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<li id="toc-The_Permanent_Court_of_International_Justice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Permanent_Court_of_International_Justice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>The Permanent Court of International Justice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Permanent_Court_of_International_Justice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment_of_the_International_Court_of_Justice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_of_the_International_Court_of_Justice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Establishment of the International Court of Justice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_of_the_International_Court_of_Justice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Composition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Composition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Composition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ad_hoc_judges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ad_hoc_judges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span><i>Ad hoc</i> judges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ad_hoc_judges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chambers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chambers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Chambers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chambers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Current composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Presidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jurisdiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jurisdiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Jurisdiction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Jurisdiction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Jurisdiction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Jurisdiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contentious_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contentious_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Contentious issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contentious_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incidental_jurisdiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incidental_jurisdiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Incidental jurisdiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incidental_jurisdiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advisory_opinions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advisory_opinions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Advisory opinions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advisory_opinions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_contentious_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_contentious_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Examples of contentious cases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_contentious_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_UN_Security_Council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_UN_Security_Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Relationship with UN Security Council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_UN_Security_Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_applied" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_applied"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Law applied</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_applied-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Procedure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procedure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Procedure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Procedure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Procedure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Procedure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preliminary_objections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preliminary_objections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Preliminary objections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preliminary_objections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications_to_intervene" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications_to_intervene"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Applications to intervene</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications_to_intervene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judgment_and_remedies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judgment_and_remedies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Judgment and remedies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judgment_and_remedies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Criticisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lectures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lectures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Lectures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lectures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">International Court of Justice</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 123 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-123" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">123 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internasionale_Geregshof" title="Internasionale Geregshof – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Internasionale Geregshof" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationaler_Gerichtshof" title="Internationaler Gerichtshof – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Internationaler Gerichtshof" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="محكمة العدل الدولية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محكمة العدل الدولية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cort_Internacional_de_Chusticia" title="Cort Internacional de Chusticia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cort Internacional de Chusticia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cort_ent%C3%A8rnacion%C3%A2la_de_justice" title="Cort entèrnacionâla de justice – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Cort entèrnacionâla de justice" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%83%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ন্যায়ালয় – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ন্যায়ালয়" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corte_Internacional_de_Xusticia" title="Corte Internacional de Xusticia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Corte Internacional de Xusticia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF" title="अंतर्राष्ट्रीय न्यायालय – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="अंतर्राष्ट्रीय न्यायालय" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyn%C9%99lxalq_%C6%8Fdal%C9%99t_M%C9%99hk%C9%99m%C9%99si" title="Beynəlxalq Ədalət Məhkəməsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Beynəlxalq Ədalət Məhkəməsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="میلتلرآراسی عدالت محکمه‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="میلتلرآراسی عدالت محکمه‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A4" title="আন্তর্জাতিক ন্যায়বিচার আদালত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আন্তর্জাতিক ন্যায়বিচার আদালত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kok-ch%C3%A8_Su-hoat_Hoat-%C4%AB%E2%81%BF" title="Kok-chè Su-hoat Hoat-īⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kok-chè Su-hoat Hoat-īⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%9C%D0%9E-%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1-%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="БМО-ның Халыҡ-ара суды – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="БМО-ның Халыҡ-ара суды" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%90%D0%9D" title="Міжнародны суд ААН – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Міжнародны суд ААН" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%90%D0%9D" title="Міжнародны Суд ААН – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Міжнародны Суд ААН" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D0%9E%D0%9D" title="Международен съд на ООН – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Международен съд на ООН" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_sud_pravde" title="Međunarodni sud pravde – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Međunarodni sud pravde" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lez-varn_Etrebroadel" title="Lez-varn Etrebroadel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lez-varn Etrebroadel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribunal_Internacional_de_Just%C3%ADcia" title="Tribunal Internacional de Justícia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tribunal Internacional de Justícia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezin%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_soudn%C3%AD_dv%C5%AFr" title="Mezinárodní soudní dvůr – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mezinárodní soudní dvůr" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llys_Cyfiawnder_Rhyngwladol" title="Llys Cyfiawnder Rhyngwladol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llys Cyfiawnder Rhyngwladol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_Internationale_Domstol" title="Den Internationale Domstol – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den Internationale Domstol" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%AF_%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لمحكامة د لعدل الدولية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لمحكامة د لعدل الدولية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationaler_Gerichtshof" title="Internationaler Gerichtshof – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Internationaler Gerichtshof" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahvusvaheline_Kohus" title="Rahvusvaheline Kohus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rahvusvaheline Kohus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B5%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Διεθνές Δικαστήριο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διεθνές Δικαστήριο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corte_Internacional_de_Justicia" title="Corte Internacional de Justicia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Corte Internacional de Justicia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internacia_Kortumo" title="Internacia Kortumo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Internacia Kortumo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazioarteko_Justizia_Auzitegia" title="Nazioarteko Justizia Auzitegia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nazioarteko Justizia Auzitegia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="دیوان بین‌المللی دادگستری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیوان بین‌المللی دادگستری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="International Court of Justice" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altj%C3%B3%C3%B0a_D%C3%B3mst%C3%B3lurin" title="Altjóða Dómstólurin – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Altjóða Dómstólurin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cour_internationale_de_justice" title="Cour internationale de justice – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cour internationale de justice" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynternasjonaal_Gerjochtshof" title="Ynternasjonaal Gerjochtshof – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ynternasjonaal Gerjochtshof" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ch%C3%BAirt_Bhreithi%C3%BAnais_Idirn%C3%A1isi%C3%BAnta" title="An Chúirt Bhreithiúnais Idirnáisiúnta – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Chúirt Bhreithiúnais Idirnáisiúnta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribunal_Internacional_de_Xustiza" title="Tribunal Internacional de Xustiza – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tribunal Internacional de Xustiza" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5_%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%A4" title="વિશ્વ અદાલત – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વિશ્વ અદાલત" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C%EC%82%AC%EB%B2%95%EC%9E%AC%ED%8C%90%EC%86%8C" title="국제사법재판소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국제사법재판소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Արդարադատության միջազգային դատարան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արդարադատության միջազգային դատարան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF" title="अंतरराष्‍ट्रीय न्यायालय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अंतरराष्‍ट्रीय न्यायालय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_sud" title="Međunarodni sud – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Međunarodni sud" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internaciona_Korto_di_Judicio" title="Internaciona Korto di Judicio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Internaciona Korto di Judicio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangalubongan_a_Korte_ti_Hustisia" title="Sangalubongan a Korte ti Hustisia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sangalubongan a Korte ti Hustisia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahkamah_Internasional" title="Mahkamah Internasional – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mahkamah Internasional" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corte_International_del_Justitia" title="Corte International del Justitia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Corte International del Justitia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%BEj%C3%B3%C3%B0ad%C3%B3mst%C3%B3llinn" title="Alþjóðadómstóllinn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Alþjóðadómstóllinn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corte_internazionale_di_giustizia" title="Corte internazionale di giustizia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Corte internazionale di giustizia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99_%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%93%D7%A7_(ICJ)" title="בית הדין הבין-לאומי לצדק (ICJ) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בית הדין הבין-לאומי לצדק (ICJ)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahkamah_Internasional" title="Mahkamah Internasional – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mahkamah Internasional" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%AF" title="ಅಂತರರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ನ್ಯಾಯಾಲಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಂತರರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ನ್ಯಾಯಾಲಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%9C%D0%9E-%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B_%D1%81%D1%8E%D0%B4%D1%8E" title="БМО-ну Халкъла арасы сюдю – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="БМО-ну Халкъла арасы сюдю" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AF%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D" title="მართლმსაჯულების საერთაშორისო სასამართლო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მართლმსაჯულების საერთაშორისო სასამართლო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D2%B0%D2%B0-%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B" title="БҰҰ-ның халықаралық соты – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="БҰҰ-ның халықаралық соты" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahakama_Kuu_ya_Kimataifa" title="Mahakama Kuu ya Kimataifa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mahakama Kuu ya Kimataifa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%A3%D0%A3%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83" title="БУУнун эл аралык соту – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="БУУнун эл аралык соту" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribunel_Nternaziunel_de_Giustizia" title="Tribunel Nternaziunel de Giustizia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Tribunel Nternaziunel de Giustizia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribunal_internationale_Hagense" title="Tribunal internationale Hagense – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tribunal internationale Hagense" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starptautisk%C4%81_tiesa" title="Starptautiskā tiesa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Starptautiskā tiesa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarptautinis_Teisingumo_Teismas" title="Tarptautinis Teisingumo Teismas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tarptautinis Teisingumo Teismas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cort_Internazzional_de_Giustizzia" title="Cort Internazzional de Giustizzia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cort Internazzional de Giustizzia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemzetk%C3%B6zi_B%C3%ADr%C3%B3s%C3%A1g" title="Nemzetközi Bíróság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nemzetközi Bíróság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%93%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Меѓународен суд на правдата – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Меѓународен суд на правдата" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitsarana_Iraisam-Pirenena" title="Fitsarana Iraisam-Pirenena – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fitsarana Iraisam-Pirenena" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF" title="അന്തർദേശീയ നീതിന്യായ കോടതി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അന്തർദേശീയ നീതിന്യായ കോടതി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF" title="आंतरराष्ट्रीय न्यायालय – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आंतरराष्ट्रीय न्यायालय" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D" title="გოეროშ ერეფოშქაშე სასამართალო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გოეროშ ერეფოშქაშე სასამართალო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87" title="محكمة العدل الدوليه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="محكمة العدل الدوليه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%97%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%9E%E1%81%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%80%93%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%82%E1%81%A0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA" title="ရုင်ဗစာ သၞောဝ်ဓဝ် ဂၠးကဝ် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ရုင်ဗစာ သၞောဝ်ဓဝ် ဂၠးကဝ်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahkamah_Keadilan_Antarabangsa" title="Mahkamah Keadilan Antarabangsa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mahkamah Keadilan Antarabangsa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%A8%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%85" title="Олон Улсын Шүүх – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Олон Улсын Шүүх" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%90%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%B8" title="အပြည်ပြည်ဆိုင်ရာ တရားရုံး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အပြည်ပြည်ဆိုင်ရာ တရားရုံး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationaal_Gerechtshof" title="Internationaal Gerechtshof – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Internationaal Gerechtshof" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF" title="अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय न्यायालय – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय न्यायालय" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="इन्टरन्यासनल कोर्ट अफ जस्टिस – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="इन्टरन्यासनल कोर्ट अफ जस्टिस" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E8%A3%81%E5%88%A4%E6%89%80" title="国際司法裁判所 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国際司法裁判所" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%9A%D1%85_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B9%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="ВКъКх Халкъашна йуккъера кхелл – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ВКъКх Халкъашна йуккъера кхелл" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_internasjonale_domstolen" title="Den internasjonale domstolen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den internasjonale domstolen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_internasjonale_domstolen" title="Den internasjonale domstolen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den internasjonale domstolen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cort_Internacionala_de_Just%C3%ADcia" title="Cort Internacionala de Justícia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cort Internacionala de Justícia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xalqaro_sud" title="Xalqaro sud – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xalqaro sud" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A4" title="ਕੌਮਾਂਤਰੀ ਅਦਾਲਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੌਮਾਂਤਰੀ ਅਦਾਲਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA" title="عالمی عدالت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عالمی عدالت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%8C%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B7" title="តុលាការយុត្តិធម៌អន្តរជាតិ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="តុលាការយុត្តិធម៌អន្តរជាតិ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cort_%C3%ABd_Giustissia_Ant%C3%ABrnassional" title="Cort ëd Giustissia Antërnassional – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Cort ëd Giustissia Antërnassional" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internatschonaal_Gerichtshov" title="Internatschonaal Gerichtshov – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Internatschonaal Gerichtshov" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzynarodowy_Trybuna%C5%82_Sprawiedliwo%C5%9Bci" title="Międzynarodowy Trybunał Sprawiedliwości – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Międzynarodowy Trybunał Sprawiedliwości" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribunal_Internacional_de_Justi%C3%A7a" title="Tribunal Internacional de Justiça – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tribunal Internacional de Justiça" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halqara_adalet_makemesi" title="Halqara adalet makemesi – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Halqara adalet makemesi" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtea_Interna%C8%9Bional%C4%83_de_Justi%C8%9Bie" title="Curtea Internațională de Justiție – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Curtea Internațională de Justiție" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Міджінародный суд – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Міджінародный суд" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%9E%D0%9E%D0%9D" title="Международный суд ООН – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Международный суд ООН" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%9D%D0%A2_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%8D%D2%95%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D1%8C%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BB%D1%8D" title="ХНТ иллэрдээҕи дьүүлэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="ХНТ иллэрдээҕи дьүүлэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjykata_Nd%C3%ABrkomb%C3%ABtare_e_Drejt%C3%ABsis%C3%AB" title="Gjykata Ndërkombëtare e Drejtësisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjykata Ndërkombëtare e Drejtësisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="International Court of Justice" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medzin%C3%A1rodn%C3%BD_s%C3%BAdny_dvor" title="Medzinárodný súdny dvor – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Medzinárodný súdny dvor" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meddr%C5%BEavno_sodi%C5%A1%C4%8De" title="Meddržavno sodišče – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Meddržavno sodišče" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garsoorada_Cadaalada_Caalamka" title="Garsoorada Cadaalada Caalamka – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Garsoorada Cadaalada Caalamka" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%8E%D9%88%D9%86%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="دادگای نێونەتەوەییی داد – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دادگای نێونەتەوەییی داد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%92%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Међународни суд правде – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Међународни суд правде" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_sud_pravde" title="Međunarodni sud pravde – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Međunarodni sud pravde" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahkamah_Internasional" title="Mahkamah Internasional – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Mahkamah Internasional" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansainv%C3%A4linen_tuomioistuin" title="Kansainvälinen tuomioistuin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kansainvälinen tuomioistuin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationella_domstolen_i_Haag" title="Internationella domstolen i Haag – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Internationella domstolen i Haag" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandaigdigang_Hukumang_Pangkatarungan" title="Pandaigdigang Hukumang Pangkatarungan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pandaigdigang Hukumang Pangkatarungan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அனைத்துலக நீதிமன்றம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அனைத்துலக நீதிமன்றம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasenbert_n_te%C9%A3demt_tagre%C9%A3lant" title="Tasenbert n teɣdemt tagreɣlant – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tasenbert n teɣdemt tagreɣlant" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMO_Xal%C4%B1qara_M%C3%A4xk%C3%A4m%C3%A4se" title="BMO Xalıqara Mäxkämäse – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="BMO Xalıqara Mäxkämäse" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%82" title="అంతర్జాతీయ న్యాయస్థానం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అంతర్జాతీయ న్యాయస్థానం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8" title="ศาลยุติธรรมระหว่างประเทศ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศาลยุติธรรมระหว่างประเทศ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uluslararas%C4%B1_Adalet_Divan%C4%B1" title="Uluslararası Adalet Divanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Uluslararası Adalet Divanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Міжнародний суд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Міжнародний суд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%81" title="بین الاقوامی عدالت انصاف – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بین الاقوامی عدالت انصاف" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B2a_%C3%A1n_C%C3%B4ng_l%C3%BD_Qu%E1%BB%91c_t%E1%BA%BF" title="Tòa án Công lý Quốc tế – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tòa án Công lý Quốc tế" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riikevaih%C3%B5lin%C3%B5_Kohus" title="Riikevaihõlinõ Kohus – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Riikevaihõlinõ Kohus" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="International Court of Justice" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2" title="国际法院 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="国际法院" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A2_%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%98_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A5" title="אינטערנאציאנאלע געריכט פון יוסטיץ – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אינטערנאציאנאלע געריכט פון יוסטיץ" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%B3%95%E5%BA%AD" title="國際法庭 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="國際法庭" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwan%C3%AA_Edaletiyo_Enternasyonal" title="Diwanê Edaletiyo Enternasyonal – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Diwanê Edaletiyo Enternasyonal" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarptaut%C4%97nis_Teis%C4%97ngoma_Teismos" title="Tarptautėnis Teisėngoma Teismos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Tarptautėnis Teisėngoma Teismos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2" title="国际法院 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="国际法院" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahkamah_Internasional" title="Mahkamah Internasional – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Mahkamah Internasional" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B1%E2%B4%B9%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%96%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%8F_%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%A3%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴼⵜ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴼⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Primary judicial organ of the United Nations</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> that is also located in The Hague, which can prosecute individuals under <a href="/wiki/International_criminal_law" title="International criminal law">international criminal law</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"World Court" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/World_Court_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="World Court (disambiguation)">World Court (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"ICJ" redirects here. For the human rights organization, see <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_of_Jurists" title="International Commission of Jurists">International Commission of Jurists</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #Ededed;">International Court of Justice</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Cour internationale de justice</i></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:International_Court_of_Justice_Seal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/International_Court_of_Justice_Seal.svg/151px-International_Court_of_Justice_Seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="151" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/International_Court_of_Justice_Seal.svg/227px-International_Court_of_Justice_Seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/International_Court_of_Justice_Seal.svg/302px-International_Court_of_Justice_Seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="231" data-file-height="231" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Emblem of the International Court of Justice</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:La_haye_palais_paix_jardin_face.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/La_haye_palais_paix_jardin_face.JPG/220px-La_haye_palais_paix_jardin_face.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/La_haye_palais_paix_jardin_face.JPG/330px-La_haye_palais_paix_jardin_face.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/La_haye_palais_paix_jardin_face.JPG/440px-La_haye_palais_paix_jardin_face.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1988" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Peace_Palace" title="Peace Palace">Peace Palace</a>, the seat of the court</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="13" data-lat="52.086611111111" data-lon="4.2955" data-overlays="["_bbc4294d181d72a715b4cce090a6a760c0f9769d"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/13/52.086611111111/4.2955/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,52.086611111111,4.2955,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=International_Court_of_Justice&revid=1259018234&groups=_bbc4294d181d72a715b4cce090a6a760c0f9769d" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,52.086611111111,4.2955,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=International_Court_of_Justice&revid=1259018234&groups=_bbc4294d181d72a715b4cce090a6a760c0f9769d 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="nowrap"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=International_Court_of_Justice&params=52_05_11.8_N_4_17_43.8_E_region:NL-ZH_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°05′11.8″N</span> <span class="longitude">4°17′43.8″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.086611°N 4.295500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.086611; 4.295500</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">June 26, 1945<span class="noprint">; 79 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1945-06-26</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/International_court" title="International court">Worldwide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_the_International_Court_of_Justice#Parties_to_the_Statute" title="Statute of the International Court of Justice">193 state parties</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=International_Court_of_Justice&params=52_05_11.8_N_4_17_43.8_E_region:NL-ZH_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°05′11.8″N</span> <span class="longitude">4°17′43.8″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.086611°N 4.295500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.086611; 4.295500</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Authorised by</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Charter">UN Charter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_the_International_Court_of_Justice" title="Statute of the International Court of Justice">ICJ Statute</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Judge term length</th><td class="infobox-data">9 years</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number of positions</th><td class="infobox-data">15</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icj-cij.org/home">icj-cij<wbr />.org<wbr />/home</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7801#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #Ededed;">President</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currently</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nawaf_Salam" title="Nawaf Salam">Nawaf Salam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Since</th><td class="infobox-data">6 February 2024</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #Ededed;">Vice President</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currently</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Julia_Sebutinde" title="Julia Sebutinde">Julia Sebutinde</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Since</th><td class="infobox-data">6 February 2024</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>International Court of Justice</b> (<b>ICJ</b>; French: <i lang="fr">Cour internationale de justice</i>, <b>CIJ</b>), or colloquially the <b>World Court</b>, is the only <a href="/wiki/International_court" title="International court">international court</a> that <a href="/wiki/Adjudication" title="Adjudication">adjudicates</a> general disputes between nations, and gives <a href="/wiki/Advisory_opinions" class="mw-redirect" title="Advisory opinions">advisory opinions</a> on <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international legal</a> issues. It is one of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_System#Six_principal_organs" title="United Nations System">six organs</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is located in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague, Netherlands</a>. </p><p>The ICJ is the successor of the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_International_Justice" title="Permanent Court of International Justice">Permanent Court of International Justice</a> (PCIJ), which was established in 1920 by the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, the League and the PCIJ were replaced by the United Nations and ICJ, respectively. The <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_the_ICJ" class="mw-redirect" title="Statute of the ICJ">Statute of the ICJ</a>, which sets forth its purpose and structure, draws heavily from that of its predecessor, whose decisions remain valid. All <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">member states of the UN</a> are party to the ICJ Statute and may initiate contentious <a href="/wiki/Legal_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal case">legal cases</a>; however, advisory proceedings may be submitted only by certain UN organs and <a href="/wiki/List_of_specialized_agencies_of_the_United_Nations" title="List of specialized agencies of the United Nations">agencies</a>. </p><p>The ICJ consists of a panel of 15 <a href="/wiki/Judge" title="Judge">judges</a> elected by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">UN General Assembly</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">Security Council</a> for nine-year terms. No more than one judge of each nationality may be represented on court at the same time, and judges collectively must reflect the principal <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilizations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legal_system" title="Legal system">legal systems</a> of the world. Seated in the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Palace" title="Peace Palace">Peace Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, Netherlands, the ICJ is the only principal UN organ not located in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its official <a href="/wiki/Working_language" title="Working language">working languages</a> are English and French. </p><p>Since the entry of <a href="/wiki/Corfu_Channel_case" title="Corfu Channel case">its first case</a> on 22 May 1947, the ICJ has entertained <a href="/wiki/List_of_International_Court_of_Justice_cases" title="List of International Court of Justice cases">191 cases</a> through 13 November 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pursuant to Article 59 of the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_the_International_Court_of_Justice" title="Statute of the International Court of Justice">Statute of the International Court of Justice</a>, the court's rulings and opinions are binding on the parties with respect to the particular case ruled on by the court. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p>The first permanent institution established for the purpose of settling international disputes was the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_Arbitration" title="Permanent Court of Arbitration">Permanent Court of Arbitration</a> (PCA), which was created by the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Peace Conference</a> of 1899. Initiated by the Russian Tsar <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a>, the conference involved all the world's major powers, as well as several smaller states, and resulted in the first <a href="/wiki/Multilateral_treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Multilateral treaties">multilateral treaties</a> concerned with the conduct of warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among these was the <i>Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes</i>, which set forth the institutional and procedural framework for arbitral proceedings, which would take place in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague, Netherlands</a>. Although the proceedings would be supported by a permanent bureau—whose functions would be equivalent to that of a secretariat or court registry—the arbitrators would be appointed by the disputing states from a larger pool provided by each member of the convention. The PCA was established in 1900 and began proceedings in 1902. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">second Hague Peace Conference</a> in 1907, which involved most of the world's <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign states">sovereign states</a>, revised the convention and enhanced the rules governing arbitral proceedings before the PCA. During this conference, the United States, Great Britain and Germany submitted a joint proposal for a permanent court whose judges would serve full-time. As the delegates could not agree how the judges would be selected, the matter was shelved pending an agreement to be adopted at a later convention.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hague Peace Conferences, and the ideas that emerged therefrom, influenced the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Central_American_Court_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Central American Court of Justice">Central American Court of Justice</a>, which was established in 1908 as one of the earliest regional judicial bodies. Various plans and proposals were made between 1911 and 1919 for the establishment of an international judicial tribunal, which would not be realized in the formation of a new international system following the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Permanent_Court_of_International_Justice">The Permanent Court of International Justice</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_International_Justice" title="Permanent Court of International Justice">Permanent Court of International Justice</a></div> <p>The unprecedented bloodshed of the First World War led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>, established by the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference</a> of 1919 as the first worldwide <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organization">intergovernmental organization</a> aimed at maintaining peace and collective security. Article 14 League's <a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Covenant of the League of Nations">Covenant</a> called for the establishment of a Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ), which would be responsible for adjudicating any international dispute submitted to it by the contesting parties, as well as to provide an advisory opinion upon any dispute or question referred to it by the League of Nations. </p><p>In December 1920, following several drafts and debates, the Assembly of the league unanimously adopted the statute of the PCIJ, which was signed and ratified the following year by a majority of members. Among other things, the new Statute resolved the contentious issues of selecting judges by providing that the judges be elected by both the council and the Assembly of the league concurrently but independently. The makeup of the PCIJ would reflect the "main forms of civilization and the principal legal systems of the world".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The PCIJ would be permanently placed at the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Palace" title="Peace Palace">Peace Palace</a> in The Hague, alongside Permanent Court of Arbitration. </p><p>The PCIJ represented a major innovation in international jurisprudence in several ways: </p> <ul><li>Unlike previous international arbitral tribunals, it was a permanent body governed by its statutory provisions and rules of procedure</li> <li>It had a permanent registry that served as a liaison with governments and international bodies</li> <li>Its proceedings were largely public, including pleadings, oral arguments, and all documentary evidence</li> <li>It was accessible to all states and could be declared by states to have compulsory jurisdiction over disputes</li> <li>The PCIJ Statute was the first to list sources of law it would draw upon, which in turn became sources of international law</li> <li>Judges were more representative of the world and its legal systems than any prior international judicial body</li></ul> <p>Unlike the ICJ, the PCIJ was not part of the league, nor were members of the league automatically a party to its Statute. The United States, which played a key role in both the second Hague Peace Conference and the Paris Peace Conference, was notably not a member of the league. However, several of its nationals served as judges of the court. </p><p>From its first session in 1922 until 1940, the PCIJ dealt with 29 interstate disputes and issued 27 advisory opinions. The court's widespread acceptance was reflected by the fact that several hundred international treaties and agreements conferred jurisdiction upon it over specified categories of disputes. In addition to helping resolve several serious international disputes, the PCIJ helped clarify several ambiguities in international law that contributed to its development. </p><p>The United States played a major role in setting up the PCIJ but never joined.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Presidents Wilson, Harding, Coolidge, Hoover, and Roosevelt all supported membership, but did not get the two-thirds majority in the Senate required for a treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment_of_the_International_Court_of_Justice">Establishment of the International Court of Justice</h3></div> <p>Following a peak of activity in 1933, the PCIJ began to decline in its activities due to the growing international tension and isolationism that characterized the era. The <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> effectively put an end to the court, which held its last public session in December 1939 and issued its last orders in February 1940. In 1942 the United States and United Kingdom jointly declared support for establishing or re-establishing an international court after the war, and in 1943, the U.K. chaired a panel of jurists from around the world, the "Inter-Allied Committee", to discuss the matter. Its 1944 report recommended that: </p> <ul><li>The statute of any new international court should be based on that of the PCIJ;</li> <li>The new court should retain an advisory jurisdiction;</li> <li>Acceptance of the new court's jurisdiction should be voluntary;</li> <li>The court should deal only with judicial and not political matters</li></ul> <p>Several months later at the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conference_(1943)" title="Moscow Conference (1943)">Moscow conference in 1943</a>, the major Allied Powers—<a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">U.K.</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a>—issued a joint declaration recognizing the necessity "of establishing at the earliest practicable date a general international organization, based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all peace-loving States, and open to membership by all such States, large and small, for the maintenance of international peace and security".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following Allied conference at <a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks_Conference" title="Dumbarton Oaks Conference">Dumbarton Oaks</a>, in the United States, published a proposal in October 1944 that called for the establishment of an intergovernmental organization that would include an international court. A meeting was subsequently convened in Washington, D.C., in April 1945, involving 44 jurists from around the world to draft a statute for the proposed court. The draft statute was substantially similar to that of the PCIJ, and it was questioned whether a new court should even be created. During the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco Conference">San Francisco Conference</a>, which took place from 25 April to 26 June 1945 and involved 50 countries, it was decided that an entirely new court should be established as a principal organ of the new United Nations. The statute of this court would form an integral part of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Charter">United Nations Charter</a>, which, to maintain continuity, expressly held that the Statute of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) was based upon that of the PCIJ. </p><p>Consequently, the PCIJ convened for the last time in October 1945 and resolved to transfer its archives to its successor, which would take its place at the Peace Palace. The judges of the PCIJ all resigned on 31 January 1946, with the election of the first members of the ICJ taking place the following February at the <a href="/wiki/First_session_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="First session of the United Nations General Assembly">First Session of the United Nations General Assembly and Security Council</a>. In April 1946, the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_International_Justice" title="Permanent Court of International Justice">PCIJ</a> was formally dissolved, and the ICJ, in its first meeting, was elected President <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gustavo_Guerrero" title="José Gustavo Guerrero">José Gustavo Guerrero</a> of El Salvador, who had served as the last president of the PCIJ. The court also appointed members of its Registry, mainly drawn from that of the PCIJ, and held an inaugural public sitting later that month. </p><p>The first case was submitted in May 1947 by the United Kingdom against Albania concerning <a href="/wiki/Corfu_Channel_case" title="Corfu Channel case">incidents in the Corfu Channel</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activities">Activities</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zorgvliet,_2517_The_Hague,_Netherlands_-_panoramio_(13).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Zorgvliet%2C_2517_The_Hague%2C_Netherlands_-_panoramio_%2813%29.jpg/220px-Zorgvliet%2C_2517_The_Hague%2C_Netherlands_-_panoramio_%2813%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Zorgvliet%2C_2517_The_Hague%2C_Netherlands_-_panoramio_%2813%29.jpg/330px-Zorgvliet%2C_2517_The_Hague%2C_Netherlands_-_panoramio_%2813%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Zorgvliet%2C_2517_The_Hague%2C_Netherlands_-_panoramio_%2813%29.jpg/440px-Zorgvliet%2C_2517_The_Hague%2C_Netherlands_-_panoramio_%2813%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1148" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Peace_Palace" title="Peace Palace">Peace Palace</a> in The Hague, Netherlands, seat of the ICJ</figcaption></figure> <p>Established in 1945 by the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations" title="Charter of the United Nations">UN Charter</a>, the court began work in 1946 as the successor to the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_International_Justice" title="Permanent Court of International Justice">Permanent Court of International Justice</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_the_International_Court_of_Justice" title="Statute of the International Court of Justice">Statute of the International Court of Justice</a>, similar to that of its predecessor, is the main constitutional document constituting and regulating the court.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The court's workload covers a wide range of judicial activity. After the court ruled that the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>'s covert war against <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> was in violation of international law (<i><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_v._United_States" title="Nicaragua v. United States">Nicaragua v. United States</a></i>), the United States withdrew from compulsory jurisdiction in 1986 to accept the court's jurisdiction only on a discretionary basis.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chapter_XIV_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Chapter XIV of the United Nations Charter">Chapter XIV of the United Nations Charter</a> authorizes the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">UN Security Council</a> to enforce Court rulings. However, such enforcement is subject to the veto power of the five permanent members of the council, which the United States used in the <i>Nicaragua</i> case.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Judges_of_the_International_Court_of_Justice" title="Judges of the International Court of Justice">Judges of the International Court of Justice</a></div> <p>The ICJ is composed of fifteen judges elected to nine-year terms by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">UN General Assembly</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">UN Security Council</a> from a list of people nominated by the national groups in the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_Arbitration" title="Permanent Court of Arbitration">Permanent Court of Arbitration</a>. The election process is set out in Articles 4–19 of the ICJ Statute. Elections are staggered, with five judges elected every three years to ensure continuity within the court. Should a judge die in office, the practice has generally been to elect a judge in a special election to complete the term. Historically, deceased judges have been replaced by judges from the same region, though not —as often wrongly asserted— necessarily from the same nationality.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Article 3 states that no two judges may be nationals of the same country. According to Article 9, the membership of the court is supposed to represent the "main forms of civilization and of the principal legal systems of the world". This has been interpreted to include <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_law" title="Socialist law">socialist law</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic law">Islamic law</a>, while the precise meaning of "main forms of civilization" is contested.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is an informal understanding that the seats will be distributed <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Regional_Groups" title="United Nations Regional Groups">by geographic regions</a> so that there are five seats for Western countries, three for <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African states</a> (including one judge of <a href="/wiki/Francophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophone">Francophone</a> civil law, one of Anglophone common law and one Arab), two for Eastern European states, three for Asian states and two for Latin American and Caribbean states.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For most of the court's history, the five permanent members of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> (France, USSR, China, the United Kingdom, and the United States) have always had a judge serving, thereby occupying three of the Western seats, one of the Asian seats and one of the Eastern European seats. Exceptions have been China not having a judge on the court from 1967 to 1985, during which time it did not put forward a candidate, and British judge Sir <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Greenwood" title="Christopher Greenwood">Christopher Greenwood</a> being withdrawn as a candidate for election for a second nine-year term on the bench in 2017, leaving no judges from the United Kingdom on the court.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcgreenwood_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcgreenwood-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greenwood had been supported by the UN Security Council but failed to get a majority in the UN General Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcgreenwood_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcgreenwood-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indian judge <a href="/wiki/Dalveer_Bhandari" title="Dalveer Bhandari">Dalveer Bhandari</a> took the seat instead.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcgreenwood_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcgreenwood-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Article 6 of the Statute provides that all judges should be "elected regardless of their nationality among persons of high moral character" who are either qualified for the highest judicial office in their home states or known as lawyers with sufficient competence in international law. Judicial independence is dealt with specifically in Articles 16–18. </p><p>To insure impartiality, Article 16 of the Charter requires independence from their national governments or other interested parties, stating, "No member of the Court may exercise any political or administrative function, or engage in any other occupation of a professional nature." In addition, Article 17 requires that judges do not show any prior biases on cases before them, specifically, "No member may participate in the decision of any case in which he has previously taken part as agent, counsel, or advocate for one of the parties, or as a member of a national or international court, or of a commission of enquiry, or in any other capacity."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Judges of the International Court of Justice are entitled to the style of His/Her Excellency. Judges are not able to hold any other post or act as counsel. In practice, members of the court have their own interpretation of these rules and many have chosen to remain involved in outside arbitration and hold professional posts as long as there is no conflict of interest.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former judge <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Simma" title="Bruno Simma">Bruno Simma</a> and current judge <a href="/wiki/Georg_Nolte" title="Georg Nolte">Georg Nolte</a> have acknowledged that moonlighting should be restricted.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A judge can be dismissed only by a unanimous vote of the other members of the court.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite these provisions, the independence of ICJ judges has been questioned. For example, during the <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_v._United_States" title="Nicaragua v. United States"><i>Nicaragua</i> case</a>, the United States issued a communiqué suggesting that it could not present sensitive material to the court because of the presence of judges from the Soviet bloc.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Judges may deliver joint judgments or give their own separate opinions. Decisions and <a href="/wiki/Advisory_opinion" title="Advisory opinion">advisory opinions</a> are by majority, and, in the event of an equal division, the president's vote becomes decisive, which occurred in the <i>Legality of the Use by a State of Nuclear Weapons in Armed Conflict</i> (Opinion requested by WHO), [1996] ICJ Reports 66. Judges may also deliver separate dissenting opinions. </p><p>In its 77 years of history, only five women have been elected to the Court, with former UN Special Rapporteur <a href="/wiki/Philip_Alston" title="Philip Alston">Philip Alston</a> calling for states to take seriously questions of representation in the bench.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, judges elected to take office from 2024 did not include a Russian member, so for the first time, from 2024 there will be no member from the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a>. This is also the first time that Russia would not have a judge on the ICJ, even going back to its predecessor, the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ad_hoc_judges"><i>Ad hoc</i> judges</h3></div> <p>Article 31 of the statute sets out a procedure whereby <i><a href="/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc">ad hoc</a></i> judges sit on contentious cases before the court. The system allows any party to a contentious case (if it otherwise does not have one of that party's nationals sitting on the court) to select one additional person to sit as a judge on that case only. It is thus possible that as many as seventeen judges may sit on one case. </p><p>The system may seem strange when compared with domestic court processes, but its purpose is to encourage states to submit cases. For example, if a state knows that it will have a judicial officer who can participate in deliberation and offer other judges local knowledge and an understanding of the state's perspective, it may be more willing to submit to the jurisdiction of the court. Although this system does not sit well with the judicial nature of the body, it is usually of little practical consequence. <i>Ad hoc</i> judges usually (but not always) vote in favour of the state that appointed them and thus cancel each other out.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chambers">Chambers</h3></div> <p>Generally, the court sits as full bench, but in the last fifteen years, it has on occasion sat as a chamber. Articles 26–29 of the statute allow the court to form smaller chambers, usually 3 or 5 judges, to hear cases. Two types of chambers are contemplated by Article 26: firstly, chambers for special categories of cases, and second, the formation of <i>ad hoc</i> chambers to hear particular disputes. In 1993, a special chamber was established, under Article 26(1) of the ICJ statute, to deal specifically with environmental matters (although it has never been used). </p><p><i>Ad hoc</i> chambers are more frequently convened. For example, chambers were used to hear the <i>Gulf of Maine Case</i> (Canada/US).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that case, the parties made clear they would withdraw the case unless the court appointed judges to the chamber acceptable to the parties. Judgments of chambers may have either less authority than full Court judgments or diminish the proper interpretation of universal international law informed by a variety of cultural and legal perspectives. On the other hand, the use of chambers might encourage greater recourse to the court and thus enhance international <a href="/wiki/Dispute_resolution" title="Dispute resolution">dispute resolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_composition">Current composition</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Judges_of_the_International_Court_of_Justice" title="Judges of the International Court of Justice">Judges of the International Court of Justice</a></div> <p>As of 6 February 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Court_of_Justice&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the composition of the court is as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GA/12285_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GA/12285-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Nationality</th> <th>Position</th> <th>Term began</th> <th>Term ends </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nawaf_Salam" title="Nawaf Salam">Nawaf Salam</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></td> <td>President<sup>a</sup></td> <td>2018</td> <td>2027 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Julia_Sebutinde" title="Julia Sebutinde">Julia Sebutinde</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></td> <td>Vice-president<sup>a</sup></td> <td>2012</td> <td>2030 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Peter_Tomka" title="Peter Tomka">Peter Tomka</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></td> <td>Member</td> <td>2003</td> <td>2030 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ronny_Abraham" title="Ronny Abraham">Ronny Abraham</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>Member</td> <td>2005</td> <td>2027 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Abdulqawi_Yusuf" title="Abdulqawi Yusuf">Abdulqawi Yusuf</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></td> <td>Member</td> <td>2009</td> <td>2027 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Xue_Hanqin" title="Xue Hanqin">Xue Hanqin</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>Member</td> <td>2010</td> <td>2030 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dalveer_Bhandari" title="Dalveer Bhandari">Dalveer Bhandari</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>Member</td> <td>2012</td> <td>2027 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yuji_Iwasawa" title="Yuji Iwasawa">Yuji Iwasawa</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td> <td>Member</td> <td>2018</td> <td>2030 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Georg_Nolte" title="Georg Nolte">Georg Nolte</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td>Member</td> <td>2021</td> <td>2030 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Charlesworth" title="Hilary Charlesworth">Hilary Charlesworth</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td> <td>Member</td> <td>2021</td> <td>2033 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Nemer_Caldeira_Brant" title="Leonardo Nemer Caldeira Brant">Leonardo Nemer Caldeira Brant</a> <i>(Replaced <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Augusto_Can%C3%A7ado_Trindade" title="Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade">Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade</a>)</i></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td>Member</td> <td>2022</td> <td>2027 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_G%C3%B3mez_Robledo_Verduzco" title="Juan Manuel Gómez Robledo Verduzco">Juan Manuel Gómez Robledo Verduzco</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></td> <td>Member</td> <td>2024</td> <td>2033 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Cleveland" title="Sarah Cleveland">Sarah Cleveland</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>Member</td> <td>2024</td> <td>2033 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bogdan_Aurescu" title="Bogdan Aurescu">Bogdan Aurescu</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td> <td>Member</td> <td>2024</td> <td>2033 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dire_Tladi" title="Dire Tladi">Dire Tladi</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></td> <td>Member</td> <td>2024</td> <td>2033 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Gautier_(judge)" title="Philippe Gautier (judge)">Philippe Gautier</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></td> <td>Registrar</td> <td>2019</td> <td>2026 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"><sup>a</sup> For the 2024–2027 term </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidents">Presidents</h3></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>#</th> <th>President</th> <th>Start</th> <th>End</th> <th>Country </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gustavo_Guerrero" title="José Gustavo Guerrero">José Gustavo Guerrero</a></td> <td>1946</td> <td>1949</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/23px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/35px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/46px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jules_Basdevant" title="Jules Basdevant">Jules Basdevant</a></td> <td>1949</td> <td>1952</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arnold_McNair" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnold McNair">Arnold McNair</a></td> <td>1952</td> <td>1955</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Green_Hackworth" title="Green Hackworth">Green Hackworth</a></td> <td>1955</td> <td>1958</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Helge_Kl%C3%A6stad" title="Helge Klæstad">Helge Klæstad</a></td> <td>1958</td> <td>1961</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bohdan_Winiarski" title="Bohdan Winiarski">Bohdan Winiarski</a></td> <td>1961</td> <td>1964</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Percy_Spender" title="Percy Spender">Percy Spender</a></td> <td>1964</td> <td>1967</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bustamante_y_Rivero" class="mw-redirect" title="José Bustamante y Rivero">José Bustamante y Rivero</a></td> <td>1967</td> <td>1970</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zafarullah_Khan" title="Muhammad Zafarullah Khan">Muhammad Zafarullah Khan</a></td> <td>1970</td> <td>1973</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Lachs" title="Manfred Lachs">Manfred Lachs</a></td> <td>1973</td> <td>1976</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Ar%C3%A9chaga" title="Eduardo Jiménez de Aréchaga">Eduardo Jiménez de Aréchaga</a></td> <td>1976</td> <td>1979</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Waldock" title="Humphrey Waldock">Humphrey Waldock</a></td> <td>1979</td> <td>1981</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taslim_Elias" class="mw-redirect" title="Taslim Elias">Taslim Elias</a></td> <td>1982</td> <td>1985</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nagendra_Singh" title="Nagendra Singh">Nagendra Singh</a></td> <td>1985</td> <td>1988</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ruda" class="mw-redirect" title="José Ruda">José Ruda</a></td> <td>1988</td> <td>1991</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Yewdall_Jennings" title="Robert Yewdall Jennings">Robert Jennings</a></td> <td>1991</td> <td>1994</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Bedjaoui" title="Mohammed Bedjaoui">Mohammed Bedjaoui</a></td> <td>1994</td> <td>1997</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Schwebel" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Schwebel">Stephen Schwebel</a></td> <td>1997</td> <td>2000</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Guillaume" title="Gilbert Guillaume">Gilbert Guillaume</a></td> <td>2000</td> <td>2003</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shi_Jiuyong" title="Shi Jiuyong">Shi Jiuyong</a></td> <td>2003</td> <td>2006</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Higgins" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosalyn Higgins">Rosalyn Higgins</a></td> <td>2006</td> <td>2009</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hisashi_Owada" title="Hisashi Owada">Hisashi Owada</a></td> <td>2009</td> <td>2012</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peter_Tomka" title="Peter Tomka">Peter Tomka</a></td> <td>2012</td> <td>2015</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>24</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ronny_Abraham" title="Ronny Abraham">Ronny Abraham</a></td> <td>2015</td> <td>2018</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abdulqawi_Yusuf" title="Abdulqawi Yusuf">Abdulqawi Yusuf</a></td> <td>2018</td> <td>2021</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>26</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joan_Donoghue" title="Joan Donoghue">Joan Donoghue</a></td> <td>2021</td> <td>2024</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>27 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nawaf_Salam" title="Nawaf Salam">Nawaf Salam</a> </td> <td>2024 </td> <td>present </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jurisdiction">Jurisdiction</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction_of_the_International_Court_of_Justice" title="Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice">Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:International_Court_of_Justice_parties.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/International_Court_of_Justice_parties.svg/330px-International_Court_of_Justice_parties.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/International_Court_of_Justice_parties.svg/495px-International_Court_of_Justice_parties.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/International_Court_of_Justice_parties.svg/660px-International_Court_of_Justice_parties.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption> <table style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #ABD5F5; background-color:#F1F5FC; margin-top:2px;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00aa00; color:black;"> </span> Parties upon becoming a UN member</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:MediumBlue; color:white;"> </span> Parties prior to joining the UN under Article 93</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff1111; color:black;"> </span> UN observer states that are not parties</div> </td></tr></tbody></table></figcaption></figure> <p>As stated in Article 93 of the UN Charter, all 193 UN members are automatically <a href="/wiki/Party_(law)" title="Party (law)">parties</a> to the court's statute.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-UN members may also become parties to the court's statute under the Article 93(2) procedure, which was used by Switzerland in 1948 and Nauru in 1988, prior to either joining the UN.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once a state is a party to the court's statute, it is entitled to participate in cases before the court. However, being a party to the statute does not automatically give the court jurisdiction over disputes involving those parties. The issue of <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a> is considered in the three types of ICJ cases: contentious issues, incidental jurisdiction, and advisory opinions.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contentious_issues">Contentious issues</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Eerste_na-oorlogse_zitting_van_het_Internationaal_Hof_van_Justititie_Weeknummer_48-09_-_Open_Beelden_-_30541.ogv/220px--Eerste_na-oorlogse_zitting_van_het_Internationaal_Hof_van_Justititie_Weeknummer_48-09_-_Open_Beelden_-_30541.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="180" data-durationhint="188" data-mwtitle="Eerste_na-oorlogse_zitting_van_het_Internationaal_Hof_van_Justititie_Weeknummer_48-09_-_Open_Beelden_-_30541.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Eerste_na-oorlogse_zitting_van_het_Internationaal_Hof_van_Justititie_Weeknummer_48-09_-_Open_Beelden_-_30541.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/23/Eerste_na-oorlogse_zitting_van_het_Internationaal_Hof_van_Justititie_Weeknummer_48-09_-_Open_Beelden_-_30541.ogv/Eerste_na-oorlogse_zitting_van_het_Internationaal_Hof_van_Justititie_Weeknummer_48-09_-_Open_Beelden_-_30541.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="352" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Eerste_na-oorlogse_zitting_van_het_Internationaal_Hof_van_Justititie_Weeknummer_48-09_-_Open_Beelden_-_30541.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="352" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/23/Eerste_na-oorlogse_zitting_van_het_Internationaal_Hof_van_Justititie_Weeknummer_48-09_-_Open_Beelden_-_30541.ogv/Eerste_na-oorlogse_zitting_van_het_Internationaal_Hof_van_Justititie_Weeknummer_48-09_-_Open_Beelden_-_30541.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="176" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/23/Eerste_na-oorlogse_zitting_van_het_Internationaal_Hof_van_Justititie_Weeknummer_48-09_-_Open_Beelden_-_30541.ogv/Eerste_na-oorlogse_zitting_van_het_Internationaal_Hof_van_Justititie_Weeknummer_48-09_-_Open_Beelden_-_30541.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="294" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>First gathering after Second World War, Dutch newsreel from 1946</figcaption></figure> <p>In contentious cases (adversarial proceedings seeking to settle a dispute), the ICJ produces a binding ruling between states that agree to submit to the ruling of the court. Only <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">states</a> may be parties in contentious cases; individuals, corporations, component parts of a federal state, NGOs, UN organs, and <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> groups are excluded from direct participation, although the court may receive information from public <a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">international organizations</a>. However, this does not preclude non-state interests from being the subject of proceedings; for example, a state may bring a case on behalf of one of its nationals or corporations, such as in matters concerning diplomatic protection.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jurisdiction is often a <a href="/wiki/ICJ#Procedure" class="mw-redirect" title="ICJ">crucial question for the court</a> in contentious cases. The key principle is that the ICJ has jurisdiction only on the basis of consent. Under Article 36, there are four foundations for the court's jurisdiction: </p> <ol><li><i>Compromis</i> or "special agreement", in which parties provide explicit consent to the court's jurisdiction by referring cases to it. While not true compulsory jurisdiction, this is perhaps the most effective jurisdictional basis, because the parties concerned have a desire for the dispute to be resolved by the court, and are thus more likely to comply with the court's judgment.</li> <li>Compromissory clauses in a binding treaty. Most modern <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaties</a> contain such clauses to provide for dispute resolution by the ICJ.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cases founded on compromissory clauses have not been as effective as cases founded on special agreement, since a state may have no interest in having the matter examined by the court and may refuse to comply with a judgment. For example, during the <a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a>, Iran refused to participate in a case brought by the US based on a compromissory clause contained in the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Convention_on_Diplomatic_Relations" title="Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations">Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations</a> and did not comply with the judgment.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1970s, the use of such clauses has declined; many modern treaties set out their own dispute resolution regime, often based on forms of <a href="/wiki/Arbitration" title="Arbitration">arbitration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Optional clause declarations accepting the court's jurisdiction. Also known as Article 36(2) jurisdiction, it is sometimes misleadingly labeled "compulsory", though such declarations are voluntary. Many such declarations contain reservations that exclude from jurisdiction certain types of disputes (<i>ratione materia</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The principle of <a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(international_relations)" title="Reciprocity (international relations)">reciprocity</a> may further limit jurisdiction, as Article 36(2) holds that such declaration may be made "in relation to any other State accepting the same obligation...".<sup id="cite_ref-icj-cij.org_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icj-cij.org-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of January 2018, seventy-four states had a declaration in force, up from sixty-six in February 2011;<sup id="cite_ref-icj-cij.org_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icj-cij.org-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the permanent Security Council members, only the United Kingdom has a declaration.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the court's early years, most declarations were made by industrialized countries. Since the 1986 <i><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_v._United_States" title="Nicaragua v. United States">Nicaragua</a></i> case, declarations made by developing countries have increased, reflecting a growing confidence in the court.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, even those industrialized countries that have invoked optional declarations have sometimes increased exclusions or rescinded them altogether. Notable examples include the <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_v._United_States#U.S._defense_and_response" title="Nicaragua v. United States">United States in the <i>Nicaragua</i> case</a>, and Australia, which modified its declaration in 2002 to exclude disputes on <a href="/wiki/Maritime_boundary" title="Maritime boundary">maritime boundaries</a>, most likely to prevent an impending challenge from East Timor, which gained independence two months later.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Article 36(5) provides for jurisdiction on the basis of declarations made under the Statute of the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_International_Justice" title="Permanent Court of International Justice">Permanent Court of International Justice</a>. Article 37 similarly transfers jurisdiction under any compromissory clause in a treaty that gave jurisdiction to the PCIJ.</li></ol> <p>Additionally, the court may have jurisdiction on the basis of tacit consent (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forum_prorogatum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forum prorogatum (page does not exist)">forum prorogatum</a></i>). In the absence of clear jurisdiction under Article 36, jurisdiction is established if the respondent accepts ICJ jurisdiction explicitly or simply pleads <a href="/w/index.php?title=On_the_merits&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="On the merits (page does not exist)">on the merits</a>. This arose in the 1949 <a href="/wiki/Corfu_Channel_Case" class="mw-redirect" title="Corfu Channel Case">Corfu Channel Case</a> (U.K. v. Albania), in which the court held that a letter from Albania stating that it submitted to the jurisdiction of the ICJ was sufficient to grant the court jurisdiction.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Incidental_jurisdiction">Incidental jurisdiction</h3></div> <p>Until rendering a final judgment, the court has competence to order interim measures for the protection of the rights of a party to a dispute. One or both parties to a dispute may apply the ICJ for issuing interim measures. In the <i>Frontier Dispute</i> Case, both parties to the dispute, <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, submitted an application to the court to indicate interim measures.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Incidental jurisdiction of the court derives from the Article 41 of its Statute.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar to the final judgment, the order for interim measures of the court are binding on state parties to the dispute. The ICJ has competence to indicate interim measures only if the <i><a href="/wiki/Prima_facie" title="Prima facie">prima facie</a></i> jurisdiction is satisfied.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advisory_opinions">Advisory opinions</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Hall_de_Justice_de_Palais_de_La_Paix_%C3%A0_La_Haye_Pays-Bas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Grand_Hall_de_Justice_de_Palais_de_La_Paix_%C3%A0_La_Haye_Pays-Bas.jpg/220px-Grand_Hall_de_Justice_de_Palais_de_La_Paix_%C3%A0_La_Haye_Pays-Bas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Grand_Hall_de_Justice_de_Palais_de_La_Paix_%C3%A0_La_Haye_Pays-Bas.jpg/330px-Grand_Hall_de_Justice_de_Palais_de_La_Paix_%C3%A0_La_Haye_Pays-Bas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Grand_Hall_de_Justice_de_Palais_de_La_Paix_%C3%A0_La_Haye_Pays-Bas.jpg/440px-Grand_Hall_de_Justice_de_Palais_de_La_Paix_%C3%A0_La_Haye_Pays-Bas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Audience of the "Accordance with International Law of the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice_advisory_opinion_on_Kosovo%27s_declaration_of_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="International Court of Justice advisory opinion on Kosovo's declaration of independence">Unilateral Declaration of Independence</a> by the Provisional Institutions of Self-Government of Kosovo"</figcaption></figure><p> An <a href="/wiki/Advisory_opinion" title="Advisory opinion">advisory opinion</a> is a function of the court open only to specified United Nations bodies and agencies. The UN Charter grants the General Assembly or the Security Council the power to request the court to issue an advisory opinion on any legal question. Organs of the UN other than the General Assembly or the Security Council require the General Assembly's authorization to request an advisory opinion of the ICJ. These organs of the UN only request an advisory opinion regarding the matters that fall within the scope of their activities.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On receiving a request, the court decides which states and organizations might provide useful information and gives them an opportunity to present written or oral statements. Advisory opinions were intended as a means by which UN agencies could seek the court's help in deciding complex legal issues that might fall under their respective mandates. </p><p>In principle, the court's advisory opinions are only consultative in character but they are influential and widely respected. Certain instruments or regulations can provide in advance that the advisory opinion shall be specifically binding on particular agencies or states, but inherently they are non-binding under the Statute of the court. This non-binding character does not mean that advisory opinions are without legal effect, because the legal reasoning embodied in them reflects the court's authoritative views on important issues of international law. In arriving at them, the court follows essentially the same rules and procedures that govern its binding judgments delivered in contentious cases submitted to it by sovereign states. </p><p>An advisory opinion derives its status and authority from the fact that it is the official pronouncement of the principal judicial organ of the United Nations.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Advisory opinions have often been controversial because the questions asked are controversial or the case was pursued as an indirect way of bringing what is really a contentious case before the court. Examples of advisory opinions can be found in the section <a href="/wiki/List_of_International_Court_of_Justice_cases#Advisory_opinions" title="List of International Court of Justice cases">advisory opinions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_International_Court_of_Justice_cases" title="List of International Court of Justice cases">List of International Court of Justice cases</a> article. One such well-known advisory opinion is the <i><a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice_advisory_opinion_on_the_Legality_of_the_Threat_or_Use_of_Nuclear_Weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="International Court of Justice advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Weapons Case</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_contentious_cases">Examples of contentious cases</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_International_Court_of_Justice_cases" title="List of International Court of Justice cases">List of International Court of Justice cases</a></div> <ul><li>1980: A complaint by the United States that Iran was detaining American diplomats in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> in violation of international law.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1982: A dispute between Tunisia and Libya over the delimitation of the continental shelf between them.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1989: A complaint by Iran after the shooting down of <a href="/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655" title="Iran Air Flight 655">Iran Air Flight 655</a> by a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> guided missile cruiser.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1984: A dispute over the course of the maritime boundary dividing the U.S. and Canada in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Maine" title="Gulf of Maine">Gulf of Maine</a> area.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1999: A complaint by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> against the member states of the <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a> regarding their actions in the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a>. This was denied on 15 December 2004 because of lack of jurisdiction, the FRY not being a party to the ICJ statute at the time it made the application.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2011: A complaint by the Republic of North Macedonia (former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) that Greece's vetoing of its accession to <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> violates the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> between the two countries. The complaint was decided in favour of <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> on 5 December 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2005: A complaint by the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> that its sovereignty had been violated by <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> and that the DRC had lost billions of dollars worth of resources<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was decided in favour of the DRC.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2017: A complaint by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of India">Republic of India</a> regarding a death penalty verdict against an Indian citizen, <a href="/wiki/Kulbhushan_Jadhav" title="Kulbhushan Jadhav">Kulbhushan Jadhav</a>, by a Pakistani military court (based on alleged espionage and subversive activities).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2022: A complaint by Ukraine against Russia for violating the 1948 <a href="/wiki/Genocide_Convention" title="Genocide Convention">Genocide Convention</a>, to which both Ukraine and Russia are parties, by falsely claiming genocide as a pretext for invading Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Genocide_Scholars" title="International Association of Genocide Scholars">International Association of Genocide Scholars</a> supported Ukraine, who asked for expedited <a href="/wiki/Provisional_measure_of_protection" title="Provisional measure of protection">provisional measures</a> directing Russia to halt its offensive.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russian representatives refused to appear.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 16 March, the ICJ ordered Russia to "immediately suspend the military operations", on a 13–2 vote with the Russian and Chinese judges in opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The order is binding on Russia, but the ICJ cannot enforce it.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_UN_Security_Council">Relationship with UN Security Council</h2></div> <p>Article 94 establishes the duty of all UN members to comply with decisions of the court involving them. If parties do not comply, the issue may be taken before the Security Council for enforcement action. There are obvious problems with such a method of enforcement. If the judgment is against one of the five permanent members of the Security Council or its allies, any resolution on enforcement could then be vetoed by that member. That occurred, for example, after the <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_v._United_States" title="Nicaragua v. United States"><i>Nicaragua</i> case</a>, when Nicaragua brought the issue of the United States' noncompliance with the court's decision before the Security Council.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, if the Security Council refuses to enforce a judgment against any other state, there is no method of forcing the state to comply. Furthermore, the most effective form to take action for the Security Council, coercive action under <a href="/wiki/Chapter_VII_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter">Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter</a>, can be justified only if <a href="/wiki/International_Peace_and_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="International Peace and Security">international peace and security</a> are at stake. The Security Council has never done that so far.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The relationship between the ICJ and the <a href="/wiki/Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Security Council">Security Council</a>, and the separation of their powers, was considered by the court in 1992 in the <a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103_bombing_trial" title="Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial"><i>Pan Am</i> case</a>. The court had to consider an application from Libya for the order of <a href="/wiki/Provisional_measures_of_protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional measures of protection">provisional measures of protection</a> to safeguard its rights, which, it alleged, were being infringed by the threat of economic sanctions by the United Kingdom and United States. The problem was that these sanctions had been authorized by the Security Council, which resulted in a potential conflict between the Chapter VII functions of the Security Council and the judicial function of the court. The court decided, by eleven votes to five, that it could not order the requested provisional measures because the rights claimed by Libya, even if legitimate under the <a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Suppression_of_Unlawful_Acts_against_the_Safety_of_Civil_Aviation" title="Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation">1971 Montreal Convention</a>, could not be <i><a href="/wiki/Prima_facie" title="Prima facie">prima facie</a></i> regarded as appropriate since the action was ordered by the Security Council. In accordance with Article 103 of the UN Charter, obligations under the Charter took precedence over other treaty obligations. Nevertheless, the court declared the application admissible in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A decision on the merits has not been given since the parties (United Kingdom, United States, and Libya) settled the case out of court in 2003.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There was a marked reluctance on the part of a majority of the court to become involved in a dispute in such a way as to bring it potentially into conflict with the Council. The court stated in the <i>Nicaragua</i> case that there is no necessary inconsistency between action by the Security Council and adjudication by the ICJ. However, when there is room for conflict, the balance appears to be in favour of the Security Council.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Should either party fail "to perform the obligations incumbent upon it under a judgment rendered by the Court", the Security Council may be called upon to "make recommendations or decide upon measures" if the Security Council deems such actions necessary. In practice, the court's powers have been limited by the unwillingness of the losing party to abide by the court's ruling and by the Security Council's unwillingness to impose consequences. However, in theory, "so far as the parties to the case are concerned, a judgment of the Court is binding, final and without appeal", and "by signing the Charter, a State Member of the United Nations undertakes to comply with any decision of the International Court of Justice in a case to which it is a party."<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, the United States had previously accepted the court's compulsory jurisdiction upon its creation in 1946 but in 1984, after <i><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_v._United_States" title="Nicaragua v. United States">Nicaragua v. United States</a></i>, withdrew its acceptance following the court's judgment that called on the US to "cease and to refrain" from the "unlawful use of force" against the government of Nicaragua. The court ruled (with only the American judge dissenting) that the United States was "in breach of its obligation under the Treaty of Friendship with Nicaragua not to use force against Nicaragua" and ordered the United States to pay <a href="/wiki/War_reparation" class="mw-redirect" title="War reparation">war reparations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law_applied">Law applied</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sources_of_international_law" title="Sources of international law">Sources of international law</a></div> <p>When deciding cases, the court applies international law as summarized in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Statute_of_the_International_Court_of_Justice#Article_38" class="extiw" title="s:Statute of the International Court of Justice">Article 38</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_the_International_Court_of_Justice" title="Statute of the International Court of Justice">ICJ Statute</a>, which provides that in arriving at its decisions the court shall apply international conventions, international custom and the "general principles of law recognized by civilized nations." It may also refer to academic writing ("the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations") and previous judicial decisions to help interpret the law although the court is not formally bound by its previous decisions under the doctrine of <i><a href="/wiki/Stare_decisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Stare decisis">stare decisis</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Statute_of_the_International_Court_of_Justice#Article_59" class="extiw" title="s:Statute of the International Court of Justice">Article 59</a> makes clear that the <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> notion of <a href="/wiki/Precedent" title="Precedent">precedent</a> or <i><a href="/wiki/Stare_decisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Stare decisis">stare decisis</a></i> does not apply to the decisions of the ICJ.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court's decision binds only the parties to that particular controversy. Under 38(1)(d), however, the court may consider its own previous decisions and frequently cites them.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If the parties agree, they may also grant the court the liberty to decide <i><a href="/wiki/Ex_aequo_et_bono" title="Ex aequo et bono">ex aequo et bono</a></i> ("out of equality, and for the good"),<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> granting the ICJ the freedom to make an equitable decision based on what is fair under the circumstances. That provision has not been used in the court's history.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (January 2022)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> So far,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (January 2022)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> the International Court of Justice has dealt with about 180 cases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Procedure">Procedure</h2></div> <p>The ICJ is vested with the power to make its own rules. Court procedure is set out in the <i>Rules of Court of the International Court of Justice 1978</i> (as amended on 29 September 2005).<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cases before the ICJ will follow a standard pattern. The case is lodged by the applicant, which files a written memorial setting out the basis of the court's jurisdiction and the merits of its claim. The respondent may accept the court's jurisdiction and file its own memorial on the merits of the case. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preliminary_objections">Preliminary objections</h3></div> <p>A respondent that does not wish to submit to the jurisdiction of the court may raise preliminary objections. Any such objections must be ruled upon before the court can address the merits of the applicant's claim. Often, a separate public hearing is held on the preliminary objections and the court will render a judgment. Respondents normally file preliminary objections to the jurisdiction of the court and/or the admissibility of the case. Inadmissibility refers to a range of arguments about factors the court should take into account in deciding jurisdiction, such as the fact that the issue is not justiciable or that it is not a "legal dispute". </p><p>In addition, objections may be made because all necessary parties are not before the court. If the case necessarily requires the court to rule on the rights and obligations of a state that has not consented to the court's jurisdiction, the court does not proceed to issue a judgment on the merits. </p><p>If the court decides it has jurisdiction and the case is admissible, the respondent then is required to file a Memorial addressing the merits of the applicant's claim. Once all written arguments are filed, the court holds a public hearing on the merits. </p><p>Once a case has been filed, any party (usually the applicant) may seek an order from the court to protect the <i>status quo</i> pending the hearing of the case. Such orders are known as Provisional (or Interim) Measures and are analogous to interlocutory <a href="/wiki/Injunction" title="Injunction">injunctions</a> in <a href="/wiki/United_States_law" class="mw-redirect" title="United States law">United States law</a>. Article 41 of the statute allows the court to make such orders. The court must be satisfied to have <i><a href="/wiki/Prima_facie" title="Prima facie">prima facie</a></i> jurisdiction to hear the merits of the case before it grants provisional measures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Applications_to_intervene">Applications to intervene</h3></div> <p>In cases in which a third state's interests are affected, that state may be permitted to intervene in the case and participate as a full party. Under Article 62, a state "with an interest of a legal nature" may apply; however, it is within the court's discretion whether or not to allow the intervention. Intervention applications are rare, and the first successful application occurred only in 1991. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judgment_and_remedies">Judgment and remedies</h3></div> <p>Once deliberation has taken place, the court issues a majority opinion. Individual judges may issue concurring opinions (if they agree with the outcome reached in the judgment of the court but differ in their reasoning) or dissenting opinions (if they disagree with the majority). No appeal is possible, but any party may ask for the court to clarify if there is a dispute as to the meaning or scope of the court's judgment.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/International_Court_of_Justice" title="Special:EditPage/International Court of Justice">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22International+Court+of+Justice%22">"International Court of Justice"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22International+Court+of+Justice%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22International+Court+of+Justice%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22International+Court+of+Justice%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22International+Court+of+Justice%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22International+Court+of+Justice%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The International Court has been criticized with respect to its rulings, its procedures, and its authority. As with <a href="/wiki/Criticisms_of_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticisms of the United Nations">criticisms of the United Nations</a>, many critics and opponents of the court refer to the general authority assigned to the body by member states through its Charter, rather than to specific problems with the composition of judges or their rulings. Major criticisms include the following:<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>"Compulsory" jurisdiction is limited to cases where both parties have agreed to submit to its decision, and so instances of aggression tend to be automatically escalated to and adjudicated by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">Security Council</a>. ICJ rulings are legally binding on states but not enforceable without their approval or compliance.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The International Court of Justice cannot hear the cases of organizations, private enterprises, and individuals. Furthermore, UN agencies are unable to raise a case except in the circumstance of a non-binding advisory opinion. The national states are the only ones who are able to bring cases for and act as defendants for these individuals. As a result, victims of war crimes, crimes against humanity and minority groups may not have the support of their national state.</li> <li>Other existing international thematic courts, such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">ICC</a>, are not under the umbrella of the International Court. Unlike ICJ, international thematic courts like ICC work independently from United Nations. Such dualistic structure between various international courts sometimes makes it hard for the courts to engage in effective and collective jurisdiction.</li> <li>The International Court does not enjoy a full <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a>, with permanent members of the Security Council being able to veto enforcement of cases, even those to which they consented to be bound.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the jurisdiction does not have binding force itself, in many cases, the instances of aggression are adjudicated by Security Council by adopting a resolution, etc. There is, therefore, a likelihood for the permanent member states of Security Council to avoid the legal responsibility brought up by International Court of Justice, as shown in the example of <i><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_v._United_States" title="Nicaragua v. United States">Nicaragua v. United States</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The court has been accused of <a href="/wiki/Judicial_restraint" title="Judicial restraint">judicial parsimony</a>, with its rulings tending to dismiss submissions of parties on jurisdictional grounds and not resolving the underlying dispute between them.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The court has been accused of exhibiting a political bias, with past research finding "strong evidence" that judges at the ICJ "favour the state that appoints them", "favour states whose wealth level is close to that of the judges' own state", and "favour states whose political system is similar to that of the judges' own state."<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Netherlands" title="Portal:Netherlands">Netherlands portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda" title="International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda">International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Tribunal_for_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea">International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_treaties_that_confer_jurisdiction_on_the_International_Court_of_Justice" title="List of treaties that confer jurisdiction on the International Court of Justice">List of treaties that confer jurisdiction on the International Court of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_measure_of_protection" title="Provisional measure of protection">Provisional measure of protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supranational_aspects_of_international_organizations" title="Supranational aspects of international organizations">Supranational aspects of international organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_jurisdiction" title="Universal jurisdiction">Universal jurisdiction</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKoh2014" class="citation web cs1">Koh, Steven Arrigg (27 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/steven-arrigg-koh/4-things-you-should-know-_1_b_5725138.html">"4 Things You Should Know About The Hague"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170318002002/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/steven-arrigg-koh/4-things-you-should-know-_1_b_5725138.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=4+Things+You+Should+Know+About+The+Hague&rft.date=2014-08-27&rft.aulast=Koh&rft.aufirst=Steven+Arrigg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fsteven-arrigg-koh%2F4-things-you-should-know-_1_b_5725138.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Court+of+Justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180110090149/http://www.icj-cij.org/en/court">"The Court"</a>. <i>International Court of Justice</i>. 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The role of ICJ judges in ISDS"</a>. <i>International Institute for Sustainable Development</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221229224205/https://www.iisd.org/articles/policy-analysis/moonlighting-problem-role-icj-judges-isds">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Institute+for+Sustainable+Development&rft.atitle=Is+%22Moonlighting%22+a+Problem%3F+The+role+of+ICJ+judges+in+ISDS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iisd.org%2Farticles%2Fpolicy-analysis%2Fmoonlighting-problem-role-icj-judges-isds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Court+of+Justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalarbitrationreview.com/past-and-present-icj-judges-welcome-curb-moonlighting">"Past and present ICJ judges welcome curb on moonlighting"</a>. <i>globalarbitrationreview.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221229224209/https://globalarbitrationreview.com/past-and-present-icj-judges-welcome-curb-moonlighting">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=globalarbitrationreview.com&rft.atitle=Past+and+present+ICJ+judges+welcome+curb+on+moonlighting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalarbitrationreview.com%2Fpast-and-present-icj-judges-welcome-curb-moonlighting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Court+of+Justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ICJ Statute, Article 18(1)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua</i> (Nicaragua v USA), [1986] ICJ Reports 14, 158–60 (Merits) per Judge Lachs.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlston2021" class="citation web cs1">Alston, Philip (25 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ejiltalk.org/vacancies-at-the-icj-yes-there-is-a-special-practice-and-it-has-to-cease/">"Vacancies at the ICJ: Yes, there is a special practice, and it has to cease"</a>. <i>EJIL: Talk!</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221229224205/https://www.ejiltalk.org/vacancies-at-the-icj-yes-there-is-a-special-practice-and-it-has-to-cease/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EJIL%3A+Talk%21&rft.atitle=Vacancies+at+the+ICJ%3A+Yes%2C+there+is+a+special+practice%2C+and+it+has+to+cease&rft.date=2021-10-25&rft.aulast=Alston&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ejiltalk.org%2Fvacancies-at-the-icj-yes-there-is-a-special-practice-and-it-has-to-cease%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Court+of+Justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-polytics/3785004-no-russian-judge-elected-to-uns-top-court-in-first.html">"No Russian judge elected to UN's top court, in first"</a>. 10 November 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114015828/https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-polytics/3785004-no-russian-judge-elected-to-uns-top-court-in-first.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=No+Russian+judge+elected+to+UN%27s+top+court%2C+in+first&rft.date=2023-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrinform.net%2Frubric-polytics%2F3785004-no-russian-judge-elected-to-uns-top-court-in-first.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Court+of+Justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPosner,_E._A.De_Figueiredo,_M._F._P.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Posner, E. A.; De Figueiredo, M. F. P. (June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ericposner.com/Is%20the%20International%20Court%20of%20Justice%20Biased.pdf">"Is the International Court of Justice Biased?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Legal Studies</i>. <b>34</b>. University of Chicago. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101223171938/http://www.ericposner.com/Is%20the%20International%20Court%20of%20Justice%20Biased.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Legal+Studies&rft.atitle=Is+the+International+Court+of+Justice+Biased%3F&rft.volume=34&rft.date=2005-06&rft.au=Posner%2C+E.+A.&rft.au=De+Figueiredo%2C+M.+F.+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ericposner.com%2FIs%2520the%2520International%2520Court%2520of%2520Justice%2520Biased.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Court+of+Justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icj-cij.org/icjwww/ibasicdocuments/ibasictext/ibasicrulesofcourt_20050929.htm">Rules of Court of the International Court of Justice 1978</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051126131908/http://www.icj-cij.org/icjwww/ibasicdocuments/ibasictext/ibasicrulesofcourt_20050929.htm">Archived</a> 26 November 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (as amended on 5 December 2000). Retrieved 17 December 2005. See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icj-cij.org/icjwww/ibasicdocuments/ibasictext/ibasic_practice_directions_20040730_I-XII.htm">Practice Directions I–XII</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051127143822/http://www.icj-cij.org/icjwww/ibasicdocuments/ibasictext/ibasic_practice_directions_20040730_I-XII.htm">Archived</a> 27 November 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (as at 30 July 2004). Retrieved 17 December 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwebel S "Ad Hoc Chambers of the International Court of Justice" (1987) 81 <i>American Journal of International Law</i> 831.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icj-cij.org/en/current-members">"Current Members"</a>. <i>International Court of Justice</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171129084039/http://www.icj-cij.org/en/current-members">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Court+of+Justice&rft.atitle=Current+Members&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icj-cij.org%2Fen%2Fcurrent-members&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Court+of+Justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GA/12285-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GA/12285_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/press/en/2020/ga12285.doc.htm">"General Assembly, in Second Secret Ballot Round, Elects Five Judges to Serve Nine-Year-Long Terms on International Court of Justice | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases"</a>. UN. 12 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516100152/https://www.un.org/press/en/2020/ga12285.doc.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=General+Assembly%2C+in+Second+Secret+Ballot+Round%2C+Elects+Five+Judges+to+Serve+Nine-Year-Long+Terms+on+International+Court+of+Justice+%7C+Meetings+Coverage+and+Press+Releases&rft.date=2020-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fpress%2Fen%2F2020%2Fga12285.doc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Court+of+Justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/chapter-xiv/index.html">"Chapter XIV | United Nations"</a>. <i>United Nations</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180725083309/http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/chapter-xiv/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations&rft.atitle=Chapter+XIV+%7C+United+Nations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fsections%2Fun-charter%2Fchapter-xiv%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Court+of+Justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icj-cij.org/states-entitled-to-appear">States entitled to appear before the Court.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240424045551/https://www.icj-cij.org/states-entitled-to-appear">Archived</a> 24 April 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 1 January 2024</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131017035748/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=I-3&chapter=1&lang=en">"Chapter I – Charter of the United Nations and Statute of the International Court of Justice: 3 . Statute of the International Court of Justice"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Treaty_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Treaty Series">United Nations Treaty Series</a>. 9 July 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=I-3&chapter=1&lang=en">the original</a> on 17 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+I+%E2%80%93+Charter+of+the+United+Nations+and+Statute+of+the+International+Court+of+Justice%3A+3+.+Statute+of+the+International+Court+of+Justice&rft.pub=United+Nations+Treaty+Series&rft.date=2013-07-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftreaties.un.org%2FPages%2FViewDetails.aspx%3Fsrc%3DTREATY%26mtdsg_no%3DI-3%26chapter%3D1%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Court+of+Justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._G._Merrills2011" class="citation book cs1">J. G. Merrills (2011). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/internationaldis00merr"><i>International Dispute Settlement</i></a></span>. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/internationaldis00merr/page/n143">116</a>–134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521153393" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521153393"><bdi>978-0521153393</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Dispute+Settlement&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=116-134&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0521153393&rft.au=J.+G.+Merrills&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finternationaldis00merr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Court+of+Justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <i>Nottebohm Case</i> (Liechtenstein v Guatemala), [1955] ICJ Reports 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/List_of_treaties_that_confer_jurisdiction_on_the_ICJ" class="mw-redirect" title="List of treaties that confer jurisdiction on the ICJ">List of treaties that confer jurisdiction on the ICJ</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Case Concerning United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran</i> (USA v Iran), [1979] ICJ Reports 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Charney J "Compromissory Clauses and the Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice" (1987) 81 <i>American Journal of International Law</i> 855.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Alexandrov S <i>Reservations in Unilateral Declarations Accepting the Compulsory Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice</i> (Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff, 1995).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-icj-cij.org-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-icj-cij.org_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-icj-cij.org_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icj-cij.org/en/declarations">"Declarations recognizing the jurisdiction of the Court as compulsory"</a>. <i>International Court of Justice</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170815194446/https://www.icj-cij.org/en/declarations">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Court+of+Justice&rft.atitle=Declarations+recognizing+the+jurisdiction+of+the+Court+as+compulsory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icj-cij.org%2Fen%2Fdeclarations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Court+of+Justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a complete list of countries and their stance with the ICJ, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629194034/http://www.icj-cij.org/jurisdiction/index.php?p1=5&p2=1&p3=3">"Declarations Recognizing as Compulsory the Jurisdiction of the Court"</a>. <i>International Court of Justice</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icj-cij.org/jurisdiction/index.php?p1=5&p2=1&p3=3">the original</a> on 29 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Court+of+Justice&rft.atitle=Declarations+Recognizing+as+Compulsory+the+Jurisdiction+of+the+Court&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icj-cij.org%2Fjurisdiction%2Findex.php%3Fp1%3D5%26p2%3D1%26p3%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Court+of+Justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cesare P.R. Romano, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cesareromano.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Developing_Countries_Part2.pdf">International justice and developing countries (continued): a qualitative analysis</a>", <i>The Law and Practice of International Courts and Tribunals</i> <b>1</b>: 539–611, 2002. Kluwer Law International. Printed in the Netherlands, pp. 575–576. 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Impartial Decisions: A Study of World Court Holdings"</a>. <i>Chicago-Kent Law Review</i>. <b>34</b> (3): 193–222. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-3599">0009-3599</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011002429/http://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/cklawreview/vol34/iss3/1/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago-Kent+Law+Review&rft.atitle=National+Origins+v.+Impartial+Decisions%3A+A+Study+of+World+Court+Holdings&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=193-222&rft.date=1956&rft.issn=0009-3599&rft.aulast=William&rft.aufirst=Samore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu%2Fcklawreview%2Fvol34%2Fiss3%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Court+of+Justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDer_Matossian2023" class="citation journal cs1">Der Matossian, Bedross (1 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3138/gsi-2023-0008">"Impunity, Lack of Humanitarian Intervention, and International Apathy: The Blockade of the Lachin Corridor in Historical Perspective"</a>. <i>Genocide Studies International</i>. <b>15</b> (1): 7–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fgsi-2023-0008">10.3138/gsi-2023-0008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2291-1847">2291-1847</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:261011186">261011186</a>. <q>Even though the ICJ ruling is legally binding, any judgments by the ICJ cannot be enforced on a country without the approval of the state.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genocide+Studies+International&rft.atitle=Impunity%2C+Lack+of+Humanitarian+Intervention%2C+and+International+Apathy%3A+The+Blockade+of+the+Lachin+Corridor+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7-20&rft.date=2023-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A261011186%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2291-1847&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fgsi-2023-0008&rft.aulast=Der+Matossian&rft.aufirst=Bedross&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.3138%2Fgsi-2023-0008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Court+of+Justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawal" class="citation web cs1">Lawal, Shola. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/10/south-africas-genocide-case-against-israel-how-will-the-icj-decide">"How will South Africa's ICJ case against Israel work?"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240513184833/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/10/south-africas-genocide-case-against-israel-how-will-the-icj-decide">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=How+will+South+Africa%27s+ICJ+case+against+Israel+work%3F&rft.aulast=Lawal&rft.aufirst=Shola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2024%2F1%2F10%2Fsouth-africas-genocide-case-against-israel-how-will-the-icj-decide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Court+of+Justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101008084733/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,871831,00.html">"World Court: Completing the Circle"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 28 November 1960. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,871831,00.html">the original</a> on 8 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=World+Court%3A+Completing+the+Circle&rft.date=1960-11-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C871831%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Court+of+Justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawal" class="citation web cs1">Lawal, Shola. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/10/south-africas-genocide-case-against-israel-how-will-the-icj-decide">"How will South Africa's ICJ case against Israel work?"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240513184833/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/10/south-africas-genocide-case-against-israel-how-will-the-icj-decide">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2024</span>. <q>ICJ judges ought to be impartial and not act as extensions of their countries. In the past though, judges have voted in line with their countries' politics. In 2022, when the bench voted in favour of the decision to order Russia out of Ukraine, judges from Russia and China were the only two who voted against the decision.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=How+will+South+Africa%27s+ICJ+case+against+Israel+work%3F&rft.aulast=Lawal&rft.aufirst=Shola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2024%2F1%2F10%2Fsouth-africas-genocide-case-against-israel-how-will-the-icj-decide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Court+of+Justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Tuyishime, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://e-journaloflaw.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Critical-Analysis-on-the-Ineffectiveness-of-the-ICJ-in-the-Settlement-of-Disputes-between-States-The-Example-of-Nicaragua-Case.pdf">Critical Analysis on the Ineffectiveness of the ICJ in the Settlement of Disputes between States: The Example of Nicaragua Case</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180420222408/http://e-journaloflaw.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Critical-Analysis-on-the-Ineffectiveness-of-the-ICJ-in-the-Settlement-of-Disputes-between-States-The-Example-of-Nicaragua-Case.pdf">Archived</a> 20 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, E-Journal of Law, Vol 3 (1) 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHernandez2013" class="citation journal cs1">Hernandez, G. I. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbybil%2Fbrt003">"A Reluctant Guardian: The International Court of Justice and the Concept of 'International Community'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>British Yearbook of International Law</i>. <b>83</b>: 13–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbybil%2Fbrt003">10.1093/bybil/brt003</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Yearbook+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=A+Reluctant+Guardian%3A+The+International+Court+of+Justice+and+the+Concept+of+%27International+Community%27&rft.volume=83&rft.pages=13-60&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbybil%2Fbrt003&rft.aulast=Hernandez&rft.aufirst=G.+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fbybil%252Fbrt003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Court+of+Justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPosnerde_Figueiredo2004" class="citation journal cs1">Posner, Eric A.; de Figueiredo, Miguel (30 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/35j504rg">"Is the International Court of Justice Politically Biased?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240524140807/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/35j504rg">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Is+the+International+Court+of+Justice+Politically+Biased%3F&rft.date=2004-08-30&rft.aulast=Posner&rft.aufirst=Eric+A.&rft.au=de+Figueiredo%2C+Miguel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F35j504rg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Court+of+Justice" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Accinelli, R. D. "Peace Through Law: The United States and the World Court, 1923–1935". <i>Historical Papers / Communications historiques</i>, 7#1 (1972) 247–261. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7202%2F030751a">10.7202/030751a</a>.</li> <li>Bowett, D W. The International court of justice : process, practice and procedure (British Institute of International and Comparative Law: London, 1997).</li> <li>Creamer, Cosette & Godzmirka, Zuzanna. "The Job Market for Justice: Screening and Selecting Candidates for the International Court of Justice", <i>Leiden Journal of International Law</i> (2017).</li> <li>Dunne, Michael. "Isolationism of a Kind: Two Generations of World Court Historiography in the United States", <i>Journal of American Studies</i> (1987) 21#3 pp 327–351.</li> <li>Kahn, Gilbert N. "Presidential Passivity on a Nonsalient Issue: President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the 1935 World Court Fight." <i>Diplomatic History</i> 4.2 (1980): 137–160.</li> <li>Kolb, Robert, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hartpub.co.uk/BookDetails.aspx?ISBN=9781849462631">The International Court of Justice</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160629091756/http://www.hartpub.co.uk/BookDetails.aspx?ISBN=9781849462631">Archived</a> 29 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Hart Publishing: Oxford, 2013).</li> <li>Patterson, David S. "The United States and the origins of the world court". <i>Political Science Quarterly</i> 91.2 (1976): 279–295. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2148413">2148413</a>.</li> <li>Rosenne, S., <i>Rosenne's the world court: what it is and how it works</i> (6th ed.). Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff, 2003.</li> <li>Van Der Wolf W. & De Ruiter D., "The International Court of Justice: Facts and Documents About the History and Work of the Court" (<i>International Courts Association, 2011</i>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWildeCharlesworthSchrijverKrisch2011" class="citation ssrn cs1">Wilde, Ralph; Charlesworth, Hilary; Schrijver, Nico; Krisch, Nico; Chimni, B. S.; Gowlland-Debbas, Vera; Klabbers, Jan; Yee, Sienho; Shearer, Ivan (11 December 2011). "United Nations Reform Through Practice: Report of the International Law Association Study Group on United Nations Reform". <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1971008">1971008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Research+Network&rft.atitle=United+Nations+Reform+Through+Practice%3A+Report+of+the+International+Law+Association+Study+Group+on+United+Nations+Reform&rft.date=2011-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1971008%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Wilde&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft.au=Charlesworth%2C+Hilary&rft.au=Schrijver%2C+Nico&rft.au=Krisch%2C+Nico&rft.au=Chimni%2C+B.+S.&rft.au=Gowlland-Debbas%2C+Vera&rft.au=Klabbers%2C+Jan&rft.au=Yee%2C+Sienho&rft.au=Shearer%2C+Ivan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Court+of+Justice" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Yee, Sienho. "Article 38 of the ICJ Statute and Applicable Law: Selected Issues in Recent Cases", <i>Journal of International Dispute Settlement</i> 7 (2016), 472–498.</li> <li>Zimmermann, Andreas; Christian Tomuschat, Karin Oellers-Frahm & Christian J. Tams (eds.), <i>The Statute of the International Court of Justice: A Commentary</i> (2nd. ed. October 2012, Oxford University Press).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190104072741/https://www.icj-cij.org/en/multimedia-index">ICJ Multimedia Gallery</a> (photos, videos, webstreaming)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icj-cij.org/en/list-of-all-cases/introduction/desc">List of cases</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221022203024/https://www.icj-cij.org/en/list-of-all-cases/introduction/desc">Archived</a> 22 October 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ruled upon by the ICJ since its creation in 1946</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.peacepalacelibrary.nl/research-guides/settlement-of-international-disputes/international-court-of-justice/es/settlement-of-international-disputes/international-court-of-justice/">Peace Palace Library – ICJ Research Guide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210303021420/https://www.peacepalacelibrary.nl/research-guides/settlement-of-international-disputes/international-court-of-justice/es/settlement-of-international-disputes/international-court-of-justice/">Archived</a> 3 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legal.un.org/avl/ha/sicj/sicj.html">The Statute of the International Court of Justice</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200502134453/https://legal.un.org/avl/ha/sicj/sicj.html">Archived</a> 2 May 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/law/avl/">United Nations AVL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130911050751/http://untreaty.un.org/cod/avl/ha/ga_95-I/ga_95-I.html">Archived</a> 11 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: summary of the procedural history, list of selected preparatory documents and audiovisual material related to the negotiations and adoption of the Statute.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> : See also, a tribunal to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC28oiS6IwkVvWL7kLH1-QPg">CIJ ICJ: International Court of Justice on Youtube</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200704090143/https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC28oiS6IwkVvWL7kLH1-QPg">Archived</a> 4 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lectures">Lectures</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legal.un.org/avl/ls/ICJ_Conference_CT.html">The ICJ in the Service of Peace and Justice</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191024224904/http://legal.un.org/avl/ls/ICJ_Conference_CT.html">Archived</a> 24 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Conference organized on the Occasion of the Centenary of the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Palace" title="Peace Palace">Peace Palace</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legal.un.org/avl/ls/Al-Khasawneh_CT.html">Lecture</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191107161100/http://legal.un.org/avl/ls/Al-Khasawneh_CT.html">Archived</a> 7 November 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by <a href="/wiki/Awn_Shawkat_Al-Khasawneh" class="mw-redirect" title="Awn Shawkat Al-Khasawneh">Awn Shawkat Al-Khasawneh</a> entitled "Reflections on the Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice" in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legal.un.org/avl/lectureseries.html">Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025111123/http://legal.un.org/AVL/lectureseries.html">Archived</a> 25 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legal.un.org/avl/ls/Bennouna_CT.html">Lecture</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191107143052/http://legal.un.org/avl/ls/Bennouna_CT.html">Archived</a> 7 November 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Bennouna" title="Mohamed Bennouna">Mohamed Bennouna</a> entitled "La Cour internationale de Justice, juge des souverainetés?" in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legal.un.org/avl/lectureseries.html">Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025111123/http://legal.un.org/AVL/lectureseries.html">Archived</a> 25 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legal.un.org/avl/ls/Couvreur_CT.html">Lecture</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191107183816/http://legal.un.org/avl/ls/Couvreur_CT.html">Archived</a> 7 November 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Couvreur" title="Philippe Couvreur">Philippe Couvreur</a> entitled "La Cour internationale de Justice" in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legal.un.org/avl/lectureseries.html">Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025111123/http://legal.un.org/AVL/lectureseries.html">Archived</a> 25 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legal.un.org/avl/ls/Gowlland-Debbas_CT.html">Lecture by Vera Gowlland-Debbas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191028024744/http://legal.un.org/avl/ls/Gowlland-Debbas_CT.html">Archived</a> 28 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> entitled "The International Court of Justice as the Principal Judicial Organ of the United Nations" in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legal.un.org/avl/lectureseries.html">Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025111123/http://legal.un.org/AVL/lectureseries.html">Archived</a> 25 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legal.un.org/avl/ls/Kawano_CT.html">Lecture by Mariko Kawano</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191029212222/http://legal.un.org/avl/ls/Kawano_CT.html">Archived</a> 29 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> entitled "Some Salient Features of the Contemporary International Disputes in the Precedents of the International Court of Justice" in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legal.un.org/avl/lectureseries.html">Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025111123/http://legal.un.org/AVL/lectureseries.html">Archived</a> 25 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legal.un.org/avl/ls/Kawano_CT.html">Lecture by Mariko Kawano</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191029212222/http://legal.un.org/avl/ls/Kawano_CT.html">Archived</a> 29 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> entitled "International Court of Justice and Disputes Involving the Interests of Third Parties to the Proceedings or the Common Interests of the International Community as a Whole or of the Community Established by a Convention" in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legal.un.org/avl/lectureseries.html">Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025111123/http://legal.un.org/AVL/lectureseries.html">Archived</a> 25 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legal.un.org/avl/ls/McWhinney_CT.html">Lecture</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181028225711/http://legal.un.org/avl/ls/McWhinney_CT.html">Archived</a> 28 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by <a href="/wiki/Edward_McWhinney" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward McWhinney">Edward McWhinney</a> entitled "Judicial Activism and the International Court of Justice" in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legal.un.org/avl/lectureseries.html">Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061112205146/http://www.icj-cij.org/icjwww/ipresscom/ipress2005/ipresscom2005-23_20051107.htm">Archived</a> 12 November 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legal.un.org/avl/ls/Pellet_CT.html">Lecture</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191004042532/http://legal.un.org/avl/ls/Pellet_CT.html">Archived</a> 4 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alain_Pellet" title="Alain Pellet">Alain Pellet</a> entitled "Conseil devant la Cour internationale de Justice" in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legal.un.org/avl/lectureseries.html">Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025111123/http://legal.un.org/AVL/lectureseries.html">Archived</a> 25 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legal.un.org/avl/ls/Shi_CT.html">Lecture</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191107160638/http://legal.un.org/avl/ls/Shi_CT.html">Archived</a> 7 November 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jiuyong_Shi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiuyong Shi">Jiuyong Shi</a> entitled "The Present and Future Role of the International Court of Justice in the Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes" in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">International Court of Justice (ICJ)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_the_International_Court_of_Justice" title="Statute of the International Court of Justice">Statute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations" title="Charter of the United Nations">Charter of the United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_International_Court_of_Justice.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of the International Court of Justice"><img alt="Emblem of the International Court of Justice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Seal_of_the_International_Court_of_Justice.png/100px-Seal_of_the_International_Court_of_Justice.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Seal_of_the_International_Court_of_Justice.png/150px-Seal_of_the_International_Court_of_Justice.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Seal_of_the_International_Court_of_Justice.png/200px-Seal_of_the_International_Court_of_Justice.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="685" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judges_of_the_International_Court_of_Justice" title="Judges of the International Court of Justice">Judges</a> (elections: <a href="/wiki/1946_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="1946 International Court of Justice judges election">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="1948 International Court of Justice judges election">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="1951 International Court of Justice judges election">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="1954 International Court of Justice judges election">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2011 International Court of Justice judges election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2014 International Court of Justice judges election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2017 International Court of Justice judges election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2018 International Court of Justice judges election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2020 International Court of Justice judges election">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2021 International Court of Justice judges election">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2022 International Court of Justice judges election">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2023 International Court of Justice judges election">2023</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction_of_the_International_Court_of_Justice" title="Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice">Jurisdiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_International_Court_of_Justice_cases" title="List of International Court of Justice cases">List of cases</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_Nations_Charter" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UN_Charter" title="Template:UN Charter"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UN_Charter" title="Template talk:UN Charter"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UN_Charter" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UN Charter"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_Nations_Charter" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations" title="Charter of the United Nations">United Nations Charter</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Text</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Preamble to the United Nations Charter">Preamble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_I_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Chapter I of the United Nations Charter">Chapter I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_II_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Chapter II of the United Nations Charter">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_III_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Chapter III of the United Nations Charter">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_IV_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Chapter IV of the United Nations Charter">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_V_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Chapter V of the United Nations Charter">V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_VI_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Chapter VI of the United Nations Charter">VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_VII_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter">VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_VIII_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Chapter VIII of the United Nations Charter">VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_IX_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Chapter IX of the United Nations Charter">IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_X_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Chapter X of the United Nations Charter">X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_XI_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Chapter XI of the United Nations Charter">XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_XII_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Chapter XII of the United Nations Charter">XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_XIII_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Chapter XIII of the United Nations Charter">XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_XIV_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Chapter XIV of the United Nations Charter">XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_XV_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Chapter XV of the United Nations Charter">XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_XVI_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Chapter XVI of the United Nations Charter">XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_XVII_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Chapter XVII of the United Nations Charter">XVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_XVIII_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Chapter XVIII of the United Nations Charter">XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_XIX_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapter XIX of the United Nations Charter">XIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amendments_to_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Amendments to the United Nations Charter">Amendments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_System" title="United Nations System">Organs created</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">Security Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">General Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council" title="United Nations Economic and Social Council">Economic and Social Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Trusteeship_Council" title="United Nations Trusteeship Council">Trusteeship Council</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">International Court of Justice</a> (<a href="/wiki/Statute_of_the_International_Court_of_Justice" title="Statute of the International Court of Justice">statute</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretariat" title="United Nations Secretariat">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Staff_Committee" title="Military Staff Committee">Military Staff Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Nations" title="History of the United Nations">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Covenant of the League of Nations">Covenant of the League of Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preparation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_St_James%27s_Palace" title="Declaration of St James's Palace">London Declaration</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Charter" title="Atlantic Charter">Atlantic Charter</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_by_United_Nations" title="Declaration by United Nations">Declaration by United Nations</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conference_(1943)" title="Moscow Conference (1943)">Moscow Conference</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">Tehran Conference</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks_Conference" title="Dumbarton Oaks Conference">Dumbarton Oaks Conference</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_International_Organization" title="United Nations Conference on International Organization">Conference on International Organization</a> (1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Signatories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations#Original_members" title="Member states of the United Nations">Original members</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/United_Nations_Charter" class="extiw" title="s:United Nations Charter">Complete text</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_Nations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_Nations" title="Template:United Nations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_Nations" title="Template talk:United Nations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_Nations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United Nations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_Nations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations">Deputy Secretary-General</a>: <a href="/wiki/Amina_J._Mohammed" title="Amina J. Mohammed">Amina J. Mohammed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="President of the United Nations General Assembly">General Assembly President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Francis_(diplomat)" title="Dennis Francis (diplomat)"> Dennis Francis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_System" title="United Nations System">UN System</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations" title="Charter of the United Nations">Charter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Preamble to the United Nations Charter">Preamble</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principal organs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretariat" title="United Nations Secretariat">Secretariat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_secretary-general_selection" title="United Nations secretary-general selection">selections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations">Deputy Secretary-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Under-Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations">Under-Secretary-General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">General Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="President of the United Nations General Assembly">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">International Court of Justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_the_International_Court_of_Justice" title="Statute of the International Court of Justice">Statute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">Security Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_elections" title="United Nations Security Council elections">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="List of members of the United Nations Security Council">Members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Presidency of the United Nations Security Council">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Reform of the United Nations Security Council">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power" title="United Nations Security Council veto power">Veto power</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council" title="United Nations Economic and Social Council">Economic and Social Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council" title="President of the United Nations Economic and Social Council">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Trusteeship_Council" title="United Nations Trusteeship Council">Trusteeship Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_System#Funds_and_programmes,_research_and_training_institutes,_and_other_bodies" title="United Nations System">Funds, programmes,<br />and other bodies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Peace" title="Culture of Peace">Culture of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">IAEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">IPCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Centre" title="International Trade Centre">ITC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_for_the_Referendum_in_Western_Sahara" title="United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara">MINURSO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">OHCHR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Court_for_Sierra_Leone" title="Special Court for Sierra Leone">SCSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_United_Nations_Programme_on_HIV/AIDS" title="Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS">UNAIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Capital_Development_Fund" title="United Nations Capital Development Fund">UNCDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Commission_on_International_Trade_Law" title="United Nations Commission on International Trade Law">UNCITRAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Trade_and_Development" title="UN Trade and Development">UNCTAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Global_Communications" title="United Nations Department of Global Communications">UNDGC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">UNDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Peace_Operations" title="United Nations Department of Peace Operations">UNDPO</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">peacekeeping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">UNEP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UNEP_OzonAction" title="UNEP OzonAction">OzonAction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRID-Arendal" title="GRID-Arendal">UNEP/GRID-Arendal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Conservation_Monitoring_Centre" title="World Conservation Monitoring Centre">UNEP-WCMC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund" title="United Nations Population Fund">UNFPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Settlements_Programme" title="United Nations Human Settlements Programme">UN-HABITAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">UNHCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">UNHRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interregional_Crime_and_Justice_Research_Institute" title="United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute">UNICRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Institute_for_Disarmament_Research" title="United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research">UNIDIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Institute_for_Training_and_Research" title="United Nations Institute for Training and Research">UNITAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations-Oceans" title="United Nations-Oceans">UN-Oceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime" title="United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime">UNODC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Project_Services" title="United Nations Office for Project Services">UNOPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNOSAT" title="UNOSAT">UNOSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Research_Institute_for_Social_Development" title="United Nations Research Institute for Social Development">UNRISD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNRWA" title="UNRWA">UNRWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Sustainable_Development_Group" title="United Nations Sustainable Development Group">UNSDG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_System_Staff_College" title="United Nations System Staff College">UNSSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_University" title="United Nations University">UNU</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UNU-CRIS" title="UNU-CRIS">UNU-CRIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNU-OP" title="UNU-OP">UNU-OP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Volunteers" title="United Nations Volunteers">UNV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Women" title="UN Women">UN Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">WFP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_specialized_agencies_of_the_United_Nations" title="List of specialized agencies of the United Nations">Specialized agencies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">FAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">ICAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Development" title="International Fund for Agricultural Development">IFAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">ILO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">IMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration" title="International Organization for Migration">IOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">ITU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Tourism" title="UN Tourism">UN Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Industrial_Development_Organization" title="United Nations Industrial Development Organization">UNIDO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union" title="Universal Postal Union">UPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Engineering_Organizations" title="World Federation of Engineering Organizations">WFEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">WIPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">WMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="International Bank for Reconstruction and Development">IBRD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Development_Association" title="International Development Association">IDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Finance_Corporation" title="International Finance Corporation">IFC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretariat" title="United Nations Secretariat">Secretariat offices<br />and departments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_United_Nations" title="Headquarters of the United Nations">Headquarters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Conference Building">Conference Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Building" title="United Nations General Assembly Building">General Assembly Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretariat_Building" title="United Nations Secretariat Building">Secretariat Building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Peace_Operations" title="United Nations Department of Peace Operations">Department of Peace Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Political_and_Peacebuilding_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs">Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld_Library" title="Dag Hammarskjöld Library">Dag Hammarskjöld Library</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_for_Safety_and_Security" title="United Nations Department for Safety and Security">Department for Safety and Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Division_for_Palestinian_Rights" title="United Nations Division for Palestinian Rights">Division for Palestinian Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_at_Geneva" title="United Nations Office at Geneva">Office at Geneva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Nations" title="Palace of Nations">Palace of Nations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_at_Nairobi" title="United Nations Office at Nairobi">Office at Nairobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_at_Vienna" title="United Nations Office at Vienna">Office at Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Disarmament_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs">Office for Disarmament Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Outer_Space_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs">Office for Outer Space Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Partnerships" title="United Nations Office for Partnerships">Office for Partnerships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_of_Internal_Oversight_Services" title="United Nations Office of Internal Oversight Services">Office of Internal Oversight Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_of_Legal_Affairs" title="United Nations Office of Legal Affairs">Office of Legal Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_of_the_High_Representative_for_the_Least_Developed_Countries,_Landlocked_Developing_Countries_and_Small_Island_Developing_States" title="United Nations Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States">Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Secretary-General%27s_Envoy_on_Youth" title="Office of the Secretary-General's Envoy on Youth">Office of the Secretary-General's Envoy on Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Special_Representative_of_the_Secretary-General_on_Sexual_Violence_in_Conflict" title="Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict">Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Spokesperson_for_the_Secretary-General" title="Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General">Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Sport_for_Development_and_Peace" title="United Nations Office on Sport for Development and Peace">Office on Sport for Development and Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_organizations_by_location" title="List of United Nations organizations by location">UN organizations by location</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">Members<br />and observers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_United_Nations#1940s" title="Enlargement of the United Nations">Founding members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations#Current_members" title="Member states of the United Nations">Full members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council">Security Council Permanent members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_representative_to_the_United_Nations" title="Permanent representative to the United Nations">Permanent representatives to the UN</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_permanent_representatives_to_the_United_Nations" title="List of current permanent representatives to the United Nations">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_observers" title="United Nations General Assembly observers">General Assembly Observers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_and_the_United_Nations" title="European Union and the United Nations">European Union</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Nations" title="History of the United Nations">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preceding years</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telegraph Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union" title="Universal Postal Union">Universal Postal Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_Arbitration" title="Permanent Court of Arbitration">Permanent Court of Arbitration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Office_of_Public_Hygiene" title="International Office of Public Hygiene">International Office of Public Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_archives" title="League of Nations archives">archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Covenant of the League of Nations">covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Organisation of the League of Nations">organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Member states of the League of Nations">member states</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preparatory years</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_St_James%27s_Palace" title="Declaration of St James's Palace">Declaration of St James's Palace</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Charter" title="Atlantic Charter">Atlantic Charter</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_by_United_Nations" title="Declaration by United Nations">Declaration by United Nations</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conference_(1943)" title="Moscow Conference (1943)">Moscow Conference</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">Tehran Conference</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_Conference" title="Bretton Woods Conference">Bretton Woods Conference</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks_Conference" title="Dumbarton Oaks Conference">Dumbarton Oaks Conference</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_International_Organization" title="United Nations Conference on International Organization">Conference on International Organization</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_Convention" title="Genocide Convention">Genocide Convention</a> (1948)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_United_Nations" title="Enlargement of the United Nations">Enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="History of United Nations peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping_missions" title="List of United Nations peacekeeping missions">missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping_missions" title="Timeline of United Nations peacekeeping missions">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_territories_governed_by_the_United_Nations" title="List of territories governed by the United Nations">governed territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Police" title="United Nations Police">UNPOL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drafting_of_the_Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights">drafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Day" title="Human Rights Day">Human Rights Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Convention" title="World Heritage Convention">World Heritage Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">Convention on the Rights of the Child</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Committee on the Rights of the Child">committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples">Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Permanent_Forum_on_Indigenous_Issues" title="United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues">Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Caucus" title="Indigenous Caucus">Indigenous Caucus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Peasants" title="United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants">Declaration on the Rights of Peasants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_resolution" title="United Nations resolution">Resolutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vetoed_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions" title="List of vetoed United Nations Security Council resolutions">Security Council vetoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_resolution" title="United Nations General Assembly resolution">General Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_resolutions_at_the_sixty-sixth_session_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="List of resolutions at the sixty-sixth session of the United Nations General Assembly">66th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_resolutions_at_the_sixty-seventh_session_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="List of resolutions at the sixty-seventh session of the United Nations General Assembly">67th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_resolution" title="United Nations Security Council resolution">Security Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_Cyprus" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_Iran" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_Iraq" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_concerning_Israel" title="List of United Nations resolutions concerning Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_relating_to_Lebanon" title="List of United Nations resolutions relating to Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_on_the_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions on the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_North_Korea" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_concerning_Palestine" title="List of United Nations resolutions concerning Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_concerning_Syria" title="List of United Nations resolutions concerning Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_concerning_Western_Sahara" title="List of United Nations resolutions concerning Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_Yemen" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_secretary-general_selection" title="United Nations secretary-general selection">Secretary-General</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_United_Nations_Secretary-General_selection" title="2021 United Nations Secretary-General selection">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Nations_Secretary-General_selection" title="2016 United Nations Secretary-General selection">2016</a></li></ul></li> <li>International Court of Justice <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2023 International Court of Justice judges election">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2022 International Court of Justice judges election">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2021 International Court of Justice judges election">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2020 International Court of Justice judges election">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2017 International Court of Justice judges election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2014 International Court of Justice judges election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2011 International Court of Justice judges election">2011</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Nations_General_Assembly_presidential_election" title="2016 United Nations General Assembly presidential election">General Assembly President (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Nations_Security_Council_election" title="2016 United Nations Security Council election">Security Council (2016)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_Nations" title="Outline of the United Nations">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Advisory_Committee_of_Local_Authorities" title="United Nations Advisory Committee of Local Authorities">Advisory Committee of Local Authorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Art_Collection" title="United Nations Art Collection">Art Collection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_mural" title="United Nations Security Council mural">Security Council mural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_by_Block_(program)" title="Block by Block (program)">Block By Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system" title="Bretton Woods system">Bretton Woods system</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Celestial_Sphere_Woodrow_Wilson_Memorial" title="Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial">Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinating_Committee_of_International_Staff_Unions_and_Associations_of_the_United_Nations_System" title="Coordinating Committee of International Staff Unions and Associations of the United Nations System">CCISUA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Nuclear-Test-Ban_Treaty" title="Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty">Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_Nations" title="Criticism of the United Nations">Criticism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Delivering_as_One" title="Delivering as One">Delivering as One</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_control_treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug control treaties">Drug control treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_from_the_United_Nations" title="Expulsion from the United Nations">Expulsion from the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex_Tempore_(magazine)" title="Ex Tempore (magazine)"><i>Ex Tempore</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Federal_Credit_Union" title="United Nations Federal Credit Union">Federal Credit Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_International_Civil_Servants%27_Associations" title="Federation of International Civil Servants' Associations">FICSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_Nations" title="Flag of the United Nations">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Honour_Flag" title="United Nations Honour Flag">Honour Flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Nations_Initiative" title="Four Nations Initiative">Four Nations Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Global_Compact" title="United Nations Global Compact">Global Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_for_the_Total_Elimination_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons">International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Peace" title="International Day of Peace">International Day of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Decade_for_a_Culture_of_Peace_and_Non-Violence_for_the_Children_of_the_World" title="International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World">International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Narcotics_Control_Board" title="International Narcotics Control Board">International Narcotics Control Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_International_School" title="United Nations International School">International School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_International_School_of_Hanoi" title="United Nations International School of Hanoi">Hanoi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interpretation_Service" title="United Nations Interpretation Service">Interpretation Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_laissez-passer" title="United Nations laissez-passer">laissez-passer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Memorial_Cemetery" title="United Nations Memorial Cemetery">Memorial Cemetery Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Staff_Committee" title="Military Staff Committee">Military Staff Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Millennium_Declaration" title="United Nations Millennium Declaration">Millennium Declaration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Summit" title="Millennium Summit">Millennium Summit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_United_Nations" title="Model United Nations">Model United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_languages_of_the_United_Nations" title="Official languages of the United Nations">Official languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons" title="Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons">Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Postal_Administration" title="United Nations Postal Administration">Postal Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche_Park" title="Ralph Bunche Park">Ralph Bunche Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_of_the_United_Nations" title="Reform of the United Nations">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDG_Publishers_Compact" title="SDG Publishers Compact">SDG Publishers Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Minimum_Rules_for_the_Administration_of_Juvenile_Justice" title="Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice">Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Minimum_Rules_for_the_Treatment_of_Prisoners" title="Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners">Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_series#United_Nations" title="Treaty series">Treaty Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons">Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Mandate" title="UN Mandate">UN Mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Sacco_Ltd" title="UN Sacco Ltd">UN Sacco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/UN_Special" title="UN Special">UN Special</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNICEF_club" title="UNICEF club">UNICEF club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Day" title="United Nations Day">United Nations Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_in_popular_culture" title="United Nations in popular culture">United Nations in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Medal" title="United Nations Medal">United Nations Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Prize_in_the_Field_of_Human_Rights" title="United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights">United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Radio" title="United Nations Radio">United Nations Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_television_film_series" 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