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</a> <ul id="toc-Ver_também-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referências" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referências"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Referências</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referências-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ligações_externas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligações_externas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Ligações externas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligações_externas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Conteúdo" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alternar o índice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alternar o índice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Thomas Edison</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir para um artigo noutra língua. Disponível em 184 línguas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-184" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">184 línguas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — africanês" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="africanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison — alemão suíço" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alemão suíço" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B6%E1%88%9B%E1%88%B5_%E1%8A%A4%E1%8B%B2%E1%88%B6%E1%8A%95" title="ቶማስ ኤዲሶን — amárico" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቶማስ ኤዲሶን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amárico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison — aragonês" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%8Dm%E1%BB%8Ds_Edison" title="Tọmọs Edison — obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Tọmọs Edison" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="थॉमस ऐल्वा ऐडिसन — angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="थॉमस ऐल्वा ऐडिसन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="توماس إديسون — árabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توماس إديسون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%86" title="طوماس إيديصون — Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="طوماس إيديصون" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="توماس إديسون — Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="توماس إديسون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9B_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8" title="থমাছ আলভা এডিচন — assamês" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="থমাছ আলভা এডিচন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison — asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="थोमस ऐल्वा एडीसन — awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="थोमस ऐल्वा एडीसन" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — aimará" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aimará" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomas_Alva_Edison" title="Tomas Alva Edison — azerbaijano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="توماس ادیسون — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="توماس ادیسون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Эдисон Томас Алва — bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Эдисон Томас Алва" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison — Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuoms_Ed%C4%97suons" title="Tuoms Edėsuons — Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Tuoms Edėsuons" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Томас Эдысан — bielorrusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Томас Эдысан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Томас Эдысан — Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Томас Эдысан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo destacado"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Томас Едисън — búlgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Томас Едисън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — bislamá" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="bislamá" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison — Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8" title="টমাস এডিসন — bengalês" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টমাস এডিসন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — bretão" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — bósnio" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bósnio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison — Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Томас Эдисон — Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Томас Эдисон" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison — catalão" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Эдисон, Томас Алва — checheno" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Эдисон, Томас Алва" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="checheno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%86%D9%86" title="تۆماس ئێدیسۆن — curdo central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تۆماس ئێدیسۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — córsico" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="córsico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison — checo" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="checo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Эдисон Томас Алва — chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Эдисон Томас Алва" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — galês" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — dinamarquês" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dinamarquês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo bom"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison — alemão" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="थोमस एल्वा एडिसन — Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="थोमस एल्वा एडिसन" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%88%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Τόμας Έντισον — grego" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τόμας Έντισον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — inglês" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison — esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison — espanhol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison — estónio" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estónio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison — basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="توماس ادیسون — persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توماس ادیسون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — finlandês" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edisoni_Thomas" title="Edisoni Thomas — Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Edisoni Thomas" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — feroês" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — francês" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — frísico ocidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frísico ocidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — irlandês" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E8%BF%AA%E7%94%9F" title="愛迪生 — gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="愛迪生" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — gaélico escocês" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaélico escocês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison — galego" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison — gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A5%E0%AB%89%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B8_%E0%AA%8D%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%A8" title="થૉમસ ઍડિસન — guzerate" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="થૉમસ ઍડિસન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="guzerate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — haúça" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="haúça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Eddison" title="Thomas Eddison — hacá" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thomas Eddison" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hacá" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A1_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%95%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F" title="תומאס אלווה אדיסון — hebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תומאס אלווה אדיסון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="थॉमस ऐल्वा एडीसन — hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="थॉमस ऐल्वा एडीसन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison — croata" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — haitiano" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison — húngaro" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="húngaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD_%D4%B7%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Թոմաս Էդիսոն — arménio" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թոմաս Էդիսոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — interlíngua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlíngua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — indonésio" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison — ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — islandês" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — italiano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B8%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3" title="トーマス・エジソン — japonês" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トーマス・エジソン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison — javanês" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%95%E1%83%90_%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ტომას ალვა ედისონი — georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტომას ალვა ედისონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — kara-kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="kara-kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — quicuio" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="quicuio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Томас Алва Эдисон — cazaque" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Томас Алва Эдисон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="cazaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5_%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಥಾಮಸ್ ಆಲ್ವ ಎಡಿಸನ್ — canarim" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಥಾಮಸ್ ಆಲ್ವ ಎಡಿಸನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="canarim" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EB%A8%B8%EC%8A%A4_%EC%97%90%EB%94%94%EC%8A%A8" title="토머스 에디슨 — coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="토머스 에디슨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%B0" title="Эдисон, Томас Альфа — carachaio-bálcaro" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Эдисон, Томас Альфа" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="carachaio-bálcaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8E%D8%B3_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%8E%D9%86" title="تھامَس ایلوا ایڈیسَن — caxemira" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="تھامَس ایلوا ایڈیسَن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="caxemira" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison — kölsch" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="kölsch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison — curdo" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curdo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — córnico" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="córnico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Томас Эдисон — quirguiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Томас Эдисон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="quirguiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — latim" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latim" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison — luxemburguês" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburguês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison — Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — limburguês" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburguês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison — Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — lombardo" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo bom"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomass_Edisons" title="Tomass Edisons — letão" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tomass Edisons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="थोमस एल्वा एडिसन — maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="थोमस एल्वा एडिसन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison — Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — malgaxe" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison — minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Томас Алва Едисон — macedónio" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Томас Алва Едисон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedónio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BD%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B5_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BA" title="തോമസ് ആൽ‌വ എഡിസൺ — malaiala" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തോമസ് ആൽ‌വ എഡിസൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Томас Альва Эдисон — mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Томас Альва Эдисон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="थॉमस अल्वा एडिसन — marata" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="थॉमस अल्वा एडिसन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — malaio" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — maltês" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — mirandês" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%86%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="သောမတ် အက်ဒီဆင် — birmanês" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သောမတ် အက်ဒီဆင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="ادیسون — mazandarani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ادیسون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison — Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — baixo-alemão" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baixo-alemão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="थोमस एल्वा एडिसन — nepalês" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="थोमस एल्वा एडिसन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="थोमस एडिसन — newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="थोमस एडिसन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — neerlandês" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — norueguês nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norueguês nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — norueguês bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norueguês bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A5%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B8_%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE_%E0%AC%8F%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8" title="ଥୋମାସ ଆଲଭା ଏଡ଼ିସନ — oriá" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଥୋମାସ ଆଲଭା ଏଡ଼ିସନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriá" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A8" title="ਥਾਮਸ ਐਡੀਸਨ — panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਥਾਮਸ ਐਡੀਸਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — pampango" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison — polaco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%86" title="تھامس ایلوا ایڈیسن — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تھامس ایلوا ایڈیسن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A7%DA%89%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="توماس اډیسون — pastó" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="توماس اډیسون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pastó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison — quíchua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quíchua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — romeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison — aromeno" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Эдисон, Томас — russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эдисон, Томас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%95%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Томас Едісон — Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Томас Едісон" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D" title="थामस् एडिसन् — sânscrito" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="थामस् एडिसन्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sânscrito" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Томас Эдисон — sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Томас Эдисон" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5_%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱛᱷᱚᱢᱟᱥ ᱟᱞᱵᱷᱟ ᱮᱰᱤᱥᱚᱱ — santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱛᱷᱚᱢᱟᱥ ᱟᱞᱵᱷᱟ ᱮᱰᱤᱥᱚᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison — siciliano" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%8A%DA%8A%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%86" title="ٿامس ايڊيسن — sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٿامس ايڊيسن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison — servo-croata" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="servo-croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="තෝමස් අල්වා එඩිසන් — cingalês" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තෝමස් අල්වා එඩිසන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="cingalês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison — eslovaco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison — esloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — samoano" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="samoano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomas_Edison" title="Tomas Edison — somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Tomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — albanês" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Томас Алва Едисон — sérvio" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Томас Алва Едисон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sérvio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison — sundanês" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — sueco" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sueco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — suaíli" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suaíli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang-mas.ay-ti-sen" title="Tang-mas.ay-ti-sen — Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Tang-mas.ay-ti-sen" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="தாமசு ஆல்வா எடிசன் — tâmil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தாமசு ஆல்வா எடிசன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tâmil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="థామస్ అల్వా ఎడిసన్ — telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="థామస్ అల్వా ఎడిసన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="ทอมัส เอดิสัน — tailandês" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทอมัส เอดิสัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tailandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomas_Edison" title="Tomas Edison — turcomano" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Tomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turcomano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — tagalo" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Томас Эдисон — tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Томас Эдисон" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A6%DB%90%D8%AF%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="توماس ئېدىسون — uigur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="توماس ئېدىسون" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Томас Алва Едісон — ucraniano" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Томас Алва Едісон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraniano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%86" title="تھامس ایلوا ایڈیسن — urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تھامس ایلوا ایڈیسن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — usbeque" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbeque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison — Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Thomas Alva Edison" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edison_Tomas_Alva" title="Edison Tomas Alva — Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Edison Tomas Alva" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — volapuque" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapuque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E8%BF%AA%E7%94%9F" title="爱迪生 — wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="爱迪生" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%95%E1%83%90_%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ტომას ალვა ედისონი — Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტომას ალვა ედისონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A1_%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%9F" title="טאמעס עדיסאן — iídiche" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טאמעס עדיסאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="iídiche" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — ioruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="ioruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E8%BF%AA%E7%94%9F" title="托马斯·爱迪生 — chinês" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="托马斯·爱迪生" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E8%BF%AA%E7%94%9F" title="愛迪生 — Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="愛迪生" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison — min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thomas Edison" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B9%AF%E9%A6%AC%E5%A3%AB%C2%B7%E6%84%9B%E8%BF%AA%E7%94%9F" title="湯馬士·愛迪生 — cantonês" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="湯馬士·愛迪生" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8743#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editar hiperligações interlínguas" class="wbc-editpage">Editar hiperligações</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaços nominais"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Ver a página de conteúdo [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artigo</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discuss%C3%A3o:Thomas_Edison" rel="discussion" title="Discussão sobre o conteúdo da página [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussão</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" 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href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A1ginas_afluentes/Thomas_Edison" title="Lista de todas as páginas que contêm hiperligações para esta [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Páginas afluentes</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Altera%C3%A7%C3%B5es_relacionadas/Thomas_Edison" rel="nofollow" title="Mudanças recentes nas páginas para as quais esta contém hiperligações [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Alterações relacionadas</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Carregar_ficheiro" title="Carregar ficheiros [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Carregar ficheiro</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A1ginas_especiais" title="Lista de páginas especiais [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Páginas especiais</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Edison&oldid=68962656" title="Hiperligação permanente para esta revisão desta página"><span>Hiperligação 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class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Origem: Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pt" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r68971778">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Esta página cita fontes, mas não cobrem todo o conteúdo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Esta página <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Livro_de_estilo/Cite_as_fontes" title="Wikipédia:Livro de estilo/Cite as fontes">cita fontes</a>, mas que <b><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:V" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipédia:V">não cobrem</a> todo o conteúdo</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Ajude a <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Livro_de_estilo/Refer%C3%AAncias_e_notas_de_rodap%C3%A9" title="Wikipédia:Livro de estilo/Referências e notas de rodapé">inserir referências</a> (<small><i>Encontre fontes:</i> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/">ABW</a>  •  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br">CAPES</a>  •  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&as_epq=Thomas+Edison">Google</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?hl=pt&tbm=nws&q=Thomas+Edison&oq=Thomas+Edison">N</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?&as_brr=0&as_epq=Thomas+Edison">L</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=pt&q=Thomas+Edison">A</a>)</span></small>).</span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">Fevereiro de 2022</span>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox infobox_v2" cellpadding="3" border="0" style="width: 270px; font-size: 88%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; font-size:larger; background-color:transparent; border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0;"><span class="">Thomas Edison</span> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div style="padding-bottom: 5px;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Thomas_Edison2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thomas Edison"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Thomas_Edison2.jpg/200px-Thomas_Edison2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Thomas_Edison2.jpg/300px-Thomas_Edison2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Thomas_Edison2.jpg/400px-Thomas_Edison2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2888" data-file-height="3696" /></a><figcaption>Thomas Edison</figcaption></figure></div>Edison em 1922 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Conhecido(a) por </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">Invenção da <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A2mpada_incandescente" title="Lâmpada incandescente">lâmpada elétrica incandescente</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Nascimento </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/11_de_fevereiro#Nascimentos" title="11 de fevereiro">11 de fevereiro</a> de <a href="/wiki/1847" title="1847">1847</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Milan_(Ohio)" title="Milan (Ohio)">Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Morte </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/18_de_outubro" title="18 de outubro">18 de outubro</a> de <a href="/wiki/1931" title="1931">1931</a> (84 anos)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/West_Orange_(Nova_J%C3%A9rsei)" title="West Orange (Nova Jérsei)">West Orange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova Jersey">Nova Jersey</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Residência </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos" title="Estados Unidos">Estados Unidos</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Nacionalidade </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos" title="Estados Unidos">Norte-americano</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Cônjuge </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">Mary Stilwell <small>(1871-1884)</small><br />Mina Edison <small>(1886-1931)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Filho(a)(s) </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li>Marion Estelle Edison</li> <li>Thomas Alva Edison Jr.</li> <li>William Leslie Edison</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madeleine_Edison&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madeleine Edison (página não existe)">Madeleine Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Edison&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Edison (página não existe)">Charles Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Miller_Edison&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodore Miller Edison (página não existe)">Theodore Miller Edison</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Prêmios </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Matteucci" title="Medalha Matteucci">Medalha Matteucci</a> (<a href="/wiki/1887" title="1887">1887</a>)</span><br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_John_Fritz" title="Medalha John Fritz">Medalha John Fritz</a> (1908)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Franklin" title="Medalha Franklin">Medalha Franklin</a> (1915)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">Assinatura </th></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Thomas_Alva_Edison_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Thomas_Alva_Edison_Signature.svg/150px-Thomas_Alva_Edison_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Thomas_Alva_Edison_Signature.svg/225px-Thomas_Alva_Edison_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Thomas_Alva_Edison_Signature.svg/300px-Thomas_Alva_Edison_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="71" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Campo(s) </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Inventor" class="mw-redirect" title="Inventor">Inventor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cientista" title="Cientista">cientista</a> e empresário. </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/A_day_with_Thomas_A._Edison.webm/240px-seek%3D1-A_day_with_Thomas_A._Edison.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="240" height="180" data-durationhint="1425" data-mwtitle="A_day_with_Thomas_A._Edison.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Ficheiro:A_day_with_Thomas_A._Edison.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/A_day_with_Thomas_A._Edison.webm/A_day_with_Thomas_A._Edison.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/A_day_with_Thomas_A._Edison.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/A_day_with_Thomas_A._Edison.webm/A_day_with_Thomas_A._Edison.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/A_day_with_Thomas_A._Edison.webm/A_day_with_Thomas_A._Edison.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/A_day_with_Thomas_A._Edison.webm/A_day_with_Thomas_A._Edison.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/A_day_with_Thomas_A._Edison.webm/A_day_with_Thomas_A._Edison.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>(em inglês) <i>A Day with Thomas Edison</i> (1922).</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Thomas Alva Edison</b> (<a href="/wiki/Milan_(Ohio)" title="Milan (Ohio)">Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/11_de_fevereiro" title="11 de fevereiro">11 de fevereiro</a> de <a href="/wiki/1847" title="1847">1847</a> – <a href="/wiki/West_Orange_(Nova_J%C3%A9rsei)" title="West Orange (Nova Jérsei)">West Orange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_J%C3%A9rsei" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova Jérsei">Nova Jérsei</a>, <a href="/wiki/18_de_outubro" title="18 de outubro">18 de outubro</a> de <a href="/wiki/1931" title="1931">1931</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-bio_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> foi um empresário dos <a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos" title="Estados Unidos">Estados Unidos</a> que patenteou e financiou o desenvolvimento de muitos dispositivos importantes de grande interesse industrial. "O Feiticeiro de Menlo Park" (<i>The Wizard of Menlo Park</i>), como era conhecido, foi um dos primeiros a aplicar os princípios da produção maciça ao processo da invenção.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Na sua vida, Edison recebeu 1 093 patentes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> Quando considerados também os registros em outros países, além dos EUA, o total é de 2 332 <a href="/wiki/Patente" title="Patente">patentes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> O <a href="/wiki/Fon%C3%B3grafo" title="Fonógrafo">fonógrafo</a> foi uma de suas principais invenções. Outra foi o <a href="/wiki/Cinetosc%C3%B3pio" title="Cinetoscópio">cinestocópio</a>, a primeira câmera cinematográfica bem-sucedida, com o equipamento para mostrar os filmes que fazia. Edison também aperfeiçoou o telefone, inventado por <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a>, em um aparelho que funcionava muito melhor. Fez o mesmo com a máquina de escrever.<sup id="cite_ref-UOL_-_Educação_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UOL_-_Educação-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> Trabalhou em projetos variados, como alimentos empacotados a vácuo, um aparelho de <a href="/wiki/Raios_X" title="Raios X">raios X</a> e um sistema de construções mais baratas feitas de <a href="/wiki/Concreto" title="Concreto">concreto</a>. </p><p>Entre as suas contribuições mais universais para o desenvolvimento tecnológico e científico encontra-se a <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A2mpada_incandescente" title="Lâmpada incandescente">lâmpada elétrica incandescente</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> o fonógrafo, o <a href="/wiki/Cinesc%C3%B3pio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinescópio">cinescópio</a> ou <a href="/wiki/Cinetosc%C3%B3pio" title="Cinetoscópio">cinetoscópio</a>, o <a href="/wiki/Ditafone" title="Ditafone">ditafone</a> e o <a href="/wiki/Microfone" title="Microfone">microfone</a> de grânulos de carvão para o <a href="/wiki/Telefone" title="Telefone">telefone</a>. Edison é um dos precursores da revolução tecnológica do <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_XX" title="Século XX">século XX</a>. Teve também um papel determinante na indústria do <a href="/wiki/Cinema" title="Cinema">cinema</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biografia">Biografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Edison&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editar secção: Biografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Edison&action=edit&section=1" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Biografia"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Thomas_Edison_to_Santos_Dumont.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Thomas_Edison_to_Santos_Dumont.jpg/220px-Thomas_Edison_to_Santos_Dumont.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Thomas_Edison_to_Santos_Dumont.jpg/330px-Thomas_Edison_to_Santos_Dumont.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Thomas_Edison_to_Santos_Dumont.jpg 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="674" /></a><figcaption>Thomas Edison em cartão postal dedicado a <a href="/wiki/Santos_Dumont" title="Santos Dumont">Santos Dumont</a>, com os dizeres: "Para Santos-Dumont, pioneiro da navegação aérea".</figcaption></figure> <p>Thomas Alva Edison nasceu numa família de classe média, em 11 de fevereiro de 1847, em Milan <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos" title="Estados Unidos">Estados Unidos</a>. O pai, Samuel Edison, canadense de origens <a href="/wiki/Holanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Holanda">holandesas</a>, usava a mão com o que podia: vendia bugigangas, era <a href="/wiki/Marceneiro" class="mw-redirect" title="Marceneiro">marceneiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carpinteiro" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpinteiro">carpinteiro</a> e negociante de imóveis. A mãe, Nancy Eliot Edison, ex-professora canadense, tinha a cargo sete crianças, das quais três faleceram ainda pequenas.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> Thomas é o mais novo, e, por isso, sua mãe lhe dedicava especial atenção. </p><p>Em 1853, a família mudou-se para Port Huron. Na escola, a única da cidadezinha, o rapaz tinha problemas. Seu professor, o padre Engle, dizia que ele "tem o bicho no corpo, que é um coça-bichinhos estúpido, que não para de fazer perguntas e que lhe custa a aprender". Além disso, o garoto recusava-se a fazer as lições. Vão-se três meses de aulas e Thomas Edison deixa a classe. Nunca mais voltaria a frequentar uma escola. A mãe toma a seu cargo a educação do menino e ele, por seu lado, aprende o que mais lhe interessa. Acaba por devorar todos os livros da mãe com temas sobre ciência. Monta um laboratório de química no sótão e, de vez em quando, faz tremer a casa. </p><p>Arranja, entretanto, um emprego como <a href="/wiki/Ardina" title="Ardina">ardina</a> no comboio que faz a ligação entre <a href="/wiki/Port_Huron" title="Port Huron">Port Huron</a> e <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>. Vende jornais, sanduíches, doces e frutas dentro dos trens. O guarda da estação local deixa-o guardar os doces e os jornais num vagão vazio. Sobrava tempo para leituras e para experiências no laboratório que, sorrateiramente, Edison havia instalado num dos vagões.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thomas aprendeu no <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3digo_Morse" title="Código Morse">código Morse</a> e construiu <a href="/wiki/Tel%C3%A9grafo" class="mw-redirect" title="Telégrafo">telégrafos</a> artesanais. Havia mais tarde de apelidar como "Dot" (ponto) a filha e "Dash" (traço) o filho.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> Frequentava um curso e tornava-se telegrafista na terra natal. Mas, como não dispensa a companhia dos instrumentos, provoca outro acidente e quase faz explodir o gabinete. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Carreira">Carreira</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Edison&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editar secção: Carreira" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Edison&action=edit&section=2" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Carreira"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Durante cinco anos trabalhou por toda a parte. Aproveitou um emprego que tinha, à noite, para se entreter com as suas engenhocas. Para evitar surpresas (às vezes mete-se a dormir), inventa um sistema elétrico que envia de hora a hora um sinal aos vigilantes. Inventa também uma ratoeira elétrica para caçar os ratos no quarto da pensão. </p><p>Edison registrou seu primeiro invento - uma máquina de votar,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> pela qual ninguém se interessou — quando tinha 21 anos. Muda-se para <a href="/wiki/Nova_Iorque" title="Nova Iorque">Nova Iorque</a> em 1869 para se estabelecer como inventor independente. Chega esfomeado e sem dinheiro. Dois anos mais tarde, inventou um indicador automático de cotações da bolsa de valores. Vendeu-o por 40 mil dólares e ainda assinou um contrato com a <a href="/wiki/Western_Union" title="Western Union">Western Union</a>, situação que lhe permitiu estabelecer-se por conta própria em <a href="/wiki/Newark_(Nova_J%C3%A9rsia)" title="Newark (Nova Jérsia)">Newark</a>, subúrbio de Nova York. </p><p>No Natal de 1871, casou-se com uma jovem de 16 anos, Mary Stilwell, uma de suas empregadas, que era perfuradora de fitas telegráficas. Ele a pediu em casamento batendo uma moeda em código Morse. Diz-se que, terminada a cerimônia, o noivo esqueceu as núpcias, enfiou-se na oficina e de lá só voltaria de madrugada. Mary morreria doze anos depois, de <a href="/wiki/Febre_tif%C3%B3ide" class="mw-redirect" title="Febre tifóide">febre tifóide</a>. Edison se casaria mais uma vez, com Mina Miller.<sup id="cite_ref-UOL_-_Educação_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UOL_-_Educação-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> Nos dois casamentos, teve seis filhos, três de cada um. </p><p>Em 1876, já famoso, a grandeza de seus recursos e a amplitude de suas atividades motivaram a construção de um verdadeiro centro de pesquisas em Menlo Park. Era quase uma cidade industrial, com oficinas, laboratórios, assistentes e técnicos capacitados. Nessa época, Edison chegou a propor-se a meta de produzir uma nova invenção a cada dez dias.<sup id="cite_ref-UOL_-_Educação_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UOL_-_Educação-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> Não chegou a tanto, mas é verdade que, num certo período de quatro anos, conseguiu patentear 300 novos inventos, o que equivale praticamente a uma criação a cada cinco dias. </p><p>Em 1877 inventou o fonógrafo. O aparelho consistia em um cilindro coberto com <a href="/wiki/Papel_de_alum%C3%ADnio" class="mw-redirect" title="Papel de alumínio">papel de alumínio</a>. Uma ponta aguda era pressionada contra o cilindro. Conectados à ponta, ficavam um diafragma (um disco fino em um receptor onde as vibrações eram convertidas de sinais eletrônicos para sinais acústicos e vice-versa) e um grande bocal. O cilindro era girado manualmente conforme o operador ia falando no bocal (ou chifre). A voz fazia o diafragma vibrar. Conforme isso acontecia, a ponta aguda cortava uma linha no papel de alumínio. </p><p>Quando a gravação estava completa, a ponta era substituída por uma agulha; a máquina desta vez produzia as palavras quando o cilindro era girado mais uma vez. Thomas Edison trabalhou nesse projeto em seu laboratório enquanto recitava a conhecida canção infantil "Maria tinha um carneirinho" (Mary had a little lamb), e reproduzia-a. </p><p>Em 1878, com 31 anos, propôs a si mesmo o desafio de obter luz a partir da energia elétrica. Outros pesquisadores já haviam tentado construir lâmpadas elétricas. Nernst e Swan, por exemplo, haviam obtido alguns resultados, mas seus dispositivos tinham vida bastante curta.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edison tentou inicialmente utilizar filamentos metálicos. Foram necessários enormes investimentos e milhares de tentativas para descobrir o filamento ideal: um fio de algodão parcialmente carbonizado. Instalado num bulbo de vidro com vácuo, aquecia-se com a passagem da corrente elétrica até ficar incandescente, sem porém derreter, sublimar ou queimar. Em 1879, uma lâmpada assim construída brilhou por 48 horas contínuas e, nas comemorações do final de ano, uma rua inteira, próxima ao laboratório, foi iluminada para demonstração pública. Alguns anos se passaram e conta-se que Thomas Edison, antes de conseguir fazer a ideia da lâmpada funcionar, admitiu que havia criado 100 maneiras erradas de se construir uma lâmpada.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edison ainda aperfeiçoou o telefone (com o microfone a carvão empregado até hoje), o fonógrafo, e muitas outras invenções. Em conjunto, essas realizações modificaram os hábitos de vida em todo o mundo e consagraram definitivamente a tecnologia. </p><p>Em 1903, houve uma disputa comercial entre Edison e o inventor <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a>. Um defendia o uso da corrente alternada e, o outro, da corrente contínua. Edison teve, então, a desumana ideia de eletrocutar animais, dentre eles uma elefanta, para convencer o público dos perigos da corrente alternada. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Edison_-_Electrocuting_an_Elephant.ogv/220px--Edison_-_Electrocuting_an_Elephant.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="78" data-mwtitle="Edison_-_Electrocuting_an_Elephant.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Ficheiro:Edison_-_Electrocuting_an_Elephant.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Edison_-_Electrocuting_an_Elephant.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/Edison_-_Electrocuting_an_Elephant.ogv/Edison_-_Electrocuting_an_Elephant.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/Edison_-_Electrocuting_an_Elephant.ogv/Edison_-_Electrocuting_an_Elephant.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/Edison_-_Electrocuting_an_Elephant.ogv/Edison_-_Electrocuting_an_Elephant.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /></video></span><figcaption>Vídeo <i>Eletrocutando um elefante</i>, <a href="/wiki/1903_no_cinema" title="1903 no cinema">1903</a>, gravado pelo próprio Thomas Edison, no qual a elefanta <a href="/wiki/Topsy" title="Topsy">Topsy</a> é friamente eletrocutada.</figcaption></figure> <p>Thomas Alva Edison morreu a 18 de outubro de 1931. Encontra-se sepultado em <i>Edison National Historic Site</i>, <a href="/wiki/West_Orange_(Nova_J%C3%A9rsei)" title="West Orange (Nova Jérsei)">West Orange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Condado_de_Essex_(Nova_J%C3%A9rsei)" class="mw-redirect" title="Condado de Essex (Nova Jérsei)">Condado de Essex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova Jersey">Nova Jersey</a> nos <a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos" title="Estados Unidos">Estados Unidos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Invenções"><span id="Inven.C3.A7.C3.B5es"></span>Invenções</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Edison&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Editar secção: Invenções" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Edison&action=edit&section=3" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Invenções"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Fonograf_01_ubt.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Fonograf_01_ubt.jpeg/250px-Fonograf_01_ubt.jpeg" decoding="async" width="250" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Fonograf_01_ubt.jpeg/375px-Fonograf_01_ubt.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Fonograf_01_ubt.jpeg/500px-Fonograf_01_ubt.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="608" /></a><figcaption>O fonógrafo de Edison.</figcaption></figure> <p>Em 1868 patenteia seu primeiro invento, um contador automático de votos. Dois anos depois, funda uma empresa em <a href="/wiki/Newark_(Nova_J%C3%A9rsia)" title="Newark (Nova Jérsia)">Newark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova Jersey">Nova Jersey</a>. Inventa um equipamento electromecânico que transmite telegraficamente as cotações da bolsa de valores. Enriquece com a comercialização do aparelho e inventa outros dispositivos sem aplicações comerciais. Cria um aparelho que facilita as transmissões em <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3digo_Morse" title="Código Morse">código Morse</a>: uma pena elétrica que simplifica a duplicação em <a href="/wiki/Mime%C3%B3grafo" title="Mimeógrafo">mimeógrafo</a>. O microfone de carvão, outro invento, torna possível as transmissões telefônicas.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muda-se para <a href="/wiki/Menlo_Park" title="Menlo Park">Menlo Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova Jersey">Nova Jersey</a>. Diversifica suas pesquisas, abordando as mais diversas <a href="/wiki/Tecnologia" title="Tecnologia">tecnologias</a>. Aplica-se na investigação em <a href="/wiki/Telefonia" title="Telefonia">telefonia</a>, aperfeiçoa o <a href="/wiki/Fon%C3%B3grafo" title="Fonógrafo">fonógrafo</a>, cria a primeira <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A2mpada_incandescente" title="Lâmpada incandescente">lâmpada incandescente</a> com filamento de carvão. Trabalha já com uma grande equipe de profissionais, constrói o primeiro <a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADnamo" title="Dínamo">dínamo</a> de alta potência. Patenteia muitas invenções, como o <a href="/wiki/Gerador" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerador">gerador</a> de <a href="/wiki/Alto_v%C3%A1cuo" title="Alto vácuo">alto vácuo</a> para a fabricação de lâmpadas, o contador de electricidade, o regulador de corrente para máquinas de soldar elétricas. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Edison_and_phonograph_edit2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Edison_and_phonograph_edit2.jpg/223px-Edison_and_phonograph_edit2.jpg" decoding="async" width="223" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Edison_and_phonograph_edit2.jpg/335px-Edison_and_phonograph_edit2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Edison_and_phonograph_edit2.jpg/446px-Edison_and_phonograph_edit2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2640" data-file-height="3327" /></a><figcaption>Fotografia de Thomas Edison.</figcaption></figure> <p>Em outubro de 1879 a Edison <i>Electric Light Company</i> é já uma potência económica dominando a época da electricidade nos <a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos" title="Estados Unidos">Estados Unidos</a>. Patenteia a <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A2mpada_incandescente" title="Lâmpada incandescente">lâmpada incandescente</a> de filamento fino de carvão a alto vácuo. O produto, devido à nova tecnologia, permite aumento substancial da vida útil do produto. Em 1883, após ter descoberto o <a href="/wiki/Efeito_%C3%89dison" class="mw-redirect" title="Efeito Édison">efeito Édison</a>, regista o primeiro dispositivo termiónico, um <a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADodo_termi%C3%B4nico" title="Díodo termiônico">díodo termiônico</a> ou válvula de Edison, precursora da válvula de rádio, ou <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1lvula_termi%C3%B4nica" title="Válvula termiônica">válvula termiônica</a>. </p><p>A <i>Edison General Electric</i> é fundada em 1888, e posteriormente vira a <b>GE</b> - <i><a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a></i>. Será um dos maiores conglomerados industriais do <a href="/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta">planeta</a>. Fabrica todos os tipos de dispositivos elétricos, como <a href="/wiki/Gerador" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerador">geradores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motor" title="Motor">motores</a>, gigantescas válvulas <a href="/wiki/Solen%C3%B3ide" class="mw-redirect" title="Solenóide">solenóides</a>. A empresa transforma-se num dos maiores fabricantes <a href="/wiki/Multinacional" class="mw-redirect" title="Multinacional">multinacionais</a>. </p><p>Durante a <a href="/wiki/Primeira_Guerra_Mundial" title="Primeira Guerra Mundial">Primeira Guerra Mundial</a>, a <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> entra no campo de <a href="/wiki/Metalurgia" title="Metalurgia">metalurgia</a> naval, produzindo gigantescas máquinas e novos equipamentos para os <a href="/wiki/Navio" title="Navio">navios</a> construídos em diversos <a href="/wiki/Estaleiro" class="mw-redirect" title="Estaleiro">estaleiros</a> americanos. A GE entra no ramo da <a href="/wiki/Ind%C3%BAstria_qu%C3%ADmica" title="Indústria química">indústria química</a>, aperfeiçoando os métodos de fabrico de novos produtos e substâncias. </p><p>Edison é considerado um dos inventores mais prolíficos do seu tempo, registrando 2 332 <a href="/wiki/Patente" title="Patente">patentes</a> em seu nome. Esse número é discutível, sendo que todos os inventos feitos pelos empregados da "Edison General Electric" eram registrados em seu nome. A maioria desses inventos não é completamente original, mas as patentes compradas por Edison foram melhoradas e desenvolvidas pelos seus numerosos empregados. Edison tem sido criticado por não compartilhar os seus créditos. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inventos_cinematográficos"><span id="Inventos_cinematogr.C3.A1ficos"></span>Inventos cinematográficos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Edison&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Editar secção: Inventos cinematográficos" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Edison&action=edit&section=4" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Inventos cinematográficos"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r68971778"><table class="box-Sem_fontes plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Question_book.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Question_book.svg/40px-Question_book.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Question_book.svg/60px-Question_book.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Question_book.svg/80px-Question_book.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="199" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Esta seção <b>não cita <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Verificabilidade" title="Wikipédia:Verificabilidade">fontes confiáveis</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Ajude a <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Livro_de_estilo/Cite_as_fontes" title="Wikipédia:Livro de estilo/Cite as fontes">inserir referências</a>. Conteúdo não <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Verificabilidade" title="Wikipédia:Verificabilidade">verificável</a> pode ser removido.—<small><i>Encontre fontes:</i> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/">ABW</a>  •  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br">CAPES</a>  •  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&as_epq=Thomas+Edison">Google</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?hl=pt&tbm=nws&q=Thomas+Edison&oq=Thomas+Edison">N</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?&as_brr=0&as_epq=Thomas+Edison">L</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=pt&q=Thomas+Edison">A</a>)</span></small></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">Outubro de 2024</span>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Thomas Edison teve um papel determinante no surto da indústria do cinema. São estes os aparelhos que inventou ou lançou no mercado: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinemat%C3%B3grafo" title="Cinematógrafo">Cinematógrafo</a> (Kinetograph): máquina de filmar;</li> <li>Cinescópio ou <a href="/wiki/Cinetosc%C3%B3pio" title="Cinetoscópio">Cinetoscópio</a> (Kinetoscope): caixa com imagens filmadas vistas no seu interior;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinefone" title="Cinefone">Cinefone</a> (Kinetophone): versão do cinescópio com som síncrono gerado por um <a href="/wiki/Fon%C3%B3grafo" title="Fonógrafo">fonógrafo</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitasc%C3%B3pio" title="Vitascópio">Vitascópio</a> (Vitascope): projector de filmes em tela.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filmes_de_Thomas_Edison">Filmes de Thomas Edison</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Edison&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Editar secção: Filmes de Thomas Edison" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Edison&action=edit&section=5" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Filmes de Thomas Edison"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r68971778"><table class="box-Sem_fontes plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Question_book.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Question_book.svg/40px-Question_book.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Question_book.svg/60px-Question_book.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Question_book.svg/80px-Question_book.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="199" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Esta seção <b>não cita <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Verificabilidade" title="Wikipédia:Verificabilidade">fontes confiáveis</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Ajude a <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Livro_de_estilo/Cite_as_fontes" title="Wikipédia:Livro de estilo/Cite as fontes">inserir referências</a>. Conteúdo não <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Verificabilidade" title="Wikipédia:Verificabilidade">verificável</a> pode ser removido.—<small><i>Encontre fontes:</i> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/">ABW</a>  •  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br">CAPES</a>  •  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&as_epq=Thomas+Edison">Google</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?hl=pt&tbm=nws&q=Thomas+Edison&oq=Thomas+Edison">N</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?&as_brr=0&as_epq=Thomas+Edison">L</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=pt&q=Thomas+Edison">A</a>)</span></small></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">Outubro de 2024</span>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mudos">Mudos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Edison&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Editar secção: Mudos" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Edison&action=edit&section=6" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Mudos"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:EdisonElectricCar1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/EdisonElectricCar1913.jpg/220px-EdisonElectricCar1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/EdisonElectricCar1913.jpg/330px-EdisonElectricCar1913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/EdisonElectricCar1913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="302" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Alva Edison">Thomas Edison</a> inspecionando um carro elétrico em 1913.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Thomas_Alva_Edison_using_his_dictating_machine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Thomas_Alva_Edison_using_his_dictating_machine.jpg/220px-Thomas_Alva_Edison_using_his_dictating_machine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Thomas_Alva_Edison_using_his_dictating_machine.jpg/330px-Thomas_Alva_Edison_using_his_dictating_machine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Thomas_Alva_Edison_using_his_dictating_machine.jpg/440px-Thomas_Alva_Edison_using_his_dictating_machine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1497" data-file-height="1232" /></a><figcaption>Thomas Edison usando o <a href="/wiki/Telefone" title="Telefone">telefone</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Frankenstein1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Frankenstein1910.jpg/220px-Frankenstein1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Frankenstein1910.jpg/330px-Frankenstein1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Frankenstein1910.jpg/440px-Frankenstein1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1674" data-file-height="1153" /></a><figcaption>Frankenstein: Filme produzido nos <a href="/wiki/Edison_Studios" title="Edison Studios">Edison Studios</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1895: <i>The Execution of Mary Stuart</i></li> <li>1896: <i>Fatima's Coochee-Coochee Dance</i></li> <li>1896: <i>Blackton Sketches, No. 3</i></li> <li>1896: <i>Blackton Sketches, No. 2</i></li> <li>1897: <i>Butterfly Dance</i></li> <li>1898: <i>The Passion Play of Oberammergau</i></li> <li>1903: <i>Electrocuting an Elephant</i></li> <li>1904: <i>Parsifal</i></li> <li>1910: <i>Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus</i></li> <li>1911: <i>Lucia di Lammermoor</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sonoros">Sonoros</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Edison&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Editar secção: Sonoros" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Edison&action=edit&section=7" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Sonoros"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1913: <i>Nursery Favorites</i></li> <li>1913: <i>A Minstrel Show</i></li> <li>1913: <i>The Irish Policeman</i></li> <li>1913: <i>Her Redemption</i></li> <li>1913: <i>Julius Caesar</i></li> <li>1914: <i>The Patchwork Girl of Oz</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ver_também"><span id="Ver_tamb.C3.A9m"></span>Ver também</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Edison&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Editar secção: Ver também" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Edison&action=edit&section=8" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Ver também"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinemat%C3%B3grafo" title="Cinematógrafo">Cinematógrafo</a> – <a href="/wiki/Irm%C3%A3os_Lumi%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Irmãos Lumière">irmãos Lumière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Studios" title="Edison Studios">Edison Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerra_das_correntes" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerra das correntes">Guerra das correntes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teatr%C3%B3grafo" title="Teatrógrafo">Teatrógrafo</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_William_Paul" title="Robert William Paul">Robert William Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison_National_Historical_Park" title="Thomas Edison National Historical Park">Thomas Edison National Historical Park</a></li></ul> <h2 id="Referências" style="cursor: help;" title="Esta seção foi configurada para não ser editável diretamente. Edite a página toda ou a seção anterior em vez disso."><span id="Refer.C3.AAncias"></span>Referências</h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaes.org/john-fritz-medal-past-recipients">«John Fritz Medal Past Recipients»</a> (em inglês). American Association of Engineering Societies<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 30 de junho de 2015</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150630144438/http://www.aaes.org/john-fritz-medal-past-recipients">Cópia arquivada em 30 de junho de 2015</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison&rft.btitle=John+Fritz+Medal+Past+Recipients&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=American+Association+of+Engineering+Societies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaes.org%2Fjohn-fritz-medal-past-recipients&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bio-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-bio_2-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-bio_2-1">b</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-bio_2-2">c</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/edhtml/edbio.html">«The Life of Thomas A. Edison»</a> (em inglês). Memory.loc.gov<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 8 de fevereiro de 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Thomas+A.+Edison&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Memory.loc.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fammem%2Fedhtml%2Fedbio.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">UOL. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160116232606/http://ciencia.hsw.uol.com.br/10-invencoes-desconhecidas-de-thomas-edison.htm">«10 invenções desconhecidas de Thomas Edison»</a>. Ciencia.hsw.uol.com.br<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 23 de fevereiro de 2012</span>. Arquivado do <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ciencia.hsw.uol.com.br/10-invencoes-desconhecidas-de-thomas-edison.htm">original</a> em 16 de janeiro de 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison&rft.au=UOL&rft.btitle=10+inven%C3%A7%C3%B5es+desconhecidas+de+Thomas+Edison&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Ciencia.hsw.uol.com.br&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fciencia.hsw.uol.com.br%2F10-invencoes-desconhecidas-de-thomas-edison.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thomasedison.org/edison-patents">«Edison Patents»</a>. <i>Thomas Edison</i> (em inglês)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 27 de junho de 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison&rft.atitle=Edison+Patents&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thomas+Edison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thomasedison.org%2Fedison-patents&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UOL_-_Educação-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-UOL_-_Educação_5-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-UOL_-_Educação_5-1">b</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-UOL_-_Educação_5-2">c</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://educacao.uol.com.br/biografias/thomas-alva-edison.jhtm">«Thomas Alva Edison»</a>. UOL - Educação<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 14 de outubro de 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison&rft.btitle=Thomas+Alva+Edison&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=UOL+-+Educa%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feducacao.uol.com.br%2Fbiografias%2Fthomas-alva-edison.jhtm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Super Interessante. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110903181907/http://super.abril.com.br/superarquivo/1988/conteudo_111446.shtml">«Thomas Edison, o gênio da Lâmpada»</a>. Super.abril.com.br<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 23 de fevereiro de 2012</span>. Arquivado do <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://super.abril.com.br/superarquivo/1988/conteudo_111446.shtml">original</a> em 3 de setembro de 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison&rft.au=Super+Interessante&rft.btitle=Thomas+Edison%2C+o+g%C3%AAnio+da+L%C3%A2mpada&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Super.abril.com.br&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsuper.abril.com.br%2Fsuperarquivo%2F1988%2Fconteudo_111446.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">CRISTIANO, ALMIR (1 de junho de 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.libras.com.br/surdos-famosos-thomas-alva-edison">«Thomas Alva Edison»</a>. <i>www.libras.com.br</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 10 de fevereiro de 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison&rft.atitle=Thomas+Alva+Edison&rft.aufirst=ALMIR&rft.aulast=CRISTIANO&rft.date=2018-06-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.libras.com.br&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.libras.com.br%2Fsurdos-famosos-thomas-alva-edison&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Thomas_Edison's_Children">«Thomas Edison's Children»</a> (em inglês)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison&rft.btitle=Thomas+Edison%27s+Children&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieeeghn.org%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%2FThomas_Edison%27s_Children&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehenryford.org/collections-and-research/digital-collections/artifact/251711/">«Patent Model of Edison's Electrographic Vote Recorder and Register, His First Patent, 1869»</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison&rft.btitle=Patent+Model+of+Edison%27s+Electrographic+Vote+Recorder+and+Register%2C+His+First+Patent%2C+1869&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehenryford.org%2Fcollections-and-research%2Fdigital-collections%2Fartifact%2F251711%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.histedbr.fe.unicamp.br/navegando/glossario/verb_b_thomas_alva_edison.htm">«Thomas Alva Edison. Glossário. História, Sociedade e Educação no Brasil - HISTEDBR - Faculdade de Educação - UNICAMP»</a>. <i>www.histedbr.fe.unicamp.br</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 11 de fevereiro de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison&rft.atitle=Thomas+Alva+Edison.+Gloss%C3%A1rio.+Hist%C3%B3ria%2C+Sociedade+e+Educa%C3%A7%C3%A3o+no+Brasil+-+HISTEDBR+-+Faculdade+de+Educa%C3%A7%C3%A3o+-+UNICAMP&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.histedbr.fe.unicamp.br&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.histedbr.fe.unicamp.br%2Fnavegando%2Fglossario%2Fverb_b_thomas_alva_edison.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Nicolini, Alexandre (janeiro–março de 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rae/v44n1/v44n1a08">«EDUCAÇÃO: OS NOVOS DESAFIOS DA UNIVERSIDADE»</a>. <i>A UNIVERSIDADE E A VIDA ATUAL: FELLINI NÃO VIA FILMES</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 11 de fevereiro de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison&rft.atitle=EDUCA%C3%87%C3%83O%3A+OS+NOVOS+DESAFIOS+DA+UNIVERSIDADE&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rft.aulast=Nicolini&rft.date=2004-01%2F2004-03&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=A+UNIVERSIDADE+E+A+VIDA+ATUAL%3A+FELLINI+N%C3%83O+VIA+FILMES&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.br%2Fpdf%2Frae%2Fv44n1%2Fv44n1a08&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=1630">Thomas Edison</a> (em inglês) no <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="color:gray;white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Fontes_n%C3%A3o_confi%C3%A1veis" title="Wikipédia:Fontes não confiáveis"><span title="É duvidoso que a fonte seja confiável. Este site foi classificado como fonte não fiável; ver Wikipédia:FNF.">fonte confiável?</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Lavras 24 Horas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lavras24horas.com.br/portal/o-que-thomas-edison-previu-para-2011-ha-100-anos-por-renan-roesler-hamann/">«O que Thomas Edison previu para 2011, há 100 anos?»</a>. Lavras24horas.com.br<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 23 de janeiro de 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison&rft.au=Lavras+24+Horas&rft.btitle=O+que+Thomas+Edison+previu+para+2011%2C+h%C3%A1+100+anos%3F&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Lavras24horas.com.br&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lavras24horas.com.br%2Fportal%2Fo-que-thomas-edison-previu-para-2011-ha-100-anos-por-renan-roesler-hamann%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ligações_externas"><span id="Liga.C3.A7.C3.B5es_externas"></span>Ligações externas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Edison&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Editar secção: Ligações externas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Edison&action=edit&section=9" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Ligações externas"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="infobox noprint" style="width:250px; line-height:2.2em; font-size:90%"> <tbody><tr style="line-height:1.3em"> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">Outros projetos <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikimedia">Wikimedia</a> também contêm material sobre este tema: </td></tr> <tr> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://pt.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Thomas_Edison" title="Wikiquote"><img alt="Wikiquote" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/42px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> </th> <td><a href="https://pt.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Thomas_Edison" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Thomas Edison"><span title="Procurar por citações no Wikiquote"><b>Citações</b></span></a> no <a href="https://pt.wikiquote.org/wiki/P%C3%A1gina_principal" class="extiw" title="q:Página principal"><span title="Wikiquote">Wikiquote</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Commons"><img alt="Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/32px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/42px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> </th> <td><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Thomas_Alva_Edison" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Thomas Alva Edison"><span title="Procurar por imagens e mídia no Commons"><b>Imagens e <i>media</i></b></span></a> no <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1gina_principal" class="extiw" title="commons:Página principal"><span title="Commons">Commons</span></a> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div id="interProject" style="display:none;"> <ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Thomas_Alva_Edison" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Thomas Alva Edison"><span title="Commons">Commons</span></a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Thomas_Edison" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Thomas Edison"><span title="Wikiquote">Wikiquote</span></a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Frankenstein_(1910)_-_Full_Movie.ogv" class="extiw" title="commons:File:Frankenstein (1910) - Full Movie.ogv">Assistir <i>Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus</i> no</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Commons</a></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.workersforjesus.com/dfi/785por.htm">«O Homem que veio de Milan»</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison&rft.btitle=O+Homem+que+veio+de+Milan&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.workersforjesus.com%2Fdfi%2F785por.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edisonhouse.org/">«A casa de Thomas Edison»</a>. (em inglês)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison&rft.btitle=A+casa+de+Thomas+Edison&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edisonhouse.org%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americaslibrary.gov/aa/edison/aa_edison_phonograph_1.html">«Thomas Alva Edison in America's Story»</a> (em inglês)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison&rft.btitle=Thomas+Alva+Edison+in+America%99s+Story&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americaslibrary.gov%2Faa%2Fedison%2Faa_edison_phonograph_1.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bledison.htm">«O fonógrafo e outros inventos»</a>. (em About.com) (em inglês)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison&rft.btitle=O+fon%C3%B3grafo+e+outros+inventos&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finventors.about.com%2Flibrary%2Finventors%2Fbledison.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quotationspage.com/quotes/Thomas_A._Edison/">«Citações de Edison»</a> (em inglês)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison&rft.btitle=Cita%C3%A7%C3%B5es+de+Edison&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quotationspage.com%2Fquotes%2FThomas_A._Edison%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thomasedison.com/">«Página oficial mantida por Gerald Beals»</a>. (em inglês)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Edison&rft.btitle=P%C3%A1gina+oficial+mantida+por+Gerald+Beals&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thomasedison.com%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <p>  </p><table class="toccolours" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin:0 auto; font-size: 90%;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Precedido por<br /><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Righi" title="Augusto Righi">Augusto Righi</a></span></b></td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> <b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Matteucci" title="Medalha Matteucci">Medalha Matteucci</a></span></b><br />1887</td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Sucedido por<br /><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hertz" title="Heinrich Hertz">Heinrich Hertz</a></span></b></td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Precedido por<br /><b>—</b></td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> <b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Franklin" title="Medalha Franklin">Medalha Franklin</a></span></b><br />1915<br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;">com <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Heike Kamerlingh Onnes</a></span></td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Sucedido por<br /><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Carty" title="John Joseph Carty">John Joseph Carty</a> e <a href="/wiki/Theodore_William_Richards" title="Theodore William Richards">Theodore William Richards</a></span></b></td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Precedido por<br /><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></span></b></td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> <b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_John_Fritz" title="Medalha John Fritz">Medalha John Fritz</a></span></b><br />1908</td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Sucedido por<br /><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Talbot_Porter" title="Charles Talbot Porter">Charles Talbot Porter</a></span></b></td></tr> </tbody></table> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medalha_Matteucci_(1868–2021)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Matteucci" title="Predefinição:Medalha Matteucci"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Medalha_Matteucci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Medalha Matteucci (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Matteucci&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medalha_Matteucci_(1868–2021)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Matteucci" title="Medalha Matteucci">Medalha Matteucci</a> (1868–2021)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1868: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann von Helmholtz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1875: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Victor_Regnault" title="Henri Victor Regnault">Henri Victor Regnault</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1876: <a href="/wiki/William_Thomson" title="William Thomson">William Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1877: <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Kirchhoff" title="Gustav Kirchhoff">Gustav Kirchhoff</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1878: <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Wiedemann" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav Wiedemann">Gustav Wiedemann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1879: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber" title="Wilhelm Eduard Weber">Wilhelm Eduard Weber</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1880: <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Pacinotti" title="Antônio Pacinotti">Antônio Pacinotti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1881: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Villari" title="Emilio Villari">Emilio Villari</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1882: <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Righi" title="Augusto Righi">Augusto Righi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1887: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Edison</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1888: <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hertz" title="Heinrich Hertz">Heinrich Hertz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1894: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt" title="John William Strutt">John William Strutt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1895: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Augustus_Rowland" title="Henry Augustus Rowland">Henry Augustus Rowland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1896: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen">Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen</a> e <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Philipp Lenard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Abraham_Michelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Abraham Michelson">Albert Abraham Michelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a> e <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Henri Poincaré</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/James_Dewar" title="James Dewar">James Dewar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/William_Ramsay" title="William Ramsay">William Ramsay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Garbasso" title="Antônio Garbasso">Antônio Garbasso</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Orso_Mario_Corbino" title="Orso Mario Corbino">Orso Mario Corbino</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Heike Kamerlingh Onnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Jean Baptiste Perrin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Pieter Zeeman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Max von Laue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Johannes Stark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">William Henry Bragg</a> e <a href="/wiki/William_Lawrence_Bragg" title="William Lawrence Bragg">William Lawrence Bragg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/Antonino_Lo_Surdo" title="Antonino Lo Surdo">Antonino Lo Surdo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Williams_Wood" title="Robert Williams Wood">Robert Williams Wood</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Moseley" title="Henry Moseley">Henry Moseley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sommerfeld" title="Arnold Sommerfeld">Arnold Sommerfeld</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Robert Andrews Millikan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Venkata_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman">Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Holly_Compton" title="Arthur Holly Compton">Arthur Holly Compton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1931: <a href="/wiki/Franco_Rasetti" title="Franco Rasetti">Franco Rasetti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">Frédéric Joliot-Curie</a> e <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irène Joliot-Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Wolfgang Pauli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Touschek" title="Bruno Touschek">Bruno Touschek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Abdus Salam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Maiani" title="Luciano Maiani">Luciano Maiani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Gian_Carlo_Wick" title="Gian Carlo Wick">Gian Carlo Wick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Peierls" title="Rudolf Peierls">Rudolf Peierls</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Casimir" title="Hendrik Casimir">Hendrik Casimir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">Pierre-Gilles de Gennes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Lev_Okun" title="Lev Okun">Lev Okun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson">Freeman Dyson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Jack Steinberger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Rossi" title="Bruno Rossi">Bruno Rossi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Anatole_Abragam" title="Anatole Abragam">Anatole Abragam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">John Archibald Wheeler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Claude Cohen-Tannoudji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">Tsung-Dao Lee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Panofsky" title="Wolfgang Panofsky">Wolfgang Panofsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Oreste_Piccioni" title="Oreste Piccioni">Oreste Piccioni</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Theodor_H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor Hänsch">Theodor Hänsch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Cabibbo" title="Nicola Cabibbo">Nicola Cabibbo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Cardona" title="Manuel Cardona">Manuel Cardona</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/David_Ruelle" title="David Ruelle">David Ruelle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Bellettini" title="Giorgio Bellettini">Giorgio Bellettini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Adalberto_Giazotto" title="Adalberto Giazotto">Adalberto Giazotto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Marco_Tavani" title="Marco Tavani">Marco Tavani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gianluigi_Fogli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gianluigi Fogli (página não existe)">Gianluigi Fogli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Federico_Capasso" title="Federico Capasso">Federico Capasso</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Massimo_Inguscio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Massimo Inguscio (página não existe)">Massimo Inguscio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amos_Maritan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amos Maritan (página não existe)">Amos Maritan</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medalha_Franklin_(1915–1997)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Franklin" title="Predefinição:Medalha Franklin"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Medalha_Franklin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Medalha Franklin (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Franklin&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medalha_Franklin_(1915–1997)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Franklin" title="Medalha Franklin">Medalha Franklin (1915–1997)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Edison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Heike Kamerlingh Onnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1916: <a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Carty" title="John Joseph Carty">John Joseph Carty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_William_Richards" title="Theodore William Richards">Theodore William Richards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Hendrik Lorentz</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Watson_Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="David Watson Taylor">David Watson Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Corwin_Mendenhall" title="Thomas Corwin Mendenhall">Thomas Corwin Mendenhall</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/James_Dewar" title="James Dewar">James Dewar</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Owen_Squier" title="George Owen Squier">George Owen Squier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Algernon_Parsons" title="Charles Algernon Parsons">Charles Algernon Parsons</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fabry" title="Charles Fabry">Charles Fabry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Julian_Sprague" title="Frank Julian Sprague">Frank Julian Sprague</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Modjeski" title="Ralph Modjeski">Ralph Modjeski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson">Joseph John Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Gustave-Auguste_Ferri%C3%A9" title="Gustave-Auguste Ferrié">Gustave-Auguste Ferrié</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Abraham_Michelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Abraham Michelson">Albert Abraham Michelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Weston_(qu%C3%ADmico)" title="Edward Weston (químico)">Edward Weston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Thomson" title="Elihu Thomson">Elihu Thomson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Pieter Zeeman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Rea" title="Samuel Rea">Samuel Rea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/George_Ellery_Hale" title="George Ellery Hale">George Ellery Hale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Brush" title="Charles Francis Brush">Charles Francis Brush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walther_Nernst" title="Walther Nernst">Walther Nernst</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Emil_Berliner" title="Emil Berliner">Emil Berliner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">Charles Thomson Rees Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">William Henry Bragg</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Frank_Stevens" title="John Frank Stevens">John Frank Stevens</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1931: <a href="/wiki/James_Hopwood_Jeans" class="mw-redirect" title="James Hopwood Jeans">James Hopwood Jeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willis_Rodney_Whitney" title="Willis Rodney Whitney">Willis Rodney Whitney</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Philipp Lenard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Swasey" title="Ambrose Swasey">Ambrose Swasey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sabatier" title="Paul Sabatier">Paul Sabatier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irm%C3%A3os_Wright" title="Irmãos Wright">Irmãos Wright</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1934: <a href="/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir">Irving Langmuir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Norris_Russell" title="Henry Norris Russell">Henry Norris Russell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Ambrose_Fleming" title="John Ambrose Fleming">John Ambrose Fleming</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Baldwin_Jewett" title="Frank Baldwin Jewett">Frank Baldwin Jewett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kettering" title="Charles Kettering">Charles Kettering</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Peter Debye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Robert Andrews Millikan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/William_Frederick_Durand" title="William Frederick Durand">William Frederick Durand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_August_Kraus" title="Charles August Kraus">Charles August Kraus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Powell_Hubble" title="Edwin Powell Hubble">Edwin Powell Hubble</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Sauveur" title="Albert Sauveur">Albert Sauveur</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1940: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Baekeland" title="Leo Baekeland">Leo Baekeland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Holly_Compton" title="Arthur Holly Compton">Arthur Holly Compton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1941: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Armstrong" title="Edwin Armstrong">Edwin Armstrong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Venkata_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman">Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1942: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Clarke_Hunsaker" title="Jerome Clarke Hunsaker">Jerome Clarke Hunsaker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dyer_Merica" title="Paul Dyer Merica">Paul Dyer Merica</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Pierce" title="George Washington Pierce">George Washington Pierce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Clayton_Urey" title="Harold Clayton Urey">Harold Clayton Urey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/William_David_Coolidge" class="mw-redirect" title="William David Coolidge">William David Coolidge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Pyotr Kapitsa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Harlow_Shapley" title="Harlow Shapley">Harlow Shapley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clapp_Sherman" title="Henry Clapp Sherman">Henry Clapp Sherman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Tizard" title="Henry Tizard">Henry Tizard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Robinson" title="Robert Robinson">Robert Robinson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Meredith_Stanley" title="Wendell Meredith Stanley">Wendell Meredith Stanley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n" title="Theodore von Kármán">Theodore von Kármán</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Svedberg" title="Theodor Svedberg">Theodor Svedberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Paul_Wigner" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Paul Wigner">Eugene Paul Wigner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Wolfgang Pauli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/William_Francis_Gibbs" title="William Francis Gibbs">William Francis Gibbs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Kenneth_Mees" title="Charles Edward Kenneth Mees">Charles Edward Kenneth Mees</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Arne_Tiselius" title="Arne Tiselius">Arne Tiselius</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Whittle" title="Frank Whittle">Frank Whittle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Stott_Taylor" title="Hugh Stott Taylor">Hugh Stott Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Wills_Douglas" title="Donald Wills Douglas">Donald Wills Douglas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Hans Bethe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Adams" title="Roger Adams">Roger Adams</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Detlev_Bronk" title="Detlev Bronk">Detlev Bronk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Ingram_Taylor" title="Geoffrey Ingram Taylor">Geoffrey Ingram Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Theodore_Seaborg" title="Glenn Theodore Seaborg">Glenn Theodore Seaborg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Breit" title="Gregory Breit">Gregory Breit</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Seitz" title="Frederick Seitz">Frederick Seitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Britton_Chance" title="Britton Chance">Britton Chance</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Murray Gell-Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Nirenberg">Marshall Nirenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">John Archibald Wheeler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Panofsky" title="Wolfgang Panofsky">Wolfgang Panofsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Hannes Alfvén</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/George_Kistiakowsky" title="George Kistiakowsky">George Kistiakowsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_Dobzhansky" title="Theodosius Dobzhansky">Theodosius Dobzhansky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bogoliubov" title="Nikolai Bogoliubov">Nikolai Bogoliubov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Mahlon_Hoagland" title="Mahlon Hoagland">Mahlon Hoagland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Manton_Harris" title="Cyril Manton Harris">Cyril Manton Harris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Elias_James_Corey" title="Elias James Corey">Elias James Corey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/George_Evelyn_Hutchinson" title="George Evelyn Hutchinson">George Evelyn Hutchinson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Avram_Goldstein" title="Avram Goldstein">Avram Goldstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyman_Spitzer" title="Lyman Spitzer">Lyman Spitzer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Milstein" title="César Milstein">César Milstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Wilson" title="Kenneth Wilson">Kenneth Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Verner_Suomi" title="Verner Suomi">Verner Suomi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/George_Claude_Pimentel" title="George Claude Pimentel">George Claude Pimentel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Mandelbrot" title="Benoît Mandelbrot">Benoît Mandelbrot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen" title="Stanley Cohen">Stanley Cohen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Knuth" title="Donald Knuth">Donald Knuth</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Huxley" title="Hugh Huxley">Hugh Huxley</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Turnbull" title="David Turnbull">David Turnbull</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Frederick Reines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Gerardus_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerardus 't Hooft">Gerardus 't Hooft</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley">Richard Smalley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Mario_Capecchi" title="Mario Capecchi">Mario Capecchi</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Controle_de_autoridade" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Controle_de_autoridade" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 12%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Controle_de_autoridade" title="Ajuda:Controle de autoridade">Controle de autoridade</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlinks" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span>: <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8743" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q8743">Q8743</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/66552944">WorldCat</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Base_Virtual_Internacional_de_Autoridade" title="Base Virtual Internacional de Autoridade">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/66552944/">66552944</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Apost%C3%B3lica_Vaticana" title="Biblioteca Apostólica Vaticana">BAV</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://viaf.org/processed/BAV%7CADV11522231">ADV11522231</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bibsys" title="Bibsys">BIBSYS</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90089750">90089750</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_do_Chile" title="Biblioteca Nacional do Chile">BNCHL</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F/?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000094741">000094741</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Espanha" title="Biblioteca Nacional da Espanha">BNE</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX913688">XX913688</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Biblioteca Nacional da França">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12407892h">12407892h</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Grande_Enciclop%C3%A9dia_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="Grande Enciclopédia Soviética">BRE</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.bigenc.ru/text/4939751">4939751</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgeman_Art_Library" class="extiw" title="en:Bridgeman Art Library">Bridgeman</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bridgemanimages.co.uk/en/search?filter_text=creatorid%3A29772">29772</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A1logo_de_autoridades_de_nomes_e_t%C3%ADtulos_da_Catalunha" title="Catálogo de autoridades de nomes e títulos da Catalunha">CANTIC</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058523462406706">981058523462406706</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/CiNii" title="CiNii">CiNii</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03566915">DA03566915</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Discogs" title="Discogs">Discogs</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discogs.com/artist/1195433">1195433</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">EBID</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Edison">ID</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Alexandrina" title="Bibliotheca Alexandrina">EGAXA</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/processed/EGAXA%7Cvtls002792379">vtls002792379</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Faceted_Application_of_Subject_Terminology" title="Faceted Application of Subject Terminology">FAST</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/61561">61561</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118528912">118528912</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Projeto_Gutenberg" title="Projeto Gutenberg">Gutenberg</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/3325">3325</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_(plateforme)" class="extiw" title="fr:Isidore (plateforme)">Isidore</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isidore.science/a/edison_thomas_alva_auteur_du_texte">edison_thomas_alva_auteur_du_texte</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121373760">ID</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmero_de_controle_da_Biblioteca_do_Congresso" title="Número de controle da Biblioteca do Congresso">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80126308">n80126308</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Base_L%C3%A9onore" title="Base Léonore">Léonore</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks">[LH//890/51 51]</span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/MusicBrainz" title="MusicBrainz">MusicBrainz</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/7ab467a1-d15b-41ea-a4d9-433d7ff64e9d">ID</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Arquivos_Nacionais_e_Administra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Documentos" title="Arquivos Nacionais e Administração de Documentos">NARA</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10569067">10569067</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Dieta" title="Biblioteca Nacional da Dieta">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00542495">00542495</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Austr%C3%A1lia" title="Biblioteca Nacional da Austrália">NLA</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librariesaustralia.nla.gov.au/search/display?dbid=auth&id=35056706">35056706</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Gr%C3%A9cia" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nacional da Grécia">NLG</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://koha.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?marc=1&authid=241474">241474</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Notable_Names_Database" class="mw-redirect" title="Notable Names Database">NNDB</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nndb.com/people/333/000022267/">000022267</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery" title="National Portrait Gallery">NPG</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp57166">mp57166</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Real_dos_Pa%C3%ADses_Baixos" title="Biblioteca Real dos Países Baixos">NTA</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069721580">069721580</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NUKAT" class="extiw" title="pl:NUKAT">NUKAT</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=1207&url_prefix=http://nukat.edu.pl/aut/&id=n01196962">n01196962</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">openMLOL: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medialibrary.it/media/ricercaopen.aspx?selcrea=37881">37881</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNAC" class="extiw" title="en:SNAC">SNAC</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w66z0150">w66z0150</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Sistema_Universit%C3%A1rio_de_Documenta%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Sistema Universitário de Documentação">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/067719627">067719627</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Museu_da_Nova_Zel%C3%A2ndia_Te_Papa_Tongarewa" title="Museu da Nova Zelândia Te Papa Tongarewa">TePapa</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/48812">48812</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclop%C3%A9dia_Treccani" title="Enciclopédia Treccani">Treccani</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/thomas-alva-edison">thomas-alva-edison</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/WikiTree" title="WikiTree">WikiTree</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Edison-1">Edison-1</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_do_Brasil" title="Biblioteca Nacional do Brasil">BNB</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acervo.bn.gov.br/sophia_web/autoridade/detalhe/000191841">000191841</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Portugal" title="Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal">PTBNP</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1179447">1179447</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Union_List_of_Artist_Names" title="Union List of Artist Names">ULAN</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500066589">500066589</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=345&url_prefix=https://www.imdb.com/&id=nm0249379">nm0249379</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">OL</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL354984A?mode=all">OL354984A</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Israel" title="Biblioteca Nacional de Israel">NLI</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=direct&local_base=nlx10&doc_number=000431599">000431599</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_in_Rome" class="extiw" title="it:American Academy in Rome">AAR</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.aarome.org/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?marc=1&authid=11522231">11522231</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_do_M%C3%A9xico" title="Biblioteca Nacional do México">BNM</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.iib.unam.mx/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNM10&doc_number=000086849">000086849</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B5%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CE%9A%CF%8D%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85" class="extiw" title="el:Τεχνολογικό Πανεπιστήμιο Κύπρου">CUT</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libraryopac.cut.ac.cy/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?marc=1&authid=111747">111747</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Literaturarchiv_Marbach" class="extiw" title="de:Deutsches Literaturarchiv Marbach">Kallías</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dla-marbach.de/find/opac/id/PE00445099">PE00445099</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Castellani_(Floren%C3%A7a)" title="Palazzo Castellani (Florença)">MG</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.museogalileo.it/imss/authResource?uri=180611">180611</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Austr%C3%A1lia" title="Biblioteca Nacional da Austrália">NLA</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/814017">814017</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Pol%C3%B3nia" title="Biblioteca Nacional da Polónia">NLP</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/a0000001228408">a0000001228408</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Museu_da_Nova_Zel%C3%A2ndia_Te_Papa_Tongarewa" title="Museu da Nova Zelândia Te Papa Tongarewa">Te Papa</a>: <span 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