar and was influenced on occasion by Livia (sometimes for the worse). Nevertheless, his legacy proved more enduring. The city of Rome was utterly transformed under Augustus, with Rome's first institutionalized <a href="/wiki/History_of_criminal_justice" title="History of criminal justice">police force</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firefighting" title="Firefighting">firefighting</a> force, and the establishment of the municipal <a href="/wiki/Praefectus" title="Praefectus">prefect</a> as a permanent office. The police force was divided into cohorts of 500 men each, while the units of firemen ranged from 500 to 1,000 men each, with 7 units assigned to 14 divided city sectors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200379-265">[251]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Praefectus_vigilum" title="Praefectus vigilum">praefectus vigilum</a>, or "Prefect of the Watch" was put in charge of the <a href="/wiki/Vigiles" title="Vigiles">vigiles</a>, Rome's fire brigade and police.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson1994345-266">[252]</a> With Rome's civil wars at an end, Augustus was also able to create a <a href="/wiki/Standing_army" title="Standing army">standing army</a> for the Roman Empire, fixed at a size of 28 legions of about 170,000 soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200385–87-267">[253]</a> This was supported by numerous <a href="/wiki/Auxilia" title="Auxilia">auxiliary</a> units of 500 non-citizen soldiers each, often recruited from recently conquered areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200386-268">[254]</a> With his finances securing the maintenance of roads throughout Italy, Augustus installed an official <a href="/wiki/Courier" title="Courier">courier</a> system of relay stations overseen by a military officer known as the praefectus vehiculorum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200381-269">[255]</a> Besides the advent of swifter communication among Italian polities, his extensive building of roads throughout Italy also allowed Rome's armies to march swiftly and at an unprecedented pace across the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholmFerguson1981122-270">[256]</a> In the year 6 Augustus established the <a href="/wiki/Aerarium_militare" title="Aerarium militare">aerarium militare</a>, donating 170 million sesterces to the new military treasury that provided for both active and retired soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson19946-271">[257]</a> One of the most enduring institutions of Augustus was the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a> in 27 BC, originally a personal bodyguard unit on the battlefield that evolved into an imperial guard as well as an important political force in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson1994341-272">[258]</a> They had the power to intimidate the Senate, install new emperors, and depose ones they disliked; the last emperor they served was <a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a>, as it was <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a> who disbanded them in the early 4th century and destroyed their barracks, the <a href="/wiki/Castra_Praetoria" title="Castra Praetoria">Castra Praetoria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson1994341,_342-273">[259]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Augustus-in-Kalabsha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Augustus-in-Kalabsha.jpg/170px-Augustus-in-Kalabsha.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Augustus-in-Kalabsha.jpg/255px-Augustus-in-Kalabsha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Augustus-in-Kalabsha.jpg/340px-Augustus-in-Kalabsha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1146" data-file-height="2016" /></a><figcaption>Augustus as <a href="/wiki/Roman_pharaoh" title="Roman pharaoh">Roman pharaoh</a> in an Egyptian-style depiction, a stone carving of the <a href="/wiki/New_Kalabsha" title="New Kalabsha">Kalabsha Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a></figcaption></figure> Although the most powerful individual in the Roman Empire, Augustus wished to embody the spirit of Republican virtue and norms. He also wanted to relate to and connect with the concerns of the plebs and lay people. He achieved this through various means of generosity and a cutting back of lavish excess. In the year 29 BC, Augustus gave 400 sesterces (equal to 1/10 of a Roman pound of gold) each to 250,000 citizens, 1,000 sesterces each to 120,000 veterans in the colonies, and spent 700 million sesterces in purchasing land for his soldiers to settle upon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEder200523-274">[260]</a> He also restored 82 different temples to display his care for the <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman pantheon</a> of deities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEder200523-274">[260]</a> In 28 BC, he melted down 80 silver statues erected in his likeness and in honor of him, an attempt of his to appear frugal and modest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEder200523-274">[260]</a> The longevity of Augustus's reign and its legacy to the Roman world should not be overlooked as a key factor in its success. As Tacitus wrote, the younger generations alive in AD 14 had never known any form of government other than the principate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#3|I.3]]-275">[261]</a> Had Augustus died earlier, matters might have turned out differently. The attrition of the civil wars on the old Republican oligarchy and the longevity of Augustus, therefore, must be seen as major contributing factors in the transformation of the Roman state into a de facto monarchy in these years. Augustus's own experience, his patience, his tact, and his political acumen also played their parts. He directed the future of the empire down many lasting paths, from the existence of a standing professional army stationed at or near the frontiers, to the dynastic principle so often employed in the imperial succession, to the embellishment of the capital at the emperor's expense. Augustus's ultimate legacy was the peace and prosperity the Empire enjoyed for the next two centuries under the system he initiated. His memory was enshrined in the political ethos of the Imperial age as a paradigm of the good emperor. Every emperor of Rome adopted his name, Caesar Augustus, which gradually lost its character as a name and eventually became a title.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003124-253">[239]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Augustan_poetry" title="Augustan poetry">Augustan era poets</a> Virgil and Horace praised Augustus as a defender of Rome, an upholder of moral justice, and an individual who bore the brunt of responsibility in maintaining the empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelsall1976120-276">[262]</a> However, for his rule of Rome and establishing the principate, Augustus has also been subjected to criticism throughout the ages. The contemporary Roman jurist <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Antistius_Labeo" title="Marcus Antistius Labeo">Marcus Antistius Labeo</a>, fond of the days of pre-Augustan republican liberty in which he had been born, openly criticized the Augustan regime. In the beginning of his <a href="/wiki/Annals_(Tacitus)" title="Annals (Tacitus)">Annals</a>, Tacitus wrote that Augustus had cunningly subverted Republican Rome into a position of slavery. He continued to say that, with Augustus's death and swearing of loyalty to Tiberius, the people of Rome traded one slaveholder for another.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarr19525-277">[263]</a> In a 2006 biography on Augustus, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Everitt" title="Anthony Everitt">Anthony Everitt</a> asserts that through the centuries, judgments on Augustus's reign have oscillated between these two extremes. Tacitus was of the belief that <a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a> (r. 96–98) successfully "mingled two formerly alien ideas, principate and liberty".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarr19526-278">[264]</a> The 3rd-century historian <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> acknowledged Augustus as a benign, moderate ruler, yet like most other historians after the death of Augustus, Dio viewed Augustus as an <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocrat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarr19525-277">[263]</a> The poet <a href="/wiki/Lucan" title="Lucan">Marcus Annaeus Lucanus</a> (AD 39–65) was of the opinion that Caesar's victory over Pompey and the fall of <a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Younger" title="Cato the Younger">Cato the Younger</a> (95 BC–46 BC) marked the end of traditional liberty in Rome; historian <a href="/wiki/Chester_Starr" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester Starr">Chester Starr</a> writes of his avoidance of criticizing Augustus, "perhaps Augustus was too sacred a figure to accuse directly."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarr19526-278">[264]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Irish">Anglo-Irish</a> writer <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a> (1667–1745), in his Discourse on the Contests and Dissentions in Athens and Rome, criticized Augustus for installing tyranny over Rome, and likened what he believed Great Britain's virtuous <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> to Rome's moral Republic of the 2nd century BC. In his criticism of Augustus, the admiral and historian <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gordon_(Royal_Scots_Navy_officer)" title="Thomas Gordon (Royal Scots Navy officer)">Thomas Gordon</a> (1658–1741) compared Augustus to the puritanical tyrant <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> (1599–1658).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelsall1976118-279">[265]</a> Thomas Gordon and the French political philosopher <a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a> (1689–1755) both remarked that Augustus was a coward in battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelsall1976119-280">[266]</a> In his Memoirs of the Court of Augustus, the Scottish scholar <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Blackwell_(scholar)" title="Thomas Blackwell (scholar)">Thomas Blackwell</a> (1701–1757) deemed Augustus a <a href="/wiki/Machiavelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Machiavelli">Machiavellian</a> ruler, "a bloodthirsty vindicative usurper", "wicked and worthless", "a mean spirit", and a "tyrant".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelsall1976119-280">[266]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revenue_reforms">Revenue reforms</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AugustusCoinPudukottaiHoardIndia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/AugustusCoinPudukottaiHoardIndia.jpg/220px-AugustusCoinPudukottaiHoardIndia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/AugustusCoinPudukottaiHoardIndia.jpg/330px-AugustusCoinPudukottaiHoardIndia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/AugustusCoinPudukottaiHoardIndia.jpg/440px-AugustusCoinPudukottaiHoardIndia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1496" data-file-height="1479" /></a><figcaption>Coin of Augustus found at the <a href="/wiki/Pudukottai" class="mw-redirect" title="Pudukottai">Pudukottai</a> hoard, from an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Tamil_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Tamil country">ancient Tamil country</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandyan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan Kingdom">Pandyan Kingdom</a> of present-day <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> in India, a testimony to <a href="/wiki/Indo-Roman_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Roman trade">Indo-Roman trade</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>. Caption: AVGVSTVS DIVI F[ILIVS]. (The vertical slice, not part of the original design, was likely an old test cut to make sure the coin was solid rather than a <a href="/wiki/Fourr%C3%A9e" title="Fourrée">fourrée</a>.)</figcaption></figure> Augustus's public <a href="/wiki/Revenue" title="Revenue">revenue</a> reforms had a great impact on the subsequent success of the Empire. Augustus brought a far greater portion of the Empire's expanded land base under consistent, direct taxation from Rome, instead of exacting varying, intermittent, and somewhat arbitrary tributes from each local province as Augustus's predecessors had done. This reform greatly increased Rome's net revenue from its territorial acquisitions, stabilized its flow, and regularized the financial relationship between Rome and the provinces, rather than provoking fresh resentments with each new arbitrary exaction of tribute.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200383–84-281">[267]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HymiariteKingdomAugustusImitation1stCenturyCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/HymiariteKingdomAugustusImitation1stCenturyCE.jpg/220px-HymiariteKingdomAugustusImitation1stCenturyCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/HymiariteKingdomAugustusImitation1stCenturyCE.jpg/330px-HymiariteKingdomAugustusImitation1stCenturyCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/HymiariteKingdomAugustusImitation1stCenturyCE.jpg/440px-HymiariteKingdomAugustusImitation1stCenturyCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1698" data-file-height="1670" /></a><figcaption>1st century coin of the <a href="/wiki/Himyarite" class="mw-redirect" title="Himyarite">Himyarite</a> Kingdom, southern coast of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian peninsula">Arabian peninsula</a>. This is also an imitation of a coin of Augustus.</figcaption></figure> The measures of taxation in the reign of Augustus were determined by population census, with fixed quotas for each province. Citizens of Rome and Italy paid indirect taxes, while direct taxes were exacted from the provinces. Indirect taxes included a 4% tax on the price of slaves, a 1% tax on goods sold at auction, and a 5% tax on the inheritance of estates valued at over 100,000 sesterces by persons other than the <a href="/wiki/Next_of_kin" title="Next of kin">next of kin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson1994404-282">[268]</a> An equally important reform was the abolition of private <a href="/wiki/Tax_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax farming">tax farming</a>, which was replaced by salaried civil service tax collectors. Private contractors who collected taxes for the State were the norm in the Republican era. Some of them were powerful enough to influence the number of votes for men running for offices in Rome. These tax farmers called <a href="/wiki/Publican" title="Publican">publicans</a> were infamous for their depredations, great private wealth, and the right to tax local areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200383–84-281">[267]</a> The use of Egypt's immense land rents to finance the Empire's operations resulted from Augustus's conquest of Egypt and the shift to a Roman form of government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson1994144-283">[269]</a> As it was effectively considered Augustus's private property rather than a province of the Empire, it became part of each succeeding emperor's patrimonium.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson1994144–145-284">[270]</a> Instead of a legate or proconsul, Augustus installed a prefect from the equestrian class to administer Egypt and maintain its lucrative seaports; this position became the highest political achievement for any equestrian besides becoming <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefect" title="Praetorian prefect">Prefect of the Praetorian Guard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson1994145-285">[271]</a> The highly productive agricultural land of Egypt yielded enormous revenues that were available to Augustus and his successors to pay for public works and military expeditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson1994144-283">[269]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Month_of_August">Month of August</h3></div> The month of August (Latin: Augustus) is named after Augustus; until his time it was called <a href="/wiki/Sextilis" title="Sextilis">Sextilis</a> (named so because it had been the sixth month of the original <a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Roman calendar</a> and the Latin word for six is sex). Commonly repeated lore has it that August has 31 days because Augustus wanted his month to match the length of Julius Caesar's July, but this is an invention of the 13th-century scholar <a href="/wiki/Johannes_de_Sacrobosco" title="Johannes de Sacrobosco">Johannes de Sacrobosco</a>. Sextilis in fact had 31 days before it was renamed, and it was not chosen for its length (see <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>). According to a senatus consultum quoted by <a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a>, Sextilis was renamed to honor Augustus because several of the most significant events in his rise to power, culminating in the fall of Alexandria, fell in that month.<a href="#cite_note-286">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation_of_"Italia"">Creation of "Italia"</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a> was established by Augustus in 7 BC with the Latin name "Italia". This was the first time that the <a href="/wiki/Italian_peninsula" title="Italian peninsula">Italian peninsula</a> was united administratively and politically under the same name. Due to this act, Augustus was called the Father of Italy by Italian historians such as G. Giannelli.<a href="#cite_note-287">[273]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Building_projects">Building projects</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a> and <a href="/wiki/De_architectura" title="De architectura">De architectura</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RomaAraPacisDecorazioneVegetale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/RomaAraPacisDecorazioneVegetale.jpg/220px-RomaAraPacisDecorazioneVegetale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/RomaAraPacisDecorazioneVegetale.jpg/330px-RomaAraPacisDecorazioneVegetale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/RomaAraPacisDecorazioneVegetale.jpg/440px-RomaAraPacisDecorazioneVegetale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="908" data-file-height="621" /></a><figcaption>Close up on the sculpted detail of the <a href="/wiki/Ara_Pacis" title="Ara Pacis">Ara Pacis</a> (Altar of Peace), 13 BC to 9 BC</figcaption></figure> On his deathbed, Augustus boasted "I found a Rome of bricks; I leave to you one of marble." Although there is some truth in the literal meaning of this, Cassius Dio asserts that it was a metaphor for the Empire's strength.<a href="#cite_note-dio_56.30.3-288">[274]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">Marble</a> could be found in buildings of Rome before Augustus, but it was not extensively used as a building material until the reign of Augustus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson199434-289">[275]</a> Although this did not apply to the <a href="/wiki/Suburra" title="Suburra">Subura</a> slums, which were still as rickety and fire-prone as ever, he did leave a mark on the monumental topography of the centre and of the <a href="/wiki/Campus_Martius" title="Campus Martius">Campus Martius</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Ara_Pacis" title="Ara Pacis">Ara Pacis</a> (Altar of Peace) and monumental sundial, whose central <a href="/wiki/Gnomon" title="Gnomon">gnomon</a> was an <a href="/wiki/Obelisks_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Obelisks of Rome">obelisk</a> taken from Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003122-290">[276]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a> sculptures decorating the Ara Pacis visually augmented the written record of Augustus's triumphs in the Res Gestae. Its reliefs depicted the imperial pageants of the <a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">praetorians</a>, the Vestals, and the citizenry of Rome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson199432-291">[277]</a> He also built the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Caesar" title="Temple of Caesar">Temple of Caesar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_Tonans" title="Temple of Jupiter Tonans">Temple of Jupiter Tonans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_Palatinus" title="Temple of Apollo Palatinus">Temple of Apollo Palatinus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Agrippa" title="Baths of Agrippa">Baths of Agrippa</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Augustus" title="Forum of Augustus">Forum of Augustus</a> with its <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Mars_Ultor" title="Temple of Mars Ultor">Temple of Mars Ultor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERes_Gestae_Divi_Augusti-292">[278]</a> Other projects were either encouraged by him, such as the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Balbus" title="Theatre of Balbus">Theatre of Balbus</a>, and Agrippa's construction of the <a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a>, or funded by him in the name of others, often relations (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Porticus_Octaviae" title="Porticus Octaviae">Portico of Octavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Marcellus" title="Theatre of Marcellus">Theatre of Marcellus</a>). Even his <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Augustus" title="Mausoleum of Augustus">Mausoleum of Augustus</a> was built before his death to house members of his family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003118–121-293">[279]</a> To celebrate his victory at the Battle of Actium, the <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Augustus,_Rome" title="Arch of Augustus, Rome">Arch of Augustus</a> was built in 29 BC near the entrance of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Castor_and_Pollux" title="Temple of Castor and Pollux">Temple of Castor and Pollux</a>, and widened in 19 BC to include a triple-arch design.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson199434-289">[275]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vienne_-_Temple_d%27Auguste_et_de_Livie_-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Vienne_-_Temple_d%27Auguste_et_de_Livie_-1.jpg/220px-Vienne_-_Temple_d%27Auguste_et_de_Livie_-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Vienne_-_Temple_d%27Auguste_et_de_Livie_-1.jpg/330px-Vienne_-_Temple_d%27Auguste_et_de_Livie_-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Vienne_-_Temple_d%27Auguste_et_de_Livie_-1.jpg/440px-Vienne_-_Temple_d%27Auguste_et_de_Livie_-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3059" data-file-height="2817" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Augustus_and_Livia" title="Temple of Augustus and Livia">Temple of Augustus and Livia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vienne,_Is%C3%A8re" title="Vienne, Isère">Vienne</a>, late 1st century BC</figcaption></figure> After the death of Agrippa in 12 BC, a solution had to be found in maintaining Rome's water supply system. This came about because it was overseen by Agrippa when he served as aedile, and was even funded by him afterwards when he was a private citizen paying at his own expense. In that year, Augustus arranged a system where the Senate designated three of its members as prime commissioners in charge of the water supply and to ensure that Rome's aqueducts did not fall into disrepair.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200379-265">[251]</a> In the late Augustan era, the commission of five senators called the curatores locorum publicorum iudicandorum (translated as "Supervisors of Public Property") was put in charge of maintaining public buildings and temples of the state cult.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200379-265">[251]</a> Augustus created the senatorial group of the curatores viarum (translated as "Supervisors for Roads") for the upkeep of roads; this senatorial commission worked with local officials and contractors to organize regular repairs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200381-269">[255]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_order" title="Corinthian order">Corinthian order</a> of architectural style originating from ancient Greece was the dominant architectural style in the age of Augustus and the imperial phase of Rome. Suetonius once commented that Rome was unworthy of its status as an imperial capital, yet Augustus and Agrippa set out to dismantle this sentiment by transforming the appearance of Rome upon the classical Greek model.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson199434-289">[275]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Residences">Residences</h4></div> The official residence of Augustus was the <a href="/wiki/Domus_Augusti" class="mw-redirect" title="Domus Augusti">Domus Augusti</a> on the Palatine which he made into a palace after buying it in 41/40 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius''Augustus''_72-294">[280]</a> He had other residences such as the <a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Maecenas" title="Gardens of Maecenas">horti maecenati</a> in Rome where Augustus preferred to stay whenever he became ill and which Maecenas left to him in his will in 8 BC. The great villa of <a href="/wiki/Vedius_Pollio" title="Vedius Pollio">Vedius Pollio</a> at <a href="/wiki/Posilipo" class="mw-redirect" title="Posilipo">Posilipo</a> near Naples was beqeathed (probably forced) to him in 15 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_DioBook_LIV_23-295">[281]</a> Augustus built the <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_a_Mare" title="Palazzo a Mare">Palazzo a Mare</a> palace on <a href="/wiki/Capri" title="Capri">Capri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-296">[282]</a> He also built the immense <a href="/wiki/Villa_Giulia_(Naples)" title="Villa Giulia (Naples)">Villa Giulia</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Ventotene" title="Ventotene">Ventotene</a> as a summer residence early in his reign. The family home of Augustus was probably the villa at <a href="/wiki/Somma_Vesuviana" title="Somma Vesuviana">Somma Vesuviana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nola" title="Nola">Nola</a>.<a href="#cite_note-297">[283]</a> This was the location where he died and where his father also died.<a href="#cite_note-298">[284]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_appearance_and_official_images">Physical appearance and official images</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Augusto_capite_velato_04_-_Museo_archeologico_nazionale_delle_Marche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Augusto_capite_velato_04_-_Museo_archeologico_nazionale_delle_Marche.jpg/170px-Augusto_capite_velato_04_-_Museo_archeologico_nazionale_delle_Marche.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Augusto_capite_velato_04_-_Museo_archeologico_nazionale_delle_Marche.jpg/255px-Augusto_capite_velato_04_-_Museo_archeologico_nazionale_delle_Marche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Augusto_capite_velato_04_-_Museo_archeologico_nazionale_delle_Marche.jpg/340px-Augusto_capite_velato_04_-_Museo_archeologico_nazionale_delle_Marche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The veiled head of Emperor Augustus, 1st century BC, <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_the_Marche_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archaeological Museum of the Marche Region">National Archaeological Museum of the Marche Region</a></figcaption></figure> His biographer <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>, writing about a century after Augustus's death, described his appearance as: "... unusually handsome and exceedingly graceful at all periods of his life, though he cared nothing for personal adornment. He was so far from being particular about the dressing of his hair, that he would have several barbers working in a hurry at the same time, and as for his beard he now had it clipped and now shaved, while at the very same time he would either be reading or writing something ... He had clear, bright eyes ... His teeth were wide apart, small, and ill-kept; his hair was slightly curly and inclined to golden;<a href="#cite_note-300">[o]</a> his eyebrows met. His ears were of moderate size, and his nose projected a little at the top and then bent ever so slightly inward. His complexion was between dark and fair. He was short of stature, although Julius Marathus, his freedman and keeper of his records, says that he was five feet and nine inches (just under 5 ft. 7 in., or 1.70 meters, in modern height measurements), but this was concealed by the fine proportion and symmetry of his figure, and was noticeable only by comparison with some taller person standing beside him...",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius''Augustus''_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsAugustushtml79_79]-301">[286]</a> adding that "his <a href="/wiki/Calceus" title="Calceus">shoes</a> [were] somewhat high-soled, to make him look taller than he really was".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius''Augustus''_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsAugustushtml73_73]-302">[287]</a> Scientific analysis of traces of paint found in his official statues shows that he most likely had light brown hair.<a href="#cite_note-303">[288]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:180px;max-width:180px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:232px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:SFEC_BritMus_Roman_Modification1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/SFEC_BritMus_Roman_Modification1.jpg/178px-SFEC_BritMus_Roman_Modification1.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/SFEC_BritMus_Roman_Modification1.jpg/267px-SFEC_BritMus_Roman_Modification1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/SFEC_BritMus_Roman_Modification1.jpg/356px-SFEC_BritMus_Roman_Modification1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="981" data-file-height="1282" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:108px;max-width:108px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:232px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ritratto_di_augusto_con_testa_in_faience,_1-50_dc_ca.,_con_busto_in_oro_di_antonio_gentili_da_faenza,_1580_(museo_argenti).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ritratto_di_augusto_con_testa_in_faience%2C_1-50_dc_ca.%2C_con_busto_in_oro_di_antonio_gentili_da_faenza%2C_1580_%28museo_argenti%29.jpg/106px-Ritratto_di_augusto_con_testa_in_faience%2C_1-50_dc_ca.%2C_con_busto_in_oro_di_antonio_gentili_da_faenza%2C_1580_%28museo_argenti%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ritratto_di_augusto_con_testa_in_faience%2C_1-50_dc_ca.%2C_con_busto_in_oro_di_antonio_gentili_da_faenza%2C_1580_%28museo_argenti%29.jpg/159px-Ritratto_di_augusto_con_testa_in_faience%2C_1-50_dc_ca.%2C_con_busto_in_oro_di_antonio_gentili_da_faenza%2C_1580_%28museo_argenti%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ritratto_di_augusto_con_testa_in_faience%2C_1-50_dc_ca.%2C_con_busto_in_oro_di_antonio_gentili_da_faenza%2C_1580_%28museo_argenti%29.jpg/212px-Ritratto_di_augusto_con_testa_in_faience%2C_1-50_dc_ca.%2C_con_busto_in_oro_di_antonio_gentili_da_faenza%2C_1580_%28museo_argenti%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1836" data-file-height="4008" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: The <a href="/wiki/Mero%C3%AB_Head" title="Meroë Head">Meroë Head</a> of Augustus, bronze <a href="/wiki/Roman_portraiture" title="Roman portraiture">Roman portraiture</a> bust from <a href="/wiki/Mero%C3%AB" title="Meroë">Meroë</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kingdom of Kush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a>, modern Sudan), 27–25 BC<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>Right: The faience head of Augustus, the first half of the 1st century AD, <a href="/wiki/Museo_degli_Argenti" class="mw-redirect" title="Museo degli Argenti">Museo degli Argenti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a></div></div></div></div> His official images were very tightly controlled and idealized, drawing from a tradition of <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_portraiture" title="Hellenistic portraiture">Hellenistic portraiture</a> rather than the tradition of realism in <a href="/wiki/Roman_portraiture" title="Roman portraiture">Roman portraiture</a>. He first appeared on <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_coinage" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman coinage">coins</a> at the age of 19, and from about 29 BC "the explosion in the number of Augustan portraits attests a concerted propaganda campaign aimed at dominating all aspects of civil, religious, economic and military life with Augustus's person."<a href="#cite_note-304">[289]</a> The early images did indeed depict a young man, but although there were gradual changes his images remained youthful until he died in his seventies, by which time they had "a distanced air of ageless majesty", according to the classicist <a href="/wiki/R._R._R._Smith" title="R. R. R. Smith">R. R. R. Smith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-305">[290]</a> Among the best known of many surviving portraits are the <a href="/wiki/Augustus_of_Prima_Porta" title="Augustus of Prima Porta">Augustus of Prima Porta</a>, the image on the <a href="/wiki/Ara_Pacis" title="Ara Pacis">Ara Pacis</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Via_Labicana_Augustus" title="Via Labicana Augustus">Via Labicana Augustus</a>, which depicts him in his role as <a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">pontifex maximus</a>. Several <a href="/wiki/Engraved_gem" title="Engraved gem">cameo portraits</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Blacas_Cameo" title="Blacas Cameo">Blacas Cameo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gemma_Augustea" title="Gemma Augustea">Gemma Augustea</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustan_and_Julio-Claudian_art" title="Augustan and Julio-Claudian art">Augustan and Julio-Claudian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustan_literature_(ancient_Rome)" title="Augustan literature (ancient Rome)">Augustan literature (ancient Rome)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Roman_trade_relations" title="Indo-Roman trade relations">Indo-Roman trade relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_family_tree" title="Julio-Claudian family tree">Julio-Claudian family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Divus_Augustus" title="Temple of Divus Augustus">Temple of Augustus</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> The dates of his rule are contemporary dates; Augustus lived under two calendars, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Roman Republican</a> until 45 BC and the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a> after 45 BC. Due to departures from <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>'s intentions, Augustus finished restoring the Julian calendar in March AD 4 and the correspondence between the proleptic Julian calendar and the calendar observed in Rome is uncertain before 8 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003670–671-1">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> instead gives him the name Caepias,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio''Book_45''_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayereromantextscassius_dio45html1_1]-4">[3]</a> probably a corruption of "Caesar". </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> He was first proclaimed imperator on 16 April 43 BC, after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Forum_Gallorum" title="Battle of Forum Gallorum">Battle of Forum Gallorum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishwick2004250-12">[10]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> His daughter <a href="/wiki/Julia_(daughter_of_Julius_Caesar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Julia (daughter of Julius Caesar)">Julia</a> had died in 54 BC.; his son <a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Caesarion</a> by Cleopatra was not recognized by Roman law and was not mentioned in his will.<a href="#cite_note-Suetonius_Julius-35">[32]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">aug" here refers to the religious office of <a href="/wiki/Augur" title="Augur">augur</a>, not the title "augustus" created in 27 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Sear-78">[74]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_moneyers_during_the_Republic" title="List of Roman moneyers during the Republic">Marcus Barbatius</a> was a moneyer.<a href="#cite_note-Sear-78">[74]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a> estimates that 300 senators were proscribed, while his earlier contemporary <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a> asserted that only 130 senators had been proscribed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern199852–53-83">[77]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> These were <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Helios" title="Alexander Helios">Alexander Helios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_Selene_II" title="Cleopatra Selene II">Cleopatra Selene II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Philadelphus_(son_of_Cleopatra)" title="Ptolemy Philadelphus (son of Cleopatra)">Ptolemy Philadelphus</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Ancient historians, however, often give him a rule of 56 years. None of them seem to agree on the exact start date, though, and often present errors or corruptions in their calculations.<a href="#cite_note-153">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[149]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/53*.html#1">(53.1)</a> indicates that he took the title princeps senatus in 28 BC. However, he also states that Augustus "added five years to his own terms as princeps, since his ten-year period was about to expire (this was in the consulship of <a href="/wiki/Publius_Cornelius_Lentulus_Marcellinus" title="Publius Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus">Publius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Cornelius_Lentulus_(consul_18_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus (consul 18 BC)">Gnaeus Lentulus</a> [18 BC])" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/54*.html#12">(54.12)</a>, meaning that his official tenure as princeps began in 27 BC. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> He was first proclaimed imperator on 16 April 43 BC, after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Forum_Gallorum" title="Battle of Forum Gallorum">Battle of Forum Gallorum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishwick2004250-12">[10]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Officers acted on the orders of Marcellus and Augustus<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern1998108-166">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200355-167">[156]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> The date is provided by inscribed calendars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowersock1990380-205">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[194]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> Dio reports this under 13 BC, probably as the year in which Lepidus died<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowersock1990383-208">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEder200528-209">[196]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Goldsworthy" title="Adrian Goldsworthy">Adrian Goldsworthy</a> such descriptions of color are hard to judge and may mean brown rather than black hair<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy201468-299">[285]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 17em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003670–671-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003670–671_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003">Blackburn & Holford-Strevens 2003</a>, pp. 670–671. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLuke2015" class="citation journal cs1">Luke, Trevor (2015). "Cultivating the memory of Octavius Thurinus". Journal of Ancient History. 3 (2): 242–266. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fjah-2015-0012">10.1515/jah-2015-0012</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2324-8106">2324-8106</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164329002">164329002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ancient+History&rft.atitle=Cultivating+the+memory+of+Octavius+Thurinus&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=242-266&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164329002%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2324-8106&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fjah-2015-0012&rft.aulast=Luke&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio''Book_45''_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayereromantextscassius_dio45html1_1]-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio''Book_45''_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayereromantextscassius_dio45html1_1]_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCassius_Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, Book 45 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/e/roman/texts/cassius_dio/45*.html#1">1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius''Augustus''_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsAugustushtml7_7]-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius''Augustus''_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsAugustushtml7_7]_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius''Augustus''_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsAugustushtml7_7]_6-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Augustus <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus*.html#7">7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2014-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2014_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2014">Goldsworthy 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevick2009" class="citation book cs1">Levick, Barbara (2009). "Caesar's Political and Military Legacy to the Roman Emperors". In Griffin, Miriam (ed.). A Companion to Julius Caesar. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 209.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Caesar%27s+Political+and+Military+Legacy+to+the+Roman+Emperors&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Julius+Caesar&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Levick&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShelton1998" class="citation cs2">Shelton, Jo-Ann (1998), As the Romans Did, Oxford University Press, p. 58</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=As+the+Romans+Did&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Shelton&rft.aufirst=Jo-Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond1957" class="citation cs2">Hammond, Mason (1957), "Imperial Elements in the Formula of the Roman Emperors during the First Two and a Half Centuries of the Empire", Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome, vol. 25, p. <a href="//archive.org/details/memoirsofamerica25ameruoft/page/20" class="extiw" title="iarchive:memoirsofamerica25ameruoft/page/20">21</a> n. 1</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Memoirs+of+the+American+Academy+in+Rome&rft.atitle=Imperial+Elements+in+the+Formula+of+the+Roman+Emperors+during+the+First+Two+and+a+Half+Centuries+of+the+Empire&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=iarchive%3Amemoirsofamerica25ameruoft%2Fpage%2F20%7C21+n.+1&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Mason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESyme1958176,_179,_181–183,_185-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyme1958176,_179,_181–183,_185_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSyme1958">Syme 1958</a>, pp. 176, 179, 181–183, 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishwick2004250-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishwick2004250_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishwick2004250_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishwick2004250_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishwick2004250_12-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFFishwick2004">Fishwick 2004</a>, p. 250. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200350-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200350_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200350_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200350_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200350_14-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESyme1958175,_179-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyme1958175,_179_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSyme1958">Syme 1958</a>, pp. 175, 179. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/2014/8/19/5942585/40-maps-that-explain-the-roman-empire">"40 maps that explain the Roman Empire"</a>. Vox. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180329054214/https://www.vox.com/2014/8/19/5942585/40-maps-that-explain-the-roman-empire">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=40+maps+that+explain+the+Roman+Empire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2F2014%2F8%2F19%2F5942585%2F40-maps-that-explain-the-roman-empire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark2018" class="citation web cs1">Mark, Joshua J. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/augustus/">"Augustus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia" title="World History Encyclopedia">World History Encyclopedia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230628004859/https://www.worldhistory.org/augustus/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Augustus&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Joshua+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Faugustus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRattini2019" class="citation web cs1">Rattini, Kristin (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225171723/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/augustus-caesar">"Augustus Caesar"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/augustus-caesar">the original</a> on 25 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Augustus+Caesar&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Rattini&rft.aufirst=Kristin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fculture%2Farticle%2Faugustus-caesar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius''Augustus''_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsAugustushtml5_5–6]-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius''Augustus''_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsAugustushtml5_5–6]_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Augustus <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus*.html#5">5–6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Day and month according to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Roman calendar</a>, see Suetonius (1914), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus*.html#note:Augustus_birthday">§5, footnote a</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius''Augustus''_1-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius''Augustus''_1_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Augustus 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius''Augustus''_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsAugustushtml1_1–4]-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius''Augustus''_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsAugustushtml1_1–4]_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Augustus <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus*.html#1">1–4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell196214-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell196214_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell196214_23-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRowell1962">Rowell 1962</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholmFerguson198123-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholmFerguson198123_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChisholmFerguson1981">Chisholm & Ferguson 1981</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius''Augustus''_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsAugustushtml4_4–8]-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius''Augustus''_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsAugustushtml4_4–8]_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Augustus <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus*.html#4">4–8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolaus_of_Damascus3-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolaus_of_Damascus3_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicolaus_of_Damascus">Nicolaus of Damascus</a>, 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius''Augustus''_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsAugustushtml8_8.1]-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius''Augustus''_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsAugustushtml8_8.1]_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Augustus <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus*.html#8">8.1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/quintilian/quintilian.institutio12.shtml#6">12.6.1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180225070928/http://thelatinlibrary.com/quintilian/quintilian.institutio12.shtml#6">Archived</a> 25 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelham1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Francis_Pelham" title="Henry Francis Pelham">Pelham, Henry Francis</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Augustus">"Augustus" </a>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 912.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Augustus&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=912&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Pelham&rft.aufirst=Henry+Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suet8.1-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Suet8.1_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suet8.1_30-1">b</a> Suetonius, Augustus <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus*.html#8">8.1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolaus_of_Damascus[httpwwwcsunedu~hcfll004nicolaushtml_4]-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolaus_of_Damascus[httpwwwcsunedu~hcfll004nicolaushtml_4]_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicolaus_of_Damascus">Nicolaus of Damascus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/nicolaus.html">4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell196216-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell196216_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell196216_32-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRowell1962">Rowell 1962</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolaus_of_Damascus[httpwwwcsunedu~hcfll004nicolaushtml_6]-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolaus_of_Damascus[httpwwwcsunedu~hcfll004nicolaushtml_6]_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicolaus_of_Damascus">Nicolaus of Damascus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/nicolaus.html">6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Velleius Paterculus <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Velleius_Paterculus/2C*.html#59.3">2.59.3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Suetonius_Julius-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Suetonius_Julius_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suetonius_Julius_35-1">b</a> Suetonius, Julius <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Julius*.html#83">83</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács20039-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács20039_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács20039_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács20039_36-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell196215-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell196215_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRowell1962">Rowell 1962</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Caesars" title="The Twelve Caesars">Suetonius</a>, Augustus <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus*.html#68">68</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus*.html#71">71</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMihai_Andrei2018" class="citation web cs1">Mihai Andrei (24 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zmescience.com/science/history-science/rome-political-discourse-insults-24082018/">"In ancient Rome, political discourse was sometimes like an internet fight"</a>. ZME Science. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418141034/https://www.zmescience.com/science/history-science/rome-political-discourse-insults-24082018/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ZME+Science&rft.atitle=In+ancient+Rome%2C+political+discourse+was+sometimes+like+an+internet+fight&rft.date=2018-08-24&rft.au=Mihai+Andrei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zmescience.com%2Fscience%2Fhistory-science%2Frome-political-discourse-insults-24082018%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisbergerSeptember_2ET2018" class="citation web cs1">Weisberger, Mindy; September 2, Senior Writer |; ET, 2018 08:11am (2 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/63473-insults-politics-ancient-rome.html">"Think Politics Today Is Ugly? Politicians in Ancient Rome Were Insulting, Too"</a>. Live Science. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210510025811/https://www.livescience.com/63473-insults-politics-ancient-rome.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Live+Science&rft.atitle=Think+Politics+Today+Is+Ugly%3F+Politicians+in+Ancient+Rome+Were+Insulting%2C+Too&rft.date=2018-09-02&rft.aulast=Weisberger&rft.aufirst=Mindy&rft.au=September+2%2C+Senior+Writer+%7C&rft.au=ET%2C+2018+08%3A11am&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F63473-insults-politics-ancient-rome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a>, Civil Wars <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Appian/Civil_Wars/3*.html#9">3.9–11</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> E.g., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCicero" class="citation book cs1">Cicero. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi057.perseus-lat1:16.14">Letters to Atticus</a>. Perseus Digital Library. pp. 16:14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224025904/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:latinLit:phi0474.phi057.perseus-lat1:16.14">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2019. Retrieved 8 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+to+Atticus&rft.pages=16%3A14&rft.pub=Perseus+Digital+Library&rft.au=Cicero&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.perseus.org%2Fcitations%2Furn%3Acts%3AlatinLit%3Aphi0474.phi057.perseus-lat1%3A16.14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay2004160-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay2004160_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMackay2004">Mackay 2004</a>, p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200310-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200310_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200310_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200310_45-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200310_45-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern199820–21-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern199820–21_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSouthern1998">Southern 1998</a>, pp. 20–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern199821-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern199821_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSouthern1998">Southern 1998</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács20039–10-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács20039–10_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács20039–10_48-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, pp. 9–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell196219-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell196219_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell196219_49-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRowell1962">Rowell 1962</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell196218-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell196218_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRowell1962">Rowell 1962</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEder200518-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEder200518_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEder2005">Eder 2005</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a>, Civil Wars <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Appian/Civil_Wars/3*.html#11">3.11–12</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholmFerguson198124,_27-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholmFerguson198124,_27_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChisholmFerguson1981">Chisholm & Ferguson 1981</a>, pp. 24, 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell196220-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell196220_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRowell1962">Rowell 1962</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200311-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200311_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRawson1994">Rawson 1994</a>, p. 472, citing App. BCiv., 3.94. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERawson1994474–476-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawson1994474–476_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRawson1994">Rawson 1994</a>, pp. 474–476. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholmFerguson198126-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholmFerguson198126_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChisholmFerguson1981">Chisholm & Ferguson 1981</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell196230-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell196230_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRowell1962">Rowell 1962</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200311–12-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200311–12_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, pp. 11–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell196221-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell196221_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRowell1962">Rowell 1962</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESyme1939123–126-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyme1939123–126_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSyme1939">Syme 1939</a>, pp. 123–126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200312-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200312_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200312_63-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell196223-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell196223_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell196223_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell196223_64-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRowell1962">Rowell 1962</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell196224-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell196224_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell196224_65-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRowell1962">Rowell 1962</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholmFerguson198129-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholmFerguson198129_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChisholmFerguson1981">Chisholm & Ferguson 1981</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200313-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200313_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200313_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200313_67-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESyme1939167-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyme1939167_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSyme1939">Syme 1939</a>, p. 167. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruen2005160-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGruen2005160_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGruen2005">Gruen 2005</a>, p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESyme1939173–174-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyme1939173–174_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSyme1939">Syme 1939</a>, pp. 173–174. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScullard1982157-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScullard1982157_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScullard1982">Scullard 1982</a>, p. 157. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell196226–27-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell196226–27_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRowell1962">Rowell 1962</a>, pp. 26–27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell196227-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell196227_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell196227_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell196227_73-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRowell1962">Rowell 1962</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholmFerguson198132–33-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholmFerguson198132–33_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChisholmFerguson1981">Chisholm & Ferguson 1981</a>, pp. 32–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200315-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200315_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200315_75-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell196228-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell196228_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRowell1962">Rowell 1962</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESyme1939176–186-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyme1939176–186_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSyme1939">Syme 1939</a>, pp. 176–186. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sear-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sear_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sear_78-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSear" class="citation web cs1">Sear, David R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.davidrsear.com/academy/roman_legends.html">"Common Legend Abbreviations On Roman Coins"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070730185143/http://www.davidrsear.com/academy/roman_legends.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2007. Retrieved 24 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Common+Legend+Abbreviations+On+Roman+Coins&rft.aulast=Sear&rft.aufirst=David+R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.davidrsear.com%2Facademy%2Froman_legends.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200316-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200316_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200316_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200316_81-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScullard1982163-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScullard1982163_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScullard1982163_82-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFScullard1982">Scullard 1982</a>, p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern199852–53-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern199852–53_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSouthern1998">Southern 1998</a>, pp. 52–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScullard1982164-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScullard1982164_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScullard1982164_85-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFScullard1982">Scullard 1982</a>, p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott193319–20-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott193319–20_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott193319–20_86-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFScott1933">Scott 1933</a>, pp. 19–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott193319-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott193319_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott193319_87-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFScott1933">Scott 1933</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott193320-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott193320_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScott1933">Scott 1933</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESyme1939202-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyme1939202_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSyme1939">Syme 1939</a>, p. 202. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200317-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200317_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200317–18-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200317–18_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, pp. 17–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200318-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200318_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200318_92-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200318–19-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200318–19_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, pp. 18–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200319-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200319_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200319_94-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell196232-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell196232_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell196232_95-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRowell1962">Rowell 1962</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200320-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200320_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200320_96-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200320_96-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScullard1982162-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScullard1982162_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScullard1982">Scullard 1982</a>, p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200321-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200321_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200321_99-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEder200519-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEder200519_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEder200519_100-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEder200519_100-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEder2005">Eder 2005</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200322-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200322_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200322_101-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200323-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200323_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200324-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200324_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200324_103-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200325-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200325_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200325–26-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200325–26_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, pp. 25–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200326-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200326_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200326_106-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200326–27-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200326–27_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, pp. 26–27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200327–28-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200327–28_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, pp. 27–28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200329-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200329_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200329–30-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200329–30_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, pp. 29–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200330-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200330_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200330_111-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEder200520-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEder200520_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEder2005">Eder 2005</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200331-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200331_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200332–34-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200332–34_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, pp. 32–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200334-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200334_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200334–35-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200334–35_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, pp. 34–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEder200521–22-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEder200521–22_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEder2005">Eder 2005</a>, pp. 21–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200335-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200335_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEder200522-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEder200522_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEder2005">Eder 2005</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoller2010" class="citation book cs1">Roller, Duane W. (2010). Cleopatra: a biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536553-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536553-5"><bdi>978-0-19-536553-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cleopatra%3A+a+biography&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Oxford%3A+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-536553-5&rft.aulast=Roller&rft.aufirst=Duane+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2008" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Susan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180310091735/https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0068246200000404">Cleopatra in Pompeii?</a>. Papers of the British School at Rome. Vol. 76. pp. 35, 42–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0068246200000404">10.1017/S0068246200000404</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:62829223">62829223</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0068246200000404">the original</a> on 10 March 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cleopatra+in+Pompeii%3F&rft.series=Papers+of+the+British+School+at+Rome&rft.pages=35%2C+42-44&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0068246200000404&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A62829223%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fservices%2Faop-cambridge-core%2Fcontent%2Fview%2FS0068246200000404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200337-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200337_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200338-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200338_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200338–39-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200338–39_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, pp. 38–39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200339-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200339_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen1990697-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen1990697_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreen1990">Green 1990</a>, p. 697. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScullard1982171-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScullard1982171_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScullard1982">Scullard 1982</a>, p. 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200349-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200349_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200349_128-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruen200534–35-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGruen200534–35_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGruen2005">Gruen 2005</a>, pp. 34–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEder200524–25-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEder200524–25_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEder200524–25_130-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEder200524–25_130-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEder2005">Eder 2005</a>, pp. 24–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruen200538–39-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGruen200538–39_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGruen200538–39_131-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGruen2005">Gruen 2005</a>, pp. 38–39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200345-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200345_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200344–45-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200344–45_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, pp. 44–45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200345–50-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200345–50_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, pp. 45–50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003113-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003113_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200380-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200380_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScullard1982211-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScullard1982211_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScullard1982211_137-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFScullard1982">Scullard 1982</a>, p. 211. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200346-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200346_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200346_138-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScullard1982210-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScullard1982210_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScullard1982">Scullard 1982</a>, p. 210. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruen200534-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGruen200534_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGruen200534_140-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGruen2005">Gruen 2005</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200347-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200347_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200347_141-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEder200524-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEder200524_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEder200524_142-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEder200524_142-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEder200524_142-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEder200524_142-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFEder2005">Eder 2005</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Inscriptiones_Latinae_Selectae" title="Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae">InscrIt-13-02</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118182420/http://oracle-vm.ku-eichstaett.de:8888/epigr/epieinzel_en?p_belegstelle=InscrIt-13-02%2C+00017&r_sortierung=Belegstelle">00017</a>: XVII –<a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Kalendas Februarias</a> – c(omitialis) Imp(erator) Caesar [Augustus est a]ppell[a]tus ipso VII et Agrip[pa III co(n)s(ulibus)]. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum" title="Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum">CIL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel.php?s_sprache=de&p_belegstelle=CIL+10%2C+08375">8375</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210608013701/http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel.php?s_sprache=de&p_belegstelle=CIL+10,+08375">Archived</a> 8 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: "[X]VII K(alendas) Febr(uarias) eo di[e Caesar Augustu]s appellatus est supplicatio Augusto". </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8738/pg8738.html">587–590</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210608013703/https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8738/pg8738.html">Archived</a> 8 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: "<a href="/wiki/Ides_(calendar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ides (calendar)">Id.</a> [...] Populo provinciae redditae. Octaviano Augusti nomen datum". </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Censorinus" title="Censorinus">Censorinus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Censorinus/text*.html#21.8">XXI.8</a> : "quamvis ex ante diem XVI kal. Febr. imperator Caesar". The number is right, but the phrasing is not. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Fasti_Praenestini" class="mw-redirect" title="Fasti Praenestini">Fasti Praenestini</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[135]</a><a href="/wiki/Feriale_Cumanum" class="mw-redirect" title="Feriale Cumanum">Feriale Cumanum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ovid%27s_Fasti" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovid's Fasti">Ovid's Fasti</a> gives 13 January, the very same date in which the Senate powers were "restored".<a href="#cite_note-145">[137]</a> The 3rd century <a href="/wiki/Censorinus" title="Censorinus">De die Natali</a> gives 17 January, a mistake.<a href="#cite_note-146">[138]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_148-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrothmann2006" class="citation journal cs1">Strothmann, Meret (Bochum) (1 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/augustus-2-e12220040">"Augustus [2]"</a>. Brill's New Pauly.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brill%27s+New+Pauly&rft.atitle=Augustus+%5B2%5D&rft.date=2006-10-01&rft.aulast=Strothmann&rft.aufirst=Meret+%28Bochum%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fbrill-s-new-pauly%2Faugustus-2-e12220040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003149-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003149_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2007" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, John (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100345995">"Princeps senatus"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9780192801463">Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Reference" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Reference">Oxford Reference</a>. p. 858. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192801463.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780192801463.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280146-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280146-3"><bdi>978-0-19-280146-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Princeps+senatus&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Classical+World&rft.pages=858&rft.pub=Oxford+Reference&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192801463.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280146-3&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foi%2Fauthority.20110803100345995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács20033,_149-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács20033,_149_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, pp. 3, 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond1957" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mason_Hammond" title="Mason Hammond">Hammond, Mason</a> (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4238646">"Imperial Elements in the Formula of the Roman Emperors during the First Two and a Half Centuries of the Empire"</a>. Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 25: 29–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4238646">10.2307/4238646</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4238646">4238646</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Memoirs+of+the+American+Academy+in+Rome&rft.atitle=Imperial+Elements+in+the+Formula+of+the+Roman+Emperors+during+the+First+Two+and+a+Half+Centuries+of+the+Empire&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=29-31&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4238646&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4238646%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Mason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4238646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> (1st century), <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_War" title="The Jewish War">The Jewish War</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2850/pg2850-images.html">Book II, 9</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211209203545/https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2850/pg2850-images.html">Archive</a>). "Fifty-seven years, six months, and two days", which seems to give 17 February 44 BC. He actually reckons his reign from 15 March 44 BC, Caesar's murder, to 17 September AD 14, Tiberius's formal accession, see <a href="#CITEREFBurgess2014">Burgess 2014</a>, pp. 39–43 </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a> (121) <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Augustus">Life of Augustus</a> 8, "With Antony alone for nearly twelve years, and finally by himself for forty-four." 56 years in total (from 43 BC). </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Theophilus_of_Antioch" title="Theophilus of Antioch">Theophilus</a> (180–192), <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Ante-Nicene_Christian_Library_Vol_3.djvu/142">To Autolycus</a> XXVII (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207223048/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Ante-Nicene_Christian_Library_Vol_3.djvu/142">Archive</a>). "56 years 4 months 1 day" (repeated in the <a href="/wiki/Chronograph_of_354" title="Chronograph of 354">Chronograph of 354</a>): 18 April; referencing either his victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mutina" title="Battle of Mutina">Battle of Mutina</a> (21 April) or, more likely, his first acclamation as <a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">imperator</a> (16 April). </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> (230). <a href="/wiki/Historia_Romana" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia Romana">Historia Romana</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/56*.html#30">56, 30</a>. "Forty-four years lacking thirteen days." Dio is one of the few writers that reckons from the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Battle of Actium</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> (4th century), <a href="/wiki/Chronicon_(Jerome)" title="Chronicon (Jerome)">Chronicon</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.attalus.org/translate/jerome2.html">184.2.</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120609023200/http://www.attalus.org/translate/jerome2.html">Archive</a>) "56 years and 6 months", which appears to give February/March 43 BC. This incorrect calculation is followed by most later historians. The error derives from an extra year given to Julius Caesar's "reign", which in turn lead to the subtraction of one year from Augustus, see <a href="#CITEREFBurgess2014">Burgess 2014</a>, pp. 38–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Res_Gestae_Divi_Augusti" title="Res Gestae Divi Augusti">Res Gestae</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Augustus/Res_Gestae/1*.html#">I.7</a>, "For ten years in succession I was one of the triumvirs for the re-establishment of the constitution. To the day of writing this [June/July AD 14] I have been <a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">princeps senatus</a> for forty years." </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-162"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_162-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://riminiturismo.it/visitatori/scopri-il-territorio/arte-e-cultura/archi-e-porte/arco-daugusto">"Arco d'Augusto"</a> [Arch of Augustus]. riminiturismo.it (in Italian). 18 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116214941/https://riminiturismo.it/visitatori/scopri-il-territorio/arte-e-cultura/archi-e-porte/arco-daugusto">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2024. Retrieved 16 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=riminiturismo.it&rft.atitle=Arco+d%27Augusto&rft.date=2021-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Friminiturismo.it%2Fvisitatori%2Fscopri-il-territorio%2Farte-e-cultura%2Farchi-e-porte%2Farco-daugusto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEder200513-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEder200513_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEder2005">Eder 2005</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács20033-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács20033_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells200451-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells200451_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells2004">Wells 2004</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern1998108-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern1998108_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern1998108_166-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern1998108_166-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern1998108_166-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern1998108_166-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern1998108_166-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFSouthern1998">Southern 1998</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200355-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200355_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2005294-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolland2005294_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHolland2005">Holland 2005</a>, p. 294. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2010259-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2010259_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2010259_170-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavies2010">Davies 2010</a>, p. 259. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndo2000140-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndo2000140_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndo2000">Ando 2000</a>, p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaaflaubSamons1993426-172">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaaflaubSamons1993426_172-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaaflaubSamons1993426_172-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaaflaubSamons1993">Raaflaub & Samons 1993</a>, p. 426. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells200453-173">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells200453_173-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells200453_173-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells200453_173-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells200453_173-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells2004">Wells 2004</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2005295-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolland2005295_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHolland2005">Holland 2005</a>, p. 295. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEder200525-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEder200525_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEder2005">Eder 2005</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200356-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200356_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200356_176-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200356_176-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruen200538-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGruen200538_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGruen2005">Gruen 2005</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-Stern,_Gaius_p._23-178">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stern,_Gaius_p._23_178-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stern,_Gaius_p._23_178-1">b</a> Stern, Gaius (2006), Women, children, and senators on the Ara Pacis Augustae: A study of Augustus's vision of a new world order in 13 BC, p. 23 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2005294–295-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolland2005294–295_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHolland2005">Holland 2005</a>, pp. 294–295. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEder200526-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEder200526_180-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEder200526_180-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEder200526_180-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEder200526_180-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFEder2005">Eder 2005</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruen200536-181">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGruen200536_181-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGruen200536_181-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGruen2005">Gruen 2005</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200357-182">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200357_182-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200357_182-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200357_182-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruen200537-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGruen200537_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGruen2005">Gruen 2005</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200356–57-184"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200356–57_184-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, pp. 56–57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern1998109-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern1998109_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern1998109_185-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSouthern1998">Southern 1998</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2005299-186">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolland2005299_186-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolland2005299_186-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHolland2005">Holland 2005</a>, p. 299. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2005300-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolland2005300_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolland2005300_187-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHolland2005">Holland 2005</a>, p. 300. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESyme1939333-188">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyme1939333_188-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyme1939333_188-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSyme1939">Syme 1939</a>, p. 333. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200357–58-189"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200357–58_189-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, pp. 57–58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200359-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200359_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEder200530-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEder200530_191-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEder200530_191-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEder2005">Eder 2005</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson199480-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunson199480_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBunson1994">Bunson 1994</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson1994427-193"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunson1994427_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBunson1994">Bunson 1994</a>, p. 427. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200360-194">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200360_194-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200360_194-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200361-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200361_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003117-196">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003117_196-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003117_196-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003117_196-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Rome/Augustan-art-and-literature#ref26662">Ancient Rome</a> at <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210301021228/https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Rome/Augustan-art-and-literature#ref26662">Archived</a> 1 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio54html1_54.1],_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio54html6_6],_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio54html10_10]-198"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio54html1_54.1],_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio54html6_6],_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio54html10_10]_198-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCassius_Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/54*.html#1">54.1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/54*.html#6">6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/54*.html#10">10</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200378-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200378_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> Swan, p. 241 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESyme1939483-201"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyme1939483_201-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSyme1939">Syme 1939</a>, p. 483. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2005301-202">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolland2005301_202-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolland2005301_202-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolland2005301_202-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHolland2005">Holland 2005</a>, p. 301. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2010260-203"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2010260_203-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavies2010">Davies 2010</a>, p. 260. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruen200543-204">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGruen200543_204-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGruen200543_204-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGruen2005">Gruen 2005</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowersock1990380-205"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowersock1990380_205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowersock1990">Bowersock 1990</a>, p. 380. </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> see also Augustus, <a href="/wiki/Res_Gestae_Divi_Augusti" title="Res Gestae Divi Augusti">Res Gestae</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Augustus/Res_Gestae/2*.html#10">10.2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowersock1990383-208"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowersock1990383_208-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowersock1990">Bowersock 1990</a>, p. 383. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEder200528-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEder200528_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEder2005">Eder 2005</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay2004186-211"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay2004186_211-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMackay2004">Mackay 2004</a>, p. 186. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003129-212"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003129_212-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Caesars" title="The Twelve Caesars">Suetonius</a>, Augustus <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus*.html#81">81</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESyme1939337–338-214"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyme1939337–338_214-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSyme1939">Syme 1939</a>, pp. 337–338. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200393-215"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200393_215-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200395-216"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200395_216-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200394-217">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200394_217-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200394_217-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200397-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200397_218-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200398-219"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200398_219-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200398–99-220"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200398–99_220-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, pp. 98–99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200399-221"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200399_221-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson1994416-222">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunson1994416_222-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunson1994416_222-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunson1994416_222-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBunson1994">Bunson 1994</a>, p. 416. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200396-223">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200396_223-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200396_223-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200396_223-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200396_223-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosius200696–97,_136–138-224"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrosius200696–97,_136–138_224-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrosius2006">Brosius 2006</a>, pp. 96–97, 136–138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200395–96-225"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200395–96_225-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, pp. 95–96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosius200697-226"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrosius200697_226-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrosius2006">Brosius 2006</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBivar198366–67-227"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBivar198366–67_227-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBivar1983">Bivar 1983</a>, pp. 66–67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell196213-228"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell196213_228-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRowell1962">Rowell 1962</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003101–102-229"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003101–102_229-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, pp. 101–102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson1994417-230"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunson1994417_230-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBunson1994">Bunson 1994</a>, p. 417. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson199431-231"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunson199431_231-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBunson1994">Bunson 1994</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruen200550-232"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGruen200550_232-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGruen2005">Gruen 2005</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003114–115-233"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003114–115_233-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, pp. 114–115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003115-234"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003115_234-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruen200544-235">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGruen200544_235-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGruen200544_235-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGruen2005">Gruen 2005</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200358-236">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200358_236-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200358_236-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESyme1939416–417-237"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyme1939416–417_237-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSyme1939">Syme 1939</a>, pp. 416–417. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScullard1982217-238"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScullard1982217_238-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScullard1982">Scullard 1982</a>, p. 217. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESyme1939417-239"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyme1939417_239-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSyme1939">Syme 1939</a>, p. 417. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003116-240">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003116_240-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003116_240-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003116_240-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruen200546-241">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGruen200546_241-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGruen200546_241-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGruen2005">Gruen 2005</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003117–118-242"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003117–118_242-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, pp. 117–118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruen200546–47-243"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGruen200546–47_243-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGruen2005">Gruen 2005</a>, pp. 46–47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003119-244"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003119_244-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003119–120-245"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003119–120_245-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, pp. 119–120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruen200549-246"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGruen200549_246-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGruen2005">Gruen 2005</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus*.html#100">100.1.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/56*.html#30">56.30.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus1.5-249"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus1.5_249-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTacitus">Tacitus</a>, 1.5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio55.22.2,_56.30-250"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio55.22.2,_56.30_250-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCassius_Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, 55.22.2, 56.30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEveritt2006312–320-251">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEveritt2006312–320_251-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEveritt2006312–320_251-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEveritt2006">Everitt 2006</a>, pp. 312–320. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003123-252">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003123_252-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003123_252-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003124-253">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003124_253-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003124_253-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShotter1966210–212-254"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShotter1966210–212_254-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShotter1966">Shotter 1966</a>, pp. 210–212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShotter1966211-255">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShotter1966211_255-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShotter1966211_255-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFShotter1966">Shotter 1966</a>, p. 211. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw-Smith1971213-256">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw-Smith1971213_256-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw-Smith1971213_256-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFShaw-Smith1971">Shaw-Smith 1971</a>, p. 213. </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSetton1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Setton" title="Kenneth Setton">Setton, Kenneth M.</a> (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i4OPORrVeXQC">The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume I: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries</a>. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: The American Philosophical Society. p. 375. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-114-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-114-9"><bdi>978-0-87169-114-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papacy+and+the+Levant+%281204%E2%80%931571%29%2C+Volume+I%3A+The+Thirteenth+and+Fourteenth+Centuries&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pages=375&rft.pub=The+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-87169-114-9&rft.aulast=Setton&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di4OPORrVeXQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond1965" class="citation journal cs1">Hammond, Mason (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/310780">"The Sincerity of Augustus"</a>. Harvard Studies in Classical Philology. 69: 152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F310780">10.2307/310780</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0073-0688">0073-0688</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/310780">310780</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Studies+in+Classical+Philology&rft.atitle=The+Sincerity+of+Augustus&rft.volume=69&rft.pages=152&rft.date=1965&rft.issn=0073-0688&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F310780%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F310780&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Mason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F310780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius''Augustus''_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsAugustushtml1014_101.4]-259"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius''Augustus''_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsAugustushtml1014_101.4]_259-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Augustus <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus*.html#101.4">101.4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács20031–2-260"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács20031–2_260-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, pp. 1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács20032-261"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács20032_261-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson199447-262"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunson199447_262-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBunson1994">Bunson 1994</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne191853–66-263"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourne191853–66_263-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBourne1918">Bourne 1918</a>, pp. 53–66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOhst2023262–268-264"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOhst2023262–268_264-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOhst2023">Ohst 2023</a>, pp. 262–268. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200379-265">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200379_265-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200379_265-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200379_265-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson1994345-266"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunson1994345_266-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBunson1994">Bunson 1994</a>, p. 345. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200385–87-267"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200385–87_267-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, pp. 85–87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200386-268"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200386_268-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200381-269">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200381_269-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200381_269-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholmFerguson1981122-270"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholmFerguson1981122_270-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChisholmFerguson1981">Chisholm & Ferguson 1981</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson19946-271"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunson19946_271-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBunson1994">Bunson 1994</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson1994341-272"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunson1994341_272-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBunson1994">Bunson 1994</a>, p. 341. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson1994341,_342-273"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunson1994341,_342_273-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBunson1994">Bunson 1994</a>, p. 341, 342. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEder200523-274">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEder200523_274-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEder200523_274-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEder200523_274-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEder2005">Eder 2005</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#3|I.3]]-275"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#3|I.3]]_275-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTacitus">Tacitus</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#3" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 1">I.3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelsall1976120-276"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelsall1976120_276-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelsall1976">Kelsall 1976</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarr19525-277">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarr19525_277-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarr19525_277-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStarr1952">Starr 1952</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarr19526-278">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarr19526_278-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarr19526_278-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStarr1952">Starr 1952</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelsall1976118-279"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelsall1976118_279-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelsall1976">Kelsall 1976</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelsall1976119-280">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelsall1976119_280-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelsall1976119_280-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelsall1976">Kelsall 1976</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200383–84-281">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200383–84_281-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács200383–84_281-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, pp. 83–84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson1994404-282"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunson1994404_282-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBunson1994">Bunson 1994</a>, p. 404. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson1994144-283">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunson1994144_283-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunson1994144_283-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBunson1994">Bunson 1994</a>, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson1994144–145-284"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunson1994144–145_284-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBunson1994">Bunson 1994</a>, pp. 144–145. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson1994145-285"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunson1994145_285-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBunson1994">Bunson 1994</a>, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> Macrobius, Saturnalia <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Macrobius/Saturnalia/1*.html#12.35">1.12.35</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> G. Giannelli (1965). Trattato di storia romana. 1. L'Italia antica e la Repubblica romana. </li> <li id="cite_note-dio_56.30.3-288"><a href="#cite_ref-dio_56.30.3_288-0">^</a> Dio <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/56*.html#30">56.30.3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson199434-289">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunson199434_289-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunson199434_289-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunson199434_289-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBunson1994">Bunson 1994</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003122-290"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003122_290-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson199432-291"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunson199432_291-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBunson1994">Bunson 1994</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERes_Gestae_Divi_Augusti-292"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERes_Gestae_Divi_Augusti_292-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRes_Gestae_Divi_Augusti">Res Gestae Divi Augusti</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003118–121-293"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckTakács2003118–121_293-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckTakács2003">Eck & Takács 2003</a>, pp. 118–121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius''Augustus''_72-294"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius''Augustus''_72_294-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Augustus 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_DioBook_LIV_23-295"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_DioBook_LIV_23_295-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCassius_Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, Book LIV 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> Ring, Trudy; Salkin, Robert M.; Boda, Sharon La (1996). International Dictionary of Historic Places: Southern Europe. Taylor & Francis. pp. 121–. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-02-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-02-2">978-1-884964-02-2</a>. Retrieved 5 July 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211027/AJAcZ8CWVMA">Villa where Augustus probably died is unearthed</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> (Documentary). 16 November 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AJAcZ8CWVMA">the original</a> on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Villa+where+Augustus+probably+died+is+unearthed&rft.date=2016-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DAJAcZ8CWVMA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> Tacitus, <a href="/wiki/Annals_(Tacitus)" title="Annals (Tacitus)">The Annals</a> 1.5 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy201468-299"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy201468_299-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2014">Goldsworthy 2014</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius''Augustus''_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsAugustushtml79_79]-301"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius''Augustus''_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsAugustushtml79_79]_301-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Augustus <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus*.html#79">79</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius''Augustus''_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsAugustushtml73_73]-302"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius''Augustus''_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsAugustushtml73_73]_302-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Augustus <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus*.html#73">73</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanzanelli2008" class="citation book cs1">Panzanelli, Roberta (26 June 2008). The Color of Life: Polychromy in Sculpture from Antiquity to the Present (1st ed.). Getty Publishing. pp. 116–117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-917-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-917-1"><bdi>978-0-89236-917-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Color+of+Life%3A+Polychromy+in+Sculpture+from+Antiquity+to+the+Present&rft.pages=116-117&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Getty+Publishing&rft.date=2008-06-26&rft.isbn=978-0-89236-917-1&rft.aulast=Panzanelli&rft.aufirst=Roberta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalkerBurnett1981" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Susan; Burnett, Andrew (1981). The Image of Augustus. British Museum Publications. pp. 1, 18, 25 (quoted). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-1270-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-1270-1"><bdi>978-0-7141-1270-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Image+of+Augustus&rft.pages=1%2C+18%2C+25+%28quoted%29&rft.pub=British+Museum+Publications&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-7141-1270-1&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft.au=Burnett%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1997" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, R. R. R. (1997). "The Public Image of Licinius I: Portrait Sculpture and Imperial Ideology in the Early Fourth Century". Journal of Roman Studies. 87: 186. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F301374">10.2307/301374</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/301374">301374</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162898808">162898808</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Roman+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Public+Image+of+Licinius+I%3A+Portrait+Sculpture+and+Imperial+Ideology+in+the+Early+Fourth+Century&rft.volume=87&rft.pages=186&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162898808%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F301374%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F301374&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=R.+R.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_sources">Ancient sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRes_Gestae_Divi_Augusti" class="citation book cs1">Caesar Augustus (1924) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> AD 10]. <a href="/wiki/Res_Gestae_Divi_Augusti" title="Res Gestae Divi Augusti">Res Gestae Divi Augusti</a>. Translated by Frederick W. Shipley. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Res+Gestae+Divi+Augusti&rft.pub=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.date=1924&rft.au=Caesar+Augustus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolaus_of_Damascus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_of_Damascus" title="Nicolaus of Damascus">Nicolaus of Damascus</a> (1923) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> AD 15]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070714144802/http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/nicolaus.html">Life of Augustus</a>. Translated by Clayton M. Hall. Classical Reprint. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/nicolaus.html">the original</a> on 14 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+Augustus&rft.pub=Classical+Reprint&rft.date=1923&rft.au=Nicolaus+of+Damascus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csun.edu%2F~hcfll004%2Fnicolaus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVelleius_Paterculus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Velleius_Paterculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Velleius Paterculus">Marcus Velleius Paterculus</a> (1924) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> AD 30]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Velleius_Paterculus/home.html">The Roman History</a>. Translated by Frederick W. Shipley. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+History&rft.pub=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.date=1924&rft.au=Marcus+Velleius+Paterculus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FVelleius_Paterculus%2Fhome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTacitus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Publius_Cornelius_Tacitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Publius Cornelius Tacitus">Publius Cornelius Tacitus</a> (1924) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> AD 110]. <a href="/wiki/The_Annals" class="mw-redirect" title="The Annals">The Annals</a>. Translated by Frederick W. Shipley. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Annals&rft.pub=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.date=1924&rft.au=Publius+Cornelius+Tacitus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuetonius" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Suetonius_Tranquillus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus">Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus</a> (1914) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> AD 121]. <a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Caesars" title="The Twelve Caesars">The Twelve Caesars</a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/John_Carew_Rolfe" title="John Carew Rolfe">John Carew Rolfe</a>. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Twelve+Caesars&rft.pub=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.date=1914&rft.au=Gaius+Suetonius+Tranquillus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassius_Dio" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> (1927) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 230]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/home.html#45">Roman History</a>. Translated by Earnest Cary. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+History&rft.pub=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.date=1927&rft.au=Cassius+Dio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FCassius_Dio%2Fhome.html%2345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_sources">Modern sources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndo2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Ando" title="Clifford Ando">Ando, Clifford</a> (2000). Imperial ideology and provincial loyalty in the Roman Empire. University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+ideology+and+provincial+loyalty+in+the+Roman+Empire&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Ando&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBivar1983" class="citation cs2">Bivar, A. D. H. (1983), "The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids", in Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.), The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3, London, New York, New Rochelle, Melbourne, and Sydney: Cambridge University Press, pp. 21–99, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20092-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20092-9"><bdi>978-0-521-20092-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Political+History+of+Iran+Under+the+Arsacids&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran&rft.pages=21-99&rft.pub=London%2C+New+York%2C+New+Rochelle%2C+Melbourne%2C+and+Sydney%3A+Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-521-20092-9&rft.aulast=Bivar&rft.aufirst=A.+D.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003" class="citation cs2">Blackburn, Bonnie; Holford-Strevens, Leofranc (2003) [1999], The Oxford Companion to the Year (Reprinted with corrections ed.), Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+the+Year&rft.edition=Reprinted+with+corrections&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Blackburn&rft.aufirst=Bonnie&rft.au=Holford-Strevens%2C+Leofranc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourne1918" class="citation journal cs1">Bourne, Ella (1918). "Augustus as a Letter-Writer". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. 49: 53–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F282994">10.2307/282994</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/282994">282994</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+and+Proceedings+of+the+American+Philological+Association&rft.atitle=Augustus+as+a+Letter-Writer&rft.volume=49&rft.pages=53-66&rft.date=1918&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F282994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F282994%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bourne&rft.aufirst=Ella&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowersock1990" class="citation book cs1">Bowersock, G. W. (1990). "The Pontificate of Augustus". In <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Raaflaub" title="Kurt Raaflaub">Raaflaub, Kurt A.</a>; Toher, Mark (eds.). Between Republic and Empire: Interpretations of Augustus and his Principate. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 380–394. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08447-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08447-6"><bdi>978-0-520-08447-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Pontificate+of+Augustus&rft.btitle=Between+Republic+and+Empire%3A+Interpretations+of+Augustus+and+his+Principate&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=380-394&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-520-08447-6&rft.aulast=Bowersock&rft.aufirst=G.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrosius2006" class="citation cs2">Brosius, Maria (2006), The Persians: An Introduction, London & New York: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32089-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32089-4"><bdi>978-0-415-32089-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persians%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=London+%26+New+York%3A+Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32089-4&rft.aulast=Brosius&rft.aufirst=Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunson1994" class="citation cs2">Bunson, Matthew (1994), <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire">Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire</a>, New York: Facts on File, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-3182-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-3182-5"><bdi>978-0-8160-3182-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Facts+on+File&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-3182-5&rft.aulast=Bunson&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholmFerguson1981" class="citation cs2">Chisholm, Kitty; Ferguson, John (1981), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romeaugustanages0000unse">Rome: The Augustan Age; A Source Book</a>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, in association with the Open University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-872108-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-872108-6"><bdi>978-0-19-872108-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome%3A+The+Augustan+Age%3B+A+Source+Book&rft.pub=Oxford%3A+Oxford+University+Press%2C+in+association+with+the+Open+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-19-872108-6&rft.aulast=Chisholm&rft.aufirst=Kitty&rft.au=Ferguson%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fromeaugustanages0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgess2014" class="citation book cs1">Burgess, Richard W. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.steiner-verlag.de/en/Roman-Imperial-Chronology-and-Early-Fourth-Century-Historiography/9783515107327">Roman imperial chronology and early-fourth-century historiography</a>. Historia Einzelschriften. Stuttgart: Steiner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-515-10732-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-515-10732-7"><bdi>978-3-515-10732-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+imperial+chronology+and+early-fourth-century+historiography&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.series=Historia+Einzelschriften&rft.pub=Steiner&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-515-10732-7&rft.aulast=Burgess&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.steiner-verlag.de%2Fen%2FRoman-Imperial-Chronology-and-Early-Fourth-Century-Historiography%2F9783515107327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2010" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Mark (2010). Aspects of Roman History 82 BC–AD 14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203856659">10.4324/9780203856659</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-85665-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-85665-9"><bdi>978-0-203-85665-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+Roman+History+82+BC%E2%80%93AD+14&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203856659&rft.isbn=978-0-203-85665-9&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEckTakács2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Werner_Eck" title="Werner Eck">Eck, Werner</a>; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/43436644">The Age of Augustus</a>, translated by Deborah Lucas Schneider, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22957-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22957-5"><bdi>978-0-631-22957-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Augustus&rft.pub=Oxford%3A+Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-631-22957-5&rft.aulast=Eck&rft.aufirst=Werner&rft.au=Tak%C3%A1cs%2C+Sarolta+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F43436644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEder2005" class="citation cs2">Eder, Walter (2005), "Augustus and the Power of Tradition", in Galinsky, Karl (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ftcx-5j7rjwC">The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus</a>, Cambridge Companions to the Ancient World, vol. 13, Cambridge, MA; New York: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80796-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80796-8"><bdi>978-0-521-80796-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Augustus+and+the+Power+of+Tradition&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Age+of+Augustus&rft.series=Cambridge+Companions+to+the+Ancient+World&rft.pub=Cambridge%2C+MA%3B+New+York%3A+Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80796-8&rft.aulast=Eder&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dftcx-5j7rjwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEveritt2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Everitt" title="Anthony Everitt">Everitt, Anthony</a> (2006). Augustus: The Life of Rome's First Emperor. Random House Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6128-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6128-0"><bdi>978-1-4000-6128-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustus%3A+The+Life+of+Rome%27s+First+Emperor&rft.pub=Random+House+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-6128-0&rft.aulast=Everitt&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFishwick2004" class="citation book cs1">Fishwick, Duncan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7Ox5DwAAQBAJ">The Imperial Cult in the Latin West III, Part 3</a>. Brill. p. 250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789047412762" title="Special:BookSources/9789047412762"><bdi>9789047412762</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Imperial+Cult+in+the+Latin+West+III%2C+Part+3&rft.pages=250&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9789047412762&rft.aulast=Fishwick&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7Ox5DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsworthy2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Goldsworthy" title="Adrian Goldsworthy">Goldsworthy, Adrian</a> (2014). Augustus: First Emperor of Rome. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17827-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17827-2"><bdi>978-0-300-17827-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustus%3A+First+Emperor+of+Rome&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-300-17827-2&rft.aulast=Goldsworthy&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1990" class="citation book cs1">Green, Peter (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexandertoactiu0000gree">Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age</a>. Hellenistic Culture and Society. Berkeley, CA; Los Angeles; London: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05611-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05611-4"><bdi>978-0-520-05611-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+to+Actium%3A+The+Historical+Evolution+of+the+Hellenistic+Age&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA%3B+Los+Angeles%3B+London&rft.series=Hellenistic+Culture+and+Society&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-520-05611-4&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falexandertoactiu0000gree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGruen2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Erich_S._Gruen" title="Erich S. Gruen">Gruen, Erich S.</a> (2005). "Augustus and the Making of the Principate". In Galinsky, Karl (ed.). Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus. Cambridge Companions to the Ancient World. Vol. 33. Cambridge, MA; New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521807968" title="Special:BookSources/9780521807968"><bdi>9780521807968</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Augustus+and+the+Making+of+the+Principate&rft.btitle=Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Age+of+Augustus&rft.series=Cambridge+Companions+to+the+Ancient+World&rft.pub=Cambridge%2C+MA%3B+New+York%3A+Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780521807968&rft.aulast=Gruen&rft.aufirst=Erich+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland2005" class="citation book cs1">Holland, Richard (2005). Augustus, Godfather of Europe. Sutton Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustus%2C+Godfather+of+Europe&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelsall1976" class="citation journal cs1">Kelsall, Malcolm (1976). "Augustus and Pope". Huntington Library Quarterly. 39 (2): 117–131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3816937">10.2307/3816937</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3816937">3816937</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huntington+Library+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Augustus+and+Pope&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=117-131&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3816937&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3816937%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kelsall&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackay2004" class="citation book cs1">Mackay, Christopher S. (2004). Ancient Rome: A Military and Political History. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80918-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80918-4"><bdi>978-0-521-80918-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Rome%3A+A+Military+and+Political+History&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80918-4&rft.aulast=Mackay&rft.aufirst=Christopher+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOhst2023" class="citation book cs1">Ohst, Henning (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111193595">Die 'Epistulae ad familiares' des Kaisers Augustus. Studien zur Textgeschichte in der Antike, Edition und Kommentar</a>. Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783111193595">10.1515/9783111193595</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-111-19151-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-111-19151-5"><bdi>978-3-111-19151-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+%27Epistulae+ad+familiares%27+des+Kaisers+Augustus.+Studien+zur+Textgeschichte+in+der+Antike%2C+Edition+und+Kommentar&rft.place=Berlin+%26+Boston&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783111193595&rft.isbn=978-3-111-19151-5&rft.aulast=Ohst&rft.aufirst=Henning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1515%2F9783111193595&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaaflaubSamons1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Raaflaub" title="Kurt Raaflaub">Raaflaub, G. W.</a>; Samons, L. J. II (1993). "Opposition to Augustus". In <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Raaflaub" title="Kurt Raaflaub">Raaflaub, Kurt A.</a>; Toher, Mark (eds.). Between Republic and Empire: Interpretations of Augustus and His Principate. Berkeley; Los Angeles: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08447-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08447-6"><bdi>978-0-520-08447-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Opposition+to+Augustus&rft.btitle=Between+Republic+and+Empire%3A+Interpretations+of+Augustus+and+His+Principate&rft.pub=Berkeley%3B+Los+Angeles%3A+University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-520-08447-6&rft.aulast=Raaflaub&rft.aufirst=G.+W.&rft.au=Samons%2C+L.+J.+II&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawson1994" class="citation book cs1">Rawson, Elizabeth (1994). "The aftermath of the Ides". In Crook, John; et al. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3yUkzNLiY4oC">The last age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC</a>. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 468–90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-85073-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-85073-8"><bdi>0-521-85073-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/121060">121060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+aftermath+of+the+Ides&rft.btitle=The+last+age+of+the+Roman+Republic%2C+146%E2%80%9343+BC&rft.series=Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.pages=468-90&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F121060&rft.isbn=0-521-85073-8&rft.aulast=Rawson&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3yUkzNLiY4oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowell1962" class="citation book cs1">Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mGJecvVJ4aUC">Rome in the Augustan Age</a>. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-0956-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-0956-5"><bdi>978-0-8061-0956-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+in+the+Augustan+Age&rft.series=The+Centers+of+Civilization+Series&rft.pub=Norman%3A+University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-0956-5&rft.aulast=Rowell&rft.aufirst=Henry+Thompson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmGJecvVJ4aUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScullard1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Hayes_Scullard" title="Howard Hayes Scullard">Scullard, H. H.</a> (1982) [1959]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromgracchitoner00scul">From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. to A.D. 68</a> (5th ed.). London; New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-02527-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-02527-0"><bdi>978-0-415-02527-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Gracchi+to+Nero%3A+A+History+of+Rome+from+133+B.C.+to+A.D.+68&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-415-02527-0&rft.aulast=Scullard&rft.aufirst=H.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffromgracchitoner00scul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1933" class="citation journal cs1">Scott, Kenneth (1933). "The Political Propaganda of 44–30 B.C.". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 11: 7–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4238573">10.2307/4238573</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4238573">4238573</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Memoirs+of+the+American+Academy+in+Rome&rft.atitle=The+Political+Propaganda+of+44%E2%80%9330+B.C.&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=7-49&rft.date=1933&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4238573&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4238573%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw-Smith1971" class="citation journal cs1">Shaw-Smith, R. (1971). "A Letter from Augustus to Tiberius". Greece and Rome. 18 (2): 213–214. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017383500018118">10.1017/S0017383500018118</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161104443">161104443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Greece+and+Rome&rft.atitle=A+Letter+from+Augustus+to+Tiberius&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=213-214&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0017383500018118&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161104443%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Shaw-Smith&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShotter1966" class="citation journal cs1">Shotter, D. C. A. (1966). "Tiberius and the Spirit of Augustus". Greece and Rome. 13 (2): 207–212. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017383500015539">10.1017/S0017383500015539</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163628890">163628890</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Greece+and+Rome&rft.atitle=Tiberius+and+the+Spirit+of+Augustus&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=207-212&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0017383500015539&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163628890%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Shotter&rft.aufirst=D.+C.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthern1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pat_Southern" title="Pat Southern">Southern, Pat</a> (1998). Augustus. Roman Imperial Biographies. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16631-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16631-7"><bdi>978-0-415-16631-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustus&rft.series=Roman+Imperial+Biographies&rft.pub=London%3A+Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-415-16631-7&rft.aulast=Southern&rft.aufirst=Pat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarr1952" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chester_Starr" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester Starr">Starr, Chester G.</a> (1952). "The Perfect Democracy of the Roman Empire". The American Historical Review. 58 (1): 1–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1844784">10.2307/1844784</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1844784">1844784</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Perfect+Democracy+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-16&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1844784&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1844784%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Starr&rft.aufirst=Chester+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyme1939" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Syme" title="Ronald Syme">Syme, Ronald</a> (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.73667">The Roman Revolution</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280320-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280320-7"><bdi>978-0-19-280320-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Revolution&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1939&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280320-7&rft.aulast=Syme&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.73667&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyme1958" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Syme" title="Ronald Syme">Syme, Ronald</a> (1958), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4434568">"Imperator Caesar: A Study in Nomenclature"</a>, Historia, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 175–188, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4434568">4434568</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historia&rft.atitle=Imperator+Caesar%3A+A+Study+in+Nomenclature&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=175-188&rft.date=1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4434568%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Syme&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4434568&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2004" class="citation book cs1">Wells, Colin Michael (2004). The Roman Empire. Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Empire&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=Colin+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBleicken1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jochen_Bleicken" title="Jochen Bleicken">Bleicken, Jochen</a> (1998). Augustus. Eine Biographie. Berlin: A. Fest. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3828601369" title="Special:BookSources/978-3828601369"><bdi>978-3828601369</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustus.+Eine+Biographie&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=A.+Fest&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-3828601369&rft.aulast=Bleicken&rft.aufirst=Jochen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchan1937" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Buchan" title="John Buchan">Buchan, John</a> (1937). Augustus. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustus&rft.pub=Boston%3A+Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Buchan&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDio1987" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Dio, Cassius</a> (1987), The Roman History: The Reign of Augustus, translated by Ian Scott-Kilvert, London: Penguin Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044448-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044448-3"><bdi>978-0-14-044448-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+History%3A+The+Reign+of+Augustus&rft.pub=London%3A+Penguin+Books&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-14-044448-3&rft.aulast=Dio&rft.aufirst=Cassius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEveritt2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Everitt" title="Anthony Everitt">Everitt, Anthony</a> (2007). The First Emperor: Caesar Augustus and the Triumph of Rome. London: John Murray. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-5495-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-5495-7"><bdi>978-0-7195-5495-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Emperor%3A+Caesar+Augustus+and+the+Triumph+of+Rome&rft.pub=London%3A+John+Murray&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7195-5495-7&rft.aulast=Everitt&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalinsky1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Galinsky" title="Karl Galinsky">Galinsky, Karl</a> (1998). Augustan Culture. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05890-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05890-0"><bdi>978-0-691-05890-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustan+Culture&rft.pub=Princeton%2C+NJ%3A+Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-691-05890-0&rft.aulast=Galinsky&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalinsky2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Galinsky" title="Karl Galinsky">Galinsky, Karl</a> (2012). Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor. Cambridge University Press. p. 300. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-74442-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-74442-3"><bdi>978-0-521-74442-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustus%3A+Introduction+to+the+Life+of+an+Emperor&rft.pages=300&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-521-74442-3&rft.aulast=Galinsky&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Grant_(classicist)" title="Michael Grant (classicist)">Grant, Michael</a> (1985). The Roman Emperors: A Biographical Guide to the Rulers of Imperial Rome, 31 BC–AD 476. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0297785552" title="Special:BookSources/978-0297785552"><bdi>978-0297785552</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Emperors%3A+A+Biographical+Guide+to+the+Rulers+of+Imperial+Rome%2C+31+BC%E2%80%93AD+476&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0297785552&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevick2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Levick" title="Barbara Levick">Levick, Barbara</a> (2010). Augustus: Image and Substance. London: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-89421-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-89421-1"><bdi>978-0-582-89421-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustus%3A+Image+and+Substance&rft.pub=London%3A+Longman&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-582-89421-1&rft.aulast=Levick&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisJones1970" class="citation journal cs1">Lewis, P. R.; Jones, G. D. B. (1970). "Roman Gold-Mining in North-West Spain". Journal of Roman Studies. 60: 169–185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0075435800043343">10.1017/S0075435800043343</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/299421">299421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Roman+Studies&rft.atitle=Roman+Gold-Mining+in+North-West+Spain&rft.volume=60&rft.pages=169-185&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0075435800043343&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F299421%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=P.+R.&rft.au=Jones%2C+G.+D.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesBird1972" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, R. F. J.; Bird, D. G. (1972). "Roman Gold-Mining in North-West Spain, II: Workings on the Rio Duerna". Journal of Roman Studies. 62: 59–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F298927">10.2307/298927</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/298927">298927</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162096359">162096359</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Roman+Studies&rft.atitle=Roman+Gold-Mining+in+North-West+Spain%2C+II%3A+Workings+on+the+Rio+Duerna&rft.volume=62&rft.pages=59-74&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162096359%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F298927%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F298927&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=R.+F.+J.&rft.au=Bird%2C+D.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1951" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._H._M._Jones" title="A. H. M. Jones">Jones, A. H. M.</a> (1951). "The Imperium of Augustus". Journal of Roman Studies. 41 (1–2): 112–119. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F298104">10.2307/298104</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/298104">298104</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162372767">162372767</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Roman+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Imperium+of+Augustus&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=112-119&rft.date=1951&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162372767%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F298104%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F298104&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=A.+H.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._H._M._Jones" title="A. H. M. Jones">Jones, A. H. M.</a> (1970). Augustus. London: Chatto & Windus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-1626-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-1626-2"><bdi>978-0-7011-1626-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustus&rft.pub=London%3A+Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-7011-1626-2&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=A.+H.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassie1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allan_Massie" title="Allan Massie">Massie, Allan</a> (1984). The Caesars. New York: Franklin Watts.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Caesars&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Franklin+Watts&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Massie&rft.aufirst=Allan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerivale1878" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Merivale" title="Charles Merivale">Merivale, Charles</a> (1878). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Augustus">"Augustus" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. III (9th ed.). pp. 79–84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Augustus&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=79-84&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Merivale&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsgood2006" class="citation book cs1">Osgood, Josiah (2006). Caesar's Legacy: Civil War and the Emergence of the Roman Empire. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85582-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85582-2"><bdi>978-0-521-85582-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caesar%27s+Legacy%3A+Civil+War+and+the+Emergence+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85582-2&rft.aulast=Osgood&rft.aufirst=Josiah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinhold1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Meyer_Reinhold" title="Meyer Reinhold">Reinhold, Meyer</a> (1978). The Golden Age of Augustus (Aspects of Antiquity). Toronto: Univ. of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89522-007-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89522-007-3"><bdi>978-0-89522-007-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Age+of+Augustus+%28Aspects+of+Antiquity%29&rft.pub=Toronto%3A+Univ.+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-89522-007-3&rft.aulast=Reinhold&rft.aufirst=Meyer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoebuck1966" class="citation book cs1">Roebuck, C. (1966). The World of Ancient Times. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0024027009" title="Special:BookSources/978-0024027009"><bdi>978-0024027009</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Ancient+Times&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-0024027009&rft.aulast=Roebuck&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShotter1991" class="citation book cs1">Shotter, D. C. A. (1991). Augustus Caesar. Lancaster Pamphlets. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415319362" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415319362"><bdi>978-0415319362</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustus+Caesar&rft.place=London&rft.series=Lancaster+Pamphlets&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0415319362&rft.aulast=Shotter&rft.aufirst=D.+C.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZanker1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Zanker" title="Paul Zanker">Zanker, Paul</a> (1989). The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus. Thomas Spencer Jerome Lectures. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-10101-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-10101-6"><bdi>978-0-472-10101-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+of+Images+in+the+Age+of+Augustus&rft.series=Thomas+Spencer+Jerome+Lectures&rft.pub=Ann+Arbor%3A+University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-472-10101-6&rft.aulast=Zanker&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustus" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Augustus at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Augustus" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Augustus">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Augustus" class="extiw" title="c:Augustus">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Augustus" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Augustus">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Augustus" class="extiw" title="q:Augustus">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Augustus_Caesar" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Augustus Caesar">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Augustus <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Augustus&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Augustus">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Augustus&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/searchresults?q=Augustus&redirect=true">Works by and about Augustus at Perseus Digital Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ancientrome.ru/art/artworken/result.htm?alt=August&pnumber=30">Gallery of the Ancient Art: August</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061117112806/http://www.viajuliaaugusta.com/en/home.html">The Via Iulia Augusta: road built by the Romans; constructed on the orders of Augustus between the 13–12 B.C.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140325114122/http://www.academia.edu/6339880/Augustan_Legionaries">Augustan Legionaries</a> – Augustus's legions and legionaries</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/augustus.shtml">Augustus</a> – short biography at the BBC</li> <li>Brown, F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130209200013/http://cliojournal.wikispaces.com/The%2BAchievements%2Bof%2BAugustus%2BCaesar">The Achievements of Augustus Caesar</a>, Clio History Journal, 2009.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyguide.org/ancient/lecture12b.html">"Augustus Caesar and the Pax Romana"</a> – essay by Steven Kreis about Augustus's legacy</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/auggie.htm">"De Imperatoribus Romanis"</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220317020723/http://www.roman-emperors.org/auggie.htm">archived</a> 17 March 2022) – article about Augustus at Garrett G. Fagan's online encyclopedia of Roman emperors</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://politeia.org.uk/augustus/">Augustus</a> – article by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Selkirk" title="Andrew Selkirk">Andrew Selkirk</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Augustus </div><div><a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudian dynasty</a></div>Born: 23 September 63 BC Died: 19 August AD 14 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #65BCFF"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Roman emperors</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New title </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Roman emperor</a> 27 BC – AD 14 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Vibius_Pansa_Caetronianus" title="Gaius Vibius Pansa Caetronianus">C. Vibius Pansa Caetronianus</a> <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Hirtius" title="Aulus Hirtius">A. Hirtius</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Roman consul</a> 43 BC (suffect) With: <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Pedius_(consul)" title="Quintus Pedius (consul)">Q. Pedius</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lepidus" title="Lepidus">M. Aemilius Lepidus</a> <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Munatius_Plancus" title="Lucius Munatius Plancus">L. Munatius Plancus</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Paullus_Aemilius_Lepidus" title="Paullus Aemilius Lepidus">Paullus Aemilius Lepidus</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Herennius_Picens_(consul_34_BC)" title="Marcus Herennius Picens (consul 34 BC)">M. Herennius Picens</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Roman consul</a> II 33 BC With: <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Volcatius_Tullus_(consul_33_BC)" title="Lucius Volcatius Tullus (consul 33 BC)">L. Volcatius Tullus</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Domitius_Ahenobarbus_(consul_32_BC)" title="Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 32 BC)">Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Sosius" title="Gaius Sosius">C. Sosius</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Domitius_Ahenobarbus_(consul_32_BC)" title="Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 32 BC)">Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Sosius" title="Gaius Sosius">C. Sosius</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Roman consul</a> III–XI 31–23 BC With: <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Valerius_Messalla_Corvinus" title="Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus">M. Valerius Messalla Corvinus</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus_(consul_30_BC)" title="Marcus Licinius Crassus (consul 30 BC)">M. Licinius Crassus</a> <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Appuleius_(consul_29_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sextus Appuleius (consul 29 BC)">Sex. Appuleius</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Agrippa" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Agrippa">M. Agrippa</a> <a href="/wiki/Titus_Statilius_Taurus_(consul_37_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titus Statilius Taurus (consul 37 BC)">T. Statilius Taurus</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Silanus_(consul_25_BC)" title="Marcus Junius Silanus (consul 25 BC)">M. Junius Silanus</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Norbanus_Flaccus_(consul_24_BC)" title="Gaius Norbanus Flaccus (consul 24 BC)">C. Norbanus Flaccus</a> <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Calpurnius_Piso_(consul_23_BC)" title="Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso (consul 23 BC)">Cn. Calpurnius Piso</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Claudius_Marcellus_Aeserninus" title="Marcus Claudius Marcellus Aeserninus">M. Claudius Marcellus Aeserninus</a> <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Arruntius_(consul_22_BC)" title="Lucius Arruntius (consul 22 BC)">L. Arruntius</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Decimus_Laelius_Balbus" title="Decimus Laelius Balbus">D. Laelius Balbus</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Antistius_Vetus_(consul_6_BC)" title="Gaius Antistius Vetus (consul 6 BC)">C. Antistius Vetus</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Roman consul</a> XII 5 BC With: <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Sulla_(consul_5_BC)" title="Lucius Cornelius Sulla (consul 5 BC)">L. Cornelius Sulla</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Calvisius_Sabinus_(consul_4_BC)" title="Gaius Calvisius Sabinus (consul 4 BC)">C. Calvisius Sabinus</a> <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Passienus_Rufus" title="Lucius Passienus Rufus">L. Passienus Rufus</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Lentulus_(consul_3_BC)" title="Lucius Cornelius Lentulus (consul 3 BC)">L. Cornelius Lentulus</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Valerius_Messalla_Messallinus" title="Marcus Valerius Messalla Messallinus">M. Valerius Messalla Messallinus</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Roman consul</a> XIII 2 BC With: <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Plautius_Silvanus_(consul_2_BC)" title="Marcus Plautius Silvanus (consul 2 BC)">M. Plautius Silvanus</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Cossus_Cornelius_Lentulus_Gaetulicus" title="Cossus Cornelius Lentulus Gaetulicus">Cossus Cornelius Lentulus</a> <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Calpurnius_Piso_the_Augur" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Calpurnius Piso the Augur">L. Calpurnius Piso</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;">Religious titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aemilius_Lepidus_(triumvir)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir)">M. Aemilius Lepidus</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_pontifices_maximi" title="List of pontifices maximi">Pontifex maximus</a> 12 BC – AD 14 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Roman_and_Byzantine_emperors_and_empresses_regnant" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_emperors" title="Template:Roman emperors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_emperors" title="Template talk:Roman emperors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_emperors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman emperors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roman_and_Byzantine_emperors_and_empresses_regnant" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Byzantine emperors</a> and empresses regnant</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a> 27 BC – AD 235</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didius_Julianus" title="Didius Julianus">Didius Julianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis</a> 235–285</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip I</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_(Roman_emperor)" title="Philip II (Roman emperor)">Philip II</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Herennius_Etruscus" title="Herennius Etruscus">Herennius Etruscus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Hostilian" title="Hostilian">Hostilian</a> & <a href="/wiki/Volusianus" title="Volusianus">Volusianus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silbannacus" title="Silbannacus">Silbannacus</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Saloninus" title="Saloninus">Saloninus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florianus" title="Florianus">Florianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a> 284–610</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_II" title="Severus II">Severus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Valens" title="Valerius Valens">Valerius Valens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinian_(emperor)" title="Martinian (emperor)">Martinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans" title="Constans">Constans I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnentius" title="Magnentius">Magnentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotianus" title="Nepotianus">Nepotianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vetranio" title="Vetranio">Vetranio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procopius_(usurper)" title="Procopius (usurper)">Procopius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Victor_(emperor)" title="Victor (emperor)">Victor</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenius" title="Eugenius">Eugenius</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a> 395–480</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" title="Honorius (emperor)">Honorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)" title="Constantine III (Western Roman emperor)">Constantine III</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(son_of_Constantine_III)" title="Constans II (son of Constantine III)">Constans II</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscus_Attalus" title="Priscus Attalus">Priscus Attalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joannes" title="Joannes">Joannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronius_Maximus" title="Petronius Maximus">Petronius Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avitus" title="Avitus">Avitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorian" title="Majorian">Majorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libius_Severus" title="Libius Severus">Severus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthemius" title="Anthemius">Anthemius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olybrius" title="Olybrius">Olybrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycerius" title="Glycerius">Glycerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustulus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Empire</a> 395–610</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcian" title="Marcian">Marcian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" title="Leo I (emperor)">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_II_(emperor)" title="Leo II (emperor)">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiliscus" title="Basiliscus">Basiliscus</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Marcus_(son_of_Basiliscus)" title="Marcus (son of Basiliscus)">Marcus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus" title="Anastasius I Dicorus">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_II" title="Justin II">Justin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantine" title="Tiberius II Constantine">Tiberius II Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_(son_of_Maurice)" title="Theodosius (son of Maurice)">Theodosius</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern/ Byzantine Empire</a> 610–1453</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_Constantine" title="Heraclius Constantine">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclonas" title="Heraclonas">Heraclonas</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/David_(son_of_Heraclius)" title="David (son of Heraclius)">Tiberius</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans_II" title="Constans II">Constans II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Heraclius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Heraclius (son of Constans II)">Heraclius</a> & <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Constans II)">Tiberius</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontius" title="Leontius">Leontius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_III" title="Tiberius III">Tiberius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Justinian_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Justinian II)">Tiberius</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippicus" title="Philippicus">Philippicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_II_(emperor)" title="Anastasius II (emperor)">Anastasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_III" title="Theodosius III">Theodosius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artabasdos" title="Artabasdos">Artabasdos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_(son_of_Artabasdos)" title="Nikephoros (son of Artabasdos)">Nikephoros</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_IV_the_Khazar" title="Leo IV the Khazar">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staurakios" title="Staurakios">Staurakios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Rangabe" title="Michael I Rangabe">Michael I Rangabe</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Theophylact_(son_of_Michael_I)" title="Theophylact (son of Michael I)">Theophylact</a> & <a href="/wiki/Staurakios_(son_of_Michael_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Staurakios (son of Michael I)">Staurakios</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_V_the_Armenian" title="Leo V the Armenian">Leo V</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Leo_V)" title="Constantine (son of Leo V)">Constantine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_II" title="Michael II">Michael II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Theophilos)" title="Constantine (son of Theophilos)">Constantine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)" title="Theodora (wife of Theophilos)">Theodora (II)</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Thekla_(daughter_of_Theophilos)" title="Thekla (daughter of Theophilos)">Thekla</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Basil_I)" title="Constantine (son of Basil I)">Constantine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Byzantine_emperor)" title="Alexander (Byzantine emperor)">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_I_Lekapenos" title="Romanos I Lekapenos">Romanos I Lekapenos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lekapenos" title="Christopher Lekapenos">Christopher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lekapenos" title="Stephen Lekapenos">Stephen</a> & <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Lekapenos" title="Constantine Lekapenos">Constantine Lekapenos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_II" title="Romanos II">Romanos II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II Phokas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I Tzimiskes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VIII" title="Constantine VIII">Constantine VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Porphyrogenita" title="Zoe Porphyrogenita">Zoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_III_Argyros" title="Romanos III Argyros">Romanos III Argyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian" title="Michael IV the Paphlagonian">Michael IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_V_Kalaphates" title="Michael V Kalaphates">Michael V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos" title="Constantine IX Monomachos">Constantine IX Monomachos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Porphyrogenita" title="Theodora Porphyrogenita">Theodora (III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VI_Bringas" title="Michael VI Bringas">Michael VI Bringas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_I_Komnenos" title="Isaac I Komnenos">Isaac I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_X_Doukas" title="Constantine X Doukas">Constantine X Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa" title="Eudokia Makrembolitissa">Eudokia Makrembolitissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_IV_Diogenes" title="Romanos IV Diogenes">Romanos IV Diogenes</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Leo_Diogenes" title="Leo Diogenes">Leo</a> & <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Diogenes" title="Nikephoros Diogenes">Nikephoros</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VII_Doukas" title="Michael VII Doukas">Michael VII Doukas</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Andronikos Doukas (co-emperor)">Andronikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konstantios_Doukas" title="Konstantios Doukas">Konstantios</a> & <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_III_Botaneiates" title="Nikephoros III Botaneiates">Nikephoros III Botaneiates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_Komnenos" title="John II Komnenos">John II Komnenos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Alexios_Komnenos_(co-emperor)" title="Alexios Komnenos (co-emperor)">Alexios</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_II_Komnenos" title="Alexios II Komnenos">Alexios II Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos I Komnenos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/John_Komnenos_(son_of_Andronikos_I)" title="John Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)">John</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos">Isaac II Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_Angelos" title="Alexios III Angelos">Alexios III Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_IV_Angelos" title="Alexios IV Angelos">Alexios IV Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_V_Doukas" title="Alexios V Doukas">Alexios V Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_Laskaris" title="Theodore I Laskaris">Theodore I Laskaris</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Laskaris_(son_of_Theodore_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Laskaris (son of Theodore I)">Nicholas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_Vatatzes" class="mw-redirect" title="John III Vatatzes">John III Vatatzes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_II_Laskaris" title="Theodore II Laskaris">Theodore II Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_IV_Laskaris" title="John IV Laskaris">John IV Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos">Andronikos II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IX_Palaiologos" title="Michael IX Palaiologos">Michael IX Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos">Andronikos III Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos" title="John V Palaiologos">John V Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos">John VI Kantakouzenos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Kantakouzenos" title="Matthew Kantakouzenos">Matthew</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos IV Palaiologos">Andronikos IV Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VII_Palaiologos" title="John VII Palaiologos">John VII Palaiologos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_V_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos V Palaiologos">Andronikos V</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_Palaiologos" title="Manuel II Palaiologos">Manuel II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos" title="John VIII Palaiologos">John VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI Palaiologos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic emperors</a> (260–274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palmyrene_monarchs" title="List of Palmyrene monarchs">Palmyrene emperors</a> (267–273)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carausian_revolt" title="Carausian revolt">Britannic emperors</a> (286–296)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trapezuntine_emperors" title="List of Trapezuntine emperors">Trapezuntine emperors</a> (1204–1461)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonian emperors</a> (1224–1242)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Augustae" title="List of Augustae">Augustae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_usurper" title="Roman usurper">Usurpers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_usurpers" title="List of Roman usurpers">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_usurpers" title="List of Byzantine usurpers">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pontifices_maximi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pontifices_maximi" title="Template:Pontifices maximi"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pontifices_maximi" title="Template talk:Pontifices maximi"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pontifices_maximi" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pontifices maximi"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pontifices_maximi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifices maximi</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>715 BC: <a href="/wiki/Numa_Marcius" title="Numa Marcius">Numa Marcius</a></li> <li>509 BC: <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Papirius_(pontifex_maximus)" title="Gaius Papirius (pontifex maximus)">C. Papirius</a></li> <li>449 BC: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quintus_Furius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quintus Furius (page does not exist)">Q. Furius</a></li> <li>431 BC: <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Cornelius_Cossus" title="Aulus Cornelius Cossus">A. Cornelius Cossus</a></li> <li>420 BC: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spurius_Minucius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spurius Minucius (page does not exist)">S. Minucius</a></li> <li>390 BC: <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Fabius_Ambustus_(pontifex_maximus_390_BC)" title="Marcus Fabius Ambustus (pontifex maximus 390 BC)">M. Fabius Ambustus</a></li> <li>332 BC: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Publius_Cornelius_Calussa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Publius Cornelius Calussa (page does not exist)">P. Cornelius Calussa</a></li> <li>304 BC: <a href="/wiki/Publius_Cornelius_Scipio_Barbatus" title="Publius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus">P. Cornelius Scipio Barbatus</a></li> <li>254 BC: <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Coruncanius" title="Tiberius Coruncanius">Ti. Coruncanius</a></li> <li>243 BC: <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Caecilius_Metellus_(consul_251_BC)" title="Lucius Caecilius Metellus (consul 251 BC)">L. Caecilius Metellus</a></li> <li>221 BC: <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Lentulus_Caudinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Caudinus">L. Cornelius Lentulus Caudinus</a></li> <li>213 BC: <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Cornelius_Cethegus_(consul_204_BC)" title="Marcus Cornelius Cethegus (consul 204 BC)">M. Cornelius Cethegus</a></li> <li>212 BC: <a href="/wiki/Publius_Licinius_Crassus_Dives_(consul_205_BC)" title="Publius Licinius Crassus Dives (consul 205 BC)">P. Licinius Crassus Dives</a></li> <li>180 BC: <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aemilius_Lepidus_(consul_187_BC)" title="Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (consul 187 BC)">M. Aemilius Lepidus</a></li> <li>150 BC: <a href="/wiki/Publius_Cornelius_Scipio_Nasica_Corculum" title="Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum">P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum</a></li> <li>141 BC: <a href="/wiki/Publius_Cornelius_Scipio_Nasica_Serapio" title="Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio">P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio</a></li> <li>132 BC: <a href="/wiki/Publius_Licinius_Crassus_Dives_Mucianus" title="Publius Licinius Crassus Dives Mucianus">P. Licinius Crassus Dives Mucianus</a></li> <li>130 BC: <a href="/wiki/Publius_Mucius_Scaevola_(consul_133_BC)" title="Publius Mucius Scaevola (consul 133 BC)">P. Mucius Scaevola</a></li> <li>114 BC: <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Caecilius_Metellus_Delmaticus" title="Lucius Caecilius Metellus Delmaticus">L. Caecilius Metellus Delmaticus</a></li> <li>103 BC: <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Domitius_Ahenobarbus_(consul_96_BC)" title="Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 96 BC)">Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus</a></li> <li>89 BC: <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Mucius_Scaevola_Pontifex" title="Quintus Mucius Scaevola Pontifex">Q. Mucius Scaevola</a></li> <li>81 BC: <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Caecilius_Metellus_Pius" title="Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius">Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius</a></li> <li>63 BC: <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">C. Julius Caesar</a></li> <li>44 BC: <a href="/wiki/Lepidus" title="Lepidus">M. Aemilius Lepidus</a></li> <li>12 BC: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Imp. Caesar Augustus</a></li> <li>12 BC – AD 375: Held by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">emperors</a>.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Julius_Caesar" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Julius_Caesar" title="Template:Julius Caesar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Julius_Caesar" title="Template talk:Julius Caesar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Julius_Caesar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Julius Caesar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Julius_Caesar" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major life events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Early life and career of Julius Caesar">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Triumvirate" title="First Triumvirate">First Triumvirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallic wars">Gallic wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_civil_war" title="Caesar's civil war">Caesar's civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_Rubicon" title="Crossing the Rubicon">Crossing the Rubicon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Assassination of Julius Caesar">Assassination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_campaigns_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Military campaigns of Julius Caesar">Military campaigns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mytilene_(81_BC)" title="Siege of Mytilene (81 BC)">Mytilene</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Arar" title="Battle of the Arar">Arar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bibracte" title="Battle of Bibracte">Bibracte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vosges_(58_BC)" title="Battle of Vosges (58 BC)">Vosges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Axona" title="Battle of the Axona">Axona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sabis" title="Battle of the Sabis">Sabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Atuatuci" title="Siege of the Atuatuci">Atuatuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Octodurus" title="Battle of Octodurus">Octodurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Morbihan" title="Battle of Morbihan">Morbihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar%27s_invasions_of_Britain" title="Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain">Invasions of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambiorix%27s_revolt" title="Ambiorix's revolt">Ambiorix's revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avaricum" title="Avaricum">Avaricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gergovia" title="Battle of Gergovia">Gergovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alesia" title="Battle of Alesia">Alesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Uxellodunum" title="Siege of Uxellodunum">Uxellodunum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar's Civil War">Civil War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corfinium" title="Siege of Corfinium">Corfinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Brundisium" title="Siege of Brundisium">Brundisium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ilerda" title="Battle of Ilerda">Ilerda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dyrrhachium_(48_BC)" title="Battle of Dyrrhachium (48 BC)">Dyrrhachium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pharsalus" title="Battle of Pharsalus">Pharsalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_war" title="Alexandrian war">Alexandrian war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alexandria_(47_BC)" title="Siege of Alexandria (47 BC)">Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile_(47_BC)" title="Battle of the Nile (47 BC)">Battle of the Nile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zela" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Zela">Zela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ruspina" title="Battle of Ruspina">Ruspina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corduba" title="Siege of Corduba">Corduba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thapsus" title="Battle of Thapsus">Thapsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Munda" title="Battle of Munda">Munda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar%27s_planned_invasion_of_the_Parthian_Empire" title="Julius Caesar's planned invasion of the Parthian Empire">Planned invasion of the Parthian Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lex_Julia_de_maiestate" title="Lex Julia de maiestate">Lex Julia de maiestate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lex_Roscia" title="Lex Roscia">Lex Roscia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_reforms_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Constitutional reforms of Julius Caesar">Constitutional reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictator_perpetuo" title="Dictator perpetuo">Dictator perpetuo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laudatio_Iuliae_amitae" title="Laudatio Iuliae amitae">Laudatio Iuliae amitae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticato" title="Anticato">Anticato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commentarii_de_Bello_Civili" title="Commentarii de Bello Civili">Commentarii de Bello Civili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico" title="Commentarii de Bello Gallico">Commentarii de Bello Gallico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_analogia" title="De analogia">De analogia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poems_by_Julius_Caesar" title="Poems by Julius Caesar">Poems by Julius Caesar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Quotes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alea_iacta_est" title="Alea iacta est">Alea iacta est</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veni,_vidi,_vici" title="Veni, vidi, vici">Veni, vidi, vici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ut_est_rerum_omnium_magister_usus" title="Ut est rerum omnium magister usus">Ut est rerum omnium magister usus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_words_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Last words of Julius Caesar">Last words</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Caesar" title="Forum of Caesar">Forum of Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curia_Julia" title="Curia Julia">Curia Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Julia" title="Basilica Julia">Basilica Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Venus_Genetrix" title="Temple of Venus Genetrix">Temple of Venus Genetrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Rhine_bridges" title="Caesar's Rhine bridges">Caesar's Rhine bridges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portraits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tusculum_portrait" title="Tusculum portrait">Tusculum portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiaramonti_Caesar" title="Chiaramonti Caesar">Chiaramonti Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Caesar" title="Green Caesar">Green Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arles_bust" title="Arles bust">Arles bust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Julii_Caesares" title="Julii Caesares">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cossutia" title="Cossutia">Cossutia (disputed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_(wife_of_Caesar)" title="Cornelia (wife of Caesar)">Cornelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeia_(wife_of_Caesar)" title="Pompeia (wife of Caesar)">Pompeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calpurnia_(wife_of_Caesar)" title="Calpurnia (wife of Caesar)">Calpurnia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julia_(daughter_of_Caesar)" title="Julia (daughter of Caesar)">Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Caesarion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Augustus (adopted)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Caesar_(proconsul_of_Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Julius Caesar (proconsul of Asia)">Gaius Julius Caesar (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelia_(mother_of_Caesar)" title="Aurelia (mother of Caesar)">Aurelia (mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Major_(sister_of_Caesar)" title="Julia Major (sister of Caesar)">Julia Major (sister)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Minor_(grandmother_of_Augustus)" title="Julia Minor (grandmother of Augustus)">Julia Minor (sister)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Caesar_(Plutarch)" title="Life of Caesar (Plutarch)">Life of Caesar by Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Cultural depictions of Julius Caesar">Cultural depictions of Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Caesar" title="Temple of Caesar">Temple of Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Comet" title="Caesar's Comet">Caesar's Comet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarism" title="Caesarism">Caesarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar (title)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julia_gens" title="Julia gens">Julia gens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servilia_(mother_of_Brutus)" title="Servilia (mother of Brutus)">Servilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus" title="Marcus Junius Brutus">Marcus Junius Brutus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curia_of_Pompey" title="Curia of Pompey">Curia of Pompey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Julius_Caesar" title="Category:Julius Caesar">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Augustus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Augustus" title="Template:Augustus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Augustus" title="Template talk:Augustus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Augustus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Augustus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Augustus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Augustus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Gaius Octavius · Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (<a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Augustus" title="Early life of Augustus">Octavian</a>) · Imperator Caesar Augustus</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princeps" title="Princeps">Princeps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divi_filius" title="Divi filius">Divi filius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pater_patriae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pater patriae">Pater patriae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex maximus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Augustus" title="Wars of Augustus">Wars of Augustus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Triumvirate" title="Second Triumvirate">Second Triumvirate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Mutina" title="War of Mutina">War of Mutina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mutina" title="Battle of Mutina">battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Forum_Gallorum" title="Battle of Forum Gallorum">Forum Gallorum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberators%27_civil_war" title="Liberators' civil war">Liberators' Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Philippi" title="Battle of Philippi">Philippi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perusine_War" title="Perusine War">Perusine War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellum_Siculum" title="Bellum Siculum">Bellum Siculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Actium" title="War of Actium">War of Actium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alexandria_(30_BC)" title="Battle of Alexandria (30 BC)">Alexandria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_Wars" title="Cantabrian Wars">Cantabrian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellum_Batonianum" title="Bellum Batonianum">Bellum Batonianum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_campaigns_in_Germania_(12_BC_%E2%80%93_AD_16)" title="Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)">Germanic War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Forest" title="Battle of the Teutoburg Forest">Teutoburg</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislative activity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Reforms_of_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Reforms of Augustus">Constitutional Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lex_Julia#Augustan_leges_Juliae" title="Lex Julia">leges Juliae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_reform_of_Augustus" title="Coinage reform of Augustus">Coinage reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bierzo_Edict" title="Bierzo Edict">Bierzo Edict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Augustan_Rome" title="Propaganda in Augustan Rome">Propaganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Augustus" title="Forum of Augustus">Forum of Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campus_Martius" title="Campus Martius">Campus Martius</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Agrippa" title="Baths of Agrippa">Baths of Agrippa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porticus_Argonautarum" title="Porticus Argonautarum">Porticus Argonautarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Augustus" title="Mausoleum of Augustus">Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solarium_Augusti" title="Solarium Augusti">Solarium Augusti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obelisk_of_Montecitorio" title="Obelisk of Montecitorio">obelisk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saepta_Julia" title="Saepta Julia">Saepta Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diribitorium" title="Diribitorium">Diribitorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campus_Agrippae" title="Campus Agrippae">Campus Agrippae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porticus_Vipsania" title="Porticus Vipsania">Porticus Vipsania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porticus_Octaviae" title="Porticus Octaviae">Porticus Octaviae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porticus_of_Livia" title="Porticus of Livia">Porticus of Livia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macellum_Liviae" title="Macellum Liviae">Macellum Liviae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Palatine_Apollo" title="Library of Palatine Apollo">Library of Palatine Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Marcellus" title="Theatre of Marcellus">Theatre of Marcellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Agora" title="Roman Agora">Roman Agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropaeum_Alpium" title="Tropaeum Alpium">Tropaeum Alpium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesareum_of_Alexandria" title="Caesareum of Alexandria">Caesareum of Alexandria</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Palaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Augustus" title="House of Augustus">House of Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Maecenas" title="Gardens of Maecenas">Gardens of Maecenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_a_Mare" title="Palazzo a Mare">Palazzo a Mare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Giulia_(Ventotene)" title="Villa Giulia (Ventotene)">Villa Giulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_of_Augustus" title="Villa of Augustus">Villa of Augustus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ara_Pacis" title="Ara Pacis">Ara Pacis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Neptune" title="Basilica of Neptune">Basilica of Neptune</a></li> <li>Temples <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Caesar" title="Temple of Caesar">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_Palatinus" title="Temple of Apollo Palatinus">Apollo Palatinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_Sosianus" title="Temple of Apollo Sosianus">Apollo Sosianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Mars_Ultor" title="Temple of Mars Ultor">Mars Ultor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Castor_and_Pollux" title="Temple of Castor and Pollux">Castor and Pollux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Augustus,_Pula" title="Temple of Augustus, Pula">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Rome_and_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Rome and Augustus">Rome and Augustus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(water_supply)" title="Aqueduct (water supply)">Aqueducts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Virgo" title="Aqua Virgo">Aqua Virgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Alsietina" title="Aqua Alsietina">Aqua Alsietina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Julia" title="Aqua Julia">Aqua Julia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_roads" title="Roman roads">Roads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milliarium_Aureum" title="Milliarium Aureum">Milliarium Aureum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Julia_Augusta" title="Via Julia Augusta">Via Julia Augusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Augusta" title="Via Augusta">Via Augusta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Augustus_(Aosta)" title="Arch of Augustus (Aosta)">Aosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arc_de_Ber%C3%A0" title="Arc de Berà">Berà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Augustus_(Fano)" title="Arch of Augustus (Fano)">Fano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumphal_Arch_of_Orange" title="Triumphal Arch of Orange">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Augustus,_Rome" title="Arch of Augustus, Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Augustus_(Rimini)" title="Arch of Augustus (Rimini)">Rimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Augustus_(Susa)" title="Arch of Augustus (Susa)">Susa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Res_Gestae_Divi_Augusti" title="Res Gestae Divi Augusti">Res Gestae Divi Augusti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Memoirs_of_Augustus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Memoirs of Augustus (page does not exist)">Memoirs of Augustus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustan_literature_(ancient_Rome)" title="Augustan literature (ancient Rome)">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustan_and_Julio-Claudian_art" title="Augustan and Julio-Claudian art">Augustan and Julio-Claudian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Maecenas" title="Gaius Maecenas">Gaius Maecenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parents and siblings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Octavius_(father_of_Augustus)" title="Gaius Octavius (father of Augustus)">Gaius Octavius</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> (adoptive father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atia_(mother_of_Augustus)" title="Atia (mother of Augustus)">Atia</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavia_the_Elder" title="Octavia the Elder">Octavia the Elder</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavia_the_Younger" title="Octavia the Younger">Octavia the Younger</a> (sister)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_(wife_of_Octavian)" title="Claudia (wife of Octavian)">Claudia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livia" title="Livia">Livia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribonia_(wife_of_Octavian)" title="Scribonia (wife of Octavian)">Scribonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julia_the_Elder" title="Julia the Elder">Julia</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Caesar" title="Gaius Caesar">Gaius</a> & <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Caesar" title="Lucius Caesar">Lucius</a> (adopted)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrippa_Postumus" title="Agrippa Postumus">Agrippa Postumus</a> (adopted)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus" title="Nero Claudius Drusus">Nero Drusus</a> (stepson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> (adopted)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_(stepdaughter_of_Augustus)" title="Cornelia (stepdaughter of Augustus)">Cornelia</a> (stepdaughter)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Circle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Generals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa" title="Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa">Agrippa‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Calpurnius_Piso_Caesoninus_(consul_15_BC)" title="Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus (consul 15 BC)">Piso Caesoninus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_(nephew_of_Augustus)" title="Marcellus (nephew of Augustus)">Marcellus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Freedmen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Licinus" title="Julius Licinus">Julius Licinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Gaius Julius Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epaphroditus_(freedman_of_Augustus)" title="Epaphroditus (freedman of Augustus)">Epaphroditus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portraits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_of_Prima_Porta" title="Augustus of Prima Porta">Prima Porta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Labicana_Augustus" title="Via Labicana Augustus">Via Labicana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mero%C3%AB_Head" title="Meroë Head">Meroë Head</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Temples of Augustus <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Divus_Augustus" title="Temple of Divus Augustus">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Augustus_and_Rome" title="Temple of Augustus and Rome">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Divus_Augustus,_Nola" title="Temple of Divus Augustus, Nola">Nola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Augustus,_Barcelona" title="Temple of Augustus, Barcelona">Barcelona</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Temple_of_%C3%89vora" title="Roman Temple of Évora">Roman Temple of Évora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult" title="Imperial cult">Imperial cult</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodales_Augustales" title="Sodales Augustales">Sodales Augustales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felicior_Augusto,_melior_Traiano" title="Felicior Augusto, melior Traiano">Felicior Augusto, melior Traiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Augustus" title="Cultural depictions of Augustus">Cultural depictions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Augustus" title="Category:Augustus">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pharaohs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pharaohs" title="Template:Pharaohs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pharaohs" title="Template talk:Pharaohs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pharaohs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pharaohs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pharaohs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaohs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Protodynastic_to_First_Intermediate_Period_(" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Protodynastic</a> to <a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">First Intermediate Period</a>  (<3150–2040 BC)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female♀</li></ul></li> <li>uncertain</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Protodynastic</a> (pre-3150 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hedju_Hor" title="Hedju Hor">Hedju Hor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny-Hor" title="Ny-Hor">Ny-Hor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni-Neith" title="Ni-Neith">Ni-Neith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hat-Hor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hat-Hor">Hat-Hor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu (pharaoh)">Pu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hsekiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hsekiu">Hsekiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Khayu">Khayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiu (pharaoh)">Tiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thesh">Thesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neheb" class="mw-redirect" title="Neheb">Neheb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazner" class="mw-redirect" title="Wazner">Wazner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekh">Mekh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Falcon" title="Double Falcon">Double Falcon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wash_(pharaoh)" title="Wash (pharaoh)">Wash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_(pharaoh)" title="A (pharaoh)">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_Snail" title="Finger Snail">Finger Snail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_(pharaoh)" title="Fish (pharaoh)">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_(pharaoh)" title="Elephant (pharaoh)">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stork_(pharaoh)" title="Stork (pharaoh)">Stork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bull_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bull (pharaoh)">Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_I" title="Scorpion I">Scorpion I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_(pharaoh)" title="Crocodile (pharaoh)">Crocodile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iry-Hor" title="Iry-Hor">Iry-Hor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka_(pharaoh)" title="Ka (pharaoh)">Ka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_II" title="Scorpion II">Scorpion II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early Dynastic</a> (3150–2686 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djer" title="Djer">Djer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djet" title="Djet">Djet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_(pharaoh)" title="Den (pharaoh)">Den</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anedjib" title="Anedjib">Anedjib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semerkhet" title="Semerkhet">Semerkhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27a" title="Qa'a">Qa'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sneferka" title="Sneferka">Sneferka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horus_Bird_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horus Bird (Pharaoh)">Horus Bird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Second Dynasty of Egypt">II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hotepsekhemwy" title="Hotepsekhemwy">Hotepsekhemwy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebra_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebra (Pharaoh)">Nebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nynetjer" title="Nynetjer">Nynetjer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_(pharaoh)" title="Ba (pharaoh)">Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubnefer" title="Nubnefer">Nubnefer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horus_Sa" title="Horus Sa">Horus Sa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weneg_(pharaoh)" title="Weneg (pharaoh)">Weneg-Nebty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadjenes" title="Wadjenes">Wadjenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senedj" title="Senedj">Senedj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth-Peribsen" title="Seth-Peribsen">Seth-Peribsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemib-Perenmaat" title="Sekhemib-Perenmaat">Sekhemib-Perenmaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkara_I" title="Neferkara I">Neferkara I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkasokar" title="Neferkasokar">Neferkasokar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudjefa_I" title="Hudjefa I">Hudjefa I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasekhemwy" title="Khasekhemwy">Khasekhemwy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a> (2686–2181 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Third Dynasty of Egypt">III</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djoser" title="Djoser">Djoser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemkhet" title="Sekhemkhet">Sekhemkhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanakht" title="Sanakht">Sanakht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebka" title="Nebka">Nebka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaba" title="Khaba">Khaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedjes" title="Sedjes">Sedjes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qahedjet" title="Qahedjet">Qahedjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huni" title="Huni">Huni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">IV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sneferu" title="Sneferu">Snefru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedefre" title="Djedefre">Djedefre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikheris" title="Bikheris">Bikheris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menkaure" title="Menkaure">Menkaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepseskaf" title="Shepseskaf">Shepseskaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamphthis" title="Thamphthis">Thamphthis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">V</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Userkaf" title="Userkaf">Userkaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahure" title="Sahure">Sahure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferirkare_Kakai" title="Neferirkare Kakai">Neferirkare Kakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferefre" title="Neferefre">Neferefre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepseskare" title="Shepseskare">Shepseskare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyuserre_Ini" title="Nyuserre Ini">Nyuserre Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menkauhor_Kaiu" title="Menkauhor Kaiu">Menkauhor Kaiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Isesi" title="Djedkare Isesi">Djedkare Isesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unas" title="Unas">Unas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixth Dynasty of Egypt">VI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teti" title="Teti">Teti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Userkare" title="Userkare">Userkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepi_I_Meryre" title="Pepi I Meryre">Pepi I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_I" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf I">Merenre Nemtyemsaf I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepi_II_Neferkare" title="Pepi II Neferkare">Pepi II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_II" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf II">Merenre Nemtyemsaf II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netjerkare_Siptah" title="Netjerkare Siptah">Netjerkare Siptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferka" title="Neferka">Neferka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefer#Pharaoh" title="Nefer">Nefer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">1st Intermediate</a> (2181–2040 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventh Dynasty of Egypt">VII</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighth Dynasty of Egypt">VIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menkare" title="Menkare">Menkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_II" title="Neferkare II">Neferkare II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Neby" title="Neferkare Neby">Neferkare III Neby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Shemai" title="Djedkare Shemai">Djedkare Shemai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Khendu" title="Neferkare Khendu">Neferkare IV Khendu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenhor" title="Merenhor">Merenhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkamin" title="Neferkamin">Neferkamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikare" title="Nikare">Nikare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Tereru" title="Neferkare Tereru">Neferkare V Tereru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkahor" title="Neferkahor">Neferkahor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Pepiseneb" title="Neferkare Pepiseneb">Neferkare VI Pepiseneb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkamin_Anu" title="Neferkamin Anu">Neferkamin Anu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ibi" title="Qakare Ibi">Qakare Iby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkaure" title="Neferkaure">Neferkaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkauhor" title="Neferkauhor">Neferkauhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferirkare" title="Neferirkare">Neferirkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadjkare" title="Wadjkare">Wadjkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuiqer" title="Khuiqer">Khuiqer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khui" title="Khui">Khui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iytjenu" title="Iytjenu">Iytjenu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Ninth Dynasty of Egypt">IX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meryibre_Khety" title="Meryibre Khety">Meryibre Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare,_ninth_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Neferkare, ninth dynasty">Neferkare VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebkaure_Khety" title="Nebkaure Khety">Nebkaure Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setut" title="Setut">Setut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imhotep_(pharaoh)" title="Imhotep (pharaoh)">Imhotep</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Tenth Dynasty of Egypt">X</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meryhathor" title="Meryhathor">Meryhathor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_VIII" title="Neferkare VIII">Neferkare VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahkare_Khety" title="Wahkare Khety">Wahkare Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikare" title="Merikare">Merykare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Middle_Kingdom_and_Second_Intermediate_Period_(2040–1550_BC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">Second Intermediate Period</a>  (2040–1550 BC)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female♀</li></ul></li> <li>uncertain</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> (2040–1802 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">XI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_I" title="Mentuhotep I">Mentuhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_I" title="Intef I">Intef I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_II" title="Intef II">Intef II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_III" title="Intef III">Intef III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_II" title="Mentuhotep II">Mentuhotep II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_III" title="Mentuhotep III">Mentuhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_IV" title="Mentuhotep IV">Mentuhotep IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em">Nubia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Segerseni" title="Segerseni">Segerseni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ini" title="Qakare Ini">Qakare Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyibkhentre" title="Iyibkhentre">Iyibkhentre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">XII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_I" title="Amenemhat I">Amenemhat I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_I" title="Senusret I">Senusret I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_II" title="Amenemhat II">Amenemhat II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_II" title="Senusret II">Senusret II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_III" title="Senusret III">Senusret III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_III" title="Amenemhat III">Amenemhat III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_IV" title="Amenemhat IV">Amenemhat IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekneferu" title="Sobekneferu">Sobekneferu</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seankhibtawy_Seankhibra" title="Seankhibtawy Seankhibra">Seankhibtawy Seankhibra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">2nd Intermediate</a> (1802–1550 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre_Khutawy_Sobekhotep" title="Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep">Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonbef" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonbef">Sonbef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerikare" title="Nerikare">Nerikare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemkare" title="Sekhemkare">Sekhemkare Amenemhat V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameny_Qemau" title="Ameny Qemau">Ameny Qemau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotepibre" title="Hotepibre">Hotepibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iufni" title="Iufni">Iufni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhet_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenemhet VI">Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semenkare_Nebnuni" title="Semenkare Nebnuni">Semenkare Nebnuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehetepibre" title="Sehetepibre">Sehetepibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare" title="Sewadjkare">Sewadjkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedjemibre" title="Nedjemibre">Nedjemibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaankhre_Sobekhotep" title="Khaankhre Sobekhotep">Khaankhre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renseneb" title="Renseneb">Renseneb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hor" title="Hor">Hor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemrekhutawy_Khabaw" title="Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw">Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkheperew" title="Djedkheperew">Djedkheperew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebkay" title="Sebkay">Sebkay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedjefakare" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedjefakare">Sedjefakare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wegaf" title="Wegaf">Wegaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khendjer" title="Khendjer">Khendjer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imyremeshaw" title="Imyremeshaw">Imyremeshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehetepkare_Intef" title="Sehetepkare Intef">Sehetepkare Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Meribre" title="Seth Meribre">Seth Meribre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_III" title="Sobekhotep III">Sobekhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferhotep_I" title="Neferhotep I">Neferhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sihathor" title="Sihathor">Sihathor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_IV" title="Sobekhotep IV">Sobekhotep IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merhotepre_Sobekhotep" title="Merhotepre Sobekhotep">Merhotepre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Sobekhotep VI">Khahotepre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahibre_Ibiau" title="Wahibre Ibiau">Wahibre Ibiau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merneferre_Ay" title="Merneferre Ay">Merneferre Ay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merhotepre_Ini" title="Merhotepre Ini">Merhotepre Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankhenre_Sewadjtu" title="Sankhenre Sewadjtu">Sankhenre Sewadjtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersekhemre_Ined" title="Mersekhemre Ined">Mersekhemre Ined</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare_Hori" title="Sewadjkare Hori">Sewadjkare Hori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkawre_Sobekhotep" title="Merkawre Sobekhotep">Merkawre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mershepsesre_Ini_II" title="Mershepsesre Ini II">Mershepsesre Ini II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewahenre_Senebmiu" title="Sewahenre Senebmiu">Sewahenre Senebmiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkheperre" title="Merkheperre">Merkheperre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkare" title="Merkare">Merkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjare_Mentuhotep" title="Sewadjare Mentuhotep">Sewadjare Mentuhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seheqenre_Sankhptahi" title="Seheqenre Sankhptahi">Seheqenre Sankhptahi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yakbim_Sekhaenre" title="Yakbim Sekhaenre">Yakbim Sekhaenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27ammu_Nubwoserre" title="Ya'ammu Nubwoserre">Ya'ammu Nubwoserre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qareh" class="mw-redirect" title="Qareh">Qareh Khawoserre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aahotepre" class="mw-redirect" title="Aahotepre">'Ammu Ahotepre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheshi" title="Sheshi">Maaibre Sheshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehesy" title="Nehesy">Nehesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakherewre" class="mw-redirect" title="Khakherewre">Khakherewre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebefawre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebefawre">Nebefawre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehebre" title="Sehebre">Sehebre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merdjefare" title="Merdjefare">Merdjefare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare_III" title="Sewadjkare III">Sewadjkare III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebdjefare" title="Nebdjefare">Nebdjefare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebsenre" title="Nebsenre">Nebsenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekheperenre" title="Sekheperenre">Sekheperenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebnum" title="Bebnum">Bebnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Apepi" title="'Apepi">'Apepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuya" title="Nuya">Nuya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazad" title="Wazad">Wazad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheneh_(pharaoh)" title="Sheneh (pharaoh)">Sheneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenshek" title="Shenshek">Shenshek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamure" title="Khamure">Khamure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakareb" title="Yakareb">Yakareb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqub-Har" title="Yaqub-Har">Yaqub-Har</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharek" title="Sharek">Sharek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semqen" title="Semqen">Semqen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aperanat" title="Aperanat">'Aper-'Anati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salitis" title="Salitis">Salitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakir-Har" title="Sakir-Har">Sakir-Har</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khyan" title="Khyan">Khyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanassi" title="Yanassi">Yanassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apepi" title="Apepi">Apepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamudi" title="Khamudi">Khamudi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djehuti" class="mw-redirect" title="Djehuti">Djehuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_VIII" title="Sobekhotep VIII">Sobekhotep VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferhotep_III" title="Neferhotep III">Neferhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seankhenre_Mentuhotepi" title="Seankhenre Mentuhotepi">Mentuhotepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebiryraw_I" title="Nebiryraw I">Nebiryraw I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebiriau_II" title="Nebiriau II">Nebiriau II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semenre" title="Semenre">Semenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebiankh" title="Bebiankh">Bebiankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre_Shedwast" class="mw-redirect" title="Sekhemre Shedwast">Sekhemre Shedwast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedumose_I" title="Dedumose I">Dedumose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedumose_II" title="Dedumose II">Dedumose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedankhre_Montemsaf" title="Djedankhre Montemsaf">Montuemsaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merankhre_Mentuhotep" title="Merankhre Mentuhotep">Merankhre Mentuhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_IV" title="Senusret IV">Senusret IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepi_III" title="Pepi III">Pepi III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Abydos_Dynasty" title="Abydos Dynasty">Abydos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senebkay" title="Senebkay">Senebkay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wepwawetemsaf" title="Wepwawetemsaf">Wepwawetemsaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantjeny" title="Pantjeny">Pantjeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snaaib" title="Snaaib">Snaaib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rahotep" class="mw-redirect" title="Rahotep">Rahotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebmaatre" title="Nebmaatre">Nebmaatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekemsaf_I" title="Sobekemsaf I">Sobekemsaf I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekemsaf_II" title="Sobekemsaf II">Sobekemsaf II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre-Wepmaat_Intef" title="Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef">Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubkheperre_Intef" title="Nubkheperre Intef">Nubkheperre Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat_Intef" title="Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef">Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senakhtenre_Ahmose" title="Senakhtenre Ahmose">Senakhtenre Ahmose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seqenenre_Tao" title="Seqenenre Tao">Seqenenre Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamose" title="Kamose">Kamose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="New_Kingdom_and_Third_Intermediate_Period_(1550–664_BC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">Third Intermediate Period</a>  (1550–664 BC)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Pharaohs  (male</li><li>female♀)</li><li>uncertain</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> (1550–1070 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmose_I" title="Ahmose I">Ahmose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_I" title="Amenhotep I">Amenhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_I" title="Thutmose I">Thutmose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_II" title="Thutmose II">Thutmose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_II" title="Amenhotep II">Amenhotep II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_IV" title="Thutmose IV">Thutmose IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smenkhkare" title="Smenkhkare">Smenkhkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferneferuaten" title="Neferneferuaten">Neferneferuaten</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ay_(pharaoh)" title="Ay (pharaoh)">Ay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horemheb" title="Horemheb">Horemheb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_I" title="Ramesses I">Ramesses I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merneptah" title="Merneptah">Merneptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenmesse" title="Amenmesse">Amenmesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seti_II" title="Seti II">Seti II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siptah" title="Siptah">Siptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twosret" class="mw-redirect" title="Twosret">Twosret</a>♀</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt">XX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Setnakhte" title="Setnakhte">Setnakhte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_III" title="Ramesses III">Ramesses III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IV" title="Ramesses IV">Ramesses IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_V" title="Ramesses V">Ramesses V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VI" title="Ramesses VI">Ramesses VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VII" title="Ramesses VII">Ramesses VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VIII" title="Ramesses VIII">Ramesses VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IX" title="Ramesses IX">Ramesses IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_X" title="Ramesses X">Ramesses X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_XI" title="Ramesses XI">Ramesses XI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">3rd Intermediate</a> (1069–664 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt">XXI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smendes" title="Smendes">Smendes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemnisu" title="Amenemnisu">Amenemnisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_I" title="Psusennes I">Psusennes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemope_(pharaoh)" title="Amenemope (pharaoh)">Amenemope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_the_Elder" title="Osorkon the Elder">Osorkon the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamun" title="Siamun">Siamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_II" title="Psusennes II">Psusennes II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Amun" title="High Priest of Amun">High Priests of Amun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herihor" title="Herihor">Herihor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piankh" title="Piankh">Piankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinedjem_I" title="Pinedjem I">Pinedjem I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masaharta" title="Masaharta">Masaharta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkhonsuefankh" title="Djedkhonsuefankh">Djedkhonsuefankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menkheperre" title="Menkheperre">Menkheperre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smendes_II" title="Smendes II">Smendes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinedjem_II" title="Pinedjem II">Pinedjem II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_III" title="Psusennes III">Psusennes III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt">XXII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_I" title="Shoshenq I">Shoshenq I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_I" title="Osorkon I">Osorkon I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_II" title="Shoshenq II">Shoshenq II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutkheperre_Shoshenq" title="Tutkheperre Shoshenq">Tutkheperre Shoshenq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_I" title="Takelot I">Takelot I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_II" title="Osorkon II">Osorkon II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_III" title="Shoshenq III">Shoshenq III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_IV" title="Shoshenq IV">Shoshenq IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pami" title="Pami">Pami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_V" title="Shoshenq V">Shoshenq V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedubast_II" title="Pedubast II">Pedubast II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_IV" title="Osorkon IV">Osorkon IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt">XXIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harsiese_A" title="Harsiese A">Harsiese A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_II" title="Takelot II">Takelot II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedubast_I" title="Pedubast I">Pedubast I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iuput_I" title="Iuput I">Iuput I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VI" title="Shoshenq VI">Shoshenq VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_III" title="Osorkon III">Osorkon III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_III" title="Takelot III">Takelot III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudamun" title="Rudamun">Rudamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VII" title="Shoshenq VII">Shoshenq VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ini_(pharaoh)" title="Ini (pharaoh)">Menkheperre Ini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">XXIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tefnakht" title="Tefnakht">Tefnakht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakenranef" title="Bakenranef">Bakenranef</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">XXV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piye" title="Piye">Piye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shebitku" title="Shebitku">Shebitku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabaka" title="Shabaka">Shabaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taharqa" title="Taharqa">Taharqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantamani" title="Tantamani">Tanutamun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Late_to_Roman_Period_(664_BC–313_AD)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late</a> to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Period</a> (664 BC–313 AD)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female♀</li></ul></li> <li>uncertain</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late</a> (664–332 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">XXVI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammeris" title="Ammeris">Ammeris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefnakht_II" title="Tefnakht II">Tefnakht II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekauba" title="Nekauba">Nekauba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_I" title="Necho I">Necho I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_I" title="Psamtik I">Psamtik I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_II" title="Necho II">Necho II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_II" title="Psamtik II">Psamtik II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apries" title="Apries">Wahibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasis_II" title="Amasis II">Ahmose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_III" title="Psamtik III">Psamtik III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">XXVII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petubastis_III" title="Petubastis III">Petubastis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psammetichus_IV" title="Psammetichus IV">Psammetichus IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt">XXVIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amyrtaeus" title="Amyrtaeus">Amyrtaeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt">XXIX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepherites_I" title="Nepherites I">Nepherites I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakor" title="Hakor">Hakor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psammuthes" title="Psammuthes">Psammuthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepherites_II" title="Nepherites II">Nepherites II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthis" title="Muthis">Muthis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">XXX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_I" title="Nectanebo I">Nectanebo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teos_of_Egypt" title="Teos of Egypt">Teos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_II" title="Nectanebo II">Nectanebo II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">XXXI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khabash" title="Khabash">Khabash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arses_of_Persia" title="Arses of Persia">Arses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> (332–30 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III Arrhidaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_II" title="Arsinoe II">Arsinoe II</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III_Euergetes" title="Ptolemy III Euergetes">Ptolemy III Euergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice II">Berenice II Euergetes</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy IV Philopator">Ptolemy IV Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_III_Philopator" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsinoe III Philopator">Arsinoe III Philopator</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes" title="Ptolemy V Epiphanes">Ptolemy V Epiphanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_I_Syra" title="Cleopatra I Syra">Cleopatra I Syra</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VI_Philometor" title="Ptolemy VI Philometor">Ptolemy VI Philometor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_II" title="Cleopatra II">Cleopatra II</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VII_Neos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator">Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon" title="Ptolemy VIII Physcon">Ptolemy VIII Euergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_III" title="Cleopatra III">Cleopatra III</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IX_Lathyros" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy IX Lathyros">Ptolemy IX Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_IV" title="Cleopatra IV">Cleopatra IV</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_X_Alexander_I" title="Ptolemy X Alexander I">Ptolemy X Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_III" title="Berenice III">Berenice III</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XI_Alexander_II" title="Ptolemy XI Alexander II">Ptolemy XI Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XII_Auletes" title="Ptolemy XII Auletes">Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_V" title="Cleopatra V">Cleopatra V</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_IV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice IV of Egypt">Berenice IV Epiphaneia</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VI_Tryphaena" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra VI Tryphaena">Cleopatra VI Tryphaena</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra VII Philopator</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIII_Theos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator">Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_IV" title="Arsinoe IV">Arsinoe IV</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIV Philopator">Ptolemy XIV Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Ptolemy XV Caesarion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman</a> (30 BC–313 AD)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="XXXIV" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_pharaoh" title="Roman pharaoh">XXXIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pescennius_Niger" title="Pescennius Niger">Pescennius Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus Thrax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrianus_Minor" title="Macrianus Minor">Macrianus Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quietus" title="Quietus">Quietus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Mussius_Aemilianus" title="Lucius Mussius Aemilianus">Lucius Mussius Aemilianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius Gothicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus Daza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Dynastic_genealogies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Dynastic genealogies</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="First Dynasty of Egypt family tree">1st</a></li> <li>2nd</li> <li>3rd</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt family tree">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st,_22nd_%26_23rd_dynasties_of_Egypt_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="21st, 22nd & 23rd dynasties of Egypt family tree">21st to 23rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt#Family_tree" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">24th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">25th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">26th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">27th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt#Family_tree" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">30th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">31st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty#Family_tree" title="Argead dynasty">Argead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic family tree">Ptolemaic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharaohs" title="List of pharaohs">List of pharaohs</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1405#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1405#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1405#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121227317">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/18013086">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/593144647699322575560">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2081153063189619320009">3</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/736158790622738851366">4</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1184153063236619320002">5</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/32969/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjvpK4HvBGd9W7DYDXj9jC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118505122">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79033006">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12326866z">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12326866z">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00650422">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV021587">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35010212">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000700093&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1026401">Spain</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4746220">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069639639">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90747437">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000097185&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000056773&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000200332">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=96552">Greece</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=65181">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201620721">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/gdsvvhw04l6fnhb">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810567452205606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/51125">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007258176205171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000135160">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058521354606706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/20728474">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00507115?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500058949">ULAN</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/788755">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118505122.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118505122">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/032190026">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/010314">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w61n94pq">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Augustus&oldid=1258890176">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Augustus&oldid=1258890176</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Augustus" title="Category:Augustus">Augustus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:63_BC_births" title="Category:63 BC births">63 BC births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:14_deaths" title="Category:14 deaths">14 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1st-century_BC_Roman_augurs" title="Category:1st-century BC Roman augurs">1st-century BC Roman augurs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1st-century_BC_Roman_consuls" title="Category:1st-century BC Roman consuls">1st-century BC Roman consuls</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1st-century_BC_monarchs_in_Europe" title="Category:1st-century BC monarchs in Europe">1st-century BC monarchs in Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1st-century_Roman_emperors" title="Category:1st-century Roman emperors">1st-century Roman emperors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1st-century_clergy" title="Category:1st-century clergy">1st-century clergy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Roman_adoptees" title="Category:Ancient Roman adoptees">Ancient Roman adoptees</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Roman_military_personnel" title="Category:Ancient Roman military personnel">Ancient Roman military personnel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_the_Mausoleum_of_Augustus" title="Category:Burials at the Mausoleum of Augustus">Burials at the Mausoleum of Augustus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Characters_in_Book_VI_of_the_Aeneid" title="Category:Characters in Book VI of the Aeneid">Characters in Book VI of the Aeneid</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Children_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Category:Children of Julius Caesar">Children of Julius Caesar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deified_Roman_emperors" title="Category:Deified Roman emperors">Deified Roman emperors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Founding_monarchs" title="Category:Founding monarchs">Founding monarchs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Julii_Caesares" title="Category:Julii Caesares">Julii Caesares</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Category:Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudian dynasty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_in_the_canonical_gospels" title="Category:People in the canonical gospels">People in the canonical gospels</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_spokespersons" title="Category:Political spokespersons">Political spokespersons</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pontifices" title="Category:Pontifices">Pontifices</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roman_pharaohs" title="Category:Roman pharaohs">Roman pharaohs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Shipwreck_survivors" title="Category:Shipwreck survivors">Shipwreck survivors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1st-century_Romans" title="Category:1st-century Romans">1st-century Romans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Octavii" title="Category:Octavii">Octavii</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_of_the_War_of_Mutina" title="Category:People of the War of Mutina">People of the War of Mutina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natalist_politicians" title="Category:Natalist politicians">Natalist politicians</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_August_2023" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from August 2023">Articles with dead external links from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Featured_articles" title="Category:Featured articles">Featured articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from August 2024">Use dmy dates from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Latin_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Latin IPA">Pages with Latin IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_missing_ISBNs" title="Category:Pages with missing ISBNs">Pages with missing ISBNs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_EB9" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from EB9">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from EB9</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata">Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_default_search" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with default search">Pages using Sister project links with default search</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 November 2024, at 05:29 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Augustus&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-565f7699fc-s4j8d","wgBackendResponseTime":146,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.785","walltime":"4.376","ppvisitednodes":{"value":42312,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":526807,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":50463,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":25,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":460630,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3636.689 1 -total"," 28.37% 1031.584 346 Template:Sfn"," 13.07% 475.489 2 Template:Reflist"," 12.95% 470.777 1 Template:Infobox_royalty"," 12.89% 468.923 2 Template:Infobox"," 7.02% 255.403 47 Template:Cite_book"," 5.59% 203.158 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 5.35% 194.566 385 Template:Main_other"," 4.79% 174.250 11 Template:Navbox"," 4.72% 171.706 14 Template:Cite_journal"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.098","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22257884,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAndo2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBivar1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBleicken1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBourne1918\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowersock1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrosius2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuchan1937\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBunson1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurgess2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCassius_Dio\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholmFerguson1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCicero\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDio1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEckTakács2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEder2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEveritt2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEveritt2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFishwick2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalinsky1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalinsky2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldsworthy2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrant1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGruen2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammond1957\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHammond1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolland2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonesBird1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelsall1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevick2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevick2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewisJones1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuke2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMackay2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMark2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMassie1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerivale1878\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMihai_Andrei2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicolaus_of_Damascus\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOhst2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsgood2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanzanelli2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPelham1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaaflaubSamons1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRattini2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRawson1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReinhold1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRes_Gestae_Divi_Augusti\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoebuck1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoller2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowell1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott1933\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScullard1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSear\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSetton1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaw-Smith1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShelton1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShotter1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShotter1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSouthern1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStarr1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrothmann2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuetonius\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSyme1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSyme1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTacitus\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVelleius_Paterculus\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalkerBurnett1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeisbergerSeptember_2ET2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWells2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZanker1989\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"Abbr\"] = 8,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Augustus\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Awrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 11,\n [\"Citation\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB9\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 47,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 6,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 15,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 6,\n [\"Harnvb\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 4,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 3,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN?\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox royalty\"] = 1,\n [\"Julius Caesar\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 13,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Longitem\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Married-in\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Pb\"] = 1,\n [\"Pharaohs\"] = 1,\n [\"Pontifices maximi\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 3,\n [\"Refend\"] = 3,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refn\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 3,\n [\"Roman emperors\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 7,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 6,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-hou\"] = 1,\n [\"S-new\"] = 1,\n [\"S-off\"] = 1,\n [\"S-rel\"] = 1,\n [\"S-roy\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 7,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 346,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 6,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Smallcaps\"] = 3,\n [\"Snd\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 2,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 2,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 4,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","560","23.7"],["?","420","17.8"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","260","11.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","200","8.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","100","4.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","100","4.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","80","3.4"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","2.5"],["make_wikilink \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Utilities:166\u003E","40","1.7"],["\u003CModule:Citation/CS1:813\u003E","40","1.7"],["[others]","500","21.2"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-6hhqz","timestamp":"20241125142751","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Augustus","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Augustus","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1405","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1405","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-08-03T06:50:11Z","dateModified":"2024-11-22T05:29:37Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/5e\/Augustus_of_Prima_Porta_%28inv._2290%29.jpg","headline":"first emperor of the Roman Empire and founder of the Julio-Claudian dynasty"}</script> </body> </html>