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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_reparations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_reparations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Types of reparations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_reparations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_region_of_perpetration_and_slave_descendant_location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_region_of_perpetration_and_slave_descendant_location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>By region of perpetration and slave descendant location</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_region_of_perpetration_and_slave_descendant_location-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle By region of perpetration and slave descendant location subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-By_region_of_perpetration_and_slave_descendant_location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Slave_owners'_compensation_(1837)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slave_owners'_compensation_(1837)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Slave owners' compensation (1837)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slave_owners'_compensation_(1837)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abuja_Proclamation_and_ARM_(1993)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abuja_Proclamation_and_ARM_(1993)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Abuja Proclamation and ARM (1993)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abuja_Proclamation_and_ARM_(1993)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Class_action_(2004)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Class_action_(2004)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Class action (2004)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Class_action_(2004)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Apologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heirs_of_Slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heirs_of_Slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>Heirs of Slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heirs_of_Slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Support_for_reparations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_for_reparations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Support for reparations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_for_reparations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caribbean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caribbean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Caribbean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caribbean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-CARICOM_Reparations_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CARICOM_Reparations_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>CARICOM Reparations Commission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CARICOM_Reparations_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antigua_and_Barbuda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Antigua and Barbuda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antigua_and_Barbuda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Barbados" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barbados"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Barbados</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barbados-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guyana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guyana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>Guyana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guyana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haiti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haiti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.5</span> <span>Haiti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haiti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jamaica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jamaica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.6</span> <span>Jamaica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jamaica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_region_of_origin_of_slaves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_region_of_origin_of_slaves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>By region of origin of slaves</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_region_of_origin_of_slaves-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle By region of origin of slaves subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-By_region_of_origin_of_slaves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-African_Union_and_Caricom_Global_Reparation_Fund" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_Union_and_Caricom_Global_Reparation_Fund"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>African Union and Caricom Global Reparation Fund</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African_Union_and_Caricom_Global_Reparation_Fund-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Political justice concept</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Compensated_emancipation" title="Compensated emancipation">Compensated emancipation</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Slavery" title="Category:Slavery">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Shackles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/125px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/188px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/250px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="272" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_21st_century" title="Slavery in the 21st century">Contemporary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">Debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_buying" title="Bride buying">Bride buying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">Forced prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_servitude" title="Involuntary servitude">Involuntary servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peon" title="Peon">Peonage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour" title="Penal labour">Penal labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st-century jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">Historical</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_antiquity" title="Slavery in antiquity">Antiquity</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Slavery in ancient Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_law#Three_classes" title="Babylonian law">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Rome</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" title="Slavery in medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancillae" title="Ancillae">Ancillae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_slave_trade" title="Black Sea slave trade">Black Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Slavery in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholop" title="Kholop">Kholop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_slave_trade" title="Prague slave trade">Prague slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_serfdom" title="History of serfdom">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Russia" title="Serfdom in Russia">In Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">Emancipation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Thrall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_slave_trade" title="Genoese slave trade">Genoese slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_slave_trade" title="Venetian slave trade">Venetian slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_slave_trade" title="Balkan slave trade">Balkan slave trade</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">Muslim world</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_al-Andalus" title="Slavery in al-Andalus">Slavery in al-Andalus</a> ‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baqt" title="Baqt">Baqt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukataba" title="Mukataba">Contract of manumission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhara_slave_trade" title="Bukhara slave trade">Bukhara slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean slave trade">Crimean slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_slave_trade" title="Khazar slave trade">Khazar slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khivan_slave_trade" title="Khivan slave trade">Khivan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_on_the_Barbary_Coast" title="Slavery on the Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Baltimore" title="Sack of Baltimore">Sack of Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raid_of_Su%C3%B0uroy" title="Slave raid of Suðuroy">Slave raid of Suðuroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Turkish Abductions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_concubinage" title="Islamic views on concubinage">Concubinage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_concubinage_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of concubinage in the Muslim world">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_harem" title="Abbasid harem">Abbasid harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Imperial_Harem" title="Ottoman Imperial Harem">Ottoman Imperial Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_imperial_harem" title="Safavid imperial harem">Safavid imperial harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_harem" title="Qajar harem">Qajar harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarya" title="Jarya">Jarya</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cariye" title="Cariye">Cariye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odalisque" title="Odalisque">Odalisque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyan" title="Qiyan">Qiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-walad" title="Umm al-walad">Umm al-walad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian slave trade">Circassian slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate">Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate">Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgarian_slave_trade" title="Volga Bulgarian slave trade">Volga Bulgarian slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st century</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_slave_trade" title="Bristol slave trade">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade_to_Brazil" title="Atlantic slave trade to Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyages:_The_Trans-Atlantic_Slave_Trade_Database" title="Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage" title="Middle Passage">Middle Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantes_slave_trade" title="Nantes slave trade">Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_New_France" title="Slavery in New France">New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyarring" title="Panyarring">Panyarring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America" title="Slavery in colonial Spanish America">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Coast_of_West_Africa" title="Slave Coast of West Africa">Slave Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Thirteen colonies</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Topics and practice</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devshirme" title="Devshirme">Devshirme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">Corvée labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_slave" title="House slave">House slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_market" title="Slave market">Slave market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding" title="Slave raiding">Slave raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_children_in_the_military" title="History of children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_slavery" title="White slavery">White slavery</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Naval</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galley_slave" title="Galley slave">Galley slave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">Impressment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghaiing" title="Shanghaiing">Shanghaiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_ship" title="Slave ship">Slave ship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By country or region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_slave_trade" title="Red Sea slave trade">Red Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Zanzibar slave trade">Zanzibar slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Angola" title="Slavery in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Chad" title="Human trafficking in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Comoros" title="Slavery in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Ethiopia" title="Slavery in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mali" title="Slavery in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mauritania" title="Slavery in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Niger" title="Slavery in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Nigeria" title="Slavery in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Seychelles" title="Slavery in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Somalia" title="Slavery in Somalia">Somalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali slave trade">Somali slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_South_Africa" title="Slavery in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Sudan" title="Slavery in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Zanzibar" title="Slavery in Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Americas">North and South America</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Pre-Columbian_America" title="Slavery in Pre-Columbian America">Pre-Columbian America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec slavery">Aztec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery among the indigenous peoples of the Americas">Americas indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery among Native Americans in the United States">U.S. Natives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Female slavery in the United States">female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_slavery_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary slavery in the United States">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">partus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labor_in_the_United_States" title="Penal labor in the United States">prison labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_codes" title="Slave codes">Slave codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of the enslaved in the United States">Treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Slave trade in the United States">interregional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Human trafficking in the United States">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Bahamas" title="Slavery in the Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Canada" title="Slavery in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_and_French_Caribbean" title="Slavery in the British and French Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbados_Slave_Code" title="Barbados Slave Code">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Slavery in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Trinidad" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Latin_America" title="Slavery in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lei_%C3%81urea" title="Lei Áurea">Lei Áurea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Colombia" title="Slavery in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Cuba" title="Slavery in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Haiti" title="Slavery in Haiti">Haiti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restavek" title="Restavek">Restavek</a></li></ul></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomienda</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Asia" title="Slavery in Asia">East, Southeast, and South Asia</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Human trafficking in Southeast Asia">Human trafficking in Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bhutan" title="Slavery in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brunei" title="Slavery in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_China" title="Slavery in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booi_Aha" title="Booi Aha">Booi Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laogai" title="Laogai">Laogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">penal system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_India" title="Slavery in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage_in_India" title="Debt bondage in India">Debt bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukri_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Chukri System">Chukri System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Indonesia" title="Slavery in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Japan" title="Slavery in Japan">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">comfort women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Korea" title="Slavery in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwalliso" title="Kwalliso">Kwalliso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malaysia" title="Slavery in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Mongol_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Mongol Empire">Slavery in the Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Thailand" title="Slavery in Thailand">Thailand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_and_prostitution_in_South_Korea" title="United States military and prostitution in South Korea">Yankee princess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Vietnam" title="Slavery in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Oceania">Australia and Oceania</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Australia" title="Slavery in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Australia" title="Human trafficking in Australia">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding_in_Easter_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave raiding in Easter Island">Slave raiding in Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea">Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding_in_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackbirding in Polynesia">Blackbirding in Polynesia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Europe and North Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Europe" title="Sex trafficking in Europe">Sex trafficking in Europe</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Penal labour in the United Kingdom">Penal Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Britain" title="Slavery in Britain">Slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_slave_trade" title="Danish slave trade">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Germany in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malta" title="Slavery in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Poland" title="Slavery in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Portugal" title="Slavery in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Romania" title="Slavery in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Russia" title="Slavery in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Spain" title="Slavery in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_slave_trade" title="Swedish slave trade">Sweden</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>North Africa and West Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Afghanistan" title="Slavery in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Algeria" title="Slavery in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bahrain" title="Slavery in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Egypt" title="Slavery in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human trafficking in the Middle East">Human trafficking in the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iran" title="Slavery in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iraq" title="Slavery in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Jordan" title="Slavery in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Kuwait" title="Slavery in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Lebanon" title="Slavery in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Libya" title="Slavery in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Morocco" title="Slavery in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oman" title="Slavery in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Palestine" title="Slavery in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Slavery in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Syria" title="Slavery in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Tunisia" title="Slavery in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Qatar" title="Slavery in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Yemen" title="Slavery in Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_and_religion" title="Slavery and religion">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_slavery" title="The Bible and slavery">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_slavery" title="Christian views on slavery">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_slavery" title="Catholic Church and slavery">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_slavery" title="Mormonism and slavery">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_slavery" title="Jewish views on slavery">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Baháʼí Faith and slavery">Baháʼí Faith</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Opposition and resistance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Anti-Slavery_Conference_1889%E2%80%9390" title="Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90">Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Slavery_Commission" title="Temporary Slavery Commission">Temporary Slavery Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_Slavery_Convention" title="1926 Slavery Convention">1926 Slavery Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Committee of Experts on Slavery">Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery">Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Hoc_Committee_on_Slavery" title="Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery">Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_Convention_on_the_Abolition_of_Slavery" title="Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery">Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolitionists" title="List of abolitionists">Abolitionists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Slave_Trade_Convention" title="Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention">Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_International" title="Anti-Slavery International">Anti-Slavery International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Africa" title="Blockade of Africa">Blockade of Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa_Squadron" title="West Africa Squadron">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Slave_Trade_Patrol" title="African Slave Trade Patrol">U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">Colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compensated_emancipation" title="Compensated emancipation">Compensated emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">Manumission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_suit" title="Freedom suit">Freedom suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Songs of the Underground Railroad">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion" title="Slave rebellion">Slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act" title="Slave Trade Act">Slave Trade Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_international_law" title="Slavery in international law">International law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Third Servile War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_abolition_of_slavery_and_serfdom" title="Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom">Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolition_of_slave_trade_in_Persian_gulf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf (page does not exist)">Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3" class="extiw" title="fa:ممنوعیت تجارت برده در خلیج فارس">fa</a>]</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_at_common_law" title="Slavery at common law">Common law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">Indentured servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">Fugitive slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slave laws in the United States">laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Convention" title="Fugitive Slave Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slaves" title="List of slaves">List of slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slave_owners" title="List of slave owners">owners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_survivors_of_American_slavery" title="List of last survivors of American slavery">last survivors of American slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slavery-related_memorials_and_museums" title="List of slavery-related memorials and museums">List of slavery-related memorials and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States" title="Slave marriages in the United States">Slave marriages in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_narrative" title="Slave narrative">Slave narrative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Songs_of_the_United_States" title="Slave Songs of the United States">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_name" title="Slave name">Slave name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_catcher" title="Slave catcher">Slave catcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_patrol" title="Slave patrol">Slave patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Slave_Route_Project" title="The Slave Route Project">Slave Route Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States" title="Slave breeding in the United States">breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_in_the_United_States_involving_slavery" title="List of court cases in the United States involving slavery">court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_slavery" title="George Washington and slavery">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery" title="Thomas Jefferson and slavery">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_and_abolitionism" title="John Quincy Adams and abolitionism">J.Q. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_and_slavery" title="Abraham Lincoln and slavery">Lincoln</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_acres_and_a_mule" title="Forty acres and a mule">40 acres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_iron_bit" title="Slave iron bit">Iron bit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Forced_labour" title="Template:Forced labour"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Forced_labour" title="Template talk:Forced labour"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Forced_labour" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Forced labour"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> <b>Reparations for slavery</b> refers to providing benefits to victims of <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> and/or their descendants. There are concepts for <a href="/wiki/Reparation_(legal)" title="Reparation (legal)">reparations in legal philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reparations_(transitional_justice)" title="Reparations (transitional justice)">reparations in transitional justice</a>. Reparations can take many forms, including practical and financial assistance to the descendants of enslaved people, acknowledgements or apologies to peoples or nations negatively affected by slavery, or honouring the memories of people who were enslaved by naming things after them. Victims of slavery can refer past slavery or ongoing <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_21st_century" title="Slavery in the 21st century">slavery in the 21st century</a>. </p><p>Some reparations for slavery date back to the 18th century in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, but the groundswell for such actions has gathered momentum in the 21st century, with both governments and individuals in the United Kingdom, the United States, and European colonial powers taking various actions. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_reparations">Types of reparations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reparations_for_slavery&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types of reparations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reparations can take numerous forms, including practical measures such as <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">affirmative action</a>; individual monetary payments; settlements; scholarships and other educational schemes; systemic initiatives to offset injustices; or land-based compensation related to independence. Other types of reparations include apologies and acknowledgements of the injustices;<sup id="cite_ref-UMass_Reparations_Article_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UMass_Reparations_Article-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the removal of monuments and renaming of streets that honour enslavers and defenders of slavery; or naming a building after an enslaved person or someone connected with abolition.<sup id="cite_ref-Black_Asheville_Demands_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black_Asheville_Demands-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Development_aid" title="Development aid">Development aid</a> is generally not counted as reparations.<sup id="cite_ref-u881_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-u881-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reparations_for_slavery&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the 2010s, despite many calls for reparations, examples of international reparations for slavery consist of recognition of the injustice of slavery and apologies for involvement but no material compensation.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blair_apology_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blair_apology-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in June 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Brattle_Group" title="Brattle Group">Brattle Group</a> presented a report at an event at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_West_Indies" title="University of the West Indies">University of the West Indies</a> in which reparations were estimated, perhaps for the first time, for harms both during and after the period of transatlantic <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">chattel slavery</a> at more than 100 trillion dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2023, the UK Reparations Conference was held and a joint declaration issued to the effect that full reparatory justice must be "pursued and achieved".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some view financial reparations are insufficient, and demand as reparations for slavery opportunity to <a href="/wiki/Repatriation" title="Repatriation">repatriate</a> to country of origin before slavery and "bringing an end to the current political and economic system".<sup id="cite_ref-u881_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-u881-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_region_of_perpetration_and_slave_descendant_location">By region of perpetration and slave descendant location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reparations_for_slavery&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: By region of perpetration and slave descendant location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 2022, the prime minister of the Netherlands, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Rutte" title="Mark Rutte">Mark Rutte</a>, apologised on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Government">Dutch Government</a> for its role in slavery at an event at the <a href="/wiki/Nationaal_Archief" title="Nationaal Archief">National Archives</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, which included representatives of various advocacy organisations. It also pledged to give €200 million towards "raising awareness, fostering engagement and addressing the present-day effects of slavery", and is planning a commemoration of the history of slavery on 1 July 2023, along with <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Caribbean" title="Dutch Caribbean">Dutch Caribbean</a> nations, <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>, and other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reparations_for_slavery&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Slave_owners'_compensation_(1837)"><span id="Slave_owners.27_compensation_.281837.29"></span>Slave owners' compensation (1837)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reparations_for_slavery&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Slave owners' compensation (1837)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slave_Compensation_Act_1837" title="Slave Compensation Act 1837">Slave Compensation Act 1837</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Slave_Compensation_Act_1837" title="Slave Compensation Act 1837">Slave Compensation Act 1837</a> was an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom, signed into law on 23 December 1837, to bring about <a href="/wiki/Compensated_emancipation" title="Compensated emancipation">compensated emancipation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enslavers were paid approximately £20 million in compensation in over 40,000 awards for enslaved people freed in the colonies of the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This represented around 40 percent of the <a href="/wiki/British_Treasury" class="mw-redirect" title="British Treasury">British Treasury</a>'s annual spending budget and has been calculated as equivalent to about £16.5bn in today's terms.<sup id="cite_ref-naarc_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naarc-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the payments were converted into 3.5% government annuities, which caused a drawn-out process.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abuja_Proclamation_and_ARM_(1993)"><span id="Abuja_Proclamation_and_ARM_.281993.29"></span>Abuja Proclamation and ARM (1993)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reparations_for_slavery&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Abuja Proclamation and ARM (1993)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Africa_Reparations_Movement"></span> The Africa Reparations Movement, also known as ARM (UK), was formed in 1993 following the Abuja Proclamation declared at the First Pan-African Conference on Reparations in <a href="/wiki/Abuja" title="Abuja">Abuja</a>, Nigeria, in the same year. The conference was convened by the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a> (OAU) and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal government of Nigeria">Nigerian government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cr_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cr-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 1993, British MP <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Grant" title="Bernie Grant">Bernie Grant</a> toured the country speaking about the need for reparations for slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 10 May 1993 he tabled a motion in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> that the House welcomes the proclamation and recognised that the proclamation "calls upon the international community to recognise that the unprecedented moral debt owed to African people has yet to be paid, and urges all those countries who were enriched by enslavement and colonisation to review the case for reparations to be paid to Africa and to Africans in the Diaspora; acknowledges the continuing painful economic and personal consequences of the exploitation of Africa and Africans in the Diaspora and the racism it has generated; and supports the OAU as it intensifies its efforts to pursue the cause of reparations". The motion was sponsored by Bernie Grant, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Tony Benn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Banks,_Baron_Stratford" title="Tony Banks, Baron Stratford">Tony Banks</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Austin_(politician)" title="John Austin (politician)">John Austin-Walker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Barnes_(Labour_politician)" title="Harry Barnes (Labour politician)">Harry Barnes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gerry_Bermingham" title="Gerry Bermingham">Gerry Bermingham</a>. An additional 46 <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> MPs signed to support the motion, including future <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(United_Kingdom)" title="Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)">leader of the opposition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Jeremy Corbyn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Abuja Proclamation called for national reparations committees to be set up throughout Africa and the <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">diaspora</a>. Bernie Grant formed ARM UK in December 1993<sup id="cite_ref-hub_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hub-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the co-founder and chairperson, with a core group including: secretary Sam Walker; treasurer <a href="/wiki/Linda_Bellos" title="Linda Bellos">Linda Bellos</a> and trustees Patrick Wilmott, Stephen A. Small (a British academic specialising in slavery<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and Hugh Oxley.<sup id="cite_ref-hub_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hub-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ARM aimed:<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>to use all lawful means to obtain reparations for the enslavement and colonisation of African people in Africa and in the <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a></li> <li>to use all lawful means to secure the return of African artefacts from whichever place they are currently held</li> <li>to seek an apology from western governments for the enslavement and colonisation of African people</li> <li>to campaign for an acknowledgement of the contribution of African people to world history and civilisation</li> <li>to campaign for an accurate portrayal of African history and thus restore dignity and self-respect to African people</li> <li>to educate and inform African youth, on the continent and in the diaspora, about the great African cultures, languages and civilisations</li></ul> <p>Following the death of Bernie Grant in 2000, ARM UK became inactive.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Class_action_(2004)"><span id="Class_action_.282004.29"></span>Class action (2004)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reparations_for_slavery&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Class action (2004)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2004, controversial reparations lawyer <a href="/wiki/Ed_Fagan" title="Ed Fagan">Ed Fagan</a> launched a class action lawsuit against insurance market <a href="/wiki/Lloyd%27s_of_London" title="Lloyd's of London">Lloyd's of London</a> for their role in insuring <a href="/wiki/Slave_ship" title="Slave ship">slave ships</a> involved in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">transatlantic slave trade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The case was unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Apologies">Apologies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reparations_for_slavery&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Apologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 27 November 2006, British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> issued a statement expressing "deep sorrow" for Britain's role in the slave trade, saying it had been "profoundly shameful". The statement was criticised by reparations activists in Britain, with <a href="/wiki/Esther_Stanford" class="mw-redirect" title="Esther Stanford">Esther Stanford</a> stating that Blair should have issued "an apology of substance", which would then be followed by "various reparative measures including financial compensation".<sup id="cite_ref-Blair_apology_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blair_apology-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blair issued another apology in 2007 after meeting with Ghanaian President <a href="/wiki/John_Kufuor" title="John Kufuor">John Kufuor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 24 August 2007, then-<a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor of London</a> <a href="/wiki/Ken_Livingstone" title="Ken Livingstone">Ken Livingstone</a> publicly apologised for <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>'s role in the transatlantic slave trade during a commemoration of the 200th anniversary of the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act_1807" title="Slave Trade Act 1807">1807 Slave Trade Act</a>. In the speech, Livingston called on the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British Government</a> to pass legislation to create a UK-wide Annual Slavery Memorial Day, which would commemorate slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Heirs_of_Slavery">Heirs of Slavery</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reparations_for_slavery&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Heirs of Slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Heirs_of_Slavery"></span> In February 2023, former <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> journalist <a href="/wiki/Laura_Trevelyan" title="Laura Trevelyan">Laura Trevelyan</a>, whose family had owned plantations in <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a>, travelled to Grenada to make an apology for harm caused and to give reparations. Her family has also apologised to the island nation for harm caused by slavery, and the group has called on the British Prime Minister and <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">King Charles</a> to make a formal apology on behalf of the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-baker2023_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baker2023-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2023, she co-founded Heirs of Slavery, a group of descendants of people who had profited from British transatlantic slavery and want to make amends. Trevelyan's family has donated money towards education schemes in Grenada via <a href="/wiki/CARICOM" class="mw-redirect" title="CARICOM">CARICOM</a>, and hopes that Heirs of Slavery will bring similar actions on a greater scale. As of May 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reparations_for_slavery&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the other members of the group are <a href="/wiki/David_Lascelles" class="mw-redirect" title="David Lascelles">David Lascelles</a>, 8th <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Harewood" title="Earl of Harewood">Earl of Harewood</a>; Charles Gladstone, who is descended from prime minister <a href="/wiki/William_Gladstone" class="mw-redirect" title="William Gladstone">William Gladstone</a>; journalist <a href="/wiki/Alex_Renton" title="Alex Renton">Alex Renton</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-baker2023_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baker2023-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard Atkinson; John Dower (of the Trevelyan family); Rosemary Harrison; and Robin Wedderburn.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reparations_for_slavery&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Reparations for slavery in the United States">Reparations for slavery in the United States</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/National_African_American_Reparations_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="National African American Reparations Commission">National African American Reparations Commission</a></div> <p>Slavery ended in the United States in 1865 with the end of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> and the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>, which declared that "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, an estimated four million African Americans were set free.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are instances of reparations for slavery, relating to the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>, dating back to at least 1783 in North America,<sup id="cite_ref-UMass_Reparations_Article_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UMass_Reparations_Article-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a growing list of modern-day examples of <a href="/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery_in_the_United_States#Legislation_and_other_actions" title="Reparations for slavery in the United States">reparations for slavery in the United States</a> in 2020 as the call for reparations in the US has been bolstered by protests around police brutality and other cases of systemic racism in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The call for reparations for <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism</a> has also been made alongside calls for reparations for slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Black_Asheville_Demands_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black_Asheville_Demands-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Support_for_reparations">Support for reparations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reparations_for_slavery&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Support for reparations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within the political sphere, a bill demanding slavery reparations has been proposed at the national level, the "<a href="/wiki/Commission_to_Study_and_Develop_Reparation_Proposals_for_African-Americans_Act" title="Commission to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals for African-Americans Act">Commission to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals for African-Americans Act</a>", which former Rep. <a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">John Conyers Jr.</a> (D-MI) reintroduced to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> every year from 1989 until his resignation in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As its name suggests, the bill recommended the creation of a commission to study the "impact of slavery on the social, political and economic life of our nation";<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, there are cities and institutions that have initiated reparations in the US (see <a href="/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery_debate_in_the_United_States#Legislation_and_other_actions" class="mw-redirect" title="Reparations for slavery debate in the United States">§ Legislation and other actions</a> for a list). </p><p>In 1999, African-American lawyer and activist <a href="/wiki/Randall_Robinson" title="Randall Robinson">Randall Robinson</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/TransAfrica" title="TransAfrica">TransAfrica</a> advocacy organization, wrote that America's history of race riots, lynching, and institutional discrimination have "resulted in $1.4 trillion in losses for African Americans".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economist Robert Browne stated the ultimate goal of reparations should be to "restore the black community to the economic position it would have if it had not been subjected to slavery and discrimination".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He estimates a fair reparation value anywhere between $1.4 to $4.7 <a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(numbers)" title="Orders of magnitude (numbers)">trillion</a>, or roughly $142,000 (equivalent to $183,000 in 2023) for every black American living today.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other estimates range from $5.7 to $14.2<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and $17.1 trillion.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, American journalist <a href="/wiki/Ta-Nehisi_Coates" title="Ta-Nehisi Coates">Ta-Nehisi Coates</a> published an article titled "<a href="/wiki/The_Case_for_Reparations" title="The Case for Reparations">The Case for Reparations</a>", which discussed the continued effects of slavery and <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a> and made renewed demands for reparations. Coates refers to Rep. John Conyers Jr.'s H.R.40 Bill, pointing out that Congress's failure to pass this bill expresses a lack of willingness to right their past wrongs.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2016, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>' Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent encouraged Congress to pass H.R.40 to study reparations proposals. Still, the Working Group did not directly endorse any specific reparations proposal. The report noted that there exists a legacy of racial inequality in the United States, and explained that "Despite substantial changes since the end of the enforcement of Jim Crow and the fight for civil rights, ideology ensuring the domination of one group over another, continues to negatively impact the civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights of African Americans today." The report notes that a "dangerous ideology of white supremacy inhibits social cohesion among the US population".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The topic of reparations gained renewed attention in 2020<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the <a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a> movement named reparations as one of their policy goals in the United States. </p><p>In 2020, rapper <a href="/wiki/T.I." title="T.I.">T.I.</a> supported reparations that would give every African American <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$1</span><span class="nowrap"> </span>million and asserted that slavery caused mass incarcerations, poverty, and other ills.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caribbean">Caribbean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reparations_for_slavery&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Caribbean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the perspective of <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>, it is questionable whether slavery, genocide, and other <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a> had been outlawed at the time they were committed in the Caribbean; for example, "Although the factual appearance of genocide can be traced back at least to ancient times, its prohibition by international law appears to be a phenomenon of the early 20th century". Under the international principle of <a href="/wiki/Intertemporal_law" title="Intertemporal law">intertemporal law</a>, today's prohibitions cannot be applied retroactively. There is a legal argument suggesting that exceptions to intertemporal law apply in cases of crimes against humanity, as European states and their representatives could not expect slavery to be legal in the future (referred to as teleological reduction of the principle). However, it is a complex area of law.<sup id="cite_ref-buser2017_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buser2017-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="CARICOM_Reparations_Commission">CARICOM Reparations Commission</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reparations_for_slavery&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: CARICOM Reparations Commission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slave_Compensation_Act_1837" title="Slave Compensation Act 1837">Slave Compensation Act 1837</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Community" title="Caribbean Community">Caribbean Community</a> (CARICOM), established in 1973, is an <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organisation">intergovernmental organisation</a> that is a <a href="/wiki/Political_union" title="Political union">political</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_union" title="Economic union">economic union</a> of 15 member states throughout the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until 1995, it comprised only the English-speaking parts of the Caribbean, until the addition of <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> (Dutch) in 1995; Haiti and other non-<a href="/wiki/Anglophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglophone">Anglophone</a> nations have since joined.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, in the first of a series of lectures in Georgetown, Guyana, to commemorate the 250th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Berbice_slave_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Berbice slave uprising">1763 Berbice Slave Revolt</a>, Principal of the <a href="/wiki/Cave_Hill,_Saint_Michael,_Barbados" title="Cave Hill, Saint Michael, Barbados">Cave Hill Campus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_West_Indies" title="University of the West Indies">University of the West Indies</a>, Sir <a href="/wiki/Hilary_Beckles" title="Hilary Beckles">Hilary Beckles</a> urged the CARICOM countries to emulate the position adopted by the Jews who were persecuted during the Second World War and have since organized a <a href="/wiki/Claims_Conference" title="Claims Conference">Jewish reparations fund</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following Beckles' advice, the CARICOM Reparations Commission<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was created in September 2013. In 2014, 15 Caribbean nations unveiled the "CARICOM Ten Point Plan for Reparatory Justice", which spelled out demands for reparations from Europe "...for the enduring suffering inflicted by the Atlantic slave trade".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among these demands were formal apologies from all nations involved (as opposed to "statements of regret"), <a href="/wiki/Repatriation" title="Repatriation">repatriation</a> of displaced Africans to their homeland, programs to help Africans learn about and share their histories, and institutions to improve slavery descendants' literacy, physical health, and psychological health.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Representatives of Caribbean states have repeatedly announced their intention to bring the issue to the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> (ICJ).<sup id="cite_ref-buser2017_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buser2017-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as of January 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reparations_for_slavery&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> no action has been taken to bring the Barbadian Government's case to <a href="/wiki/International_arbitration" title="International arbitration">international arbitration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-armitage2023_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-armitage2023-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antigua_and_Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reparations_for_slavery&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Antigua and Barbuda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2011, <a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> called for reparations at the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, saying "that segregation and violence against people of African descent had impaired their capacity for advancement as nations, communities and individuals".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, in 2016, Ambassador of Antigua and Barbuda to the United States, Sir <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Sanders_(diplomat)" title="Ronald Sanders (diplomat)">Ronald Sanders</a>, called on <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> "to demonstrate its remorse and its debt to unnamed slaves from Antigua and Barbuda". According to Sanders, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Royall_Jr." title="Isaac Royall Jr.">Isaac Royall Jr.</a>, who was the first endowed professor of law at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a>, relied on the slaves on his plantation in Antigua when establishing <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Sanders_(diplomat)" title="Ronald Sanders (diplomat)">Sanders</a> recommended these reparations come in the form of annual scholarships for Antiguans and Barbudans.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Barbados">Barbados</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reparations_for_slavery&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Barbados"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Barbados" title="Government of Barbados">Barbadian government</a> established a twelve-member Reparations Task Force to sustain the local, regional, and international momentum for reparations.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barbados was then leading the way in "calling for reparations from former colonial powers for the injustices suffered by slaves and their families".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Barbados was said to be "leading the way" (as of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reparations_for_slavery&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>) in calling for the payment of reparations for slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-naarc_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naarc-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of January 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reparations_for_slavery&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the Barbados National Task Force on Reparations, part of the CARICOM Reparations Commission, is seeking reparations from wealthy British MP <a href="/wiki/Richard_Drax" title="Richard Drax">Richard Drax</a> for his ancestors' involvement in slavery. The Drax family still owns a large estate in Barbados; Richard Drax is said to be worth "at least £150m".<sup id="cite_ref-lashmar_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lashmar-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the Commission's request to return Drax Hall to Barbados is refused, the government intends to take the matter to international arbitration.<sup id="cite_ref-armitage2023_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-armitage2023-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Guyana">Guyana</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reparations_for_slavery&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Guyana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2007, <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> President <a href="/wiki/Bharrat_Jagdeo" title="Bharrat Jagdeo">Bharrat Jagdeo</a> formally called on European nations to pay reparations for the slave trade.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Jagdeo stated: "Although some members of the international community have recognized their active role in this despicable system, they need to go step further and support reparations."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, the Parliament of Guyana established a "Reparations Committee of Guyana" to further investigate the impact of slavery and create formal demands for reparations.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Haiti">Haiti</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reparations_for_slavery&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Haiti"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Haiti_indemnity_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Haiti indemnity controversy">Haiti indemnity controversy</a></div> <p>Having attained its independence from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> in 1804 through a brutal and costly <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">war</a>, the case for reparations to <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> was tenable. Shortly after that, France would demand that the newly founded Haiti pay the French government and enslavers 90 million francs for the "theft" of the enslaved people's own lives (<a href="/wiki/Compensated_emancipation" title="Compensated emancipation">compensated emancipation</a>) and the land that they had turned into profitable sugar and coffee-producing plantations to recognize the fledgling nation's independence formally.<sup id="cite_ref-odiousdebts.org_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odiousdebts.org-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French banks and <a href="/wiki/Citibank" title="Citibank">Citibank</a> financed this debt and finally paid off in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003, then-President of <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Bertrand_Aristide" title="Jean-Bertrand Aristide">Jean-Bertrand Aristide</a> demanded that France compensate Haiti for more than US$21 billion, the modern equivalent of the 90 million gold francs Haiti was forced to pay to gain international recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_Miller_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_Miller-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Revolution_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revolution-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aristide later accused France and the United States of overthrowing him in a <a href="/wiki/2004_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2004 Haitian coup d'état">successful coup d'état</a>: he claimed that they did this in retaliation for his demands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jamaica">Jamaica</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reparations_for_slavery&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Jamaica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2004, a coalition of Jamaican activists, including <a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a> members, demanded that European nations that had participated in the slave trade should fund the resettlement of 500,000 Rastafari in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> (which they estimated to be 72.5 billion <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pound sterling</a>, or roughly, $150,000 per person). The British government rejected the demand.<sup id="cite_ref-JamaicanCommission_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JamaicanCommission-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Jamaica">Jamaican Government</a> revived its reparations commission to consider whether the country should seek an apology or reparations from Britain for its role in the slave trade.<sup id="cite_ref-JamaicanCommission_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JamaicanCommission-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The opposition cited <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">Britain's role in abolishing the slave trade</a> as a reason that Britain should issue no reparations. In 2021, the Jamaican government again revisited the idea of reparations for slavery. It was reported that the Jamaican government was seeking some 7 billion pounds sterling in reparations for the damages of slavery, including the 20,000,000 paid out to former enslavers by the British government.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_region_of_origin_of_slaves">By region of origin of slaves</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reparations_for_slavery&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: By region of origin of slaves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reparations_for_slavery&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1999, the African World Reparations and Repatriation Truth Commission called for the West to pay $777 <a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(numbers)#1012" title="Orders of magnitude (numbers)">trillion</a> (~$1.34 quadrillion in 2023) to Africa within five years.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2001, the United Nations sponsored the World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a> and Related Intolerance held in <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>, South Africa. The <a href="/wiki/Durban_Review_Conference" title="Durban Review Conference">Durban Review Conference</a> sponsored a resolution stating that the West owed reparations to Africa due to the "racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia, and related intolerance" that the Atlantic slave trade caused.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leaders of several African nations supported this resolution. The former Minister of Justice of Sudan, Ali Mohamed Osman Yassin, stated that the slave trade is responsible for Africa's current problems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="African_Union_and_Caricom_Global_Reparation_Fund">African Union and Caricom Global Reparation Fund</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reparations_for_slavery&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: African Union and Caricom Global Reparation Fund"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Global_Reparation_Fund" title="Global Reparation Fund">Global Reparation Fund</a> was established by the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caricom" class="mw-redirect" title="Caricom">Caricom</a> at a conference in Ghana in November 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-GuardNov23_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GuardNov23-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ghana" title="President of Ghana">President of Ghana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nana_Akufo-Addo" title="Nana Akufo-Addo">Nana Akufo-Addo</a>, said at the conference that "The entire period of slavery meant that our progress, economically, culturally, and psychologically, was stifled. There are legions of stories of families who were torn apart ... You cannot quantify the effects of such tragedies, but they need to be recognised".<sup id="cite_ref-GuardNov23_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GuardNov23-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reparations_for_slavery&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Slavery existed <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_antiquity" title="Slavery in antiquity">already in antiquity</a>. Ancient Egypt, Imperial Rome, the Greek States had slavery, Roman Britain enslaved the entire indigenous Celtic population. With the advent of Islam via the Prophet Mohammed, himself a slave trader and slave owner, the religion enshrined a centuries-old tradition of slavery into its own expansion throughout Africa, Middle East and Europe. With the expansion of European discoveries in the Middle Ages, many African kingdoms and tribes profited from selling enemies in large numbers to European visitors arriving at their shores. Small ships with a few Europeans were offered hundreds of slaves each time for shipment to the Americas and Caribbean, and these African kingdoms were key in fuelling the Slave Trade. </p><p>Opposition to slavery reparations is reflected in the general population. In a study conducted by <i>YouGov</i> in 2014, only 37% of Americans believed that enslaved people should have been provided compensation in the form of cash after being freed. Furthermore, only 15% believed that descendants of enslaved people should receive cash payments. The findings indicated a clear divide between black and white Americans. The study summarized its findings: "Only 6% of white Americans support cash payments to the descendants of slaves, compared to 59% of black Americans. Similarly, only 19% of whites – and 63% of blacks – support special education and job training programs for the descendants of slaves."<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, in response to <a href="/wiki/Ta-Nehisi_Coates" title="Ta-Nehisi Coates">Ta-Nehisi Coates</a>'s article "<a href="/wiki/The_Case_for_Reparations" title="The Case for Reparations">The Case for Reparations</a>", conservative journalist <a href="/wiki/Kevin_D._Williamson" title="Kevin D. Williamson">Kevin D. Williamson</a> published an article titled "The Case Against Reparations". In it, Williamson argues: "The people to whom reparations are owed are long dead."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reparations_for_slavery&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compensated_emancipation" title="Compensated emancipation">Compensated emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_Agreement_between_Israel_and_West_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany">Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Restitution">Restitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world#Legacy" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">Slavery in the Muslim world#Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_remedy" title="Legal remedy">Legal remedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reparation_(legal)" title="Reparation (legal)">Reparation (legal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_(transitional_justice)" title="Reparations (transitional justice)">Reparations (transitional justice)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_reparations_scam" title="Slavery reparations scam">Slavery reparations scam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_reparations" title="War reparations">War reparations</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reparations_for_slavery&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-UMass_Reparations_Article-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UMass_Reparations_Article_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UMass_Reparations_Article_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDavis2020" class="citation web cs1">Davis, Allen (11 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guides.library.umass.edu/reparations">"An Historical Timeline of Reparations Payments Made From 1783 through 2020 by the United States Government, States, Cities, Religious Institutions, Colleges and Universities, and Corporations"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2020</span>. <q>...a French law of 2001 that recognizes the trans-Atlantic slave trade as a crime against humanity, and the admission by the Belgians in 2002 of their role in the murder of Patrice Lumumba, first President of independent Congo.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+d%27%C3%89tudes+africaines&rft.atitle=Reparations+to+Africa+and+the+Group+of+Eminent+Persons&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=173%E2%80%93174&rft.pages=81-97&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fetudesafricaines.4543&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145746084%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Howard-Hassman&rft.aufirst=Rhoda+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fetudesafricaines%2F4543%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReparations+for+slavery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blair_apology-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blair_apology_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blair_apology_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6185176.stm">"Blair 'sorrow' over slave trade | Prime Minister Tony Blair has said he feels 'deep sorrow' for Britain's role in the slave trade"</a>. 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(24 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalreview.com/2014/05/case-against-reparations-kevin-d-williamson/">"The Case Against Reparations"</a>. <i>National Review</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Review&rft.atitle=The+Case+Against+Reparations&rft.date=2014-05-24&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Kevin+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalreview.com%2F2014%2F05%2Fcase-against-reparations-kevin-d-williamson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReparations+for+slavery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reparations_for_slavery&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAraujo2019" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ana_Lucia_Araujo" title="Ana Lucia Araujo">Araujo, Ana Lucia</a> (28 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2019/04/28/centuries-long-fight-reparations/">"The centuries-long fight for reparations"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+centuries-long+fight+for+reparations&rft.date=2019-04-28&rft.aulast=Araujo&rft.aufirst=Ana+Lucia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Foutlook%2F2019%2F04%2F28%2Fcenturies-long-fight-reparations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReparations+for+slavery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Araujo, Ana Lucia. 2017. <i>Reparations for Slavery and the Slave Trade: A Transnational and Comparative History</i>, New York / London: Bloomsbury Academic. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/135001060X" title="Special:BookSources/135001060X">135001060X</a></li> <li>Barragan, Yesenia. 2021. <i>Freedom's Captives: Slavery and Gradual Emancipation on the Colombian Black Pacific (Afro-Latin America)</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108935890">10.1017/9781108935890</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Beckles" title="Hilary Beckles">Beckles, Hilary</a>. <i>Britain's Black Debt: Reparations for Caribbean Slavery and Native Genocide</i>, Kingston: University of the West Indies Press, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9766402686" title="Special:BookSources/978-9766402686">978-9766402686</a></li> <li>Buser, Andreas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3050647">"Colonial Injustices and the Law of State Responsibility: The CARICOM Claim to Compensate Slavery and (Native) Genocide"</a>, <i>Heidelberg Journal of International Law</i> (2017), pp. 409–446.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta-Nehisi_Coates" title="Ta-Nehisi Coates">Coates, Ta-Nehisi</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/06/the-case-for-reparations/361631/">"The Case for Reparations"</a>, <i>The Atlantic</i>, June 2014.</li> <li>du Plessis, Max. 2003. "Historical Injustice and International Law: An Exploratory Discussion of Reparation for Slavery" Human Rights Quarterly, 25(3), 624–659.</li> <li>Manjapra, Kris. June 17, 2022. "D.C.'s Enslavers Got Reparations. Freed People Got Nothing", <i>Politico</i>.</li> <li>Manjapra, Kris. 2019. "The Scandal of the British Slavery Abolition Act Loan", <i>Social and Economic Studies</i>, 68(3/4), 165–184. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45299245">45299245</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_General_Assembly2005" class="citation cs2">United Nations General Assembly (16 December 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://undocs.org/A/RES/60/147"><i>Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law</i></a>, A/RES/60/147<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+Principles+and+Guidelines+on+the+Right+to+a+Remedy+and+Reparation+for+Victims+of+Gross+Violations+of+International+Human+Rights+Law+and+Serious+Violations+of+International+Humanitarian+Law&rft.date=2005-12-16&rft.au=United+Nations+General+Assembly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fundocs.org%2FA%2FRES%2F60%2F147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReparations+for+slavery" class="Z3988"></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/RemedyAndReparation.aspx">HTML version</a>) with a definition and the components of full and effective reparation, as laid out in principles 19 to 23.</li> <li>America, Richard F. <i>Wealth of Races: The Present Value of Benefits from Past Injustices</i>. Praeger Press, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313257531" title="Special:BookSources/0313257531">0313257531</a></li> <li>Burlette, Carterm W.. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarship.law.gwu.edu/faculty_publications/1030/">"True Reparations"</a>, <i>The George Washington Law Review</i>, Vol. 68, No. 1021, 2000.</li> <li>America, Richard F. "Racial Inequality, Economic Dysfunction, and Reparations<i>, </i>Challenge,<i> Vol. 38, No. 6, 1995, pp. 40–45. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40721651">40721651</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reparations_for_slavery&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Reparations_for_slavery" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Reparations for slavery">Reparations for slavery</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://policy.m4bl.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Reparations-Now-Toolkit-FINAL.pdf">Reparations Now Toolkit</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191015100013/https://policy.m4bl.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Reparations-Now-Toolkit-FINAL.pdf">Archived</a> 15 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, Movement for Black Lives, 2019.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/person/?richardamerica">The Case for Black Reparations</a></i>, Richard F. America, C-SPAN video of the TransAfrica Forum, 11 January 2000.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/programs/specials/racism/010827.reparations.html">Making Amends: Debate Continues Over Reparations for U.S. Slavery</a></i>, National Public Radio, August 27, 2001.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zinnedproject.org/news/reparations-and-climate-justice/">Reparations and Climate Justice</a> (w/ Olúfẹ́mi O. Táíwò), part of the Teach the Black Freedom Struggle online series.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caricomreparations.org/">Caribbean Reparations Commission</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Saint_Lucians" title="Afro–Saint Lucians">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Vincentians" title="Afro-Vincentians">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garifuna" title="Garifuna">Garifuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Trinidadians_and_Tobagonians" title="Afro–Trinidadians and Tobagonians">Trinidad and Tobago</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dougla_people" title="Dougla people">Dougla people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikins" title="Merikins">Merikins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Turks_and_Caicos_Islanders" title="Afro–Turks and Caicos Islanders">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Central<br />America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_Creole_people" title="Belizean Creole people">Belize</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garifuna" title="Garifuna">Garifuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Costa_Ricans" title="Afro–Costa Ricans">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Salvadorans" title="Afro-Salvadorans">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Guatemalans" title="Afro-Guatemalans">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Hondurans" title="Afro-Hondurans">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miskito_people" title="Miskito people">Miskito people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miskito_Sambu" title="Miskito Sambu">Miskito Sambu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Nicaraguans" title="Afro-Nicaraguans">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Panamanians" title="Afro-Panamanians">Panama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cimarron_people_(Panama)" title="Cimarron people (Panama)">Cimarrón</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">North<br />America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Canadians" title="Black Canadians">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Canada" title="African Americans in Canada">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Mennonites" title="Black Mennonites">Black Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Black_Canadians" title="Indigenous Black Canadians">Indigenous Black Canadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Canadians_in_New_Brunswick" title="Black Canadians in New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Canadians_in_Ontario" title="Black Canadians in Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Canada" title="African immigration to Canada">African immigrants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Mexicans" title="Afro-Mexicans">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mascogos</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affrilachia" title="Affrilachia">Affrilachians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama Creoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Mennonites" title="Black Mennonites">Black Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">Black Southerners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Black Hispanic and Latino Americans">Black Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a>/<a href="/wiki/Freedmen_(ethnic_group)" title="Freedmen (ethnic group)">Freedmen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_freedmen_controversy" title="Cherokee freedmen controversy">Cherokee freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw#Post–Civil_War" title="Chickasaw">Chickasaw freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_freedmen" title="Choctaw freedmen">Choctaw freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_Freedmen" title="Creek Freedmen">Creek freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Seminole freedmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">Creoles of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brass_Ankles" title="Brass Ankles">Brass Ankles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut_Ridge_people" title="Chestnut Ridge people">Chestnut Ridge people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominickers" title="Dominickers">Dominickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_Americans" title="Fula Americans">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garifuna_Americans" title="Garifuna Americans">Garifuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Americans" title="Igbo Americans">Igbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbone_(ethnicity)#Louisiana_Redbone_cultural_group" title="Redbone (ethnicity)">Louisiana Redbones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumbee" title="Lumbee">Lumbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somali_Bantus_in_Maine" title="History of Somali Bantus in Maine">Somali Bantus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="African immigration to the United States">African immigrants</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">South<br />America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Argentines" title="Afro-Argentines">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Bolivians" title="Afro-Bolivians">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Brazilians" title="Afro-Brazilians">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalungas" title="Kalungas">Kalungas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mocambo_(settlement)" title="Mocambo (settlement)">Macombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilombola" title="Quilombola">Quilombola</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Chileans" title="Afro-Chileans">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Colombians" title="Afro-Colombians">Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raizal" title="Raizal">Raizal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Ecuadorians" title="Afro-Ecuadorians">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93French_Guianans" title="Afro–French Guianans">French Guiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluku" title="Aluku">Aluku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndyuka_people" title="Ndyuka people">Ndyuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saramaka" title="Saramaka">Saramaka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Guyanese" title="Afro-Guyanese">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Paraguayans" title="Afro-Paraguayans">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Peruvians" title="Black Peruvians">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Surinamese" title="Afro-Surinamese">Suriname</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwinti_people" title="Kwinti people">Kwinti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matawai_people" title="Matawai people">Matawai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndyuka_people" title="Ndyuka people">Ndyuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramaccan_people" title="Paramaccan people">Paramaccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saramaka" title="Saramaka">Saramaka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Uruguayans" title="Afro-Uruguayans">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Venezuelans" title="Afro-Venezuelans">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Europe" title="African immigration to Europe">Europe</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Black_Europeans" title="Black Europeans">Blacks</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazians_of_African_descent" title="Abkhazians of African descent">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Austrians" title="Afro-Austrians">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Belgians" title="Black Belgians">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Danish_people_of_African_descent" title="Category:Danish people of African descent">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_in_Finland" title="African diaspora in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_French_people" title="Black French people">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_African_community_of_Paris" title="Sub-Saharan African community of Paris">Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Germans" title="Afro-Germans">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Greeks" title="African Greeks">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Greeks" title="Black Greeks">Blacks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_in_Ireland" title="Black people in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_emigrants_to_Italy" title="African emigrants to Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Dutch_people" title="Afro-Dutch people">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Norway" title="African immigration to Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Poland" title="Africans in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Portuguese_people" title="Afro-Portuguese people">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Romanians" title="Afro-Romanians">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Russians" title="Afro-Russians">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Spaniards" title="Afro-Spaniards">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigrants_to_Sweden" title="African immigrants to Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigrants_to_Switzerland" title="African immigrants to Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Ukrainians" title="Afro-Ukrainians">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_in_Cambridge" title="Black people in Cambridge">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_in_Liverpool" title="Black people in Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_presence_in_London" title="History of African presence in London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Scottish_people" title="Black Scottish people">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Welsh_people" title="Black Welsh people">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afro-Arabs" title="Afro-Arabs">Middle East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Iranians" title="Afro-Iranians">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Iraqis" title="Afro-Iraqis">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Israel" title="African immigration to Israel">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Ethiopian Jews in Israel">Ethiopian Israelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_in_Israel" title="Sudanese in Israel">Sudanese refugees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Jordanians" title="Afro-Jordanians">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Omanis" title="Afro-Omanis">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Palestinians" title="Afro-Palestinians">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Saudis" title="Afro-Saudis">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_of_Yarmouk_Basin" title="Black people of Yarmouk Basin">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Turks" title="Afro-Turks">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Turkey" title="Africans in Turkey">Africans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Emiratis" title="Afro-Emiratis">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muhamash%C4%ABn" title="Al-Muhamashīn">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians" title="Afro-Asians">Asia</a> and<br />Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Australians" title="African Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Chinese" title="African Chinese">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Guangzhou" title="Africans in Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Hong_Kong" title="Africans in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians_in_South_Asia" title="Afro-Asians in South Asia">Afro-Asians in South Asia</a></li> <li>India and Pakistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siddi" title="Siddi">Siddi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siddis_of_Karnataka" title="Siddis of Karnataka">in Karnataka</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Indonesians" title="African Indonesians">Indonesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belanda_Hitam" title="Belanda Hitam">Black Dutchmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardijker_people" title="Mardijker people">Mardijker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_in_Japan" title="Black people in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Malaysia" title="Africans in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_New_Zealanders" title="African New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Africans in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Kaffirs" title="Sri Lanka Kaffirs">Kaffirs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Atlantic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha#Saint_Helena" title="Demographics of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Secondary<br />Afro-American<br />diaspora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Africa" title="African Americans in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ghana <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ghana" title="African Americans in Ghana">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabom_people" title="Tabom people">Tabom</a></li></ul></li> <li>Liberia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Americo-Liberians</a></li></ul></li> <li>Nigeria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilians_in_Nigeria" title="Brazilians in Nigeria">Afro-Brazilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saro_people" title="Saro people">Saro</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sierra Leone <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone Creole</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_France" title="African Americans in France">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitians_in_France" title="Haitians in France">Haitians</a></li></ul></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_the_United_Kingdom#African_Americans" title="Americans in the United Kingdom">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_people" title="British African-Caribbean people">Afro-Caribbean people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Jamaicans" title="British Jamaicans">British Jamaicans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Asia and<br />Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Israel" title="African Americans in Israel">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Hebrew_Israelites_in_Israel" title="African Hebrew Israelites in Israel">African Hebrew Israelites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_in_Japan" title="Black people in Japan">Japan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Related<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">African diaspora religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">Anti-African sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Black_racism" title="Anti-Black racism">Anti-Black racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coromantee" title="Coromantee">Coromantee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_people_in_the_Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Igbo people in the Atlantic slave trade">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_people" title="Kongo people">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikar_people" title="Tikar people">Tikar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people_in_the_Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Yoruba people in the Atlantic slave trade">Yoruba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_peoples" title="Creole peoples">Creole peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_African_diaspora" title="Genetic history of the African diaspora">Genetic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maroons" title="Maroons">Maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reparations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #BFEAF9;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:African_diaspora" 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